5 Geometry

In this chapter you will answer…

?
 What is the sum of the angles in a triangle?
 How many sides are there in a regular heptagon?
 What is the name of the line from the centre of a circle
to the edge?
 How many millimetres are there in a metre?
 What is the formula for the volume of a cone?
 How many lines of symmetry are there in a square?

5.1 Angles
Angles are used to measure
turning and rotation.
Angles are measured in degrees.
The symbol for a degree is a
small circle to the right of the
number.
Example
You write fifty degrees as 50°.
• An acute angle is less than 90°.
• A right angle is exactly 90°.
• An obtuse angle is less than Geometry can be useful!
180° but more than 90°.
• A straight angle is exactly 180°. Be Careful. When teachers talk about
• A reflex angle is less than 360°
geometry they use many words that
may be familiar, or seem easy to find
but more than 180°. in a dictionary. But these words have
• A full rotation is 360°. exact mathematical meanings and
you need to make sure that you
understand the ‘maths word’, not just
the English word.

acute right obtuse Try to find out why 360° is used for
a full circle.

straight reflex full rotation

53

913529_U5_053-071.indd 53 6/3/10 3:27:12 PM

 1
Exercise

Use the diagrams to complete this table:

Clock face Name of angle Size of angle Clock face Name of angle Size of angle
Right angle 90° c 225°
11 12 1 270° 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

a d
11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 240° 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

b e
11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

5.2 Angles between straight lines

When two straight lines cross, angles are made that have
special names and connections.
Vertically opposite angles are equal, so a° 5 b° aº

5.3 Angles in parallel lines bº

When a straight line crosses parallel lines, the angles also
have special properties.
1 Alternate angles are equal, so f ° 5 g°
Alternate angles make a Z shape KEY WORD
Parallel Lines are parallel if they are
always the same distance apart and
f° will never meet. E.g. Railway lines are
parallel
g°

2 Corresponding angles are equal, so m° 5 n°

Corresponding angles make an F shape

m°

n°

54

913529_U5_053-071.indd 54 6/3/10 3:27:13 PM

 Geometry  5

2
Exercise

Look at these letters carefully. Then choose a word(s) from the

box to complete each sentence.

acute obtuse right-angles parallel 360° reflex full turn 180°

The first one has been done for you.

I LOVE MATHS
a M has three acute angles.
b T has two …………….. angles.
c M, H and E have …………….. lines.
d A has two …………….. angles.
e The …………….. angles in E add up to …………….. degrees.
f I is a straight line with an angle of …………….. degrees.
g V has one …………….. angle and one …………….. angle.
h O contains a ……… …….. with an angle of ……………..

5.4 Triangles
KEY WORD
A triangle is the simplest type of polygon. It has three
Polygon a shape with three or more
straight sides and three angles. straight sides
The angles in a triangle add up to 180°.
There are different names for particular triangles:
Why does a polygon have to have at
In a scalene triangle, all the angles are different sizes and all least three sides? Can you draw a
the sides are different lengths. polygon with two straight sides?

In an equilateral triangle, all the sides are the same length

and all the angles are the same size

60º

60º 60º

55

913529_U5_053-071.indd 55 6/3/10 3:27:13 PM

 In an isosceles triangle, two angles are the same size and two
sides are the same length

bº

aº aº
In a right-angled triangle, there is one angle of 90°.

The Greeks and Romans thought that Geometry was the most
important science.
The Greek and Roman languages have given the different
angles and triangles their special names.

An acute angle is sharp and the Latin adjective for ‘sharp’ is

‘acutus’.

A reflex angle bends backwards and the Latin verb for ‘bend’
is ‘flectere’.

A scalene triangle is not regular and the Greek adjective for

‘uneven’ is ‘scalenos’.

An isosceles triangle has two sides that are the same length,
and the Greek words for ‘equal’ and ‘legs’ are ‘iso’ and ‘sceli’.

3
Exercise

Find the name of each triangle:

a “I am the most elegant triangle, as two of my sides are always the same.”
I am a/an …………… triangle.
b “I am the most reliable triangle, as I am always the same shape, even when
I am a different size.”
I am a/an ............ triangle.
c “I am the most interesting triangle as I am always different.”
I am a/an …………… triangle.
d “I am the most upright triangle, as I always stand straight”.
I am a/an …………… triangle.
e “I am very special, as I am both upright and elegant.”
I am a/an …………. ………… triangle.

56

913529_U5_053-071.indd 56 6/3/10 3:27:14 PM

 Geometry  5

5.5 Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a polygon with four straight sides and four angles.
The angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°.
There are eight different types of quadrilateral and each one has its own name and
properties:

Square Rectangle Parallelogram Rhombus

All sides are the same Opposite sides are the Opposite sides are the All sides are the same
length. same length. same length and parallel. length.
All angles are the same All angles are the same Opposite angles are the Opposite sides are
size (90°). size (90°). same size. parallel.
Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are Opposite angles are the
parallel. same size.

Isosceles trapezium Trapezium Kite Arrowhead

One pair of parallel sides. One pair of parallel sides. Two pairs of sides are the Two pairs of sides are
Base angles are the same same length. the same length.
size. One pair of equal angles. One reflex angle.
One pair of equal angles.

Arrowheads are special as they are concave.

All the other quadrilaterals are convex.

5.6 Polygons with more than four sides

‘Polygon’ is the name for any shape that is drawn with
straight sides. KEY WORD
A regular polygon has equal sides and equal angles. Regular a polygon is regular if all its
angles are the same size and all its
In Geometry ‘equal’ means the same size or the same length. sides are the same length
The names of the polygons come from Greek or Latin words:
Number of sides of Number Latin name of Greek name of Name of
the polygon the number the number Polygon
3 3 Tres Tria Triangle
4 4 Quattuor Quadrilateral
5 5 Pente Pentagon
6 6 Hexi Hexagon
Regular pentagon
7 7 Hepta Heptagon
8 8 Octo Octo Octagon
9 9 Novem Nonagon
10 10 Decem Deca Decagon
12 12 Duodecem Dodeca Dodecagon
20 20 Ikosi Icosahedron
Irregular pentagon

57

913529_U5_053-071.indd 57 6/3/10 3:27:14 PM

 4
Exercise

Wordsearch. Find the names of the angles and polygons:

S C A L E N E T N Y E H
N O G A C E D O D Q L E
X S V T J O G W U F G X
S C E K R A B I N N N A
R U I L T I L T O X A G
E Q B P E A A N U A T O
F T E M T C A N C S C N
L H I E O G S U G W E I
E X R K O H T O X L R S
X A Z N Q E R W S N E Y
L P E N T A G O N I Y U
N O G A T C O W O R R A

acute arrow dodecagon equilateral heptagon

hexagon isosceles kite nonagon obtuse
octagon pentagon rectangle reflex rhombus
scalene triangle

5.7 Solids: shapes in three dimensions KEY WORDS

All solids have Volume the amount of 3-dimensional
space occupied by an object
 faces, the flat surfaces
Capacity the amount of space that
 edges, where the faces meet
something contains
 vertices (plural of vertex), the points where the edges meet.
A solid is a shape formed in three dimensions.
Be careful! A shape has volume (the
1 A solid with six square 2 A cuboid has six faces amount of space that it takes up)
faces is called a cube. which are rectangles or and capacity, which is the amount
squares. that it contains.

3 The base and top of a 4 The base of a pyramid

cylinder are circles. may be a square, or a
rectangle.
Apex

Base

58

913529_U5_053-071.indd 58 6/3/10 3:27:15 PM

 Geometry  5

5 A pyramid with a triangular 6 A triangular prism has a

base is called a tetrahedron. triangle as its cross section. The
cross section is the same for the
whole length.

A polyhedron is a
solid with flat sides.
A cylinder is not a
polyhedron.
Exercise

5 Complete this table, and work out the number in the last column for each shape.
Shape of faces Number of Number of Number of F 1 V 2 E
faces (F) edges (E) vertices (V)
a Cube Square
b Cuboid 12
c Square-based One square
pyramid Four triangles
d Triangular prism 5
e Tetrahedron 4

Euler’s Formula
Leonhard Euler, (1707–83) was a
The value of F 1 V 2 E for any straight-sided solid is called Swiss mathematician who made a
‘Euler’s formula’. lasting contribution to the
In Exercise 5, did you get the same value each time? development of mathematics.

5.8 Circles
rd
cho

r
m ete
B dia
ra
di
us
t
en
ng
ta

The radius of a circle is the distance from the A chord is a straight line joining two points on
centre of the circle to the circumference. the circumference.
The circumference of a circle is the perimeter, A tangent touches the circumference and
or outside edge. makes a right angle with the radius at the
The diameter of a circle is a straight line through point of contact.
the centre from one edge to the opposite edge.
59

913529_U5_053-071.indd 59 6/3/10 3:27:16 PM

 Important formulae:
Circumference 5 π 3 diameter or Circumference 5 2 3 π 3 radius
C 5 πd or C 5 2πr Remember:
π is a special number.
In algebra, when
letters are joined up
this means multiply.
Facts about π (pi)
 π is the number found when in 1706. He used the Greek
the circumference of a circle is letter for P to represent
divided by the length of its perimeter.
diameter.  π-day is celebrated each year on Why March 14th?
 A circle with a diameter of one March 14th.
metre will have a circumference  Using a computer π has been
of 3.14 (3 d.p.) metres. calculated to 51 billion places.
 This idea has been used for at  π is an irrational number. It
least 4,000 years. cannot be written as a fraction
 It has been known from early and no pattern has been found
times that the value of π was a for the order of the numbers.
little bit more than 3. The first 10 figures for π are
 The first person to use the 3.141592654…
symbol π was William Jones

A Talking points
Knowledge of geometry teaches architects to design attractive
building.

Work with partner and find five examples of famous buildings that
you both like. Try and identify as many of the shapes and angles
as you can.

5.9 Metric measures

People measure things every day. It is also an important idea
in mathematics.
Metric measures are the standard international measures
for length, mass and volume.
The standard units measure mass,
not weight. Do you know why?
These are the names of the standard units:
Length Mass Volume
Millimetre (mm) Milligram (mg) Millilitre (ml)
Centimetre (cm) Centilitre (cl)
Metre (m) Gram (g)
Kilometre (km) Kilogram (kg) Litre (l)
Tonne (t)

60

913529_U5_053-071.indd 60 6/3/10 3:27:16 PM

 Geometry  5

Milli- and kilo-

Many units of measurement begin with milli- or kilo-
‘Mille’ means one thousand in Latin 1 of a metre
A millimetre is ____
1000
‘Khilloi’ means one thousand in Greek A kilogram is 1000 grams, a kilometre
is 1000 metres
‘Centum’ means one hundred in Latin 1 of a metre
A centimetre is ____
100

6
Exercise

Which unit would you use to measure these? Choose from the list of units in the box.

kilometres grams litres centimetres millilitres millimetres kilograms

Unit
a The distance between Athens and Rome
b The volume of liquid in a can of cola
c The mass of a shark
d The length of a fishing rod
e The mass of a shoe grams
f The volume of water in a pond
g The width of a leaf

7
Exercise

Complete these sentences with the correct units.

a The distance to the bus stop is 700 ………………
b The mass of a newborn baby is 3.2 ……………
c The length of a pencil is 13 ………….
d To cook rice measure 800……….. of water for 250 ……… of rice.
e The mini-bus needs 45 …………… of diesel.

5.10 Mensuration
Mensuration is the mathematical system of rules for finding areas and
volumes.
You can use formulae to calculate area and volume.
If you choose the correct formula, you will get the correct answer!
 Length:
• use mm, cm, m, km. Area is 2-dimensional.
Volume is 3-dimensional.
• There is only one length measurement

 Area:  Volume:
• use mm2, cm2, m2, km2. • use mm3, cm3, m3, km3.
• Area formulae need 2 length • Volume formulae need 3 length
measurements multiplied together measurements multiplied together
• Volumes are also measured in millilitres
and litres. 1 ml ; 1 cm3
1 litre ; 1000 cm3
61

913529_U5_053-071.indd 61 6/3/10 3:27:17 PM

 Area Formulae
Look at the diagrams – you will see two lengths marked on each one.
In polygons the two measurements are always at 90°. Circles are different.
Formula Diagram

h
The area of a rectangle A 5 bh
b

1 h
The area of a triangle A 5 __
2 bh

The area of a circle r

Remember:
A 5 πr2
The radius is multiplied by itself r2 5 r 3 r

h
The area of a parallelogram A 5 bh
b
a
(a 1 b)
The area of a trapezium A 5 ______
2 h
h

Volume Formulae
Look at the diagrams. You will see three lengths marked on each solid, unless there is
a circular base.
Formula Diagram

The volume of a cube V 5 s3

s

V 5 lbh
The volume of a cuboid because volume 5 length 3 h
breadth 3 height b
l

The volume of a prism V 5 Area of cross section 3 length

The volume of a cylinder h

V 5 π r2h
A cylinder is also a prism b

base

62

913529_U5_053-071.indd 62 6/3/10 3:27:18 PM

 Geometry  5

Formula Diagram
Apex

1 h
The volume of a cone V 5 __
3 πr h
2

r
Base
Apex

The volume of a pyramid 1

V 5 __
3 3 area of base 3 h
h
The formula is like the one for
the cone

Base

To calculate areas and volumes:

1 Look at the shape, or read the question 4 Put the numbers from the diagram or
carefully. question into the formula.
2 Do you need to find an area or a volume? 5 Calculate the value.
3 Find the formula for the shape you are using. 6 Check the units.
Copy the formula.

Example
The base has a radius of 10 cm, the height is 12 cm.
Find the volume.
12 cm
1 What do you need to find? You need to find the volume.
2 What shape is it? This shape is a cone.
3 What is the formula? 1 π r2h
The formula is V 5 __ 10 cm
3
1 3 π 3 10 3 10 3 12
4 V 5 __
3
5 V 5 400 π
6 V 5 1257 cm3

63

913529_U5_053-071.indd 63 6/3/10 3:27:18 PM

 8
Exercise

Complete the table.

The formulae, the answers and the units are given in this box:
(a 1 b)
The formulae are: A 5 s2, A 5 ______
2 h, V 5 π r h, A 5 bh, C 5 2πr, V 5 base area 3 height
2

The answers are: 49, 4.5, 503, 195, 405, 39

The units are: cm2, m3, mm2, m3, cm, cm2

Description Formula Answer Units

a A bicycle wheel has a diameter of 62 cm. How far does it travel in
one turn?
b The parallel sides of a trapezium are 5 cm and 8 cm. The
distance between the parallel sides is 6 cm. What is the area of
the trapezium?
c A triangular prism has a length of 3 m. The base of the triangle
measures 2 m and the height is 1.5 m. What is the volume?
d Each square on a chessboard measures 7 cm. What is the area
of each square?
e A cylindrical storage tank has a height of 10 m. The radius of the
base is 4 m. Find the volume.
f If the base of a parallelogram measures 27 mm and the height is
15 mm, what is its area?

5.11 Symmetry
Line Symmetry
KEY WORDS
Mirror image an image which is like a
reflection in a mirror. Everything is the
same, except reversed
Mirror line a line dividing a diagram
or picture exactly in half

A shape with line symmetry can be folded in half so that the

two halves match exactly.
The line of symmetry is like a mirror that reflects one side to
match the other.
Shapes may have more than one line of symmetry.

64

913529_U5_053-071.indd 64 6/3/10 3:27:18 PM

 Geometry  5

Rotational symmetry
A shape has rotational symmetry if
it repeats itself more than once in
It is possible to have
line symmetry and
every full turn (360°). rotational symmetry.
This shape has a rotational
symmetry of order 4. If you turn it, it
will look exactly the same every 90°.

9
Exercise

Complete this table, which lists the symmetry of the letters of the alphabet:
a One line of symmetry A, T, … ?
b Two lines of symmetry H, … ?
c Rotational symmetry of order 2 N???
d Rotational symmetry of order 4 H, … ?
e More than 4 lines of symmetry …?
f No lines of symmetry, no rotational symmetry F, G, …?
g Two lines of symmetry, rotational symmetry of order 2 …?

A Talking points
Work with a partner.
a Take a piece of paper and fold it in b Make other shapes with one line of
half. symmetry.
Draw a shape on the folded paper, c By folding your paper twice, make
starting and finishing at the fold line. shapes with two lines of symmetry.
d How can you make shapes with
four lines of symmetry?

Cut out your shape and open it out.

Your shape has one line of

symmetry.

Line of
symmetry

65

913529_U5_053-071.indd 65 6/3/10 3:27:19 PM

 10
Exercise

Write the name of each quadrilateral shown in this table. On a copy of the shapes,
draw the lines of symmetry and write the order of rotational symmetry.
Quadrilaterals may have line symmetry, rotational symmetry or both.
Name Number of lines of symmetry Order of rotational symmetry
a
2 2

f
Arrowhead

!
Think about the questions from the start of this chapter.
Can you answer them now?
 What is the sum of the angles in a triangle?
 How many sides are there in a regular heptagon?
 What is the name of the line from the centre of a circle to the edge?
 How many millimetres are there in a metre?
 What is the formula for the volume of a cone?
 How many lines of symmetry are there in a square?

66

913529_U5_053-071.indd 66 6/3/10 3:27:21 PM

 5 Consolidation: Geometry
?
Need more practice?
Review and check your understanding here

Exercise 5.1
1 Look at the diagrams below to remind you that:
 The angles on a straight line add up to 180°
 The angles round a point add up to 360°

127˚
67˚
166˚
158˚ 22˚

158° 1 22° 5 180° 127° 1 67° 1 166° 5 360°

Use the value of the given angles to calculate the size of
every other angle.
a b
105˚
127˚
37˚

c d
132˚

112˚ 112˚

2 Use the value of the given angles to calculate the size of

every other angle.
a b

64˚
141˚

c d
67˚

61˚ 66˚

67

913529_U5_053-071.indd 67 6/3/10 3:27:22 PM

 3 These diagrams show the four different types of triangle.

Look at the diagrams and then choose the correct word

to complete the following sentences.
Scalene, length, isosceles, right-angled, three, two, 180°,
equilateral, different, angles
You may need to use a word more than once.
a A/n ………………………triangle has ……………. angles
of 60°. The sides of the triangle are all the
same………………
b A/n …………………. triangle has two sides that are the
same…………….and ………..angles that are the same
size.
c A triangle with an angle of 90° is called a/n
………………………. triangle.
d In a/an …………………. triangle all the sides are
…………….. lengths and none of the ………….. are the
same.
e The angles of a triangle add up to …………….
4 Use the information from question 3 to find the size of
each unmarked angle in these diagrams.

a b

30º
51º
74º

c d 97º

43º

e f
C

A
59º

68

913529_U5_053-071.indd 68 6/3/10 3:27:23 PM

 Consolidation: Geometry  5

5 Five lines are drawn between the vertices of a regular

Congruent triangles are exactly the
pentagon and its centre. The pentagon is divided into five
same shape and size.
congruent triangles.
If the length of the line HI is the same as the length of the H

line GI:
a What other lines are the same Example
D G
length? the angles DEF, EFG, …? I

b What type of triangle is The lines DE and EF are

drawn? extended to give external angles.
c What is the size of the angles e What is the size of each external E F

at the centre of the pentagon? angle?

H

Example Example
the angles DIE, EIF, … MEF, LFG……
D
I
G

d What is the size of each f What do the external angles

internal angle? add up to?
E F L
6 Look at the diagram of a regular hexagon. M

a Can you give the name of the d What are the external angles F

triangle AGF? of the hexagon?

A E
b What do you notice about the e What do the external angles
length of the sides of the add up to? G

triangle CGD? f Is this true for all regular

c Can you calculate all the polygons? B D

angles of triangle AGF?

C

Extension

7 B C

6 units
wide

A 10 units long D

These are pentominos, shapes created by linking five squares together using the edges of the squares.
There are twelve different shapes altogether. Can you find them? Be careful about rotations or reflections.
When you have found all twelve shapes, you can fit all the pentominos into a rectangle, 10 units long and
3 6 units wide. It is easier to do this if you cut them out, rather than draw them!

Exercise 5.2
You will need a calculator for this exercise. Give your answers to 3
significant figures.
1 The radius of a circle is 12 cm. Find its circumference and its area.
2 The diameter of a circle is 8m. Find its circumference and its area.
3 A circle has a circumference of 44 cm.
a What is the radius of the circle?
b What is the diameter of the circle?
69

913529_U5_053-071.indd 69 6/3/10 3:27:23 PM

 4 The distance from the centre of a circle to its circumference is 2.5 m. Calculate the area of the
circle.
5
A circle cut in into two equal pieces A d = 80 mm B
is called a semicircle. What is the
perimeter of this semicircle?

6
Look at this diagram.
a What is the area of the
square?
b What is the total area of the
four circles?
c What is the area of the shaded
part inside the square? L = 14 cms

Reading Practice!
Read these questions carefully, then:
 Identify the shape
 Draw the shape and mark the measurements
 Find the correct formula
 Use this formula to calculate the area or volume.

7 Find the area of a parallelogram with a base that measures twelve centimetres and a height
that measures seven centimetres.
8 A right-angled triangle has a base measuring two and a half metres, and a height of one and a
half metres. Calculate the area.
9 Calculate the volume of a cylinder. The height of the cylinder is twelve millimetres and the
radius of the base is five millimetres.
10 A trapezium has parallel sides that measure seven centimetres and nine centimetres. The
distance between the parallel sides is five centimetres. Work out the area of the trapezium.
11 A box has a length of fourteen centimetres, a width of ten centimetres, and a height of eight
centimetres. What is the volume of the box?
12 What is the volume of a pyramid with a square base of eight centimetres and a height of five
and a half centimetres?
13 Find the area of a carpet that is three and a quarter metres long, and two and one third metres
wide.
Similar shapes
14 a Calculate the area of a square with sides c Write the ratio of their areas in its
of 3 cm. simplest form.
b Calculate the area of a square with sides
that are 9 cm long.
15 a Calculate the volume of a cube with c Write the ratio of the volumes in its
sides of 4 cm. simplest form.
b Calculate the volume of a cube with
sides of 8 cm.
70

913529_U5_053-071.indd 70 6/3/10 3:27:24 PM

 Consolidation: Geometry  5

16 Fill in this table. Some of the entries have been made for you.
Ratio of length Ratio of area Ratio of volume
1:2 1:4
1:3 1 : 27
1:5
1:a 1: a²

Practical mensuration
17 Matt is building a rocket. The rocket is made from a cone and a cylinder.
The radius of the cone and cylinder is 3.5 cm and the height of the cylinder is
30 cm.
A
The length of the rocket is 40 cm.
Find the volume of the rocket.
B
18 Jaime is making a kite. She uses two sticks and some thick paper.
One stick is 30 cm long and the other is 50 cm long.
Label this diagram with the lengths. AB is 14 cm.
What is the area of the paper used in the kite?

Extension

The Platonic solids are the five solid shapes that were studied by the
mathematicians in Greece, more than two thousand years ago.
The flat 2-D (two dimensional) diagrams are called ‘nets’ and if you copy them
onto thick paper and then fold them, you can make the solid shapes.
Can you find out the name of each solid?
Name of solid 3-D image Net

71

913529_U5_053-071.indd 71 6/3/10 3:27:24 PM