Reviewer Comms 2 For Semi Fi

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVES Error detection
-with UPNRZ, BPNRZ, UPRZ, AndBPRZ encoding,

Define multiplexing there is no way to determine if the received data have
-multiplexing is the transmission of information errors. However, with BPRZ-AMI encoding, an error in
from one or more source to one or more destination over any bit will cause a bipolar violation.(BPV, or the
the same transmission medium. reception of two or more consecutive logic 1s with the
same polarity). Therefore,,BPRZ-AMI encoding has a
Describe the frame format and operation of the T1 digital built-in error detection mechanism.
carrier system.
-T1 carrier systems were designed to combine Describe the basic T carrier system formats
PCM and TDM techniques for short-haul transmission of
24 64-kbps channels with each channel capable of
carrying digitally encoded voice-band telephone signals
or data.
Describe the format of the north American digital

hierarchy
-
Define line encoding

-digital line encoding involves converting
standard logic levels to a form more suitable to
telephone lime transmission. Essentially, six primary
factors must be considered when selecting a line-
encoding format T1 carrier
1. Transmission voltages and DC component -designed to combine PCM and TDM techniques
2. Duty cycle for short-haultransmission of 24 64-kbps channels with
3. Bandwidth consider this each channel capable of carrying digitally encoded voice-
4. Clock and framing bit recovery band telephone signals or data.
5. Error detection -T1 carriers use BPRZ-AMI encoding with
6. Ease of detection and decoding regenerative repeaters placed every 3000,6000, or 9000
feet. These distances were selected because they were
Define the following terms and describe how they affect the distances betweentelephone company manholes
line encoding: duty cycle, bandwidth, clock recovery, where regenerative repeaters are placed. The
error detection, and detecting and encoding. transmissionmedium for T1 carriers is generally 19- to
22-gauge twisted-pair metallic cable.
Duty cycle -T1 carriers are susceptible to losing clock
-the duty cycle of a binary pulse can be used to synchronization because it uses BPRZ- encoding
categorize the type of transmission. If the binary pulse is
maintained T2 carrier
-T2 carriers time-division multiplex 96 64-kbps
Bandwidth voice or data channels into a single 6.312-Mbps data
-is the amount of data that can be transmitted in signal for transmission over twisted-pair copper wire up
a fixed amount of time. To determine the minimum to 500 miles over a special LOCAP (low capacitance)
bandwidth required to propagate a line-encoded digital metallic cable.
signal, you must determine the highest fundamental -T2 carriers also use BPRZ-AMI
frequency associated with the signal encoding;however, because of the higher transmission
rate, clock synchronization is even more critical than with
Clock recovery a T1 carrier.
-to recover and maintain clock and framing bit -A sequence of six consecutive logic 0s could be
synchronization from the received data, there must be sufficient tocause loss of clock synchronization.
sufficient transitions in the data wave form.
T3 CARRIER SYSTEM
voice or data channels for transmissionover a single 3A-
RDS coaxial cable.
-The transmission bit rate for T3 signals is
44.736Mbps.
-The coding technique used with T3 carriers is
binary three zero substitution (B3ZS).
T4 and T5 CARRIER SYSTEMS

-T4M carriers time-division multiplex 4032 64-
kbps voice or data channels for transmissionover a single
T4M coaxial cable up to 500 miles. The transmission rate
is sufficiently highthat substitute patterns are
impractical. Instead, T4M carriers transmit scrambled
unipolarNRZ digital signals; the scrambling and
descrambling functions are performed in the subscriber’s
terminal equipment.
voice or data channels and transmitthem at a 560.16
Mbps rate over a single coaxial cable.
Describe the european digital system

In Europe, a different version of T carrier lines is used,
called E-lines. Although the two systems are conceptually
the same, they have different capabilities.

Reviewer Comms 2 For Semi Fi

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ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVES Error detection

-with UPNRZ, BPNRZ, UPRZ, AndBPRZ encoding,

Describe the format of the north American digital

Define line encoding

T4 and T5 CARRIER SYSTEMS

Describe the european digital system

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