HISTORY, CIVICS AND GEOGRAPHY (50)

GEOGRAPHY
H.C.G. - Paper - 2
Aims:
1. To develop an understanding of terms, concepts and 5. To know the availability of resources, understand,
principles related to Geography. explain their uses and appreciate the problems of
2. To explain the cause- effect relationships of natural development in India.
phenomena. 6. To understand and encourage human efforts made to
3. To understand the use of natural resources and conserve and protect the natural environment.
development of regions. 7. To acquire practical skills related to the meaning
4. To acquire knowledge of and appreciate the and use of maps and their importance in the study of
interdependence of nations and different regions of Geography.
the world.
CLASS IX
There will be one paper of two hours duration carrying (iii) Rotation and Revolution
80 marks and Internal Assessment of 20 marks. Rotation – direction, speed and its effects
The question paper will consist of Part I and Part II. (occurrence of day and night, the sun rising in
Part I (compulsory) will consist of two questions. the east and setting in the west, Coriolis effect)
Question 1 will consist of short answer questions from Revolution of the earth and its inclined axis –
the entire syllabus and Question 2 will consist of a
effects: the variation in the length of the day
question based on World Map.
and night and seasonal changes with
Part II. Candidates will be required to choose any five Equinoxes and Solstices.
questions.
Candidates will be expected to make the fullest use of 2. Structure of the Earth
sketches, diagrams, graphs and charts in their answers.
(i) Earth’s Structure
Questions may require answers involving the
interpretation of photographs of geographical interest. Core, mantle, crust – meaning, extent and their
composition.
PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY (ii) Landforms of the Earth
1. Our World Mountains, plateaus, plains (definition, types
(i) Earth as a planet and their formation):
Shape of the earth. Earth as the home of Mountains – fold, residual and block.
humankind and the conditions that exist. Plateaus – intermont and volcanic.
(ii) Geographic grid - Latitudes & Longitudes Plains – structural and depositional.
(a) Concept of latitudes: main latitudes, their Examples from the world and India.
location with degrees, parallels of latitude and (iii) Rocks - difference between minerals and rocks,
their uses. (b) Concept of longitudes - Prime types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary,
Meridian, time (local, standard and time zones, metamorphic, their characteristics and
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and formation; rock cycle.
International Date Line (IDL). Eastern and
(iv) Volcanoes
Western hemisphere. (c) Using latitudes and
longitudes to find location. Calculation of time. Meaning, Types – active, dormant and extinct.
(d) Great Circles and their use. Effects – constructive and destructive.
Important volcanic zones of the world.

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 (v) Earthquakes • Permanent winds – Trades, Westerlies and
Meaning, causes and measurement. Polar Easterlies.
• Periodic winds - Land and Sea breezes,
Effects: destructive and constructive.
Monsoons.
Earthquake zones of the World • Local winds - Loo, Chinook, Foehn and
(vi) Weathering and Denudation Mistral.
Meaning, types and effects of weathering. • Variable winds - Cyclones and
Types: Physical Weathering – block and Anticyclones.
granular disintegration, exfoliation; • Jet Streams- Meaning and importance.
Chemical Weathering–oxidation, carbonation, (iv) Humidity
hydration and solution; • Humidity – meaning and difference
Biological Weathering – caused by humans, between relative and absolute humidity.
plants and animals. • Condensation – forms (clouds, dew, frost,
Meaning and agents of denudation; work of fog and mist).
river and wind. • Precipitation - forms (rain, snow, and
Stages of a river course and associated land hail).
forms – V-shaped valley, waterfall, meander • Types of rainfall – relief/orographic,
and delta. convectional, cyclonic/ frontal with
examples from the different parts of the
Wind – deflation hollows and Sand dunes. world.
3. Hydrosphere 5. Pollution
Meaning of hydrosphere. (a) Types - air, water (fresh and marine), soil,
Tides - formation and pattern. radiation and noise.
Ocean Currents – their circulation pattern and (b) Sources
effects. (Specifically of Gulf Stream, North • Noise: Traffic, factories, construction
Atlantic Drift, Labrador Current, Kuro Shio and sites, loud speakers, airports.
Oya Shio.) • Air: vehicular, industrial, burning of
garbage.
4. Atmosphere Water: domestic and industrial waste.
(i) Composition and structure of the atmosphere. • Soil: chemical fertilizers, bio medical
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Ionosphere and waste and pesticides.
Exosphere; Ozone in the Stratosphere, its • Radiation: X- rays; radioactive fallout
depletion. Global warming and its impact. from nuclear plants.
(ii) Insolation (c) Effects - on the environment and human health.
• Meaning of insolation and terrestrial (d) Preventive Measures
radiation. Car pools, promotion of public transport, no
• Factors affecting temperature: latitude, smoking zone, restricted use of fossil fuels,
altitude, distance from the sea, slope of saving energy and encouragement of organic
land, winds and ocean currents. farming.
(iii) Atmospheric Pressure and Winds.
6. Natural Regions of the World
• Meaning and factors that affect
atmospheric pressure. Location, area, climate, natural vegetation and
human adaptation.
• Major pressure belts of the world.
• Factors affecting direction and velocity of Equatorial region, Tropical grasslands, Tropical
wind – pressure gradient, Coriolis Effect. Deserts, Tropical Monsoon, Mediterranean,
Temperate grasslands, Taiga and Tundra.

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7. Map Work (e) Drawing and recognising forms of important
contours viz. valleys, ridges, types of slopes,
On an outline map of the World, candidates will be conical hill, plateau, escarpment and sea cliff.
required to locate, mark and name the following:
(f) Drawing at least one sketch map to organize
1. The major Natural Regions of the world - information about visiting an important place,
Equatorial, Tropical Monsoon, Tropical a zoo or a monument.
Deserts, Mediterranean type, Tropical
grasslands, Temperate grasslands, Taiga and 2. Candidates will be required to prepare a project
Tundra. report on any one topic. The topics for assignments
may be selected from the list of suggested
2. The Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Straits - all assignments given below. Candidates can also take
Major Oceans, Caribbean Sea, North Sea, up an assignment of their choice under any of the
Black Sea, Caspian Sea, South China Sea, four broad areas given below. (The project will be
Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, evaluated out of 10 marks).
Hudson Bay, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico,
Gulf of Guinea, Bering Strait, Strait of Suggested list of Assignments:
Gibraltar, Strait of Malacca. (a) Weather records: Maintaining and interpreting
3. Rivers – Mississippi, Colorado, Amazon, weather records as found in the newspaper for at
Paraguay, Nile, Zaire, Niger, Zambezi, least one season.
Orange, Rhine, Volga, Danube, Murray, (b) Collection of data from secondary sources
Darling, Hwang Ho, Yangtse Kiang, Ob, (Using Modern techniques i.e GPS, Remote
Indus, Ganga, Mekong, Irrawaddy, Tigris, Sensing, Aerial Photography and Satellite
Euphrates. imageries) : Preparing a Power Point presentation
4. Mountains – Rockies, Andes, Appalachian, on current issues like – use of earth resources/
Alps, Himalayas, Pyrenees, Scandinavian development activities/dangers of development
Highlands, Caucasus, Atlas, Drakensburg,
and ecological disasters like droughts, earthquakes,
Khinghan, Zagros, Urals, Great Dividing
Range. volcanoes, floods, landslides cyclones and
tornadoes in the world.
5. Plateaus – Canadian Shield, Tibetan Plateau,
Brazilian Highlands, Patagonian Plateau, (c) Physical Features: Collection of data from primary
Iranian Plateau, Mongolian Plateau. and secondary sources or taking photographs and
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT preparing notional sketches of features found in
the vicinity or areas visited during the year as a part
PRACTICAL WORK/ PROJECT WORK of school activity.
1. A record file having any three of the following (d) Find out the sources of pollution of water bodies in
exercises will be maintained. (The file will be the locality and determine the quality of water.
evaluated out of 10 marks). (e) Collect information on global environmental issues
(a) Uses of important types of maps. and problems and communicate your findings
through appropriate modes (posters, charts,
(b) Directions and how to identify them - an collages, cartoons, handouts, essays, street plays
illustrative diagram. and PowerPoint presentation).
(c) Reading and using statement of scale, graphic (f) Area Studies: Choosing any aspect from Section B
scale and scale shown by representative (World Studies) and preparing a PowerPoint
fraction method. (No drawing work, only presentation or a write up on it.
explaining their meanings).
(g) Meteorological Instruments and their uses –
(d) Reading of one town guide map or an atlas Six’s maximum and minimum thermometer,
map. (Recognising the symbols and colours mercury barometer, aneroid barometer, wind vane,
used, identifying directions and distances). anemometer, rain gauge and hygrometer.
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 CLASS X

There will be one paper of two hours duration carrying 2. Map of India
80 marks and Internal Assessment of 20 marks.
On an outline map of India, candidates will be
The Paper will consist of two parts, Part I and Part II. required to locate, mark and name the following:
Part I (compulsory) will consist of two questions. Mountains, Peaks and Plateaus: Himalayas,
Question 1 will be based on Topographical Map. Karakoram, Aravali, Vindhyas, Satpura, Western
Question 2 will be based on outline Map of India.
and Eastern Ghats, Nilgiris, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia,
Part II: Candidates will be expected to answer any five Mount Godwin Austin (K2), Mount Kanchenjunga.
questions. Deccan Plateau, Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Candidates will be expected to make the fullest use of Plains: Gangetic Plains and Coastal plains –
sketches, diagrams, graphs and charts in their answers.
(Konkan, Kanara, Malabar, Coromandel,
Questions set may require answers involving the Northern Circars).
interpretation of photographs of geographical interest.
Desert: Thar (The Great Indian Desert)
PART – I
Rivers: Indus, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Satluj,
MAP WORK Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghra, Gomti, Gandak, Kosi,
1. Interpretation of Topographical Maps Chambal, Betwa, Son, Damodar, Brahmaputra,
Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
(a) Locating features with the help of a four figure
or a six-figure grid reference. Cauveri, Tungabhadra.

(b) Definition of contour and contour interval. Water Bodies : Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Khambhat,
Identification of landforms marked by contours Gulf of Mannar, Palk Strait, Andaman Sea, Chilka
(steep slope, gentle slope, hill, valley, ridge / Lake, Wular Lake.
water divide, escarpment), triangulated height,
Passes: Karakoram, Nathu-La Passes.
spot height, bench mark, relative height/ depth.
(c) Interpretation of colour tints and conventional Latitude and Longitudes: Tropic of Cancer,
symbols used on a topographical survey of Standard Meridian (82° 30’E).
India map. Direction of Winds: South West Monsoons
(d) Identification and definition of types of scale (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Branches), North
given on the map. East Monsoons and Western Disturbances.
Measuring distances and calculating area Distribution of Minerals: Oil - Mumbai High
using the scale given therein. (Offshore Oil Field) and Digboi. Iron –
(e) Marking directions between different Singhbhum, Coal – Jharia.
locations, using eight cardinal points.
Soil Distribution – Alluvial, Laterite, Black and
(f) Identify: Site of prominent villages and/or Red Soil.
towns, types of land use / land cover and means
of communication with the help of the index Cities - Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai,
given at the bottom of the sheet. Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Kochi, Chandigarh,
Srinagar, Vishakhapatnam, Allahabad.
(g) Identification of drainage (direction of flow
and pattern) and settlement patterns. Population - Distribution of Population (Dense
(h) Identification of natural and man-made and sparse).
features.

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 PART - II • Hydel power (Bhakra Nangal Dam and
Hirakud).
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
• Non-conventional Sources: Solar, wind, tidal,
3. Location, Extent and Physical features geo-thermal, nuclear and bio-gas (generation
• Position and Extent of India. (through Map and advantages).
only)
9. Agriculture
• The physical features of India – mountains, • Indian Agriculture – importance, problems
plateaus, plains and rivers. (through Map
and reforms.
only)
• Types of farming in India: subsistence and
4. Climate commercial: shifting, intensive, extensive,
Distribution of Temperature, Rainfall, winds in plantation and mixed.
Summer and Winter and factors affecting the • Agricultural seasons (rabi, kharif, zayad).
climate of the area. Monsoon and its mechanism. • Climatic conditions, soil requirements,
Seasons –March to May – Summer; June to
methods of cultivation, processing and
September – Monsoon; October to November -
distribution of the following crops:
Retreating Monsoon. December to February –
Winter. - rice, wheat, millets and pulses.
- sugarcane, oilseeds (groundnut, mustard
5. Soil Resources and soya bean).
• Types of soil (alluvial, black, red and laterite) - cotton, jute, tea and coffee.
distribution, composition and characteristics
such as colour, texture, minerals and crops 10. Manufacturing Industries
associated.
Importance and classification
• Soil Erosion – causes, prevention and
• Agro based Industry - Sugar, Textile (Cotton
conservation.
and Silk).
6. Natural Vegetation
• Mineral based Industry – Iron & Steel (TISCO,
• Importance of forests.
Bhilai, Rourkela, Vishakhapatnam) Petro
• Types of vegetation (tropical evergreen, Chemical and Electronics.
tropical deciduous, tropical desert, littoral and
11. Transport
mountain), distribution and correlation with
their environment. Importance and Modes – Roadways, Railways,
Airways and Waterways –- Advantages and
• Forest conservation.
disadvantages.
7. Water Resources
12. Waste Management
• Sources (Surface water and ground water).
• Impact of waste accumulation - spoilage of
• Need for conservation and conservation
landscape, pollution, health hazards, effect on
practices (Rain water harvesting and its
terrestrial, aquatic (fresh water and marine) life.
importance).
• Need for waste management.
• Irrigation: Importance and methods.
• Methods of safe disposal - segregation, dumping
8. Mineral and Energy Resources
and composting.
• Iron ore, Manganese, Copper, Bauxite – uses
and their distribution. • Need and methods for reducing, reusing and
recycling waste.
• Conventional Sources: Coal, Petroleum,
Natural gas (distribution, advantages and
disadvantages). .
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 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 6. Need for industrialization in India, the latest trends
PRACTICAL / PROJECT WORK and its impact on economy of India.

Candidates will be required to prepare a project report 7. Visit a water treatment plant, sewage treatment
on any one topic. The topics for assignments may be plant or garbage dumping or vermicomposting sites
selected from the list of suggested assignments given in the locality and study their working.
below. Candidates can also take up an assignment of EVALUATION
their choice under any of the broad areas given below.
The assignments/project work is to be evaluated by the
Suggested list of assignments: subject teacher and by an External Examiner. (The
1. Local Geography: External Examiner may be a teacher nominated by the
Head of the school, who could be from the faculty, but
(a) Land use pattern in different regions of India– not teaching the subject in the section/class. For
a comparative analysis. example, a teacher of Geography of Class VIII may be
(b) The survey of a local market on the types of deputed to be an External Examiner for Class X,
shops and services offered. Geography projects.)

2. Environment: The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will

assess the assignments independently.
Wildlife conservation efforts in India.
Award of Marks (20 Marks)
3. Current Geographical Issues:
Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
Development of tourism in India.
External Examiner 10 marks
4. Transport in India:
The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to the
Development of Road, Rail, Water and Air routes. Council by the Head of the school.
5. List different type of industries in the States and The Head of the school will be responsible for the
collect information about the types of raw materials online entry of marks on the Council’s CAREERS
used, modes of their procurement and disposal of portal by the due date.
wastes generated. Classify these industries as
polluting or environment friendly and suggest
possible ways of reducing pollution caused by
these units.

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 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT IN GEOGRAPHY -GUIDELINES FOR MARKING WITH GRADES
Criteria Preparation Procedure/ Observation Inference/Results Presentation
Testing
Grade I Gives complete States the Studies text and States theoretical information in a coherent Neatly and correctly
(4 marks) theoretical objectives and source material and and concise manner using geographical stated statement of
information defines the makes a list. terminology. Uses a variety of techniques. intent and conclusion
using relevant aspects to be Shows resourcefulness. Supports matches with
geographical studied. investigation with relevant evidence. objectives.
terms
Grade II Provides States objectives Makes a limited list Uses sound methodology-using methods Limited use of
(3 marks) adequate but not the of source material suggested. Makes a valid statement about the reference material
information limitations of the only from secondary data collected. Attempts to develop and a presentation,
using appropriate study. sources. explanations using available information. which is routine.
terms.
Grade III States objectives Only lists the References are Uses methodology in which selective Simple and neat with
(2 marks) using some aspects to be minimal. techniques are applied correctly. Makes correct placement of
geographical studied. descriptive statement. Analysis is limited. references,
terms but mostly Relates and describes systematically the data acknowledgements,
in descriptive collected. Tries to relate conclusion to contents, maps and
terms. original aim. diagrams.
Grade IV States intent Shows evidence Uses methodology Makes few relevant statements. Does analyze Neat but lacking in
(1 mark) without using of what to look with some techniques data that is not presented or tends to copy correct placement of
relevant for and how to but is unable to analysis available from other sources. Makes table of contents,
geographical record the same. systematically record superficial conclusions. Link between the maps, diagrams and
terms but data and collect original aim and conclusion is not clear. pictures.
explaining them information.
correctly.
Grade V Does not make Has not collected Does not use any Does not analyze data. Does not use the Presents the report
(0 marks) any use of any relevant data logical technique and suggested methods. without reference.
geographical and has not does not follow the Makes conclusions but does not relate them to
terms. presented sources methodology the original aim.
correctly. suggested.

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