001 Ansys Apdl
001 Ansys Apdl
Lec 7
Lecture notes
Summary:
1 2 3 4
El #1 El #2 El #3
2
1 dw
L L
(w) EA dx bw dx Fw(x L)
2 0 dx 0
x1=0 x2 x3 x4=L
El #1 El #2 El #3
El #1 El #2 El #3
1 1
x2 - x x - x1
N 1 (x) N 2 (x)
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
x1 x2 x
El #1
Within the element, the displacement approximation is
x2 - x x - x1
w(x) d1x d 2x
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
For a linear element
x1=0 x2 x3 x4=L
El #1 El #2 El #3
For the entire bar, the displacement approximation is
w(x) w (1) (x) w (2) (x) w (3) (x)
1 x2 x2
1 (w) Adx bw dx
2 x1 x1
A
1 (d) d
2
T
x1
x2
T T
[ B] [D] [B]dx d d
T
x1
x2
[ N ]T b dx
Lets see what the matrix
x2
x1
[B]T [D]T [B]Adx
Hence
1 1 1
[B] [D] [B]A
T T
EA 1 1
x 2 x1 1 x 2 x1
EA 1 EA 1 1
1 1
x 2 x1 x 2 x1 1
2 2
1 1
x2
2 1
1 1 x2
1
x1 [B] [D] [B]Adx x x 2 1 1 x1 EAdx
T T
x1
x2
EAdx 1 1 1
2
x 2 x1 1 1
x1
x2
[B] [D] [B]Adx
T T
x1
x2
EAdx 1
2 1
x x
1 1 EA(x 2 x1 ) 1 1
2
1 1
2 1
x x
2
1 1
EA 1 1
x 2 x1 1 1
Remembering that (x2-x1) is the length of the element (L), this is the
stiffness matrix we had derived directly before using the direct
stiffness approach!!
Then why is it necessary to go through this complicated procedure??
1. Easy to handle nonuniform E and A
2. Easy to handle distributed loads
For nonuniform E and A, i.e. E(x) and A(x), the stiffness matrix of
the linear element will NOT be
EA 1 1
x 2 x1 1 1
1 T x2 T x2
1 (d) d [B] [D] [B]Adx d d [ N ] b dx
T T T
2
x1
x1
[ k ] fb
1
fb
T T
d [ k ] d d
2
Element stiffness matrix
x2
[k ] [B]T [ D][ B] A dx
x1
fb x [N]T b dx
x2
1
Apply Rayleigh-Ritz-Galerkin principle for the 1D linear element
Π1 (d)
0
d1x Π1 (d)
0
Π1 (d) d
0
d 2x
1 (d)
d [k ]d d fb 1 [k ]d fb
T T
1 (d)
2 d
Hence
Π1 (d)
0 [k ]d fb
d
Exactly the same equation that we had before, except that the
stiffness matrix and nodal force vectors are more general
Recap of the properties of the element stiffness matrix
x2
[k ] [B]T [D]T [B] Adx
x1
d1x=1 d2x=1 [ k ] d
x1
x2
[B]T [D]T [B] Adx d
x1
0
0
k11 k12 1 0
kd
k 21 k 22 1 0
k11 k12 0 and k 21 k 22 0
The nodal load vector
b(x) 2
1 x2 N1 ( x )
b x1
x2
f [ N ] b dx x1 N 2 ( x) b dx
d1x d2x x2 N ( x) b dx
f1x x1 1
x2
2x
f N 2 ( x) b dx
x1
x2
f 1x N1 ( x) b dx
x1
x2 “Consistent” nodal loads
f 2x N 2 ( x) b dx
x1
b(x) /unit length 1 f 2
1 2 1x
f2x
Replaced by
Stress approximation
[D][B]d
f fconc.load fb fconc.load [ N ]T b dx
x2
x1
Step 4:Assembly exactly as you had done before, assemble the
global stiffness matrix and global load vector and solve the
resulting set of equations by properly taking into account the
displacement boundary conditions
Problem:
6” E=30x106 psi
r=0.2836 lb/in3
Thickness of plate, t=1”
12”
24”
1 1 2
1
El #1 12” 2 2 3
2
El #2 P=100lb 12” Stiffness matrix of El #1
3
x
[k ]
(1)
0
12
T
L
E
[B] [D] [B] Adx 2
T
0
12
1 1
A( x)dx
1 1
12 12 12
A( x)dx t (6 0.125x)dx t (6 0.125x)dx 63 in3 6 - 0.125x
0 0 0
6”
12
24
L
E
[k ] [B] [D] [B] Adx 2
(2) T T
12
24
1 1
A( x)dx
1 1
24 24 24
12
A( x)dx t (6 0.125x)dx t (6 0.125x)dx 45 in3
12 12
fb x
x2
[N]T b dx
1
For element #1
fb [N] b dx [N]T r A dx
(1) 12 12
T
0 0
12
r [N]T A dx
0
12 N1(1) ( x) 1
r (1) t (6 0.125 x) dx
0
N 2 ( x) N1(1) ( x)
A( x )
12”
33
0.2836 lb N 2(1) ( x)
30 2
El #1
9.3588 N1(1) ( x) 1
x x
lb 12
8.508 x
N 2(1) ( x)
12
Superscript in parenthesis indicates
element number
For element #2
fb [N] b dx [N]T r A dx
(2) 24 24
T
12 12
24
1
r [N]T A dx ( 2)
El #1 12”
12
N 2 ( x) 2
24 N 2(2) ( x)
r (2) t (6 0.125 x) dx El #2 12”
N3 ( x)
12
A( x )
N 3( 2) ( x) 3
24
0.2836 lb x
21
x
6.8064 N 2(2) ( x) 1
lb 12
5.9556 N 3(2) ( x)
x
12
Solution (2) Assemble the system equations
13.125 13.125 0
K 106 13.125 22.5 9.375
0 9.375 9.375
f fb fconcentrated load
9.3588
b
f 8.508 6.8064 lb
5.9556
0
f concentrated load 100 lb
0
9.3588
f 115.3144 lb
5.9556
Solution (3)
Hence we need to solve
13.125 13.125 0 d1x 9.3588 R1
106 13.125 22.5 9.375 d 2x 115.3144
0 9.375 9.375 d3x 5.9556
d 2 x 0.92396 105
5
in
d3 x 0.98749 10
Solution (4) Stress in elements
Notice that since we are using linear elements, the stress within
each element is constant.
In element #1
d1x
1 1
E
x2 x1 d 2x
30 106
d 2x d1x 0
12
23.099 psi
In element #2
d 2x
1 1
E
x3 x2 d 3x
30 106
d3x -d 2x
12
1.5882 psi
Solution (5) Reaction at support
Go back to the first line of the global equilibrium equations…
3” 130.6288 lb
x
Problem: Can you solve for the displacement and stresses
analytically?
Check out
Stress
dua 6 dua
( x) a E 30 10
dx dx
Comparison of
-4
displacement solutions
x 10
1.2
Analytical solution
1
0.8
Displacement (in)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20
x (in)
Notice:
1. Slope discontinuity at x=12 (why?)
2. The finite element solution does not produce the exact
solution even at the nodes
3. We may improve the solution by
(1) Increasing the number of elements
(2) Using higher order elements (e.g., quadratic instead of
linear)
Comparison of stress solutions
30
25
20
Stress (psi)
15
Finite element solution
Analytical solutions
10
-5
0 5 10 15 20
x (in)