Anatomy One Liners

1) Ascending colon 12.5cm long

- from the caecum to the inferior surface of
the right lobe of liver
- usually retroperitoneal
(2) Transverse colon 50cm long
- from the right colic flexure to the left colic
flexure
- suspended by transverse mesocolon
attached to the anterior border of pancreas
(3) Descending colon - 25cm long
- from left colic flexure to the sigmoid colon
- it is narrower than ascending colon
- usually it is retroperitoneal
(4) Sigmoid colon 37.5cm long
- from pelvic brim to the third piece of
sacrum, where it becomes rectum
- suspended by sigmoid mesocolon
Mesentery :-♦The mesentery of the small intestine (or) mesentery proper is a
broad, fan-shaped fold of peritoneum which suspends the coils of
jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall
Root of mesentery - 15cm long
- directed obliquely downwards and to
the right
- It extends from the duodenojejunal
flexure on the left side of vertebra L2 to
the upper part of the right sacroiliac joint
- It crosses the following :
(1) Third part of duodenum where
the superior mesenteric
vessels enter into it
(2) The abdominal aorta
(3) The inferior vena cava
(4) The right ureter
(5) The right psoas major
The free or intestinal border is 6meter long, thrown into pleats.
Development of diaphragm by
1. Septum transverum
2.pleuro peritoneal membrane
3.somites (3-5th)
4.ventral pleural sac
5.mesentry of oesophagus

Tonsil develop embryologically from 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Parathyroid is develop from 3rd & 4th brachial pouches
Foot plate of stapes is develop from otic capsule
Umbilical vesicle attain full development in 4th week of foetus
Urachal fistula result from persistant allantois

Tensor tympani and tensor palatine supplied by trigeminal.Levator palatine supplied by

suoerior laryngeal nerve.
Derivatives of pharyngeal pouch
1st- tubotympanic recess
2nd-tonsil
3rd-inf parathyroid,thymus
4th-sup parathyroid ,thyroid
5th-ultimobrachial body

Mesodermal derivatives of brachial arch

1st-malleus,incus,ant ligament of malleus,sphenomandibular ligament
2nd-stape,styloid process,stylohyoidligament,lessercornu of hyoid,sup part of hyoid
3rd-greater cornu of hyoid,lower part of body of hyoid
4n6th-laryngeal cartilage

1st pharyngeal arch cartilage-meckel cartilage

2nd pharyngeal arch cartilage-reichert cartilage

TYMPANIC membrane dev frm all the three germ layers

Pinna dev frm 1st n 2nd pharyngeal arches
Foot plate and annular ligament frmotic capsule

Left umbilical vein-ligamentum teres

Rt-dissapear
Ductus afteriosus-ligamentumarteriosum
Ductus venosus-ligamentumvenosum
Septum primum n secondum-fossa ovalis n annulus ovalisrespctvl
Distal umbilical art-median umbligm
Prxm-sup vesical art
Foregut forms -Oesophagus
- The stomach
- Upper part of duodenum upto the opening of
common bile duct

Midgut forms - Rest of the duodenum

- Jejunum
- The ileum
- The appendix
- The caecum
- The ascending colon
- The right two - thirds of transverse colon

Hindgut forms -Left one third of transverse colon

- The descending colon
- The sigmoid colon
- Proximal upper part of the rectum

Nerve supply of anal canal

(1) Above the pectinate line
- Sympathetic - Inferior hypogastric plexus - L1 & L2
- Parasympathetic- pelvic splanchnic S2,S3,S4
- Pain is carried by both of them
(2) Below the pectinate line
- somatic
- Inferior rectal S2,S3,S4 - nerves
(3) Sphincters - Internal sphincter - contraction - sympathetic
nerve / relaxation - parasympathetic. N
External sphincter - inferior rectal nerve & by
perineal branch of 4th sacral. N

♦Genital tubercle forms - clitoris

- urethral folds forms - labia minora
- genital swelling form - labia majora
- urogenital membrane gets ruptured to form the vestibule

innervations
Palatal muscles:
All muscles of soft palate supplied by vagus nerve thru pharyngeal plexus except tensor
velipalati supplied by mandibular nerve

pharyngeal muscles:
All muscles of pharynx are supplied by vagus nerve except stylopharyngeus supplied by
Glossopharyngeal nerve

Larynx:
All muscles of larynx supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid supplied
by external laryngeal nerve (superior LN)
Most frequently fractured bone of body: Clavicle
Most frequently dislocated carpal bone: Lunate
Most frequently fractured carpal bone:Scaphoid
Osseous structure palpated deep to "anatomical snuff box": Scaphoid
Fracture of distal radius that produces "dinner fork" appearance: Colles' fracture
Nerve injured with fracture of surgical neck of humerus: Axillary
Nerve injured with fracture of shaft of humerus: Radial
Nerve injured that results in wrist drop: Radial
Nerve injured with fracture of medial humeral epicondyle: Ulnar
Muscle that is the chief flexor and chief extensor at shoulder joint: Deltoid
Muscles innervated by axillary nerve: Deltoid and teres minor
Muscle that initiates abduction of arm: Supraspinatus
Most commonly torn tendon of rotator cuff: Supraspinatus
Two muscles that rotate scapula for full abduction of arm: Trapezius and serratus
anterior
Tendon that courses through shoulder joint: Long head of biceps
Chief supinator muscle of hand: Biceps brachii
Primary (major) flexor of the forearm: Brachialis
Orientation of structures located in the cubital fossa-Lateral to Medial: Tendon biceps
brachii, brachial a., median n.
Injury to what nerve causes winged scapula: Long thoracic nerve
Spinal levels of axillary nerve: C5 and C6
Spinal levels of innervation to muscles of the hand: C8 and T1
Dermatome of thumb: C6
Nerve to thenar compartment: Recurrent branch of Median
Innervation of adductor pollicis: Ulnar (deep br.)
Innervation to all interosseous muscles: Ulnar (deep br.)
Innervation to nail bed of middle finger: Median nerve
Innervation to nail bed of ring finger: Ulnar and median
Region affected by upper trunk injury of brachial plexus (C5-C6): Shoulder
Region affected by lower trunk injury of brachial plexus (C8-T1): Intrinsic hand muscles
Nerve compressed with carpal tunnel syndrome: Median
Nerve affected by cubital tunnel syndrome: Ulnar
Paralysis of which muscles results in total "claw" hand: Lumbricals
Dermatome around nipple: T4

Vertebral level at inferior angle of scapula: TV7

Structure that lies immediately posterior to manubrium: Thymus

Vertebral level associated with sternal angle: Disc between TV4-5

Rib related to oblique fissure of lung posteriorly: 2nd

Rib paralleled by horizontal fissure of right lung: 4th

Inferior extent of lung at mid-clavicular line: 6th rib

Inferior extent of pleura at mid-clavicular line: 8th rib

Inferior extent of lung at mid-axillary line: 8th rib

Inferior extent of pleura at mid-axillary line: 10th rib

Inferior extent of lung posteriorly : 10th rib

Inferior extent of pleura posteriorly: 12th rib

Innervation of costal pleura: Intercostal nerve

Innervation of mediastinal pleura: Phrenic nerve

Level where ascending aorta is continuous with arch of aorta: TV4-5

Level where arch of aorta is continuous with descending aorta: TV4-5

Effect of sympathetic nerves on lungs: Bronchodilation, Vasoconstriction

Effect of parasympathetic nerves on lungs: Bronchoconstriction, Vasodilation

Rationale for aspirated small objects to go to right primary bronchus: Wider diameter,
shorter and more vertical

Needle location for therapeutic pleural tapping: Superior to 12th rib, posteriorly

Name given to portion of right ventricle prior to beginning of pulmonary trunk: conus
arteriosum or infundibulum

Site for auscultation of pulmonary valve: Left 2nd interspace

Site for auscultation of aortic valve: Right 2nd interspace

Site for auscultation of tricuspid valve: Xiphisternal joint

Site for auscultation of mitral valve: Left 5th interspace, mid-clavicular line

Heart chamber with greatest sternocostal projection: Right ventricle

Chamber that forms apex of heart: Left ventricle

Major chamber that forms base of heart: Left atrium

Heart chamber that contains moderator band: Right ventricle

Ridge located between sinus venarum and right ventricle: Cristae

terminalis at the root of the SVC

Artery that determines coronary dominance: Posterior interventricular

Usual origin of SA and AV nodal arteries: Right coronary artery

Location of SA node: Cristae terminalis

Major vessel that drains the musculature of the heart: Coronary sinus

Innervation of fibrous pericardium: Phrenic nerve

Most common cause of systolic ejection murmur: Aortic stenosis

Rib associated with sternal angle: Second rib

Location of ductus arteriosus: Between left pulmonary artery and aorta

Nerve potentially injured with repair of patent ductus arteriosus: Left

recurrent laryngeal Nerve

Veins that unite to form brachiocephalic: Subclavian and internal Jugular

Veins that unite to form superior vena cava: Right and left Brachiocephalic

Termination of azygos vein: Superior vena cava

Structures that lie to right and left of thoracic duct: Azygos veins, aorta

Spinal levels of greater splanchnic nerve: T5-9

Spinal levels of lesser splanchnic nerve: T10-11

Spinal levels of least splanchnic nerve: T12

Thoracic structures that can compress the esophagus: Left bronchus, aorta and
Diaphragm

Disease often associated with thymoma: Myasthenia gravis

Structure that separates pelvis from perineum: Pelvic diaphragm

Two major components of pelvic diaphragm: Levatorani and coccygeus

Two major components of levatorani: Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

Two muscles which close lateral pelvic wall: Obturator internus and piriformis

Means by which obturator internus exits pelvis: Lesser sciatic foramen

Means by which piriformis exits pelvis: Greater sciatic foramen

Innervation of detrusor: Pelvic splanchnics (S2-4)

Innervation of trigone
: Sympathetics (Pregang. lesser, least, lumbar splanchnic nn.)

Innervation of sphincter urethrae: Pudendal n. (S 2,3,4)

Remnants of umbilical arteries: Medial umbilical ligaments

Provides major vasculature to pelvic organs: Internal iliac

Chief artery to rectal mucosa Superior rectal

Chief artery to rectal muscular wall: Middle rectal

Most common type of pelvic inlet in females: Gynecoid

Two remnants of gubernaculum in females: Ovarian and round ligament

Ligament that contains ovarian vessels: Suspensory ligament of ovary

Cavity into which ova immediately escape the ovary: Peritoneal

Lymphatic drainage for ovary and testes: Lumbar nodes (para-aortic)

Normal position of uterus: Anterverted, anteflexed

Name given to orientation where uterus and vagina intersect at angle of 90 degrees:
Anteversion

Name given to orientation where uterine body and cervix intersect at angle of 10-15
degrees: Anteflexion

Chief uterine support: Pubococcygeus

Ligament that contains uterine vessels: Lateral cervical

Structure potentially injured with hysterectomy: Ureter

Relation of ureter to uterine artery: Inferior and posterior

Structure that separates deep and superficial perineal spaces: Perineal membrane

Bony landmarks between anal and UG triangles: Ischial tuberosities

Structure forming lateral wall of ischioanal fossa: Fascia of obturator Internus

Structure that forms the pudendal canal: Fascia of obturator Internus

Structure that separates internal and external hemorrhoids: Pectinate line

Lymphatic drainage for area superior to pectinate line of anal canal: Internal iliac,
inferior mesenteric nodes

Lymphatic drainage for area inferior to pectinate line of anal canal: Superficial inguinal
nodes

Lymphatic drainage for glans penis: Deep inguinal nodes

Muscle which compresses the bulb of penis: Bulbospongiosus

Muscle which compresses the crus of penis: Ischiocavernosus

Nerves of erection: Pelvic splanchnic, nervierigentes (S 2,3,4)

Muscles which meet at the perineal body: Superficial and deep perineal,
bulbospongiosus, external anal sphincter, pubococcygeus

Major structure of deep perineal space: Sphincter urethrae

Exaggerated over-curvature of thoracic area of vertebral column: Kyphosis

Lateral deviation of vertebral column: Scoliosis

Major feature of cervical vertebrae: Transverse foramina

Structure which regionally determines vertebral movement: Facet joints

Vertebra located at level of iliac crest: L4

Ligament that connects internal surface of laminae of vertebrae: Ligamentumflavum

Ligament that checks hyperextension of vertebral column: Anterior longitudinal

Ligament affected by whiplash injury: Anterior longitudinal

Ligament which limits skull rotation: Alar

Defective portion of vertebra with spondylolisthesis in cervical area: Pedicle

Defective portion of vertebra with spondylolisthesis in lumbar area: Pars

interarticularis, Lamina

Common direction of all superior articular facets of vertebrae: Posterior

Structure in contact with posterior surface of dens: Transverse ligament of atlas (part of
cruciate)

Most commonly herniated intervertebral disc: L4-5

Most common nerve compressed with herniated intervertebral disc: L5

Spinal nerve affected by protrusion of the disc between C5/6: C6

Spinal nerve affected with herniated disc at L3/L4: L4

Thoracic intercostal space located deep to triangle of auscultation: sixth

Vertebral level of lumbar puncture: L4

Muscles which extend and side-bend the spine: Erector spinae

Muscles which extend, ROTATE, and side-bend the spine: Transversospinae

Innervation of suboccipital muscles: Suboccipital nerve (Dorsal ramus C1)

Roof of suboccipital triangle: Semispinalis capitis

Floor of suboccipital triangle: Posterior arch of atlas; posterior atlanto-occipital

membrane

Major vessel within suboccipital triangle: Vertebral artery

Inferior extent of dura-arachnoid sac: SV2

Inferior extent of spinal cord: LV2

Location of internal vertebral plexus: Epidural space

Most frequently fractured bone of body : Clavicle

Most frequently dislocated carpal bone: Lunate

Most frequently fracture carpal bone: Scaphoid

Osseous structure palpated deep to “anatomical snuff box”: Scaphoid

Fracture of distal radius that produces “dinner fork” appearance: Colle’s fracture

Nerve injured with fracture of surgical neck of humerus: Axillary

Nerve injured with fracture of shaft of humerus: Radial

Nerve injured that results in wrist drop: Radial

Nerve injured with fracture of medial humeral epicondyle: Ulnar

Muscle that is the chief flexor and chief extensor at shoulder joint: Deltoid

Muscles innervated by axillary nerve: Deltoid and teres minor

Muscle that initiates abduction of arm: Supraspinatus

Most commonly torn tendon of rotator cuff: Supraspinatus

Two muscles that rotate scapula for full abduction of arm: Trapezius and serratus
anterior

Tendon that courses through shoulder joint: Long head of biceps

Chief supinator muscle of hand: Biceps brachii

Primary (major) flexor of the forearm: Brachialis

Orientation of structures located in the cubital fossa-Lateral to Medial: Tendon biceps

brachii, brachial a., median n.

Injury to what nerve causes winged scapula: Long thoracic nerve

Spinal levels of axillary nerve: C5 and C6

Spinal levels of innervation to muscles of the hand: C8 and T1

Dermatome of thumb: C6

Nerve to thenar compartment: Recurrent branch of Median

Innervation of adductor pollicis: Ulnar (deep br.)

Innervation to all interosseous muscles: Ulnar (deep br.)

Innervation to nail bed of middle finger: Median nerve

Innervation to nail bed of ring finger: Ulnar and median

Region affected by upper trunk injury of brachial plexus (C5-C6): Shoulder

Region affected by lower trunk injury of brachial plexus (C8-T1): Intrinsic hand muscles
Nerve compressed with carpal tunnel syndrome: Median

Nerve affected by cubital tunnel syndrome: Ulnar

Paralysis of which muscles results in total “claw” hand: Lumbricals

Boundaries of femoral triangle: Inguinal ligament, sartorius, adductor longus

Structure immediately lateral to femoral sheath: Femoral nerve

Structure immediately medial to femoral artery in femoral sheath" Femoral vein

Contents of femoral canal: Deep inguinal lymph nodes

Medial boundary of femoral ring: Lacunar ligament

Structures that course throughout entire length of adductor canal: Femoral artery and
vein

Structures that course through only portion of adductor canal: Saphenous nerve, nerve
to vastusmedialis, descending genicular vessels

Muscle that forms floor of popliteal fossa: Popliteus

Muscle that is chief flexor at hip joint: Iliopsoas

Muscle that prevents pelvis from tilting when walking: Gluteus medius

Nerve affected when pelvis tilts to unsupported side during gait: Superior gluteal n.

Muscles which extend the thigh and flex the leg: Hamstrings

Muscle that extends leg: Quadriceps femoris

Specific muscle that holds patella in place: Vastusmedialis

First portion of quadriceps femoris to atrophy with injury: Vastusmedialis to femoral

nerve

Last portion of quadriceps femoris to recover following injury: Vastusmedialis

Muscle that unlocks knee joint: Popliteus

Muscle affected with “foot slap”: Tibialis anterior

Major spinal cord level of nerve affected causing foot slap: L4

Chief invertors of foot: Tibialis anterior and posterior

Chief evertors of foot: Fibularis longus and brevis

Ligament that checks backward displacement of femur on tibia: Anterior cruciate

Ligament laxity with positive valgus maneuver: Medial collateral

Most commonly injured ankle ligament: Anterior talofibular

Ligament stretched with “flat foot”: Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)

Joints for movements of inversion and eversion: Subtalar and transverse Tarsal

Major artery to head of femur in adult: Medial femoral circumflex

Nerve affected with fracture of head and neck of fibula: Common fibular

Tendon affected with avulsion fracture of 5th metatarsal: Fibularis brevis

Innervation of adductor magnus: Obturator, tibial portion of Sciatic

Nerve affected with tarsal tunnel syndrome: Tibial

Cutaneous innervation to medial side of foot: Saphenous (L4)

Cutaneous innervation to lateral side of foot: Sural (S1)

Cutaneous innervation of heel: Tibial

Cutaneous innervation to dorsal aspect of web between toes 1 and 2: Deep fibular

Cutaneous innervation of most of dorsum of foot: Superficial fibular

Major dermatome to big toe: L4

Dermatome to small toe: S1

Spinal level of patellar reflex: L4