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Chap3 - 1 Power Measurement PDF

This chapter discusses power measurement in electrical circuits. It defines power as the rate of energy transfer and explains that electric power is measured in watts. The formula for power in DC circuits is presented as P=IV. Power measurement in AC circuits is more complex due to changing voltage and current magnitudes and requires consideration of power factor. Wattmeters are introduced as devices needed to directly and accurately measure power by avoiding errors caused by ammeters and voltmeters. Examples of calculating power in various circuit configurations are provided.

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287 views22 pages

Chap3 - 1 Power Measurement PDF

This chapter discusses power measurement in electrical circuits. It defines power as the rate of energy transfer and explains that electric power is measured in watts. The formula for power in DC circuits is presented as P=IV. Power measurement in AC circuits is more complex due to changing voltage and current magnitudes and requires consideration of power factor. Wattmeters are introduced as devices needed to directly and accurately measure power by avoiding errors caused by ammeters and voltmeters. Examples of calculating power in various circuit configurations are provided.

Uploaded by

Tiffany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EKT212

Principles of Measurement and Instrumentation

CHAPTER 3

Power Measurement

1
Concept of Electric POWER
• Power can be defined as the time rate of
energy transfer or energy dissipation in a
load.
• Power is the rate of using or supplying energy.
• The rate at which work is done to maintain an
electric current in a circuit is termed
ELECTRIC POWER.
• Electric power is measured in watts (W).
• The SI unit of power is the watt (W), where
W = 1 J/s.
• The kilowatt is a commonly used unit where I
2
kilowatt = 1000 watts.
Electric POWER Formula
 Normally electric power is useful, making a
lamp light or a motor turn.

 ELECTRIC POWER equals the product of the


current I and the potential difference V.

Power  Current x Voltage Difference


P(Watts )  I ( Amperes ) x V (volts)

3
 If P is positive, the component absorb
power.

 If P is negative, the component


4
produces power.
POWER in DC Circuits
 The POWER in DC circuit is equal to the product of
voltage and current. [Power = Current × Voltage]
 When the system voltage is constant, ammeter
readings are almost a sufficient indication of the
POWER taken.
 The POWER is calculated by using voltmeter and
ammeter or wattmeter.
 P = I × V = I² × R = V² / R
 where:
 P = power in watts (W)
I = current in amps 
(A)
R = resistance in ohms ( )
V = voltage in volts (V)
5
Example
 How much power is used in a circuit which is 110
volts and has a current of 1.36 amps?

P  IV
 1.36 A x 110V
 150W

6
Examples

 Label on TV state 720W/120V. Find the current


supply to this TV.

 A heater has 30 resistor connected to voltage


source 120V. Find the total power which changed
to heat .

7
POWER in AC Circuits
 In AC circuits the voltage and current are
changing their magnitude and polarities with
reference to time.
 The electric power in the circuit at any instant is
equal to the product of the current and the
voltage across its terminals at that instant.[p = vi]
 The instantaneous power,
p  vi
 Vmax sin  x I max sin(   )
 Vmax I max sin  sin(   )
8
 The mean power
2
Vmax I max sin   sin    d
1
p 
2 0
Vmax I max cos 

2
P  VI cos 

 V and I are rms value of voltage and current and to


calculate power, we should know the power factor of
the load in AC circuit.
 Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or
"lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle of
9 current with respect to voltage.
Example
 The real power is 700 W and the phase angle ()
between voltage and current is 45.6°.

 The power factor = cos(45.6°) = 0.700.


The apparent power = 700 W / cos(45.6°) = 1000
VA

10
•The power output rating of motors is usually
expressed in a power unit call the horsepower
(hp)
•The relation between horsepower and watts is
1hp = 746W
•Electric motors and other systems have an
efficiency () of operation
Pout
 x100%
11 Pin
Examples
1. Calculate the power for a 12V battery supply
250A to a starter motor.

2. Find the current drawn from a 115V line by a


DC electric motor that delivers 1hp by
assuming 100% efficiency of operation.

3. What is the operating efficiency of a fully


loaded 2hp DC electric motor that drawn
19A at 100V?
12
Why Wattmeter Needed?
 Ammeter measures load current IL and there is
voltage drop VA across ammeter.
 VL=V – VA
 Pdc= VL IL = (V – VA)IL = VIL – VAIL
[Power measured by meters] =
[Power consumed by load] + Power loss in ammeter]
 The product of ammeter and voltmeter does not
give correct power consumed by load

13
 If voltmeter shifted across the load to measure the
load voltage, it measures VL correctly but ammeter
measures current I.
 I = IL + IV
 Pdc= VL IL = VL (I - IV)= VL I – VL IV
[Power measured by meters] =
[Power consumed by load] + [Power loss in voltmeter]
 Power measured is higher than power actually
consumed by load.
14
*
 The power loss in the instrument (ammeter or
voltmeter) near the load cause an error.

 To avoid that errors in power measurement, we


need a device called wattmeter which gives direct
reading of power.

 Ammeter and Voltmeter is not sufficient to


measure power in AC power because the
measurement of power consumption in circuit
considering the effect of cos .
15
POWER Measurement
 A wide variety of instrumentation and transducers
for the measurement of POWER in AC and DC
circuit.
 Important primarily for the testing, monitoring and
maintenance of the energy supply network and
electrical equipment.
 Required in high frequency and low power
circuits.
 A wattmeter suitable used for power meter
measurement in DC and AC systems, which will
give the same angle of deflection for a given
16
power.
 Wattmeter's are designed for lower power factor
rating. This improves precision & reduces error.

 As two different ranges of voltage and current are


available for wattmeter to calculate actual power,
multiplying factor should be used.
voltage range x current range x rated power factor
Multiplying Factor 
Full Scale Deplection

Measured Power  Wattmeter Reading x Multiplying Factor


17
Examples
 Let FSD of wattmeter be 1250W. If potential coil
is connected across 250V and the current coil
connected for a current range 5A, What is the
multiplying factor?

 In a circuit power is measured with a wattmeter


with 13A, 240V, 1500Watts F.S.D. The
measurement reading was 700Watts. What is the
power consumed by load?

18
Error in wattmeter
 Connection error can be reduced by

used for low current,


high voltage circuit.

 Wattmeter Reading = (power consumed by load) + (Power


consumed by current coil)

used for high current, low voltage circuit,


by selecting a proper connection the

 Wattmeter Reading = (power consumed by load) + (power


consumed by pressure coil)

19
Example
 A circuit takes 10A at 200V and the power
absorbed is 1000W. If a current coil has a
resistance of 0.15 resistance and a pressure
coil has a resistance of 5000 , Inductance of
0.3H. Find
 The error due to resistance for each of two
possible method of connection.
 The error due to the inductance if the
frequency of 50Hz.
 The total error in each case.

20
Method of Connections

21
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