UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS - acting out what a person in the sought role actually does in

particular situations.
COLLEGE OF NURSING - the earliest form of role behavior
3. Fantasy
S.Y 2016-2017
- involves cognitively trying varieties of possible role
situations
- occurs by way of fears, dreams, and daydreams
TOPIC 2: THE PARENTS 4. Introjection-projection-rejection/acceptance
(IPR/A)
Rle members: Satairapan, Seneca, Serranilla, Serrano, Sia, - the mother takes in the behavior of others (introjection), and
Sindayen, Sison, Siton, So, Sto. Domingo examines if it fits her own role
expectations. Then she imagines herself performing in that
1.DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS OF PARENTS-TO- way (projection) and makes a judgment
BE: MOTHERING ROLES & FATHERING ROLES about the behavior. If the fit is good, the behavior is accepted.
 Early Child Bearing Family (0-30 months old) 5. Grief work
- Emphasize the importance of pregnancy and - an operation that has to do with giving up elements of the
immunization. former self which would be in
conflict with the new role
- Learn the concept of parenting.
- Income adjustments.
 Theory of Maternal Role Attainment
- Re-adjustment - Mercer’s Theory
- Linkage with expanded family.  Rowana T. Mercer (1995)
- Role shift.  Formulated to serve as a framework for
 Developmental task for parents to be: Mothering and nurses to provide appropriate health
Fathering care interventions for nontraditional
mothers
- Financial preparation for the existence of
 To assist nontraditional mothers to
additional member of the family (child) attain a strong maternal indentity.
- Prepare a safe environment for the upcoming - Primary concept of Mercer’s Theory
child.  Developmental and interactional
- Managing a residence or home. process occur over a period of time
- Establishing a more intimate bond with spouse. wherein there is bonding between
- Separation from parents mother and infant. Acquire the
Latin word= parens following:
Caretaker of the offspring in their species : Competence in care taking task
Humans- mother or father figure of a child or offspring. : Enjoys and expresses joy
- Achievement of independence and decision- : Pleasure in role
making. - Mercer’s Theory: Four Stages of Acquisition of
- Attend seminars or counseling for parenting Becoming a Mother
lessons.  Anticipatory- is the social and
- Learn to live with a partner and with an psychological adaptation to the
upcoming baby. maternal role. This includes learning
- Have a stable job with a stable salary. expectations and can involve
- Establishing goals for upcoming children fantasizing about the role.
 Rubin’s Theory of Maternal Role Attainment  Formal- the assumption of the maternal
role at birth. In this stage, behaviors are
o Reva Rubin guided by others in the mother's social
o The achievement of a firm concept or system or network, and relying on the
identity of oneself as a mother, in the sense advice of others in making decisions.
that she iscomfortable in the role, occurs  Informal- when the mother develops her
considerably later than the birth of the child own methods of mothering which are
o Maternal identity development -is the not conveyed by a social system. She
woman’s efforts aimed at becoming a finds what works for her and the child.
mother  Personal- is the joy of motherhood. In
o The Process of Maternal Role Taking this stage, the mother finds harmony,
1. Mimicry confidence, and competence in the
- an active operation in which the woman searches the maternal role. In some cases, she may
environment and her memory for other find herself ready for or looking
people who are or have been in the role she is working to forward to another child.
attain, and then examines their behavior and
imitates them 1. DIFFERENT PARENTING STYLES
2. Role play
Parenting style is based on how a parent responds to the needs  These parents are loving, accepting and warm.
and interests of their children and how they supervise and  They have few rules about what their child should or
discipline them should not do.
 They allow a lot of freedom and little supervision.
 They may be concerned that their child will not like
them if they are
The way you parent your children may be affected by:  enjoy doing for their child to such a degree that they
fail to teach the child how to do for themselves.
 how you were parented  Permissive parents rarely discipline their children.
 your culture and values They tend to be lenient and they allow considerable
 your life experiences self-regulation.
 where you live  When taken to the extreme, they tend to see
 your child’s age and temperament In a two parent themselves more as their child's friend rather than
family, both parents may not have exactly the same parents who need to teach and guide.
parenting style but it is important to agree on a
general approach to parenting. This will help your Possible outcomes of using mostly this style:
children to know what is expected of them.
 These children are often creative and confident.
Four types of parenting styles  However, to others, they may appear impulsive and
childish.
 They often do not accept responsibility for their own
actions and blame others.
Strict parenting style
 They may have problems getting along with others.
(also known as authoritarian)  They may have trouble following rules at school or
work as they have not had to do that at home

 Although loving, these parents are very concerned

with order, control and obedience Balanced parenting style
 They do not encourage give and take or discussion
when it comes to the rules of behaviour (Also known as authoritative and moderate)
 When this style is taken to the extreme, parents may
use harsh words or even physical punishment when
 These parents are loving, supportive and affectionate.
their rules are not followed
 They set rules but change them as their children grow
older and more responsible.
Possible outcomes from using mostly this style:
 Their children’s ideas, wishes, age and temperament
are considered when setting rules.
 The children may have a hard time making their own  They explain why rules are important and why they
decisions about right and wrong in the future. must be followed.
 They learn only how to obey, often out of fear, rather  Discipline is kind but rm and there are fair
than learning how to make good choices about their consequences for misbehaviour.
own behaviour.  Children are encouraged to explore, have fun and
 These children may lack self confidence and become independent.
independence.   The children are included in decision making
 children often seek to control others with demands and are encouraged to find solutions to their own
and aggression. problems.
 Lastly,the lack of communication between parent and  Guidance and supervision are provided to ensure
child makes it difficult for these children to look to safety.
their parents for support and guidance. This can be  Parents view themselves as role-models for their
dangers as these children quite often seek this children. They acknowledge their imperfections and
guidance from outside sources, some of which are not will even apologize to their children if a situation
so positive. warrants it.

Possible Outcomes of using mostly this style:

Relaxed parenting style  For these children, self confidence, success in school
and the ability to make friends are more likely.
(also known as lenient and permissive)  They are more able to solve their own problems and
learn from their mistakes.
  They tend to be more caring to others and less likely  * Normally becomes a source of
to bully. worry for most mothers, whether
 The children feel safe because they've learned they her child is safe or not.
can count on their parents to be there to help if things  * Hence seeks reassurance from
go wrong. Health Professionals that her child
 As teens, they tend to have lower levels of drug will be born safely.
misuse and other risky behaviour and are less likely o 2. Acceptance
to be depressed.  * The Mother’s Acceptance of her
 children learn in childhood to problem solve, make pregnancy is the most important
healthy decisions, and function in a structured
opinion of all, if the mother accepts
environment.
her child wholeheartedly, this
 children learn responsibility and typically obey
improves the pregnancy for the
parents out of respect rather than fear of punishment.
mother and the child in various
ways.
Uninvolved parenting style
 *The Father or the partner of the
mother’s opinion on the pregnancy
 uninvolved parent makes very few, if any, demands
is also just as important. Most
of their children. They are often dismissive or even
mothers who have very supportive
neglectful. These parents may provide clothing, food
and shelter but they are not involved in their partners often report their
children’s lives. pregnancy as wanted. It also
 have little to no expectations for behavior, show little improves the well-being of the
affection, and may even intentionally avoid the child. mother and child knowing that her
They often fail to supervise their children and are pregnancy is accepted by her
usually emotionally distant partner.
 uninvolved parents are often so involved with their  *The Mother and the Father of the
own needs and issues that they do not even realize child must make a space for the
they are not providing the emotional support their child in their lives, evidencing their
children need. acceptance of their child.
 *involves the opinion of the
Possible Outcomes of using mostly this style: mother’s family, friends, and all
those around her, how they accept
 Children whose parents are uninvolved tend to have a the unborn child affects the
harder time forming attachments to people later in mother’s acceptance of herself and
life. her unborn child.
 These children often feel that they are unimportant  * many parents ideally have an
and their parents do not care about them, giving way expectation of what their child’s
to low self-esteem. gender, in the case of said
 School performance is typically poor and social skills expectation not being met this then
lacking.
creates a challenge for the family.
 These children are more likely to be aggressive and
o Giving
have behavioral problems.
 *Most essential component of
 They are often defiant to authority figures. In
motherhood, evidenced in giving of
addition, they often struggle with drug and alcohol
abuse. a mother’s body for the child to
grow in.
2. BEHAVIORAL NEEDS OF EXPECTANT  * Develops giving to those around
MOTHERS her, through small and meaningful
gifts.
 * Baby Showers are important, it
 Seeking safe passage for herself and the baby through
builds a strong unbreakable bond
pregnancy, labour, and childbirth.
with fellow expecting mothers and
 Summary of points.
teaches them not only how to give
o 1. Safe Passage
but also to receive.
 * Priority problem of mothers,
o Attachment
bringing her unborn child into the
 *Begins when the mother accepts
world is the first of the succeeding
the reality that she is pregnant.
concerns.
 *develops further with feelings of
love and attachment surfacing in
the 2nd Trimester when the child is
 becoming more real to her and  Aside from the direct influence of household
others like for example upon seeing structure on academic achievement and learning, a
her first image of her child through single-family home environment may influence a
ultrasound. child's behavioral performance in school, which can
 *in her 3rd Trimester she then indirectly affect learning and interest in school.
begins exhibit attachment to her According to Adoption.com, when single parents are
unborn child with a feeling of working full time and therefore have less available
time for their children, the situation may lead to
possessiveness and vulnerability.
either behavioral issues or lower academic
 * As the child grows Larger, so achievement.
does the mother’s affection for the
child grows Larger as well.
3. SELECTED SITUATIONAL CRISES AFFECTING Other factors that may affect the child’s development:
PARENTAL ASSUMPTION OF THEIR ROLE:

SITUATIONAL CRISIS-unexpected crisis that arises

suddenly in response to an external event or a conflict  Relationships
concerning a specific circumstance - If you are a single parent, you are the one
who is there for your child. You kiss boo-
A.SINGLE PARENTHOOD boos, make lunches and lend a listening ear.
This means you can develop a very strong,
 Defined as one or more children dependent on one close relationship with your child. Toddlers
parent. and preschool-aged children in one-parent
 May result from: homes often are very close to that parent and
- Loss of spouse by death, separation, feel strongly bonded to her. However, your
desertion preschooler may have a more difficult time
- Out of wedlock birth of a child forming relationships with kids of the
- From adoption opposite sex at school. Your toddler may be
- Migration (OFWs) uncomfortable around adults of the opposite
sex as well.
 Economics
The Attachment - Young children in single parent
families often feel the strain of
 A human child forms an attachment to a caregiver, money on their lifestyle. Besides
and this attachment is what helps guide its growth. If the obvious disadvantages that
a human who is calm, collected, affectionate, and come from not having money such
mentally healthy raises a child, then most likely that as poor diets and not having
child will be the same way. If someone who is expensive toys or clothes, children
anxious, disorganized, distant, and mentally unstable may suffer mental strain. Many
raises a child, then most likely that child will be the single parents work long hours and
same way. This is not 100% and is not absolute, but it are forced to leave their young
is a pattern. Why does this happen? Because a human children with a caregiver. Single
brain develops based on how the child is parented. parents are more likely to worry
about money, and even children as
young as toddlers will pick up on
Potential Challenges
these types of stresses in the home.
 Typically, single parents have to manage far more  Communication
tasks than the mothers or fathers in two-parent - Toddler and preschool-aged
households, simply because of practical limitations children in single family homes are
on the division of labor. At least until children are old likely to look up to their parent and
enough to take on household chores, all the listen to what their parent says. The
housekeeping responsibilities fall on one person, as parent is able to clearly
well as wage earning and parenting. Aas a result, it's communicate household rules and
possible for single parents to have less time or energy expectations because she is the
to encourage their children's learning by reading only one in authority. As a single
together, overseeing homework or planning parent, you will be the one to
educational, entertaining and fitness activities and answer your toddlers many
outings for the family. questions and to hear all about your
preschooler's busy day. This early
one-to-one relationship with your
Education and Behavior child sets a foundation for strong
communication.
  Feeling Left Out developmentally disabled children. The
 Children who are raised in single larger the network, the greater its power to
parent homes may feel left out curb the influence of negative life events on
during some activities at daycare or moods and feelings of depression.
preschool. Many childcare centers
plan crafts that children can make  Public Law 94-142 in 1975 -all handicapped children
for moms or dads to celebrate between the ages of 2.8 years through 21 years are
Mother's Day and Father's Day. entitled to a free appropriate public education within
Some centers host special events the least restrictive environment. The least restrictive
for children to bring their moms to environment clause means that a student may spend
such as a tea or luncheon, and other all or any part of his day in a regular classroom.
events created especially for dads  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7277 .- AN ACT
and their kids. PROVIDING FOR THE REHABILITATION,
SELF-DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-RELIANCE
OF DISABLED PERSONS AND THEIR
B.) BIRTH OF A HANDICAPPED CHILD INTEGRATION INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF
SOCIETY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 Disabled vs. Handicapped
DISABLED- Disability is the consequence of an
impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental, C.) DIVORCE
sensory, emotional, developmental, or some
combination of these. A disability may be present
o A divorce happens after a husband and wife decide
from birth, or occur during a person's lifetime.
not to live together anymore and that they no longer
HANDICAPPED- any physical or mental defect, want to be married to each other. They agree to sign
congenital or acquired, preventing or restricting a
legal papers that make them each single again and
person from participating in normal life or limiting
their capacity to work allow them to marry other people if they want to.
o Divorce Is Hard for EveryoneIt might sound simple,
 Children who are mentally retarded, hard of hearing,
but it's not easy for a husband and wife to decide to
deaf, speech impaired, visually handicapped,
seriously emotionally disturbed, orthopedically end a marriage.
impaired, other health impaired, deaf-blind, multi- o Often they spend a long time trying to solve problems
handicapped, or as having specific learning
disabilities, who because of those impairments need before deciding to divorce. But sometimes they just
special education and related services. can't fix the problems and decide that a divorce is the
- from Education of the Handicapped Act best solution. Change is a natural part of life, but
 Having a handicapped child born into a family and
grow into adulthood is one of the most stressful when it happens to your family, it is sometimes really
experiences a family can endure. Parental reactions to hard to deal with.
the realization that their child is exceptional usually o Sometimes both parents want to divorce, and
include shock, depression, guilt, anger, sadness, and
anxiety. sometimes one wants to and the other one doesn't.
Usually, both parents are disappointed that their
 Social support -is a human extrinsic coping resource.
It helps alleviate or prevent pressure and answers the marriage can't last, even if one wants a divorce —
need for appreciation, affection, security, and and to live apart — more than the other.
belonging.
o Sometimes it hurts kids' feelings when one parent
-Support networks help the family on a wants to leave the house where they live. It is hard
number of levels: relieve stressful situations not to take it personally.
within the family throughout the family’s
life span, provide emotional and material o It's important to remember that divorce happens
support including instrumental assistance, between the husband and wife, and even though it
advice, problem solving and mediation, and
particularly structure and preserve a social affects the whole family, it doesn't mean that a parent
fabric that surrounds the family and the who leaves the house doesn't care about the kids.
disabled child. This network helps the
family cope with situations of loneliness and o Many kids don't want their parents to divorce. Some
alienation, reported by families with kids have mixed feelings about it, especially if they
 -Judith Wallerstein concluded from her long term research
know their parents weren't happy together. Some kids
project that the highest impact of divorce on children comes
may even feel relieved when parents divorce, 15 to 25 years after the divorce, when the children enter into a
especially if there's been a lot of fighting between serious romantic relationship. Not during their childhood,
adolescence or young adult phase. They expect to fail and they
parents during the marriage.
fear loss, change and conflict.
o It's important to remember that divorce doesn't
-Other know effects of divorce on children are adjustment and
change one important fact: A dad or mom who lives
behavioral problems resulting from the divorced parents that
somewhere else is still your dad or mom. That's are stress during longer periods and from interrupted routines.
forever. That will never change. As a result, the children become more difficult to manage.

o Effects of Divorce on Children -Children of divorce have problems to adjust to the new
situation especially When their divorced parents keep on
-The divorce itself does not affect children in a negative way. fighting. The bigger the conflict and the longer it lasts, the
The effects result more often from the feeling of uncertainty of more the children seem to be affected.
what is going to happen after the divorce, from the level of -The visiting parent can have positive or negative effects of
conflict between the parents and from how the parenting after divorce on children. If he or she is not paying attention to the
the divorce is done. child, but instead is fighting with the ex spouse, the child will
-The consequences of a divorce for children are mostly that not enjoy the visit at all. The visits must also be at a regular
they have to move to a different home and sometimes to a interval and at predictable times. This way, the children will
different school and that they will not see and be with both get the feeling that the visiting parent takes the time and effort
their parents at the same time any more. In most of the cases, to visit them and that it is imporant for their visiting parent
they will live with their mother and they will see their father too. Finally, divorced parents should not try to find out via
much less. their children how their ex is living, what he or she is up to or
to know about the new partner of their ex.
-To adjust to their new situation takes them 2 years or more.
D) Migrant / Overseas Parent
The age of the children plays a role in how they react to the
divorce. Effects of divorce on children under 9 years - the so o “Migration is neither a new phenomenon, a failure of
called pre-schoolers - are that they tend to blame themselves development, nor a substitute for development…
for the divorce. They also dream about their parents getting individuals move as part of their effort to improve
back together again some day. That's wishful thinking. their lives and the lives of their families, to learn new
skills, to gain new experiences, to find a job or to flee
o Manage the effects of divorce on children insecurity, disaster or famine. Migration is an
economic, social and political process that affects
-For pre-schoolers, the family and especially their parents, is those who move, those who stay behind, and the
the center of their universe. They need a lot of attention, care, places where they go.” People are crossing borders to
love and confirmation from them. As a result of the divorce, search for better job opportunities and to provide a
they might become even more dependent of their parents. better future for their families. Along this
Divorced parents report that after the divorce, their young development is the plight of more children being left
children started bed watering again and that they could not or behind by either one or both parents, leaving them to
did not want to do simple tasks that they were able to before. the care of extended family members or friends.
Probably, this is their way of getting closer to their parents. o Parental absence creates “displacement, disruptions
-Adolescents (children between 9 and 13 years) react in the and changes in care giving arrangement.” There is
opposite direction. They tend to behave more independent. always an emotional aspect that goes along with
They feel betrayed by their divorced parents. Mistrust enters parents leaving their children, especially for long
the relationship. They feel they have to take care of periods of time. Nevertheless, it is also a relief to
themselves, to take things in their own hands. Mum and dad have the extended family looking after the children
are apparently putting their interest first. left-behind. However, it cannot negate the fact that
the children are longing for the love and care of their
Among boys, this materialises in more rebellious and biological parents.
agressive behavior. Girls have the tendency to become more o Children have a different level of acceptance or
anxious and withdrawn. Girls of divorce parents are sexually tolerance of the situation depending on their
active at younger age. “cognitive development”. For young children, they
only see migration as a form of abandonment of their
-Among effects of divorce on children are negative emotions
parents; while adolescents may either be receptive or
like bitterness, stress, emotional pain, anxiety, fear, feeling
resentful. Related articles on children left behind also
abandoned, feeling betrayed and loss of self-esteem.
 focus on the effects of mother’s absence to children, 4. General well-being
where children have varied reactions to migration
situation depending on the age of the child – i.e. for A study found that “children of migrants were generally fine
pre-school children (0-5 years old), the absence of and faring better than the children of non-migrants”.
mothers is somewhat easily accepted since no Surprisingly, “children of migrants are less anxious and less
bonding has yet been established but the adjustment lonely compared with the children of non-migrants”.
for those children ages 6-16 years of age is more However, the low level of anxiety and loneliness can also be
difficult because they had already known and attributed to the increase of family communication. On a sad
established affection with their mothers. note, the children of migrant mothers reported being lonely,
angry, unloved, unfeeling, afraid, different

from the other children, and worried compared to all

There are several factors that may negatively or positively groups of children, including non OFW children.
affect the formation and personal development of the children:
5. Socialization of children and learning to be
independent

1. Global parenting Social behavior of children can also be affected by

migration of either one or both parents. In a previous study,
It is where parenting becomes a long distance love children with absent mothers showed poorer social adjustment
affair synchronized with the fast paced development of and suffered impeded psychological development. Regardless
technology. The absence of the parents is substituted through of whether the parents are here or not, children also share
the different technological mechanisms (cellphones, emails, some responsibility in the household chores. Among the
skype) to make their presence felt by their children even if common chores are cleaning the house, setting the
they are thousand miles away. Unfortunately, this “techy” table/washing dishes, taking care of the siblings, doing
parenting will still not replace the emotional bonding that can errands, watering plants, taking care of the animals, etc. And
develop in the relationship when they are physically present. although “migrant children reported experiencing difficulties
At the same time, they will miss the growing up years of their and longing for their absent parents, they also acknowledge
children and their value formation. that they learned to be more independent in the process.”
2. Search for role models E. Working Mother
“The strength of family relationship particularly the
children’s closeness to their parents, is reflected in the
children’s choice of their parents as role models.” Migration Definition: a working mother engages in a work life, aside
has somehow influenced the children’s choice of career and from their duties as a childcare provider.
future plans. In the 2003 study, 60% of OFW respondents
would like to work abroad and would like to take courses in
medicine/nursing, teaching, and engineering/architecture. This Mothers who have jobs outside of the home tend to be happier
view shows an alarming reality in terms of children’s and healthier than their stay-at-home counterparts, the
aspiration to work like their parents. Even if they dream of American Psychological Association notes.
finishing college education, they already developed in their
consciousness that they could get a higher salary abroad even
without having a college diploma.
Studies have consistently found that women’s work itself
3. Academic performance and school behavior doesn’t hurt their children’s development, starting in the
1950s.
Unlike the perceived notions, children of migrants
performed well especially during grade school compared to
non-migrant. But it was also evident that children of migrant
mothers tend to score lower than the other children. This
finding and seems to suggest the importance of mother’s Positive Impact Negative Impact
presence in the academic performance of the children. Good role model for her kids Poor-quality day care
However, there is a study where students’ performance did not because children can get services can hamper a child’s
show significant difference between children of migrants and inspired to pursue their emotional and social
non-migrants, majority even received good ratings in terms of dreams and ambition. development.
conduct and discipline in class from the teachers (78% Encourage their kids to take Moms might feel
children of migrants and 81% children of non-migrants). It is responsibility because they overburdened and take the
also noted that children of migrants interact more with become more independent frustration out in their kids
classmates and actively participate in class Working moms spend quality Might fail to provide their
discussion/activities and extra-curricular activities. time with their kids to kids a safe emotional outlet.
compensate for the amount of  Unexplained Infertility
time they do not spend  Ovulation problems, such
together as those that occur with
Less stress when it comes to Problems can arise between polycystic ovarian
paying the bills parents over the mother’s syndrome (PCOS)
employment.  Mild male factor infertility
 Mild endometriosis

o Intrauterine insemination is not considered to be an

effective treatment for:

4. EFFECTS OF CHILDLESS MARIAGE  Blocked fallopian tubes or

tubal damage
A) ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION  Ovarian failure or lack of
 Artificial insemination, or AI, is a fertilization ovulation
procedure in which sperm is artificially placed into a  Significantly reduced
woman’s cervix or uterus. ovarian reserve
 The semen to be implanted is “washed” in a  Advanced endometriosis
laboratory, which increases the chances of  Severe male factor
fertilization while removing unnecessary, potentially infertility
harmful chemicals. The semen is inserted into the
woman, and if the procedure is successful, she  Intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination(IUTPI):
conceives. o It involves injecting washed sperm into both
 IVF was initially used to treat women with blocked, the fallopian tubes and uterus.The cervix is
damaged, or absent fallopian tubes. Today, IVF is then clamped. This is to prevent leakage to
the vagina and is usually done with a
used to treat many causes of infertility, such as
specially designed double nut bivalve(DNB)
endometriosis and male factor, when a couple's
speculum.
infertility is unexplained or in women with advanced
 Intratubal insemination(ITI):
maternal age where her chances for pregnancy are
o It involves injecting washed sperm into the
rapidly declining and IVF remains as the best
fallopian tube.
possible option

TECHNIQUES USED
 SURROGACY: "One woman (host mother or
 Intracervical insemination (ICI) surrogate mother) carries a child for another as the
o ICI is the most common artificial result of an agreement which is made before
insemination technique.This involves conception that the child should be handed over after
injecting raw (unwashed) semen into the birth. The couple wishing to have the child are called
cervix with a needleless syringe. If fresh the commissioning couple."
semen is used, it must be allowed to liquefy
before inserting it into the syringe. Problem#1: Legal Issues
o Frozen semen which has been thawed can
also be used. Enclosed air is removed from
the syringe by pressing the plunger forward  Surrogacy is illegal in some American states, as well as in
before the syringe is inserted into the many other countries.
vagina.
 Intrauterine insemination(IUI):  Also, in certain states it can be a complex process for the
o It involves injecting washed sperm into the
intended mother to be named as the parent, especially in
uterus by using a catheter.
o Unwashed semen is not used because it may cases where the surrogate is the biological mother.
cause uterine cramping, expel the semen and
 Hence, intended parents must prepare a legal contract
cause pain.
o The woman should lie down on the table for where the surrogate agrees to abandon her maternal rights
15 minutes after IUI for optimal results.
and thereby allows the intended mother to adopt the child.
o It may be recommended for several
diagnoses of infertility, some of which  Some jurisdictions forbid commercial surrogacy.
include:
 If doctors discover that the fetus has potential birth defects

 Issues with cervical mucus or some other health problems, then the intended parents
 might decide to discontinue the pregnancy. This can give  Miscarriage is very common in surrogate pregnancy.
rise to several legal problems, particularly if they use the  Since in most cases, more than one embryo is implanted in
sperm from a donor or eggs not belonging to the surrogate the uterus to enhance the chances of successful pregnancy,
for pregnancy. In this case, the problem is who gets to it also enhances the possibility of twins or triplets. Often,
decide whether the pregnancy should be carried on or this becomes crucial for the mother’s health as well as that
terminated. of the unborn babies.

So before you approach a surrogate, it is imperative that you Problem#5: Ethical Issues
seek the advice of legal counsel and make sure that all
pertinent issues are addressed. Also, when the contract is Some common ethical issues regarding surrogacy are:
drafted and ready for you and the surrogate to sign, make sure
that it complies with the state and local laws involving
surrogacy.
 Many people still consider surrogacy as a baby selling
Problem#2: Surrogates’ refusal to give the child process and a surrogate mother is still looked down upon.
In certain instances, the surrogate mothers have developed a  Many people also take it as a chance to take advantage of a
strong attachment to the baby, and thus refused to give away
needy woman.
the child on birth. In some of these cases, the surrogates, being
biological mothers, have won the cases. However, in states  Parents are often found to be indecisive about whether
where surrogacy is allowed, this has gone against them and
they have lost their visitation or custody rights. they should allow their child (if he/ she was born via
surrogacy) to know the identity of the people involved in
Problem#3: Breach Of Contract
his/ her conception and delivery.
Either of the parties, be it the intended parents or the surrogate
can breach their contract. Some of the examples of surrogacy Problem#6: Religious Issues
contract breaches include:
Different religions have varied approaches to surrogacy. For
example:
 Voluntary abortion by the surrogate without the consent of
intended parents.  Jewish law permits surrogacy only if it is a full gestational
 The surrogate can also breach the contract by failing to surrogacy. Also, the gametes of both intended parents
follow certain behavioral restrictions (by indulging in drug should be included and in vitro fertilization should be the
abuse/ alcohol consumption for example) during the mode of fertilization followed.
gestation period.  Paragraph 2376 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church
 Failure of the intended parents to pay for all the expenses states
and fees.
 The surrogate’s refusal to go for an abortion following the
attending physician’s recommendation. “Techniques that entail the dissociation of husband
Problem#4: Medical Complications and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the

The surrogate mother may face obstetrical or medical couple (read donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate
complications during the pregnancy. uterus), are gravely immoral.”

 Surrogacy is prohibited in Islam.

 For example, the surrogate mother is more susceptible to
develop infections when another woman’s eggs are
Adoption
transplanted into her.
  Adoption brings a child born to other parents into a the birth parents, adoptive parents and the child they adopted.
new family. Birth parents have a number of reasons This can range from picture and letter sharing to phone calls,
for placing children for adoption. Overall, they want to contact through an intermediary or open contact among the
better lives for their children than they think they can parties themselves. Many adoptions of older children and
give them. teenagers are at least partially open since the children may
 Children who are eligible for adoption come from already know identifying or contact information about
many different settings. Some are in foster care, a
members of their birth families, or may want to stay in touch
temporary home setting. Other children live in
with siblings placed separately.
orphanages or with birth relatives until they can be
adopted.  Effects on the Birthparents
 Adoption in the Philippines
 Relinquishment of a newborn child may be
 Republic Act No. 8552 February 25, 1998
profoundly damaging to birthparents and cause
 AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE RULES AND
lifelong pain and suffering
POLICIES ON THE DOMESTIC ADOPTION OF
 They may feel guilty about their actions. These
FILIPINO CHILDREN AND FOR OTHER
birthparents may believe that their offspring will
PURPOSES
not understand the reasons for relinquishment
 The State through the Department of Social Welfare
and that these offspring will blame and hate their
and Development has a concern in every adoption
birthparents for rejecting and abandoning them.
including those by step-parents and relatives.
 Adopting a child is an option available not just to  The birthparents may want their children to
couples but also to singles or solo parents, according know that they continue to care about them and,
to the Department of Social Welfare and in turn, may wish to learn about the kind of
Development people their children have become.
 Types of adoption in the Philippines
 Effects on the Adoptees
o Regular/agency adoption  Adopted children also frequently suffer from the
-A licensed adoption agency finds and develops secrecy imposed in closed adoptions, particularly
adoptive families for children who are voluntarily or during adolescence when they often experience
involuntarily committed. The adoptive families go greater identity conflicts than members of the
through the process from application to finalization nonadopted population.
of the child’s adoption under the auspices of the  In addition, adoptees may experience a deep fear
Department of Social Welfare and Development or a of loss and separation. Many adopted children
licensed child-placing agency. feel that they were given away because there was
something wrong with them from the beginning.
o Family/relative adoptions  in late adolescence, negative feelings and
-A family/relative adoption is the biological parents questions about being adopted increased.
make a direct placement of the child to a relative or a  In young adulthood, plans for marriage may
member of their extended family with whom they create an urgent desire for specific background
information, particularly about family history.
relinquish their child.
 For adopted adult women, pregnancy and the
birth of a child may raise fears of possible
o Relative/direct/independent placement unknown hereditary problems.
adoption:  Becoming a parent may also trigger intense
feelings in the adoptee toward his or her own
-The biological parents make a direct placement birthmother. These feelings may include not only
empathy for her difficult emotional situation, but
of the child either to a relative, a member of their
also anger and disbelief that she could have
family, or a friend/non-relative with whom they given up her own child.
relinquish their child. These adoptions are  Effects on the Adoptive Parents
directly filed in family courts.  adoptive parents may find it difficult to think and
talk about birthparents as real people. They may
be unable to answer truthfully their adoptive
children's inevitable questions about why they
o Closed and open adoption: were given up, what their birthparents were like,
and what happened to these parents in later life.
 Experiences fear that birth parents will reclaim
A closed adoption is one where no identifying information
the child and that the child will love these
about the birth family or the adoptive family is shared between parents more than the adoptive parents.
the two, and there is no contact between the families.

An open adoption allows for some form of association among

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