RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology experiment with title “Introduction and

Use Of Microscopes” which made by:
name : Nur Azizah Muslimin
ID : 1813440003
class : ICP of Chemistry Education
group : III (Three)
has been checked and consulted by assistant and assistant coordinator so this report was
accepted.

Makassar, October 2018

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Muhammad Asnur Yenre Dian Puspitasari

ID. 1214441022 ID. 1614441001

Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility,

Dr. Andi Asmawati Azis, M.Si

ID.19621231 198702 1 005
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Since ancient times, man has wanted to see things far smaller than could be
perceived with the naked eye. Although the first use of a lens is a bit of mistery,
its now believed that use of lenses is more modern than previously thought.
However, it has been known for over 2000 years that glass bends light. Some
people thought basic design of Leeuwenhoek microscope is a magnifying glass
because only 1 lens that made of a microscope is not used now as consisting of
two lenses. Compared with the modern microscope, Antonie’s microscope is a
very simple device, using only one lens, plugged in a small hole in the brass
plates that make up the body of the instrument.
Since it’s invention, the microscope has been a valuable tool in the
development of scientific theory. “Micro” refers to “tiny” and “scope” refers to
“view or look at”. Microorganisms are commonly very small in size. So, when
comes to observing them through our naked eyes are absolutely impossible.
The solution to overcome this problem is by observing them using microscope.
Microscopes are tools used to enlarge images of small objects so as they can be
studied. Most of photographs of cells are taken using a microscope, and these
picture can also be called micrographs. The same basic microscopes are used
for all these various activities. Everyone should own a decent microscope and it
will last a lifetime with reasonable care. Many people think that microscopes
are very complex and difficult to use and that they are only used in research
facilities and universities and that they are expensive but they are less expensive
than one might think and are really easy to use. Microscope divided in two
types, there are optical microscope and biological microscope. For this
experiment we used biological microscope.
Animal body consists of tissue or group of cells that have the same
structure and function. Tissue with a special structure that allows them to have a
specific function. Based this background that we implement an practicum to
know how to using of microscopes safely and know the part and the function of
microscope
B. Purpose
The purpose of this practicum as follows :
1. Student skillfully using biological microscope to quickly and safely to see a
simple preparation.
2. To know the components and the function of microscope.
C. Benefit
The benefit of this practicum as follows :
1. Can use the microscope quickly and safely to inspect the preparation until
can get the accuracy result
2. Can to inspect the parts of small living things that can’t saw with directly
eyes, and we can know all the structure inside the organism.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

For students who are new to the microscope and are just learning to use it, they are
expected to follow the steps below to make it easy to implement, quickly skilled and
quickly find the object of the observed object The optical microscope consists of two,
namely, a biological microscope and a stereo microscope. Biological microscopy is
used for the observation of transparent thin objects. Radiation is given from below by
natural rays or lights. This biological microscope generally has an ocular lens and an
objective lens with magnification strength as a follows :
1. Objective 4x with ocular 10x, 40x magnification
2. Objective 10x with ocular 10x, 100x magnification
3. Objective 40x with ocular 10x, 400x magnification
4. Objective 100x with 10x eyepiece, magnification 1000x
Objective of the most powerful optical microscope 1000x called emersi objective,
because its use should the oil emersi and how to use it with special anyway.
Stereo microscope is used for observing objects that are not too large, transparent
or not. Irradiation can be arranged from above or from below with natural light or lights.
It has two objective pieces and two ocular pieces, so that a three-dimensional shadow
can be obtained by observing the two halves. The strength of enlargement is not too
strong generally as follows:
Objective 1x or 2x with ocular 20x or 15x
The microscope has components that are easily damaged, in the form of lenses and
mirrors (Tim Penyusun 2016).
Micrscope, the name of an instrument for enabling the eye to see distinctly objects
which are placed at a very short distance from it, or to see magnified images of small
objects, and therefore to see smaller objects than would otherwise be visible. The name
is derived from the two Greek words, expressing this property, MIKROS, small, and
SKOPEO, to see. So little is known of the early history of the microscope, and so
certain is it that the magnifying power of lenses must have been discovered as soon as
lenses were made, that there is no reason for hazarding any doubtful speculations on the
question of discovery. We shall proceed therefore at once to describe the simplest
forms of microscopes, to explain their later and more important improvements, and
finally to exhibit the instrument in its present perfect state. In doing this we shall
assume that the reader is familiar with the information contained in the articles “Light,”
“Lens,” “Achromatic,” “Aberration,” and the other sub-divisions of the science of
Optics, which are treated of in this work. This description of magnifying power does
not apply to such instruments as the solar or gas microscope, by which we look not at
the object itself, but at its shadow or picture on the wall; and the description will
require some modification in treating of the compound microscope, where, as in the
telescope, an image or picture is formed by one lens, that image or picture being
viewed as an original object by another lens (Ross, 2013: 1).
There are two types of microscope in use for research in cell biology : the older
finite tube length ( typically 160 mm mechanical tube length) microscope and the
infinity optics microscope that are now produced. The finite tube length microscope :
The objective lens forms a magnified, real image of the specimen at a specific distance
from the objective known as the intermediate image plane. All objective are designed
to be used with the specimen at a defined distance from the front lens element of the
objective (the working distance) so that the image formed (the intermediate image) is
located at a specific location in the microscope. The working distance varies with the
objective and is typically greater for lower – power objective, but the location of the
intermediate image in the microscope is fixed by design (Sluder and Wolf, 2013 ).
Infnity optics microscope : These microscope differ from the finite tube length
microscope in that the objectives are designed to project the image of the specimen to
infinity and do not, on their own, from a real image of the specimen. A real image of
the specimen is formed at the intermediate image plane by a tube lens mounted in the
body of the microscope. By convention intermediate image plane is located 10 mm
toward the objective from the shoulder of the tubes that hold the oculars. As for the
finite tube length microscopes, the intermediate image is located at the focal length of
the ocular, and the specimen image is project to infinity. In practice, the use of infinity
corrected optics means that the manufactures do not need to put a lens in the nosepiece
of the microscope to provide the infinity space for optical accessories for specialized
contrast modes. Because different manufactures use tube lenses of different focal
lengths and different strategies to correct for lateral chromatic aberration of the
objectives, it is no longer practical to use objectives of one manufacture on the
microscope of another though amodern objectives are infinity (Sluder and Wolf, 2013 ).
 Every microscope requires a high brightness, reliable, stable source of illumination
in order to function, and both the quality and the quantity of the illumination provided
will determine, and ultimately limit, the performance of the instrument. Each type of
microscope will have its own type of illumination source. For a high performance
scanning electron or ion microscope, the most desirable property of the beam source is
that the source must have a high brightness. For electron microscopy, the source of
choice is a cold field emission gun. In this device, a rod of single-crystal tungsten wire
is chemically etched to produce a sharp (< 100 nm diameter) tip at one end. If the tip is
now placed within an ultra-high vacuum container and a voltage is applied between the
tip (negatve potential) and ground (for the positive potential), then, when, the electric
field around the tip reaches about 107 volts/cm or higher, electron flow from the tip
ground. The brightness of this beam is of the order of 109 amp/𝑐𝑚2 /steradian at 20
keV, which is about 1000x brightness than the signal from a thermionis (hot wire)
emitter operated at the energy. Consequently the CFEG source is now used in many
electrone microscope that have been a major contributor ( Joy, 2013 : 5).
As an example, Cell counting is a method used to quantify cells for disease
diagnosis and medical research. Generally, hemocytometer is used to count cells as it is
a cheaper and simple method. Specimen contains cells is loaded into the
hemocytometer and placed on a microscope. The coarse microscope adjusting knobs of
microscope are turned to focus the cells. A real image of the specimen is formed at the
intermediate image. For a beginner user, to get focused cells is time-consuming. If the
user too harsh with the adjusting knob, it may loosen the knob gear. In conclusion, an
autofocus microscope which fulfills the objective stated in the study has been
successfully developed. Electron in microscopy, the source of choice is a cold field
emission gun. It is done by writing the contrast measurement algorithm as shown in
Figure 2 in MATLAB, in which this algorithm is used to determine the rotation of
adjusting knob as it will then captured the focused image and displayed the image on
GUI picture box (as in Figure 5) automatically. By developing this system, the
microscope becomes more user-friendly as any users (with or without knowledge of
using microscope) could use it with hassle free. Besides, the system could avoid the
microscope’s lens and the hemocytometer/glass slide of specimen from broken. At the
same time, it can protect the knob gear of microscope from damage due to harsh user
adjusting the knob ( Ehang, 2015).
 CHAPTER III
METHODS LABORATORY

A. Time and Place

Day /Date : Monday/October 29𝑡ℎ , 2018
Time : 14.10 – 15.50 am
Place : Biology Laboratory 3rd floor Biology Departement, Mathematics and
Science Faculty State University of Makassar
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a) Biological microscope
b) Glass objects
c) Deck glass/Cover glass
d) Drop Pipette
e) Cotton towel
f) Drawing book and pencil
2. Materials
a) Distilled water
b) Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus rosasinensis)
c) Coastal Cottonwood (Hibiscus tiliceus)
d) Adam Hawa (Rhoeo Discolour)
e) Onion (Allium cepa)
C. Worked Prosedures
1. Preparing Tools and Materials

2. Preparing Microscope
3. Do the experiment and observe what happens using the microscope
a) Leaf Adam Hawa

Leaf adam hawa slice the leaves that will be

observed using a rozor blade

The result of the observation Observe using a microscope

b) Leaf Waru

Leaf Waru slice the leaves that will be

observed using a rozor blade
 The result of the observation Obsever using a microscope
c) Red onion (Allium cepa )

Red onion slice the leaves that will be

observed using a rozor blade

The result of the observation Observe using a microscope

d) Hibiscus leaf

Red onion slice the leaves that will be

observed using a rozor blade
The result of the observation Observe using a microscope

The result of the observation Observe using a microscope

 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT

A. Result
1. Biology Microscope and it’s components

13
Note:
1. Coarse adjusment knob
12 1 2. Fine adjusment knob
3. Arm
2 4. Stage clips
5. Base
11
3 6. Mirror
10 7. Diaphragm
4 8. Condensor
9 9. Stage
8 10. Objective lens
7 11. Revolver
6 12. Tube
13. Eyepiece
5
5

a. Red Onion (Allium cepa)

Picture Picture of Observation

Comparer Picture Note

Magnification 10x40x:

1. Cell wall
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
b. Hibiscus Pistil (Hibiscus rosasinensis)
Picture Picture of Observation

Comparer Picture Note

Magnification 4x10:
1. Cell wall
2. Nucelus
3. Cytoplasm

c. Hibiscus Stamen (Hibiscus rosasinensis)

Picture Picture of Observation

Comparer Picture Note

Magnification 4x10:
1. Cell wall
2. Nucleus

d. Coastal Cottonwod (Hibiscus tiliceus)

Picture Picture of Observation

 Comparer Picture Note
Magnification 10x40x:

1. Nucleus
2. Nettle trichome
3. Cell wall

e. Adam Hawa ( Rhoeo Discolor )

Picture Picture of Observation

Comparer Picture Note

Magnification 10x0,25:

1. Cell wall
2. Nucleus
3. Epidermis

B. Discussion
Based on this experiment obtainable the information about the parts of a
microscope and their functions and how to using the microscope, the first step to using
the microscope is moved microscope by using the right hand to hold microscope arm
and the left hand to sustains microscope foot and put it on the place with many light
sources. Then cleaned the microscope body’s and the lens with flannel cloth, after that,
regulated the light by directing the mirror to the light source and opened the diaphragm,
then, made the simple preparat and observed by selecting suitable magnification.
Although to select the magnification, the first is choose a lower, then lowered until the
distance of objective with table is 5-10 mm, and observed it through the ocular lens
with the left eye without squinting the right eye while the hand still rotated, and the
macrometer raised the tubus slowly.
In this experiment, the object was observed are :
a. Red Onion (Allium cepa), observed with a magnification of 10 x 40 x. At the
observation obtained the cell wall, cytoplasm and the nucleus.
b. Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus rosasinensis), observed with a magnification of 4x10.
Hibiscus Rosasinensis in Pistil at the obseravtiona obtained the Nucleus, Cell wall
and Cytoplasm meanwhile in Stamen at the observation obtained the Cell
c. Coastal Cottonwood (Hibiscus tiliceus), observed with a magnification of 10x 40
. In observation of coastal cottonwood is obtained the section known as trichomes,
nucleus and cell wall.
d. Adam Hawa ( Rhoeo Discolor ), observed with a magnification of 10x40. In
observation of Rhoeo Discolor is obtained epidermis and cell wall.
There are two types of microscope in use for research in cell biology
The finite tub length microscope
The objective lens forms a magnified, real image of the specimen at a specific
distance from the objective known as the intermediate image plane. All objective are
designed to be used with the specimen at a defined distance from the front lens
element of the objective (the working distance) so that the image formed (the
intermediate image) is located at a specific location in the microscope.
Infnity optics microscope
These microscope differ from the finite tube length microscope in that the
objectives are designed to project the image of the specimen to infinity and do not,
on their own, from a real image of the specimen. A real image of the specimen is
formed at the intermediate image plane by a tube lens mounted in the body of the
microscope
Microscopes has components with their function. The component of
microscopes as follows :
1. Ocular Lens
To observated, accepted the shadow from objective and magnificated it. Created
the erect shadow and magnificated.
2. Tubus or Ocular Tube
To set a focus and as a connection between ocular lens and objective lens
3. Objective Lens
To created the real shadow, inverted and magnificated
4. Macrometer
To up down the tube fastly
5. Micrometer
To up down the tube slowly
6. Revolver
To set the magnification of objective lens
7. Reflector
To reflect the light from mirror to object which obeserved through the hole of
object table
8. Diapragm
To set the light which entry into the condensor
9. Condensor
To collect the light from the hole of work table
10. Work Table
To put the object which observed
11. Stage Clips
To prevent the friction of the object
12. Arm
To hold the microscope
13. Base
To prop the microscope
14. Joints of Inclination
To set the erect of microsopes.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Based on this experiment, as the conclusion, that the microscope is the tools which
using to enlarge images of small objects so as they can be studied. Microscope has
different magnification, so that the object was observed with the magnification 4x10,
40x10, 10x40 and 10x40 has a big different. Red Onion (Allium cepa), observed with a
magnification of 10 x 40 and obtained the cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus. Hibiscus
Leaf (Hibiscus rosasinensis), observed with a magnification of 4x10 and wall cells is
the component that observated in microscopes. Coastal Cottonwood (Hibiscus tiliceus),
observed with a magnification of 10x40. In observation of coastal cottonwood is
obtained the section known as nettle trichomes, nucleus and cell wall.
The microscope has many component with their function that important to do the
observation. They are ocular and objective lens, tubus, micrometer, macrometer,
revolver, reflector, arm, base, clips, condensor, work table, diapragm and joints of
inclination.
B. Suggestion
1. To apprentice should be more careful to using the apparatus and materials in
laboratorium. Observing the object in preparat must to be more conscientious to get
the accurate result.
2. The aperentice should be used the limited time so efficiently to completed the
experiment on time and keep compact with the other member of group.
3. To assistant should be more directed to their apprentice so that the experiment will
completed and accurate. And to laboratory should be complete the apparatus like
drop pipette, filter paper, etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tim Penyusun. 2016. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Umum. Makassar: Biologi

Department FMIPA UNM.

Joy, David C, 2013. Helium Ion Microscopy Principle and Applications. U.S.A :
Springer

Sluder, Greenfield and David E. Wolf, 2013. Methods In Cell Biology. Digital
Microscopy 4𝑡ℎ edition. U.S.A : ELSEIVER, BOOK AID

Ross, Andrew 2013. The Microscope. New York : THE INDUSTRIAL

PUBLICATION COMPANY.

Ehang, Thang 2015. Autofocus Microscope System using Contrast Measuremenet

Approach. Jurnal Teknologi.