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Keywords: Odd Components, Even Components, Periodicity

1) The document discusses example problems involving signals and systems concepts like odd/even components and periodicity. 2) One example decomposes an exponential signal into its even and odd components. 3) Another example determines if a sampled exponential signal is periodic, and calculates its period.

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82 views10 pages

Keywords: Odd Components, Even Components, Periodicity

1) The document discusses example problems involving signals and systems concepts like odd/even components and periodicity. 2) One example decomposes an exponential signal into its even and odd components. 3) Another example determines if a sampled exponential signal is periodic, and calculates its period.

Uploaded by

bsnl007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Signals and Systems

Prof. Aditya K. Jagannatham


Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Lecture – 07
Example Problems in Signals and Systems – Plot, Odd/ Even Components,
Periodicity

Keywords: Odd Components, Even Components, Periodicity

Hello, welcome to another module in this massive open online course. So we have
looked at a basic introduction to the Principles of Signals and Systems, we have looked
at various kinds of signals and systems or a classification of different kinds of signals
and systems. So let us do some problems to understand these concepts better.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:36)


(Refer Slide Time: 01:45)

Consider x(t) given below and plot x(2-t) and the signal x(t) is given from - 2 to 2.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:21)

Now we can approach this as follows in a very simplified fashion, the first thing that we
will try to do is we will define a new signal x(t )  x(t ) . And x(t ) simply corresponds
to flipping the signal about the y axis that is taking a mirror image about 0.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:22)

And therefore let us now plot x(t ) , a mirror image of the signal about 0 and that looks
like as shown in slide. So if you look at that that is non-zero only from - 2 to 2. And now

I am going to define another signal that is x(t ) , which is x(t  2) . But x(t )  x(t ) . So this

will be x((t  2)) which is equal to x(2  t ) . But x(t  2) is simply delaying x(t ) by 2

seconds, t0 = 2, which means I take x(t ) that is x(t ) and shift it to the right or delay it.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:43)


So previously the signal was non-zero from - 2 to 2, now it is going to be non-zero from
0 to 4. Therefore, the net signal is going to look something like as shown in slide, so this

is your x(t )  x(2  t ) . So first what we did to approach this is basically, we flipped it
about 0, shifted it to the right by 2 and that gave us the solution.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:19)

Now let us do another example, now let us say we are given a signal x(t )  e t . This is
the exponential signal, we are required to find the even and odd components of x(t), that
is express x(t) as x(t )  xe (t )  xo (t ) . So we need to find the even and odd components of
the signal x(t).
(Refer Slide Time: 09:45)

x(t )  x(t )
The even component of x(t) can be obtained as xe (t )  , you can see this is
2
x(t )  x(t )
an even signal because xe (t )   xe (t ) . So xe (t ) in this case will be
2
e t  e t
xe (t )  which is nothing but the cosine hyperbolic, cosh(t ) .
2

(Refer Slide Time: 11:29)


x(t )  x(t )
Similarly, the odd component of x(t) is given as xo (t )  and you can see
2
x(t )  x(t )
xo (t ) is xo (t )  which is nothing but  xo (t ) , so this is indeed an odd
2
signal.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:15)

e t  e t
And for this particular example, we have xe (t )  , that is sine hyperbolic of t,
2
sinh(t ) . Now you can verify that x(t )  e t  xe (t )  xo (t )  cosh(t )  sinh(t ) and this is the
final solution. So we have decomposed the signal into its even and odd components.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:47)


(Refer Slide Time: 13:57)

5
tj
Let us do another example, consider the signal x(t )  e 8 . This is sampled with
2
sampling interval Ts  . We want to find out whether the resulting signal is periodic or
3
not and if so what is the period of the same.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:52)


Now we denote the sampled discrete type signal as x(n)  x(nTs ) . So this is the nth

2
sample of the discrete time signal. So this is going to be x(n ) which is therefore equal
3
5 2 5
j n j n
to e 8 3 , which is equal to e 12 and this is the resulting discrete time signal. Now
5
j (n  M )
this is periodic if there exists M such that x(n  M )  x(n) which implies e 12
5 5
j n j M
can be simplified as e 12 .e 12 .

(Refer Slide Time: 17:19)


(Refer Slide Time: 18:26)

5
M j
So if this should be equal to x(n) it implies that e 12  1 , which implies
5
M should be a multiple of 2 , so this quantity should be an integer multiple of 2 ,
12
5 24k
which implies that M  2k  M  .
12 5

(Refer Slide Time: 19:50)


Now if you observe this you will notice that M is an integer, which means 24 k should be
divisible by 5. Now the smallest k for which this holds is k = 5 which implies I have to
24  5
set k = 5, which implies M   24 and in fact, x(n) is periodic and M = 24 is the
5
fundamental period.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:01)

So these examples have probably helped you to better understand the various properties
of signals and systems. So we will continue this in the subsequent modules. Thank you
very much.

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