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Chapter 3 Manometry

Manometers are devices that measure pressure using a U-shaped tube filled with fluids of known densities. There are two main types: open manometers measure gauge pressure relative to atmosphere, while differential manometers measure the difference between two closed pressures. More precise micromanometers can magnify small pressure differences by using multiple immiscible fluids in a U-tube. To solve manometry problems, one sketches the apparatus, labels the fluid contact points, and applies the pressure formula, adding or subtracting fluid pressure heads as elevation changes to derive an equation relating the known and unknown pressures.

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174 views3 pages

Chapter 3 Manometry

Manometers are devices that measure pressure using a U-shaped tube filled with fluids of known densities. There are two main types: open manometers measure gauge pressure relative to atmosphere, while differential manometers measure the difference between two closed pressures. More precise micromanometers can magnify small pressure differences by using multiple immiscible fluids in a U-tube. To solve manometry problems, one sketches the apparatus, labels the fluid contact points, and applies the pressure formula, adding or subtracting fluid pressure heads as elevation changes to derive an equation relating the known and unknown pressures.

Uploaded by

Jovilyn Santiago
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER III:

Manometry; Manometers

Manometers are devices or apparatus’ that


measure change in pressure. It is usually made-up of a
clear glass tube (normally bent in the form of a letter “U”)
with one or more substances of known specific
gravity that moves proportionally to the force that is
generated by the pressure it is measuring.

TYPES OF MANOMETERS:

1. Open type manometer: Is a type of manometer whose one leg is


open to the atmosphere and is capable of measuring gage pressure.

1.1. Piezometers:

Is the simplest form of manometer which is


tapped into the wall of a container or conduit and in which
the liquid can freely rise without overflowing. The height of
the liquid in the tube gives the pressure head directly.

Piezometers are limited to measuring small amounts of


pressure due to the impracticability of providing a long
tube to accommodate higher pressures. Moreover, it can only
be used for liquid pressure measurement since a gas does not
form any free surface.

In measuring pressures of fluids in motion, precautions


should be taken in making connections. The hole must be
drilled exactly normal to the inner surface of the container
or conduit wall and the piezometer tube must not project
beyond this surface. All burrs and roughness on the inner
surface must be removed for this will have an effect on the
piezometric head.
To reduce the error due to capillarity, the tube diameter should be at least 1.25 cm.

The disadvantages of a piezometer could be overcomed by using a more complex form of manometer.
This makes use of a bent tube (or loop) that’s makes use of more than type fluid. As such fluids used should be
immiscible so as to form a meniscus between them.

A differential manometer tapped into a conduit

2. Differential manometers: Is a type of manometer whose ends are both closed to the atmosphere and thus is
not subjected to atmospheric pressure. Its purpose is to determine the pressure difference between pipes,
vessels, or tanks with known internal pressures.

2.2. Micromanometer:

Is a special type of differential manometer that is used for measuring difference in gas pressures.
One example is illustrated wherein this type provides a higher precision and is used when the pressure
difference is too small a value that cannot be measured by a typical differential manometer. Obviously,
the primary purpose of this gage or device is to magnify the reading to permit a greater accuracy.

Fluid B

Fluid A Level 1

Fluid C
Level M
Level 2
Level 1

Differential Manometer
Fluid A Fluid D

Fluid B

Fluid C
Micromanometer

PROCEDURE OF COMPUTATION IN SOLVING MANOMETRY PROBLEMS:

1. Draw a sketch of the manometer approximately to scale.

2. Starting with one end of the Manometer (left or right maybe taken), label the contact points of fluids of different
specific gravity.

3. After the labeling process, add the pressure heads of the liquids as the elevation decreases and or subtract the
pressure heads of the liquids as the elevation increases.

4. Using the liquid pressure formula, you may now obtain unknown values from the derived equation.

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