UE - 213

PLANNING AND DESIGN

OF TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM

Dr. Ashar Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Urban and Infrastructure Engineering Department
NED University of Engineering and Technology
 Sessional Evaluation

Midterm
Quizzes - 2
Term Projects
Complex Engineering Problem
 Introduction to The course
Transportation Systems and Planning:
Role of Transportation; Classification of Transportation Systems, development of
various modes in Pakistan; Role of highways within a transport system; Highway
classification. Planning needs Goals and Objectives, Types of Plan
Geometric and Pavement design of Highway:
Geometric design including cross section element Horizontal alignment curves; Super
elevation and gradient, Flexible and rigid pavement design; Highway drainage.
Air Transportation:
Component of air transportation; Airport activity; Aircraft characteristics affecting
airport airside; Airport site Selection; Airside configuration; Navigation aids; Airport
lighting and marking; Distribution concepts of terminal buildings; Geometric design of
airside; Structural design of airfield pavements.
Waterway Transportation:
Role of water transportation as a supplementary transportation system. Classification
of harbours; Ports and harbors of Pakistan; Design principles and requirement of
harbours; Effect of wind, waves and tides on design; wharves and jetties; Breakwater
and groins Channel regulation and demarcations; Classification of docks and their
construction; Transit sheds and warehouses. Emerging trends in Ports/ container
terminal.
 Introduction to The course
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

CLO 1:
Able to comprehend the basic concepts of planning for
transportation systems (C2).

CLO 2:
Able to interpret topographical and demographic data and
perform geometric and pavement design for highways (C2).

CLO 3:
Able to produce automated geometric and pavement design
(S4).
 Recommended books
1. Jason C., Yu,
“Transportation Engineering Introduction to Planning, Design
and Operations” Elsevier, Latest Edition.
2. James Banks,
“Introduction to Transportation Engineering” McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math; Latest Edition
3. Horonjeff, Robert.
“Planning and Design of Airports” McGraw Hill, Latest Edition.
4. Gregory P. Tsinker,
“Port Engineering Planning Construction Maintenance and
Security” John Wiley.
4., Per Bruun, “Port Engineering” Gulf Publishing, 1989.
Introduction to The course
By definition
Transportation engineering is the application of technology and
scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation
and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in
order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods.
Role of Transportation
Transportation plays a very important role in the development of a
country.
Taping natural resources and markets and maintaining a competitive
edge over other regions and nations are linked closely to the quality
of the transportation system.
The speed, cost and capacity of available Transportation have a
significant impact on the economic growth and development of a
region.
Public transportation influences the education, healthcare,
commerce, type and number of jobs, thus effecting the quality of
life of people.

“Traffic and Highway Engineering” by Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel

Role of Transportation
Goods transport permits the specialization of industry, reduces costs
for raw materials and manufactured goods, increases competition,
and provides greater choices for the consumer.

Transportation is also a necessary element of government services

such as delivering mail, providing national defence, and monitoring
remote territories.

“Traffic and Highway Engineering” by Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel

Components of Transportation System

Vehicles
Humans

Environment
 Components of Transportation System
with respect to Demand and Supply

 Infrastructure (supply):
-Physical facilities: highways, railroads, ports
-Transfer points: parking areas, driveways
-Supporting elements: signals, signs, safety hardware, etc.
 Vehicles (demand): Planes, trains, autos, buses, ships, trucks
 Operators/users: Drivers, pilots, freight, passengers
Classification of Transportation Systems

Transportation Systems can be classified according to:

1. Organizational form of transport services

2. Vehicle and infrastructure technology

3. Speed and reach of a transport mode

https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/cib/verkeer/dwn/H111part2.pdf
Classification of Transportation Systems
Transportation Systems can be classified according to:
1- Organizational form of transport services
Classifying transport systems according to their organizational form is based on two
criteria:
Collective or individual transport
Collective transport is the term used for transport in vehicles that are designed to
transport large groups of people simultaneously. Individual transport refers to the
use of vehicles that are designed to transport one person or small groups of people
who have agreed to travel together (a family for example).
Public or private transport
Public transport is transport that is open to everyone, on payment of a fare. If,
however, the transport consumer must belong to a specific pre-selected group we
are dealing with private transport.

https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/cib/verkeer/dwn/H111part2.pdf
Classification of Transportation Systems
Transportation Systems can be classified according to:
2- Vehicle and Infrastructure Technology

In general vehicles and their associated infrastructure are two separate

elements of the transportation system. Since vehicles and the underlying
system that carries them do not form a continuous system we speak of
discontinuous systems.
There are systems that are both vehicle and infrastructure at the same time. A
moving sidewalk, or travelator, is an example of such a continuous system.

https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/cib/verkeer/dwn/H111part2.pdf
 Classification of Transportation Systems
Transportation Systems can be classified according to:
3- Speed and Reach of a transport mode

https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/cib/verkeer/dwn/H111part2.pdf
Modes of Transportation Systems
The medium used for transporting an object or
passenger from one place to another is known as its
‘mode of transport’.

Depending on the carrying-medium we distinguish: transport

by air, over water and over land.
Thus
3 ways we transport on planet
earth:

1) Land
-Railway

-Highway

-Pipeline

16
2) Sea

3) Air

17
Modes of Transportation Systems

1- Road
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) defines a road as

"a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized

base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic,
primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their
own wheels, "which includes" bridges, tunnels, supporting
structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads,
but not cycle paths."
Modes of Transportation Systems

1- Road

For the purposes of the English law, Highways Act 1980,

which covers England and Wales but not Scotland or Northern
Ireland, the term road is defined to be

"any length of highway or of any other road to which the

public has access, and includes bridges over which a road
passes."
Modes of Transportation Systems

1- Road
History
The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by
animals has not been universally accepted; in many cases
animals do not follow constant paths. Others believe that
some roads originated from following animal trails. By about
10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human
travellers.
Modes of Transportation Systems
1- Road
History
• The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt
some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.
• Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle
East dating back to 4000 BC.
• The Sweet Track, a timber track causeway in England, is one of
the oldest engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber
trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807
BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating (Dendrochronology)
enabled very precise dating. It was claimed to be the oldest
road in the world until the 2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old
trackway in Plumstead, London.
• Brick-paved streets were used in the Indian sub-continent as
early as 3000 BC (Example: Mohenjo-Daro).
 Modes of Transportation Systems
Example: Mohenjo-Daro
Modes of Transportation Systems

1- Road
History
From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong
stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in
support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman
Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from
Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles
of paved roads.
The Porta Rosa, a Greek street dating from the 3rd to 4th century BC in
Velia, with a paved surface and gutters
Modes of Transportation Systems

1- Road
History
In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the
Arab Empire. The most sophisticated roads were those in
Baghdad, which were paved with tar. Tar was derived from
petroleum, accessed from oil fields in the region, through the
chemical process of destructive distillation.
The two designers who were hired by Al-Mansur to plan the city’s design were
Naubakht, a Zoroastrian, and Mashallah, a Jew from Khorasan, Iran.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
2- Rail
Rail transport is a means of transferring of passengers and goods on
wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also
commonly referred to as train transport. In contrast to road
transport, where vehicles run on a prepared flat surface, rail vehicles
(rolling stock) are directionally guided by the tracks on which they
run. Tracks usually consist of steel rails, installed on ties (sleepers)
and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal
wheels, moves.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport
 Modes of Transportation Systems

2- Rail
History
-Ancient systems : 600
BC, Greece
 Modes of Transportation Systems
2- Rail
History
-Ancient systems : 600 BC,
Greece
-Pre-steam : Starting from 1515,
Austria.
-Steam power introduced : 1784
first patent of steam locomotive
by James Watt.
-Electric power introduced : 1837
by chemist Robert Davidson.

-Diesel power introduced : 1894, two axle machine by Priestman Brothers.

-High-speed rail: 1964 in Japan. Can have speeds >= 300 km/h
 Modes of Transportation Systems
2- Rail
The Trains or the railway locomotive can be divided into two categories:
1- Passenger Trains
A passenger train primarily carry human passengers, and travels between
stations where passengers may embark and disembark. Passenger trains
usually can be divided into two operations: intercity railway and intracity
transit.
Intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency
(usually scheduled).
Intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher
frequency (especially during peak hours).
2- Freight Trains
A freight train hauls cargo using freight cars specialized for the type of
goods. Freight trains are very efficient, with economy of scale and high
energy efficiency.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
Rail Infrastructure
Right of Way
Railway tracks are laid upon land owned or leased by the railway company.
Owing to the desirability of maintaining modest grades, rails will often be laid
in circuitous routes in hilly or mountainous terrain. In densely urbanized areas,
railways are sometimes laid in tunnels to minimize the effects on existing
properties.
Trackage
Track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored perpendicular to members
called ties (sleepers) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a
consistent distance apart, or rail gauge.
Stations
A railway station serves as an area where passengers can board and alight
from trains. A goods station is a yard which is exclusively used for loading and
unloading cargo. Large passenger stations have at least one building providing
conveniences for passengers, such as purchasing tickets and food. Smaller
stations typically only consist of a platform. Early stations were sometimes
built with both passenger and goods facilities.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
3- Air
Air transportation is a method of transportation by which
passengers, mail, and cargo are conveyed by air through aircrafts.

The chief advantage of this method is the considerable amount of

time saved because of the high speed of the flight.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation

The two models of providing service to air passengers are:

Hub and Spokes Model
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/airline3.htm
Hub and Spokes Vs Point-to-Point Model
http://arachne.cc/issues/01/hub-and-spoke_flynn-casey.html
 Modes of Transportation Systems
3- Air
History
The history of aviation can be divided into two ages. The era before
heavier than air aircrafts and the era after the invention of heavier
than air aircrafts.
Lighter than air
The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human
lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, of a hot air balloon
designed by the Montgolfier brothers. The practicality of balloons
was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was
immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was
required. Jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered
dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
3- Air
History
Heavier than air
There are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier-
than-air flight. The first recorded powered flight was carried out by
Clément Ader on October 9, 1890 when he reportedly made the first
manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance
(50 m (160 ft)) but insignificant altitude from level ground in his bat-
winged, fully self-propelled fixed-wing aircraft, the Ader Éole. Seven
years later, on 14 October 1897, Ader's Avion III was tested without
success in front of two officials from the French War ministry. The
report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a
military secret.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
The Wright brothers made the first successful powered, controlled and sustained
airplane flight on December 17, 1903, a feat made possible by their invention of
three-axis control. Only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air
powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and
even attacks against ground positions.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
4- Water
Water transportation is the process of moving people, goods, etc.
by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal, river,
etc.
Maritime transport is watercraft carrying people (passengers) or
goods (cargo).
Watercraft or vessel are water-borne vehicles including ships,
boats, hovercraft and submarines. Watercraft usually have
propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar or engine) and hence
are distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log
raft.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_transport
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_transport
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Ports_Authority
 Modes of Transportation Systems

5- Pipelines
Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods or material
through a pipe.
Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines and any chemically stable substance
can be sent through a pipeline. Pipelines exist for the transport of crude and
refined petroleum, fuels – such as oil, natural gas and biofuels – and other fluids
including sewage, slurry, and water. Pipelines are useful for transporting water for
drinking or irrigation over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or
where canals or channels are poor choices due to considerations of evaporation,
pollution, or environmental impact. Pneumatic tubes using compressed air can be
used to transport solid capsules.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat#Oman
 Modes of Transportation Systems
5- Pipelines
Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes which are usually
buried. The oil is moved through the pipelines by pump stations
along the pipeline. Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are lightly
pressurised into liquids known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs).
Natural gas pipelines are constructed of carbon steel. Hydrogen
pipeline transport is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe.
District heating or teleheating systems use a network of insulated
pipes which transport heated water, pressurized hot water or
sometimes steam to the customer.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
5- Pipelines
Classification
In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on purpose:
Gathering pipelines: Group of smaller interconnected pipelines forming complex
networks with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearby
wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group, pipelines are usually
short- a couple hundred metres- and with small diameters. Sub-sea pipelines for
collecting product from deep water production platforms are also considered
gathering systems.
Transportation pipelines: Mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving
products (oil, gas, refined products) between cities, countries and even continents.
These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or
pump stations for crude and multi-products pipelines.
Distribution pipelines: Composed of several interconnected pipelines with small
diameters, used to take the products to the final consumer. Feeder lines to
distribute gas to homes and businesses downstream. Pipelines at terminals for
distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in this groups.
 Modes of Transportation Systems
5- Pipelines
Aqueduct
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to convey water. In modern
engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals,
tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often
refers specifically to a bridge on an artificial watercourse.

Falaj
In Oman from the Iron Age, in Salut, Bat, and other sites, a system of underground
aqueducts called falaj or qanāts were constructed, a series of well-like vertical
shafts, connected by gently sloping horizontal tunnels.
There are three types of falaj:
Daudi (‫ )داوودية‬with underground aqueducts
Ghaili ( ‫ )الغيلية‬requiring a dam to collect the water
Aini (‫ )لعينية‬whose source is a water spring
These enabled large scale agriculture to flourish in a dry land environment.
 Modes of Transportation Systems

5- Pipelines
The oasis of Al Ain in the United Arab
Emirates continues traditional falaj (qanat)
irrigations for the palm groves and
gardens.
Development of various modes in Pakistan
Pakistan Highways
Pakistan Railways
Pakistan International Airlines
Pakistan Ports

42
 Transport Sector of Pakistan
• Pakistan have an area of 803,850 square km and a population of
around 182 million
• Share of transport sector in GDP is about 10%
• Transport sector employs 2 million people(5% of total employed
person)
• Over 90% passengers and goods are carriued by roads mode of
transport
• Only National highways carries about 80% of the country’s freight
and passenger traffic
 List of Motorways of Pakistan
Name Completio
Course Length Lanes Status Remarks
& Sign n Year
Peshawar –
M1 155 km 6 2007 Operational
Islamabad
Islamabad –
M2 367 km 6 1997 Operational
Lahore
Connects M2
Pindi
near Pindi
M3 Bhattian (M-2) 54 km 4 2003 Operational
Bhattian to
– Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Under
Faisalabad –
M4 233 km 4 2014 construction
Multan
since 2009

Multan – Dera
M5 80 km 4 N/A Planned
Ghazi Khan
 Dera Ghazi
M6 Khan– 365 km 4 N/A Planned
Ratodero
M7 Dadu – Hub 270 km 4 N/A Planned
2 lanes nearing
completion, 2
Ratodero – Under
M8 892 km 4 2016 additional lanes
Gwadar Construction
to be added in
future
Upgradation of
Hyderabad – Under existing Super
M9 136 km 6 2014
Karachi Construction Highway into 6-
lane motorway
M-9 – N- Currently 2-
25 (Karachi lanes, to be
M 10 57 km 4 2009 Operational
Northern upgraded to 4-
Bypass) lanes

Total 2609 km
 NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
Sign Course Length Lanes Completion

Karachi – Torkham 1819 km 6 1952

Karachi – Gwadar (Makran Coastal

653 km 2 2003
Highway)
Mansehra – Chilas 240 km 2

Karachi – Chaman (RCD Highway) 813 km 2

Basima – Khuzdar 110 km 2

Hasan Abdal – Khunjerab Pass 806 km 4

 List of Strategic Highways
via Naukundi becoming Road
Quetta – Taftan 610 km 2
84 in Iran
Nowshera – Chitral 309 km via Dir 2
Kuchlak – Dera
531 km via Zhob 2
Ismail Khan

via , Shikarpur, Dera Ghazi

Kotri – Peshawar 1264 km 4 (6)
Khan, Kohat

via Shikarpur, Jacobabad, Jaffarabad,

Sibi – Sukkur 385 km 2
Nasirabad

Qila Saifullah –
447 km via Loralai, Dera Ghazi Khan 2
Multan
Islamabad –
90 km via Murree 4
Kohala
 List of Strategic Highways
Islamabad – Kohat 146 km 2

Hushab – Surab 487 km via Panjgur, Nag, Baseema 2

Khwazakhela – Besham 64 km via Alpuri 2

Chakdara – Kalam 135 km via Mingora, Madyan, Bahrain 2

Larkana – Lakhi 61 km via Naudero 2
Gharo – Keti Bunder 90 km 2

Hyderabad – Khokhrapar 220 km via Mirpur Khas, Umerkot 2

Taxila – Haripur 44 km via Khanpur 2

Larkana - Moenjo Daro 28 km
 List of Strategic Highways
Larkana - Moenjo
28 km 2
Daro
via Rasheed
Larkana - Nasirabad 34 km 2
Wagan

Sakrand - Nawabshah 35 km 2

Larkana - Shahdadkot 50 km via Kamber 2

Ratodero - Naudero 18 km 2
In total 9509 km
 Transport sector in Pakistan- Motorways

The construction of motorways began in the early 1990s with the

idea building a world class road network and to reduce the load off
the heavily used national highways throughout the country. The M2
was the first motorway completed in 1998, linking the cities of
Islamabad and Lahore.
Total road network: 260,760 km
Paved: 180,910 km
Unpaved: 79,850 km (2010)
Vehicles on road: 7.852 million vehicles 0.32 million commercial
vehicles (2010 estimate)
Road- TRAFFIC DATA
Transport sector in Pakistan-Airports
• Pakistan has 139 airfields. The major airports are:
1. Jinnah International Airport (Karachi)
2. Allama Iqbal International Airport (Lahore)
3. Benazir Bhutto International Airport (Islamabad/Rawalpindi)
4. Peshawar International Airport (Peshawar)
5. Quetta International Airport (Quetta)
6. Faisalabad International Airport (Faisalabad)
7. Multan International Airport (Multan)
8. Sialkot International Airport (Sialkot)
9. Gwadar International Airport (Gwadar)
10.Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan)
• There are also several smaller airports which have flights to and from the Gulf
because of the large Pakistani nationals working in the region. There are 91
airports with paved runways of which 14 have runways longer than 3,047 meters.
The remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a
runway longer than 3,047 meters. Pakistan also has eighteen heliports.
Transport sector in Pakistan- RAILWAYS
• Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways, operates the railroad system. Rail

was the primary means of transport till 1970. In the two decades from around 1990,

there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways. Now the railway's share of

inland traffic is only 10% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic. The total rail track

decreased from 8,775 km in 1990–91 to 7,791 km in 2011.Pakistan expects to use the

rail service to boost foreign trade with China, Iran and Turkey.
 Transport sector in Pakistan- Waterways
The waterway network in Pakistan is in its infancy with Karachi being the only major
city situated next to the Arabian Sea. Still plans are being proposed for the
development of the waterways in the country along the Indus River as it would boost
employment opportunities and the economic and social development of Pakistan.
Some of the major ports of Pakistan are:
Port of Gwadar - Gwadar, Balochistan
Port of Karachi - Karachi (City Centre), Sindh
Port Qasim - East Karachi, Sindh
Port of Pasni - Pasni, Balochistan
 Transport sector in Pakistan- Pipelines

• Length of pipelines for crude oil is 2,011 km (1,250 mi).

• Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 787 km (489 mi).

• Length of Natural gas pipelines is 10,402 km (6,464 mi)

National highway network
condition
Good
28%
Very poor
47%
Poor
17%
Fair
8%
Role of Highways within a Transportation System
Highways play a very important role in a transportation system. They
provide door-to-door access and create the ease of mobility for passengers
and goods.

60
Numerical
You have received a report that your company’s new equipment is
outselling the company’s highest expectation in the mid-west
region. Store managers in the mid-west are demanding another
shipment of the equipment before the holiday season to replenish
their low inventory levels. As the company’s logistic manager, you
need to figure out the cheapest method to transport that
equipment from the factories in China to Chicago. You must also
ensure that the equipment reach the mid-west stores prior to the
holiday season, which is 18 days away.
Compute the cheapest method and route to ship the equipment
from China to Chicago using any single or combination of modes
of transportation and make sure the toys arrive before the holiday
season.
 Numerical Data
Transportation Data
Mode Departure Destination Costs/unit # of Units Req. Days
Air Freight Beijing, China Chicago $ 25,000 2 planes 3
Air Freight Beijing, China Los Angeles $ 35,000 2 planes 2
Ocean Beijing, China Los Angeles $ 10,000 1 container 14
Ocean Beijing, China Seattle $ 12,000 1 container 14
Truck Los Angeles Chicago $ 10,000 4 trucks 5
Truck Seattle Chicago $ 6,000 4 trucks 4
Rail Los Angeles Chicago $ 8,000 3 cars 4
Rail Seattle Chicago $$ 5,000
6,000 3 cars 4

• Hint: # of Units Required means that several planes, trucks or railroad cars will be
needed to transport the entire shipment.
• Assume—Railroad can deliver the goods to the final destination.
 Numerical Solution
Solution
Transportation Data
Mode Departure Destination Costs/unit # of Units Req. Days Total Cost
Air Freight Beijing, China Chicago $ 35,000 2 3 $ 70,000
Air Freight Beijing, China Los Angeles $ 25,000 2 2 $ 50,000
Ocean Beijing, China Los Angeles $ 10,000 1 14 $ 10,000
Ocean Beijing, China Seattle $ 12,000 1 14 $ 12,000
Truck Los Angeles Chicago $ 10,000 4 5 $ 40,000
Truck Seattle Chicago $ 8,000 4 4 $ 32,000
Rail Los Angeles Chicago $ 8,000 3 4 $ 24,000
Rail Seattle Chicago $ 6,000 3 4 $ 18,000

Mode Cost Days

Ocean-Seattle $ 12,000 14
Rail-Chicago $ 18,000 4
Result Total $ 30,000 18
The best combination is to transport the equipment from China to Seattle by
ocean and then from Seattle to Chicago by Rail. The total cost will be $30,000
and the equipment will reach in 18 days.
Functional Classification of Highways/Roads
On the basis of access to
adjacent land and ability to
travel at a certain speed without
interruption, highways/roads
can be classified into three
categories.

1- Arterials
2- Collectors
3- Locals

64
Functional Classification of Highways/Roads
1- Arterials

These are the roads/highways which

provide highest mobility to the users;
that is, smooth flow at high speeds
without interruptions such as traffic
signals, roundabouts, at-grade crossings
and too many entry/exits.

Traffic collected from local streets and

collectors merge into the arterials for
covering long distances in less time.

65
Functional Classification of Highways/Roads
2- Collectors

Collector roads are used as a connection

between local roads and arterial roads.
They provide a balance between access
and mobility.

66
Functional Classification of Highways/Roads
3- Locals/Streets

Local roads are the most common roads,

but are also the slowest for travel. They
are designed specifically to have high
accessibility, that is many entry/exit
points. They provide connect to collector
and arterial roads, and are typically not
used for through traffic.

The roads just in front of the houses are a

good example of local roads or streets.

67
Transportation planning
Transportation planning is also commonly referred to as transport
planning internationally, and is involved with the evaluation,
assessment, design and construction of transport facilities
(generally streets, highways, bike lanes and public transport lines).
Transportation Planning Needs, Goals and Objectives
Transportation planning
Transportation planning
Transportation planning
Transportation planning
Transportation planning
Transportation planning
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
Travel demand modeling is the estimation of the demand for travel
in a given region. It aims to establish the spatial distribution of
travel by means of a system of zones. It predicts the travel
decisions people will make, given the generalized travel cost of
each alternative they have. The base decisions include the choice of
destination, the choice of the mode, and the choice of the route.
The most common approach to travel demand modelling is the
‘four-stage process’, which is:
1- Trip generation (the number of trips to be made)
2- Trip distribution (where those trips go)
3- Mode choice (how the trips will be divided among the available
modes of travel)
4- Trip assignment (predicting the route trips will take)
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
Stage 1: Trip Generation
Trip generation is the procedure whereby land use, population and
economic forecasts are used to estimate how many person trips are
produced within, and attracted to, each zone. Trip generation uses
average trip rates for the study area to estimate the quantity of trips
undertaken for various trip purposes.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
Stage 2: Trip Distribution
Trip distribution determines where the trip ends – developed in trip
generation (Step 1) – will go. These trip ends are linked to form an
origin–destination pattern of trips through the process of trip
distribution.
The logic behind trip distribution is that a person is more likely to
travel to a nearby transport zone with a high level of activity (such
as employment, shopping or recreation) than to a more distant zone
with a low level of activity.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
Stage 3: Mode Choice
Mode choice allocates the origin–destination trips derived from trip
distribution (Step 2) to the available travel modes, by trip purpose.
This step estimates the choice between travel modes based on the
characteristics of the trip maker (income, car ownership, age), the
trip itself (trip purpose, the origin and destination) and the
characteristics of the travel mode (fares, vehicle operating costs,
travel time, parking availability and cost, reliability).
The outcome of this step is an estimate of travel by all available
travel modes between all transport zones, by the separate trip
purposes.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
Stage 4: Trip Assignment
Trip assignment assigns the various mode-specific trip matrices, by
trip purpose, to the alternative routes or paths available across the
transport network.
Public transport trips are assigned to the public transport network
(where path choice includes all public transport modes); and
vehicle trips and are assigned to the highway network. This step
provides an indication of the likely distribution of travel across the
available transport network.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
By looking at these four stages, we can answer the following questions:

How many trips will people make?

Looking at land use characteristics (i.e. how we use land in our
region) is the main way to figure out trip generation rates. This is
because factors like the number and size of households, automobile
ownership, types of activities (residential, commercial industrial, etc.),
and density of development all drive how much travel flows from or
to a specific area within the region.
For simplicity, a geographic unit called a transportation analysis zone
(TAZ) is used to create trip generation rates for the region.
Specifically, a number of existing or projected characteristics within
the TAZ are used for this.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
Where will jobs and people locate?
Once the model generates a certain number of trips from each TAZ,
it needs to determine to which zone each trip goes. This is called
trip distribution and the analysis involves a sophisticated process
for weighting the “attractiveness” of each TAZ based on the
number of attractions it has and the travel time from other TAZs.
This step leads to a picture of origin and destination points within
the region and how many trips are going between each pair of
TAZs.
For large model regions this can be an extremely large origin-
destination matrix, e.g., over 2,000 x 2,000 for Washington, DC, a
total of over 4,000,000 matrix cells!
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
How will people travel?
Mode choice shows which mode people use to travel between their
origins and destinations.
That is, whether people take transit, their own car, or a carpool to
and from work or another destination. A complex sub-model is
usually created for determining the modal choice, and is based both
on certain assumptions about transit capacity, schedules, and fare
levels and on real-world observations of how, when, and where
people use transit.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
What routes will people take?
Trip assignment determines the routes people will take from start
(origin) to finish (destination).
Generally, the computer assumes everyone will take the quickest
route to their destination. To compute route selection requires all
kinds of information regarding actual or predicted congestion
levels, road conditions, transit schedules and fares, traffic signal
systems, etc.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
How do we know the model predicts reasonable trips?
Once the four steps are completed, the model provides planners
with a picture of existing travel patterns. The results are then given
a reality check.
Modellers check with planning staff to make sure the numbers
make sense, and cross-check how well the model predicts current
“observed” data, such as park-and-ride utilization and highway
vehicle traffic counts. This “checking” is called a validation.
Transportation planning
Travel Demand Modelling
What can the model tell us?
Travel demand model results can assist decision makers in making
informed transportation planning decisions. The results from the
model vary depending on the ideas and information used and the
sophistication of the particular model.
Small models generally provide users with forecasted highway
volumes for roadways with functional classes of minor arterial and
above.
Large model regions generally provide users with everything included
in small models and transit forecasts. Some more sophisticated
models also provide users with information on truck forecasts,
college/university travel, HOV travel, and the effects of toll strategies
on travel behavior.
Transportation Design
In general the design of any transportation facility requires the
estimation of demand or load to be undertaken by a specific facility
and the corresponding material that can accommodate the demand
efficiently in a safe manner over a specific period of time.

Examples are the design of roadways, railways, terminals, ports,

etc.

Each mode of transport has its own design guidelines, codes and
standards.
Transportation Design
There is difference between a ‘Guideline’ and a ‘Standard/Code’
Design Guideline: Any set of rules, procedures, principles, or
advice to help an engineer make decisions regarding the design of a
particular facility. If a engineer deviates from these guidelines, to
improve or modify the design as per local conditions, he cannot be
held legally liable.
Examples are ‘A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets’ by AASHTO.
Design Standards/Code: Any set of rules, procedures, principles,
or advice which are accepted as common practice by the engineers
of a particular trade, for the deign of related facilities. If a engineer
deviates from these guidelines without any proper justification, he
can be held legally liable.
Examples are ‘ACI 318’ by American Concrete Institute.
Transportation Design
Some examples of ‘Design Guidelines and Standards’ for each mode of transport are:
Mode Type Guideline/Standard
A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways
and Streets by AASHTO.
Geometric Design Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, UK.
Guide to Road Design by Austroads.
- Various guidelines developed by different countries
Rigid Pavement Design method by AASHTO.
Flexible Pavement Design method by
AASHTO.
Pavement Design
Flexible Pavement Design method by Asphalt
Roads Institute.
- Various methods developed by different countries
Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) by
Capacity Analysis Transportation Research Board, USA.

Safety Analysis Highway Safety Mannual by AASHTO.

Mannual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
Signs and (MUTCD) by Federal Highway Administration,
Markings USA.
- Various manuals developed by different countries
Mode Type Guideline/Standard
A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways
and Streets by AASHTO.
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, UK.
Geometric Design Guide to Road Design by Austroads, Australia.
- Various guidelines developed by different
countries
Rigid Pavement Design method by AASHTO.
Flexible Pavement Design method by AASHTO.
Flexible Pavement Design method by Asphalt
Pavement Design Institute, USA.
Roads - Various methods developed by different
countries
Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) by
Capacity Analysis Transportation Research Board, USA.

Safety Analysis Highway Safety Mannual by AASHTO.

Mannual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
(MUTCD) by Federal Highway Administration,
Signs and
USA.
Markings - Various manuals developed by different
countries
Mode Type Guideline/Standard
Manual for Railway Engineering by AREMA
Geometric (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-
Design Way Association).
- Various guidelines developed by different countries

Permanent AREMA.
Way/ Pavement Network Rail Standards by Network Rail, UK.
Design - Various methods developed by different countries

Railway
Train Planning Rules by Network Rail, UK.
Railway Operations
Signaling Communications & Signals by AREMA, USA.
System - Various manuals developed by different countries
Communications & Signals by AREMA, USA.
Track Safety Standards by Federal Railroad
Administration (FRA), USA.
Railway Safety Principles and Guidance ("The
Safety Analysis Blue Book") by Office of Rail and Road, UK.
Documents produced by Rail Safety and Standards
Board, UK.
- Various manuals developed by different countries
Mode Type Guideline/Standard
Airport Engineering, Design, &
Construction by Federal Aviation
Administration, USA.
Airport /
Manual of Aerodrome Design &
Aerodrome Safeguarding (MADS) by Military Aviation
Design Authority, UK.
- Various guidelines developed by different
countries
Airport Pavement Design & Construction by
Pavement Federal Aviation Administration, USA.
Airports / Design - Various methods developed by different
Aerodromes countries
Various communications and operations related
standards set by International Civil Aviation
Flight
Organization (ICAO)
Operations - Various manuals developed by different
countries
Manual of Aerodrome Design &
Safeguarding (MADS) by Military Aviation
Safety
Authority, UK.
Analysis - Various manuals developed by different
countries