Chapter 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter will introduce the design procedure of the study. It consists of the design criteria as
well as the specifications of the materials used based on scientific assumptions with the aid of
mathematical interpretation.

3.1 Design Criteria

The design criteria involves all the assumptions and mathematical formula needed to come up
into a design with reasonable specifications.

3.1.1 Cooling Load Formulas

The proponents of the study decided to apply solar-powered heater in a cold room. A cold room
is used to store perishable goods such as meat and vegetables to slow down their deterioration and
preserve them as fresh as possible for as long as possible. The most common place you will see cold rooms
used is the hospitality and food industry. Businesses premises tend to use them to store large amounts of
food. This allows them to buy the items that they need in bulk and to be able to store them without
worrying about them becoming perished. When you think about it, it does make sense because
realistically there is only so much that can be stored in a traditional fridge.

Heat accelerates the deterioration so the products are cooled down by removing the heat. To
remove the heat the researchers a refrigeration system as this allows accurate and automatic control of
the temperature to preserve the goods for as long as possible.

Typically, 5-15% is through transmission loads. This is the thermal energy transferred through the
roof, walls and floor into the cold room. Heat always flows from hot to cold and the interior of the cold
room is obviously a lot colder than its surroundings, so heat is always trying to enter the space because of
that difference in temperature. If the cold store is exposed to direct sunlight then the heat transfer will
be higher so an additional correction will need to be applied. The formula for calculating the transmission
load is,

𝑘𝐴(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑥
 where, 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑊

𝐴 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑚2

𝑇1 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝐾

𝑇2 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝐾

𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑚

𝑊 𝑊
𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑚−𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑚−𝐾

Then we have Product loads which account for typically 55-75% of the cooling load. This accounts
for the heat that is introduced into the cold room when new products enter. Its also the energy required
to cool, freeze and further cool after freezing. If you’re just cooling the products then you only need to
consider the sensible heat load. If you’re freezing the product then you need to account for the latent
heat also as a phase change occurs. During this time energy is used but you will not see a temperature
change while the product changes between a state of liquid and ice. There is additional energy required
to further chill this food down below the freezing point which is again sensible heat. You also need to
account for the packaging as this will inherently be cooled also. Lastly if you’re cooling fruit and vegetables
then these products are alive and they will generate some heat so you’ll need to account for the removal
of this too.

𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

𝑘𝐽
where, 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 ( . °𝐶)
𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑎𝑦 (𝑘𝑔)

𝑇1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 (°𝐶)

𝑇2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒 (°𝐶)

The next thing to consider is the internal loads which account for around 10-20%. This is the heat
given off by people working in the cold room, the lighting and equipment such as fork lifts trucks etc. So
for this you’ll need to consider what equipment will be used by the staff members in order to move the
products in and out of the store, how much heat will they and the equipment give off and the daily
duration.

𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡

Then we need to consider the refrigeration equipment in the room which will account for around
1-10% of the total cooling load. For this we want to know the rating of the fan motors and estimate how
long they will run for each day, then we want to also account for any heat transferred into the space from
defrosting the evaporator.

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

The last thing we need to consider is infiltration which again adds 1-10% to the cooling load. This
occurs when the door opens so there is a transfer of heat into the space through the air. The other
consideration is ventilation. Fruit and vegetables give off carbon dioxide so some stores will require a
ventilation fan, this air needs to be cooled down so you must account for this if it’s used.

𝑄 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑥 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

The total load will be determined by adding all the heat loads altogether. A safety factor will also
be applied to account for errors and variations from design. It’s typical to add 10 to 30 percent into the
calculation.

3.1.2 Refrigeration Cycle Formulas

For compressor, 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ), 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑣1

For condenser, 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ3 )

For evaporator, 𝑄𝑒 = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ3 )

 Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Simple Refrigeration Cycle.

3.1.3 Solar-Powered Heater Formulas

The design computations of the solar-powered heater will involve the following formulas.

𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑛 = 𝑄𝑤 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑃𝐸

where, 𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑛 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛

= ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑄𝑤 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

= 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

= 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑍

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑛 (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠)

3.1.4 Counterflow Heat Exchanger

Counterflow Heat Exchangers are devices used for heat transfer wherein the fluids flow in
directions opposite to one another. These exchangers are the most favorable kind in fluid heaters and
coolers.
 Figure 2. Graphical Representation of Counterflow Heat Exchanger.

The mechanism of heat transfer uses the overall conductance method in calculations.

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
where, 𝑈 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐴 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 −∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = ∆𝑡
ln( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
∆𝑡min

where, ∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛

∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡

3.2 Design Specifications

In this section, different specifications of materials will be determined through mathematical

aid. The formulas stated in the design criteria will be the basis in solving the stated problem.

3.2.1 Total Heat Loads

The proponents of this study chose a 6m long, 5m wide and 4m high cold room as the testing
space where the refrigeration occurs. The room is insulated with foam having a thermal conductivity of
𝑊
0.026 𝑚−℃ and thickness 93𝑚𝑚. The ambient air is 30°C at 50% RH, The internal air is 1°C at 95% RH and

the ground temperature is at 10℃.

 The transmission load for the walls and ceiling is,

𝑘𝐴(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥

𝑊
(0.026 )((6×4×2)+(5×4×2)+(6×5))𝑚2 (30−1)℃
𝑚−℃
= 0.093𝑚

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 956.69𝑊

The transmission load for the floor is,

𝑘𝐴(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑥

𝑊
(0.026 )(6×5)𝑚2 (10−1)℃
𝑚−℃
=
0.093𝑚

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 75.48𝑊

The total transmission load is

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 956.69 + 75.48𝑊

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1032.17𝑊

For instance, the cold room serves as an apple storage. We can look up the specific heat capacity
of the apples but do remember if you’re freezing products then the products will have a different specific
heat when cooling, freezing and sub cooling so you’ll need to account for this and calculate this separately.
There are 4,000kg of new apples arriving each day at a temperature of 5°C and a specific heat capacity of
3.65kJ/kg—°C.

𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

4000𝑘𝑔 3.65kJ
= (24×60×60𝑠) (kg—℃) (5 − 1)℃

𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 676𝑊

 For instance, 2 people enter and leaves the cold room with internal time of 4 hours each,

𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡

= 2 × 270

= 540𝑊

From the problem stated in the introduction, the refrigerating effect of 3TR must accommodate
the whole system. From this, the effect of refrigeration can be obtained neglecting infiltration losses.

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 + 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 – 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 – 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒

3.52𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3𝑇𝑅 ( 1𝑇𝑅
)− 0.103217 − 0.676 − 0.540

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 9.24 𝑘𝑊

3.2.2 Basic Refrigeration Cycle Without Superheater

The refrigeration cycle stated in the statement of the problem describes a cycle aided with solar
power heater. This section of the study evaluates the basic version of the cycle neglecting the effects of
the solar technology to evaluate the significant difference in using such technology through comparison
techniques.

A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R—12 system operates at an evaporating temperature
of —5℃ and a condensing temperature of 40℃. Determine (a) mass flow rate, (b) volume flow rate at the
compressor, (c) Coefficient of Performance, (d) work of compressor and (e) heat rejected.

𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑡 40℃ = 238.5
𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑔 𝑎𝑡 — 5℃ = 349.3 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑔 𝑎𝑡 — 5℃ = 0.06496 𝑘𝑔
 𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = ℎ 𝑎𝑡 961 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠2 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠1 = 372
𝑘𝑔

Pressure, kPa 3 961 kPa 2

4 261 kPa 1

Enthalpy, kJ/kg

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of Basic Refrigeration Cycle.

(𝑎) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑄𝑒 = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ3 )

3.52𝑘𝑊 𝑚(349.3−238.5)𝑘𝐽
3𝑇𝑅 ( ) =
1𝑇𝑅 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 0.0953 𝑠

(𝑏) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣1 = (0.0953 ) (0.06496 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑉 = 0.0062 𝑘𝑔

(𝑐) 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟

 𝑘𝑔
(0.0953 )(372−349.3)𝑘𝐽
𝑠
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) =
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑐 = 2.16 𝑘𝑊

(𝑑) 𝐶𝑂𝑃

3.52𝑘𝑊
𝑄 3𝑇𝑅×
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 𝑊𝑒 = 2.16 𝑘𝑊
1𝑇𝑅
𝑐

𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 4.89

(𝑒) 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝑘𝑔
(0.0953 )(372−238.5)𝑘𝐽
𝑠
𝑄𝑟 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) =
𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑟 = 12.723 𝑘𝑊

3.2.3 Refrigeration Cycle With the Aid of Solar-Powered Superheater

The refrigeration cycle stated in the statement of the problem describes a cycle aided with solar
power heater. This section of the study evaluates the version of the cycle that considers the effects of the
solar technology.

The design of the solar collecting panel used for superheating the refrigerant will use a 3/8 copper
tube with a thermal conductivity of 0.385 kW/m—K. The inlet temperature will be 23℃ and the outlet
temperature will be 5℃ at a mass flow rate 0.05 kg/s. The refrigerant enters the heat exchanger at —5℃
and enters the compressor superheated at 15℃. The area of the solar panel is 20m2 which receives solar
energy at rate of 250W/m2. It is estimated that 35% of energy is lost due to surrounding condition.

(𝑎) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 𝑈𝐴𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ∆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 − (−5) = 10℃ 𝑜𝑟 𝐾

 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 23 − 15 = 8℃ 𝑜𝑟 𝐾

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑁−𝑚 𝑘𝑁 3 0.0254𝑚 10−8

(0.05 𝑠
) (4.187 𝑘𝑔−𝐾 ) (23 − 5)𝐾 = (0.385 𝑚−𝑠−𝐾) (𝜋) (8 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1𝑖𝑛
) (𝐿)[ 10 ]
ln( )
8

𝑘𝐽
𝐿 = 36.49 𝑚ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑡 40℃ = 238.5 𝑘𝑔

Pressure, kPa

4 961 kPa 3

5 261 kPa 1 2

Enthalpy, kJ/kg

Figure 4. Schematic Diagram of Superheated Refrigerant

𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑔 𝑎𝑡 — 5℃ = 349.3 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑣2 = 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 261𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 15℃ = 0.072 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = ℎ 𝑎𝑡 261 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 15℃ = 362 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 = ℎ 𝑎𝑡 961 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠3 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠2 = 388 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑡 961 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 238.5 𝑘𝑔

(𝑏)𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑛 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑊
= (230 𝑚2 )(20𝑚2 )
 𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑛 = 4600𝑊

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑛 (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠)

= 4600𝑊(0.35)

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 1610𝑊

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑁−𝑚
= (0.05 𝑠
) (4.187 𝑘𝑔−𝐾 ) (23 − 5)𝐾

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3.7683𝑘𝑊

(𝑐) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑄𝑒 = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ3 )

3.52𝑘𝑊 𝑚(349.3−238.5)𝑘𝐽
3𝑇𝑅 ( 1𝑇𝑅
) = 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 0.0953
𝑠

(𝑑) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑚3
𝑣2 = 0.072 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣2 = (0.0953 ) (0.072 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑉 = 0.00686 𝑘𝑔

(𝑒) 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟

𝑘𝑔
(0.0953 )(388−362)𝑘𝐽
𝑠
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚(ℎ3 − ℎ2 ) =
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑐 = 2.48 𝑘𝑊
(𝑑) 𝐶𝑂𝑃

3.52𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑒 3𝑇𝑅×
1𝑇𝑅
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = =
𝑊𝑐 2.48 𝑘𝑊

𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 4.26

(𝑒) 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝑘𝑔
(0.0953 )(388−238.5)𝑘𝐽
𝑠
𝑄𝑟 = 𝑚(ℎ3 − ℎ4 ) =
𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑟 = 14.25 𝑘𝑊