Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War

Landmine True-False
Questions
LM & ERW PPT 2, Landmine True/False Questions - 1

Landmine True-False Questions
1. When you step on a mine, it “clicks”, but does not immediately

explode, which gives you time to get away.
2. Driving cattle over land affected by mines clears the land by exploding
the mines one by one.
3. People step on mines because they aren’t careful enough.
4. Landmines are made to kill.
5. Items of unexploded ordnance (UXO) are often more dangerous than
landmines.
6. The safest way to get out of a minefield is to retrace your footsteps.
7. With the large number of mines in the world, 110 million, it will take
nearly 1,000 years to clear them all with current techniques.

8. Once landmines are in the ground, they stop working after a year or
so.
9. The use of landmines dates back over 100 years.
10. Stealing of mine marking signs and fencing is prohibited by law in
some countries.
11. Around the world, most landmines are removed by civilians.
12. Children make up the biggest number of mine and UXO victims.
13. The more mines and UXO there are in a country, the bigger the
social and economic impact.
14. It’s standard practice after a conflict for warring parties to
exchange information on where they laid their mines.

15. Mine clearance is a highly dangerous business which inevitably

results in accidents.
16. Women, girls, boys and men are affected differently by landmines
and hence need to be assisted in different ways.
17. Humanitarian mine action is almost as much about information as
it is about mines.
18. Assistance to mine and unexploded ordnance victims basically
means giving them an artificial limb.
19. Humanitarian demining is a highly specialised field which requires
the latest technical expertise and equipment.
20. Mines are mainly manufactured in Western States and use would
stop if industrial production ends.

Landmines and Explosive
Remnants of War
LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 1

Landmines
In their simplest form, landmines, or simply

mines, are explosive traps. A mine
comprises a quantity of explosive material
contained within some form of casing
(typically metal, plastic or wood), and a
fusing mechanism to detonate the
explosives.

Different Ways to Categorise
Landmines
Categorisation according to:
 The Intended Target
 The Type of Explosion
 The Type of Manufacture
 The Mode of Activation

The intended target
 Persons: Anti-Personnel Mines
 Vehicles (tank, bus, car): Anti-Vehicle Mine

The Type of Explosion
 Blast Mines
 Fragmentation Mines
 Directional Fragmentation Mines
 Bounding Fragmentation Mines

The Type of Manufacture
 Manufactured Devices
 Improvised Explosive Devices

The Mode of Activation
 Victim Activation
 Command-detonation

Victim-Activated Devices
Two main means of detonation
Activation by:
 Direct application of weight
 By tripwire

Categorisation of Devices
More than one category may apply to a device.
For instance….

Explosive Remnants of War
 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
 Cluster Munitions
 Abandoned Explosive Ordnance (AXO)

Booby Traps
Booby traps are devices that are intended to kill or injure

unexpectedly when a person approaches or contacts an
object or does something that would normally be
considered harmless.

The Impact of Landmines
and
Explosive Remnants of War
LM & ERW PPT 4, The Impact of Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 1
The Scope of
the Mine and ERW Problem
 80+ countries and territories.
 Still many millions of AP mines stockpiled.
 Civilians make up the bulk of all mine accidents in peacetime.
 Landmines kill and injure thousand of men, women and children
each year.
 Landmines and ERW deny the use of vast areas of valuable land,
have overloaded the health care system as a result of the horrific
injuries they cause, and have blocked vital infrastructure, foreign
investment and development.
 Sadly, countries recovering from conflict, with weakened social and
political structures, bear the brunt of this scourge and are in turn ill
prepared to address the problem.
Physical Impact
 Death
 Injury
 Disability
Human Impact
 Loss of physical autonomy
 Loss of capacity to work and livelihood
 Detachment/estrangement from family
Social and Cultural impact
 Increased poverty.
 Forced Displacement.
 Adverse public health effects.
 Change/shift in roles (men/women) and family balance.
 Can become “burden” to others.
 Loss of community unity/social capital.
 Contamination of sacred/ancestral territory.
 Loss of status. “Breadwinning” men unproductive, girls not

getting married, women being abandoned by their husbands,
etc.
Societal impact
 Slows down aid delivery.

 Loss of agriculture land.
 Loss of life stock.
 Loss of access to forests and woodland for firewood and
food.
 Loss of access to water, wells.
 Overuse of other not affected areas (can lead to pests,
diseases and ecological problems).
 Endangers the return of refugees and internally displaced
people.
 Blockage of irrigation and water sources.
 Loss of skills.
Economic impact
 Scares away investors.

 Scares away tourism.
 Blockage of roads.
 Increased cost of labour.
 Increased cost of health care.
 Slows down reconstruction
(roads and buildings).
 Increased costs of aid delivery
(more expensive to deliver aid
by air than by land).
Psychological impact
 Fear, stress, insecurity

 Feelings of guilt
 Depression and other long term effects
Who is at risk/impacted?
 What are some of the ways that landmines and UXO affect women,
men, girls and boys differently?
 In terms of physical impact, who is the most effected?
 In terms of human impact, who is the most effected?
 In terms of social & cultural impacts, who is the most effected?
 In terms of societal economic impact, who is the most effected? In
terms of economic impact, who is the most effected?
 In terms of psychological impact, who is the most effected?
The Five “Pillars“
of Humanitarian
Mine Action
LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action - 1

The United Nations Definition
of Mine Action
Activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental

impact of mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO).
The objective of mine action is to reduce the risk from landmines to a level
where people (women, men, girls and boys) can live safely; in which
economic, social and health development can occur free from the
constraints imposed by landmine contamination, and in which the victims’
needs can be addressed.

The Five Pillars
Humanitarian mine action comprises five complementary

groups of activities:
 Humanitarian demining, i.e. mine and UXO survey,

mapping, marking and (if necessary) clearance.
 Mine Risk Education.
 Victim Assistance, including rehabilitation and
reintegration.
 Advocacy towards a ban on anti-personnel mines.
 Stockpile Destruction.

Humanitarian Demining
Survey - Defining the Problem :
 General Mine Action Assessment

 Landmine Impact Survey
 Non-Technical Surveys
 Technical Surveys

Mapping and Marking

Mine clearance:
The goal of humanitarian mine clearance is to relieve the humanitarian
impact of mines on communities, not for military advantage. It includes
all activities aimed at removing landmines and Explosive Remnants of War
(ERW).
 Manual Demining
 Mine Detection Dogs (MDDs)
 Mechanically Assisted Clearance
 Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)

LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action -7
Mine Risk Education
“A process that promotes the adoption of safer behaviours by at-risk

groups, and which provides the links between affected communities,
other mine action components and other sectors”.
Goals of Mine Risk Education:
 Minimise deaths and injuries from landmines and other ERW

 Reduce the social and economic impact from landmines and other ERW
 Support development

Mine Risk Education
Communication Techniques:
 ERW Public Education & Dissemination

 Community Liaison

Victim Assistance
Action that provides assistance to landmine victims, the end goal of which
is for victims to be active members of their communities.
Who is a Mine Victim?
 International Mine Action Standards Definition:

An individual who has suffered harm as a result of a mine/explosive remnant of war (ERW)
incident. The term may include dependants of a mine casualty.
 International Campaign to Ban Landmines Definition:

Those who, either individually or collectively, have suffered physical, emotional and
psychological injury, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights
through acts or ommissions related to mine utilisation.

What is Victim Assistance?
Victim Assistance includes:

For the people:
 Emergency medical care.
 Continuing medical care.
 Physical rehabilitation, prosthesis and assistive devices.
 Psychological and social support
 Access to services
 Employment and economic reintegration
For the community:

 Capacity building and sustainability
 Data collection
 Legislation and public awareness

Advocacy
Advocacy is defined as lobbying and other activities designed to promote
States to accede to the Anti-Personnel (AP) Mine Ban Convention and to
implement its obligations. It also includes efforts aimed at welcoming AP
mine ban commitments by armed non-State actors through Geneva Call’s
Deed of Commitment or a similar declaration.

Stockpile Destruction
The physical destruction of landmines that have been

held in reserve.
 Open Burning/Open Detonation.
 Manual Disassembly.
 Mechanical Disassembly.
 Robotic Disassembly.
 Mechanical Breakdown.
 Cryofracture.
 Hydro-abrasive Cutting.
Countries that do not have the resources to destroy all their stockpiles have
avenues available to help.

International
Humanitarian Norms
LM & ERW PPT 6: International Humanitarian Norms - 1

Sources of International Law
□ Treaty Law: International conventions signed

between two or more States creating binding
obligations. Eg. Geneva Conventions.
□ Customary International Law: rules that come from

"a general State practice accepted as law" and that
exist independent of treaty law.

Introduction to Humanitarian
Norms: IHL
International Humanitarian Law – Also known as the Law of
Armed Conflict, is a set of rules which seek to limit the
negative effects of armed conflict.
 Puts limitations on the means and methods of warfare.

 Protects persons who do not, or no longer take part in
hostilities.
 Applies not only to Governments and their armed
forces, but also (for the most part) to Armed Non-State
Actors (ANSAs).
 Only applies in situations of armed conflict.

Some Key Concepts of IHL
 Balance between military necessity and

humanity
 No justification for violations of IHL
 IHL obligations remain regardless of their
application by the opposing side
 Distinction between fighters and civilians
 Command Responsibility
4
History of IHL
 The first rules written about armed conflicts date back 4,000
years.
 In ancient India, the law of Manu incorporated rules that
required compassion toward unarmed or injured
adversaries.
 Islam set out the need to respect justice and equality as a
fundamental principle of its humanitarian thinking.
 In 1864, the first Geneva Convention was adopted.
 In 1949, the four Geneva Conventions as they stand today
were adopted.
 In 1977, the two Additional Protocols were adopted.
 In 2006, the ICRC produced a study of 161 Rules, most of
which apply in all conflicts (including to ANSAs).
5
Introduction to Humanitarian
Norms: IHRL
International Human Rights Law refers to inalienable fundamental
rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she
or he is a human being.
IHRL:
□ Applies to all persons,
□ Applies at all times, i.e. both in peacetime and in situations of
armed conflict
□ May in some cases be limited or suspended, according to strict
rules
□ Some rights are absolute and may never be limited or
suspended, eg. prohibition of torture, cruel, inhumane or
degrading treatment

Humanitarian Norms
Together IHL and IHRL relevant to armed conflict

or security situations make up the notion of
“humanitarian norms”

Humanitarian Norms

International Regulations:
Landmines & ERW
Landmines and ERW are subject to regulations under

international law.

Customary Law & Landmines
 Special care to minimise

indiscriminate effects.
 Recording of placement.
 Removal and/or making harmless.

Key Sources
 The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW).
 Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM).
 Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (APMBC).

The Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons
 1980 Protocol II - Governs the use of all landmines, booby-traps and

directional fragmentation devices.
 1996 Amended Protocol II - Prohibits the use and transfer of

certain categories of anti-personnel mines. Also regulates the use of
anti-vehicle mines, booby-traps and directional fragmentation
devices.
 Protocol V - Allocates primary responsibility for the clearance,

removal or destruction of ERW to the party that is in control of the
affected territory.

CCW Amended Protocol II - Main
provisions
PROHIBITIONS:
 Mines that explode in the presence of a metal detector.
 Mines equipped with an anti-handling device that can still function

when the mine no longer does.
 APMs that are not detectable.
 To specifically target civilians or civilian objects.
 To use indiscriminately.
 To transfer any prohibited mine.

CCW Amended Protocol II - Main
Provisions
RESPONSIBILITIES:
 Clearance, or kept in monitored perimeter marked area.
 Precautions taken to protect civilians, including advance warning.
 Recording placement.
 Use only those that have self-destruct or self-deactivation

mechanisms – unless kept in a monitored perimeter marked area

CCW Amended Protocol II – Booby
traps & other devices
PROHIBITIONS:
 To be attached or associated with specified places and objects (eg

protective emblems, dead persons, children toys, religious objects,
animals…).
 To use on apparently harmless portable objects when containing

explosive material.
 To use in an area containing a concentration of civilians.

CCW Protocol V-Main Provisions
 Parties to an armed conflict bear responsibility for explosive

remnants of war in territory under their control.
 Clearance, removal or destruction of ERW.
 Recording, retaining and transmission of information.
 Other precautions: warnings, risk education, marking, fencing and

monitoring.
 Victim Assistance.

Convention on Cluster Munitions
 Prohibited to use, develop, retain, transfer or assist.
 Destruction of stockpiles - 8 years.
 Clearance of unexploded cluster munitions - 10 years.
 Assistance to victims
 Cooperation and assistance.
 Prohibition of all types of cluster munitions used to date.

Moving Towards a Ban on Anti-
Personnel Landmines
The Use of Victim Activated Anti-Personnel Mines
 Violates basic principles of international humanitarian law such as

those of proportionality and distinction.
 Has indiscriminate effects and causes superfluous injury.
 Has significant impact on civilians.
 Last long after hostilities have ended and as such can have long-
term impacts.

APMBC - Main Provisions
Bans
 APM use.
 APM production.
 APM retention.
 APM transfers.
 Assistance in any prohibited action.

APMBC - Main Provisions
 Destruction of stockpile (4 years).
 Clearance of mined areas (10 years).
 Provision of assistance for victims.
 Annual Transparency Report.
 Measures to prevent/suppress prohibited actions.

Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
 Since 1999, 158 States have adhered to the  … but more than 160 million AP mines are
APMBC … still believed to be stockpiled by States not
party to the APMBC.
 Since 1999, a total of 87 States Parties have
destroyed more than 45 million AP mines…  … but 22 States Parties have requested an
extension to their mine clearance
deadlines.
 A total of 18 States have declared
completion of mine clearance operations …  …but more than 72 countries/regions are
still mine-affected.
 Approximately 220 km2 of mined and
battle areas have been cleared in 2010 …  …but survivors need lifelong assistance.
 There has been a dramatic drop in overall

production…
 The number of new casualties is

decreasing…

The Deed of Commitment
under Geneva Call for Adherence to
a Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines
and for Cooperation in Mine Action
LM & ERW PPT 7, The Deed of Commitment - 1

Structure of the Deed of
Commitment banning AP mines
 Declaration
 Preamble (first 8 paragraphs)
 Main or Core Provisions (Article 1-2)
 Implementing Provisions (Article 3-4)
 Other Provisions (Article 5-10)

Declaration
We, (name of signatory),

through our duly authorized
representatives(s) … hereby
commit ourselves to the
following terms.

Preamble
 The landmine problem is global which

therefore necessitates a global solution.
 The limited military utility of anti-personnel
mines is far outweighed by their appalling
humanitarian and socio-economic
consequences.
 Rejection of the “ends justify the means”.
 Protection of civilians.

Preamble
 Contribution to the overall humanitarian

effort to solve the global landmine problem
for the sake of its victims.
 International humanitarian law and human
rights apply to and oblige all parties to
armed conflicts.
 Acknowledgment of the Anti-Personnel
Mine Ban Convention as an important step
toward the total eradication of landmines.

Article 1: Total Ban
TO ADHERE to a total ban on anti-personnel

mines. Meaning:
 No use.
 No development or production.
 No acquisition.
 No stockpiling or retention.
 No transfer.

Article 2: Mine Action
TO COOPERATE IN AND UNDERTAKE stockpile

destruction, mine clearance, victim assistance,
mine awareness, and various other forms of
mine action, especially where these programs
are being implemented by independent
international and national organisations.

Article 3: Accountability
TO ALLOW AND COOPERATE in the monitoring and

verification of our commitment to a total ban on
anti-personnel mines by Geneva Call and other
independent international and national
organisations associated for this purpose with
Geneva Call. Such monitoring and verification
include visits and inspections in all areas where anti-
personnel mines may be present, and the provision
of the necessary information and reports, as may be
required for such purposes in the spirit of
transparency and accountability.
Article 4: Implementation
TO ISSUE the necessary orders and directives to our

commanders and fighters for the implementation
and enforcement of our commitment under the
foregoing paragraphs, including measures for
information dissemination and training, as well as
disciplinary sanctions in case of non-compliance.

Article 5: Humanitarian Norms
TO TREAT this commitment as one step or part of a

broader commitment in principle to the ideal of
humanitarian norms, particularly of international
humanitarian law and human rights, and to
contribute to their respect in field practice as well
as to the further development of humanitarian
norms for armed conflicts.

Article 6: Legal Status
This Deed of Commitment shall not affect our legal

status, pursuant to the relevant clause in common
article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of August 12,
1949.

Article 7: Publicity
We understand that Geneva Call may publicize our

compliance or non-compliance with this Deed of
Commitment.

Article 8: Promotion
We see the desirability of attracting adherence of

other armed groups to this Deed of Commitment
and will do our part to promote it.

Article 9: Repeal
This Deed of Commitment complements or

supercedes, as the case may be, any existing
unilateral declaration of ours on anti-personnel
mines.

Article 10: Effectivity
This Deed of Commitment shall take effect

immediately upon its signing and receipt by the
Government of the Republic and Canton of Geneva
which receives it as the custodian of such deeds and
similar unilateral declarations.

Geneva Call’s Role
 Promoting adherence.
 Supporting and facilitating

implementation and
assistance.
 Monitoring compliance.

Supporting Implementation
TO ADHERE to a total ban on anti-
personnel mines.
Support through:
 Provision of technical expertise
(e.g. for stockpile destruction).
 Assistance in trainings/mine
ban dissemination workshops.
 Linking with specialised mine

action agencies who can assist
with setting up mine action
activities (e.g. MRE
programmes, mine clearance,
victim assistance).

Monitoring Compliance
Monitoring Compliance :
 To ensure compliance with

commitment (specifically the
ban).
 Levels of monitoring:
 Self-reporting.
 Third-party monitoring.
 Field missions.
 Verification missions.

Potential benefits of signing
the Deed of Commitment
 Signals local communities that the ANSA is interested in

their protection.
 Shows humanitarian concern on the part of the ANSA.
 Spares communities from new mines being planted in the
ground.
 Is a signal to local communities that the ANSA is
interested in their protection.
 Is a signal to the international community that the ANSA
takes responsibility for its actions and are is willing to
respect IHL.
 Enhances humanitarian mine action.

Potential benefits of signing
the Deed of Commitment
 Facilitates assistance in addressing the problem.

 Enhances engagement with the international community.
 Facilitates States accession to the AP Mine Ban
Convention.
 Puts pressure on other ANSAs to reciprocate.
 Builds confidence among parties to a conflict.
 Realisation of the short term limited military utility versus
the long-term negative effects.

The Deed of Commitment:
Next Steps
LM & ERW PPT 8a, Next steps-1

Next Steps
What steps will your organisation take to

implement the Deed of Commitment?
 What are the different measures?
 Who decides?

Implementation Measures
Internal regulations
Integrate the Deed of Commitment into your
internal regulations:
All should include

Codes of conduct.
sanctioning system

 Military manuals.
 Military orders.
 Civilian laws, regulations, administrative
procedures.
 Directives.
 Other?

Dissemination and Training
 Disseminate among members and constituencies.

 Include obligations in military /political curricula
and training exercises.
 Make relevant for each level of command.
 Translate the Deed of Commitment into local
language.

To put into practice
1. Evaluation of the needs.
2. What measures could be taken?
3. How do you monitor?

Preventative actions
 Ensure all members turn over mines.

 Inventory mines in stock.
 Organise destruction ceremony.
 Inform border guards to check for mines &
confiscate any found.

Protective actions
 Survey, mark and map mined areas.

 Survey community/victim needs.
 Prioritise areas for mine action.
 Engage in or facilitate mine action by
specialised organisation.
 Identify allies/other ANSAs to advocate the
ban with.

Monitoring mechanism
and adressing violations
 Create field monitoring mechanism.

 Appoint a focal point.
 Prepare a plan for handling violations.
 Identify investigation procedures.

Responsibility
Who is responsible for what?
 Internal regulation.
 Dissemination and training.
 To put into practice (preventative actions,
protective actions, monitoring mechanisms
& addressing violations).

Next Steps
LM & ERW PPT 8b, Next steps-1

Next Steps
What steps will your organisation take to

implement the Deed of Commitment?
 Who decides?

Integrate the Deed of Commitment into your
internal regulations:
All should include

Codes of conduct.
sanctioning system

procedures.
 Directives.
 Other?


 Make relevant for each level of command
 Translate the Deed of Commitment into local
language



 Organise destruction ceremony
 Inform border guards to check for mines and
confiscate any found.

Protective actions
 Survey, mark and map mined areas.

 Survey community/victim needs.
 Prioritise areas for mine action.
 Engage in or facilitate mine action by
specialised organisation.
 Identify allies/other ANSAs to advocate the
ban with.



Responsibility
 To put into practice (preventative actions,
protective actions, monitoring mechanisms
& addressing violations).
LM & ERW PPT 8b, Next steps - 9

Next Steps
LM & ERW PPT 8c, Next Steps - 1

Next Steps
What steps should your organisation take to

address the problem?
 Who decides?

Integrate these obligations into your internal
regulations:
All should include

Codes of conduct.
sanctioning system

procedures.
 Directives.
 Other?


 Make relevant for each level of command.




Protective actions
 Mark all mined areas.

 Inform community where mined areas are.
 Allow for mine risk education to at risk
communities.
 Ensure landmines victims are cared for.



Public statements
The position of your organisation with regards

to these obligations could be expressed
through:
 Agreements.
 Declarations & statements.

Responsibility
 To put into practice.

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Landmine True-False

LM & ERW PPT 2, Landmine True/False Questions - 1

1. When you step on a mine, it “clicks”, but does not immediately

LM & ERW PPT 2, Landmine True/False Questions - 2

LM & ERW PPT 2, Landmine True/False Questions - 3

15. Mine clearance is a highly dangerous business which inevitably

LM & ERW PPT 2, Landmine True/False Questions - 4

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 1

In their simplest form, landmines, or simply

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 2

Categorisation according to:

 The Intended Target

 The Type of Explosion

 The Type of Manufacture

 The Mode of Activation

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 3

 Persons: Anti-Personnel Mines

 Vehicles (tank, bus, car): Anti-Vehicle Mine

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 4

 Directional Fragmentation Mines

 Bounding Fragmentation Mines

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 10

 Improvised Explosive Devices

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 15

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 19

Two main means of detonation

 Direct application of weight

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 20

More than one category may apply to a device.

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 25

 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)

 Abandoned Explosive Ordnance (AXO)

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 29

Booby traps are devices that are intended to kill or injure

LM & ERW PPT 3, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War - 43

 Loss of physical autonomy

 Loss of capacity to work and livelihood

 Detachment/estrangement from family

 Adverse public health effects.

 Change/shift in roles (men/women) and family balance.

 Can become “burden” to others.

 Loss of community unity/social capital.

 Contamination of sacred/ancestral territory.

 Loss of status. “Breadwinning” men unproductive, girls not

 Slows down aid delivery.

 Scares away investors.

 Fear, stress, insecurity

LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action - 1

Activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental

LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action - 2

Humanitarian mine action comprises five complementary

 Humanitarian demining, i.e. mine and UXO survey,

LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action - 3

Survey - Defining the Problem :

 General Mine Action Assessment

LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action - 4

Mapping and Marking

LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action - 5

LM & ERW PPT 5, The Five Pillars of Humanitarian Mine Action - 6