INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL

Escuela Superior de Cómputo

Practice 5: Digital to
anaog converter:
Applications

 Cruz Mondragón Diego

 Pimentel Castañeda Braulio
 Santillán Álvarez Katia

Delivery date: June 2, 2016

José Luis Hernández Aguilar

3CV6
Contenido
Objective: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Equipment required: ........................................................................................................................... 3
Digital to Analog Converter ........................................................................................................ 4
Velocity control of an engine with a binary-weighted resistor DAC ¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
Chart1. Velocity control with a DAC of three different stepsizes: ... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
Digital cintrol of a sinusoidal signals’s amplitude with a DAC ladder network R2R.. ¡Error! Marcador
no definido.
Simulation with PROTEUS to verify the operation of the DAC08 chip . ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
Questionnaire:...................................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
Conclusions: ......................................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
REFERENCES: .................................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
Objective:

To learn how to use apply DACs in specific control functions: velocity

control of a DC motor and the digital control of a sinusoidal signal’s
amplitude.

Equipment required:

 2 multimeters  1 protoboard
 1 VCD voltage source  1 5.6Ohm resistor
 1 oscilloscope  2 1kOhm resistor
 1 function generator  1 10kOhm potentiometer
 6 Banana-Alligator clips  1 2kOhm potentiometer
 2 Banana – Banana clips  1 4kOhm potentiometer
 1 8kOhm potentiometer
 1 2N2222
 1 LM358
 1 1N4148
 1 LM741
Digital to Analog Converter

In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D–A, D2A, or D-to-

A) is a function that converts digital data (usually binary) into ananalog
signal (current, voltage, or electric charge). An analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) performs the reverse function. Unlike analog signals,digital
data can be transmitted, manipulated, and stored without degradation,
albeit with more complex equipment. But a DAC is needed to convert the
digital signal to analog to drive an earphone or loudspeaker amplifier in
order to produce sound (analog air pressure waves).

DACs and
their inverse, ADCs, are part of an enabling technology that has
contributed greatly to the digital revolution. To illustrate, consider a typical
long-distance telephone call. The caller's voice is converted into an analog
electrical signal by a microphone, then the analog signal is converted to a
digital stream by an ADC. The digital stream is then divided into packets
where it may be sent along with other digital data, not necessarily audio.
The digital packets are then received at the destination, but each packet
may take a completely different route and may not even arrive at the
destination in the correct time order. The digital voice data is then
extracted from the packets and assembled into a digital data stream. A
DAC converts this into an analog electrical signal, which drives an audio
amplifier, which in turn drives a loudspeaker, which finally produces sound.
given an ideal ADC and neglecting quantization error. The presence of
quantization error limits the dynamic range of even an ideal ADC, however,
if the dynamic range of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal, its effects
may be neglected resulting in an essentially perfect digital representation
of the input signal.

Velocity control of an engine with a binary-weighted

resistor DAC

We built the following circuit, using the operational amplifier LM358 which
we energized with +Vcc = 12V.

To adjust the engine’s velocity, we manipulated the binary input value; for
that, we made the voltage reach to 5 v, for the logic 1 and to 0v for the
logic 0 on each input terminal of the DAC, using the two pole switches.

We tested it in a practical operation of velocity control for at least 5

different velocities, taking note of the current in each case through the
engine and in 3 different stepsizes to fill the first chart.

We modified the resolution’s value when changing the potentiometer’s

value, which Works as an Rf to the DAC.
Chart1. Velocity control with a DAC of three different stepsizes:

RESOLUTION (MV) BINARY INPUT VOUTPUT MEASURED CURRENT THROUGH

(VOLTS) THE ENGINE (MA)
206 0000 3.38mV 0
0011 610 mv 240.09uA
0110 1.22 28.4
1100 2.43 106
1111 3.02 150
425 0000 3mv 0
0011 1.26 33.58
0110 2.49 107
1100 4.97 200
1111 6.20 210
625 0000 3mV 1uA
0011 1.86 75
0110 3.69 166
1100 7.36 225
1111 7.61 225
Digital control of a sinusoidal signals’s amplitude with a DAC ladder
network R2R

We built the following circuit, using the function generaton and the
oscilloscope, as illustrated to analize its operation. We used a V= 5VCD to
energize the Op-Am.

To control the digital amplitude of a signal, we set in a sinusoidal wave

through the Vref terminal of the DAC and we varied it within the intervals of
the reference voltage. The output voltage had the same wave form of the
Vref inserted, but its amplitude depended on the digital input applied to
the DAC.
The signal’s amplitude of the output signal was always equal or minor to the
input’s and we could calculate with the following formula:

𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑥
2𝑛

We filled the following table to verify the digital control of the amplitude
with the data recquired and holding the sinusoidal signal with a still
amplitude of 3.5Vrms

Binary Code Output signal’s Output signal’s

amplitude amplitude
measured (v) calculated
(V)
0000 - -
0001 260mV 218.75mV
0010 500mV 437mV
0011 700mV 656mV
0100 940mV 875mV
0101 1.14 1.093mV
0110 1.38 1.312
0111 1.58 1.53
1000 1.82 1.75
1001 2.04 1.96
1010 2.26 2.18
1011 2.48 2.40
1100 2.72 2.62
1101 2.96 2.84
1110 3.14 3.06
1111 3.36 3.28
Simulation with PROTEUS to verify the operation of the DAC08 chip

Using the PROTEUS tool, we built the following circuit to verify the conversion
process in the bipolar mode of the DAC and we filled the following chart
with the requested data.
 Binary Code Output voltage Vo(V)
00000000 -9.87
00000001 -8.70
00000010 -8.44
00001000 -6.30
00010010 -5.82
00110111 -4.70
01000101 -3.10
01100110 -2.09
01111111 -1.64
10000000 0
10010101 1.04
10110101 2.62
11001000 3.42
11010110 4.92
11101100 5.70
11100111 6.80
11111100 7.37
11111111 9.42

Questionnaire:

1.- What are the main operations of the DAC?

Most modern audio signals are stored in digital form (for example, MP3 and
CD) and to be heard through speakers they must be converted into
analog. CD players, digital music players and sound cards mounted PCs
therefore a device of this type internally.

Using a separate DAC (in this issue of CEC analyze one of them), you can
also be found as a separate chassis in hi-fi systems. These separate DAC
take the digital output of a CD (or dedicated transport) and convert the
signal to send to the amplifier. Some of them can be connected to PCs
using a USB interface. In fact, analysis of Josep Armengol on the Moon 300D
DAC explains how.
2.- What are the characteristics of the DAC 08?

o 8-bit resolution
o Full Scale Error: ± 1 LSB
o Settling time of the output current 100 ns typical
 o Nonlinearity with temperature: ± 0.19% max.
o Moving the current full scale: ± 10 ppm / ° C typical
o Compatible with TTL logic levels and MOS
o It can easily be used with microprocessors and μC or just
o Complementary current outputs
o Output high voltage on a load resistor: -10 V to + 18V, 20 Vpp
differential using the two outputs
o Supply voltage: ± 4.5 to ± 18 V
o Low power consumption: 33 mW @ ± 5V
o Encapsulation DIP 16 pin
3.- What is it and how the resolution of the DAC is determined?

This is defined as the smallest variation to the DAC output, as a result of a

change in input digital; also it is known as "step size". In Figure 1, which
shows that the outputs a 4-bit binary counter, they are the inputs of a DAC,
as shown in as the binary counter performs count, the output level increases
as a ladder and change 1 V by step. When the counter returns to 0, the
DAC output to 0V again. The staircase has 16 levels, 16 corresponding to
the binary state levels obtainable with 4 bits (0 to F). For an 8-bit ADC
staircase it has 256 levels (0 to FF)

4.- What physical variable could be controlled with a DAC?

A DVD has its own DAC. A discman has its own DAC. The computer you are
using has its own DAC, in the sound card (if you have a sound card in your
computer not blame me me), mobile phones have DAC, and of course
portable audio players have a DAC.

Conclusions:

On practice, sometimes we want to model physically the behavior of digital

signal or data like binary digits or PC data, to model it we use a DAC, which
can model an analogic signal by the voltage range that we feed it, so
each combination gives us an specific voltage value that we can measure
with a multimeter. If we want to see it where we apply it, just enough to see
our cellphone’s mp3 player which, transform the music information of (0
and 1) to analogic signal which is the melody that we listen.
REFERENCES:

http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/DAC08.pdf

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/D/A/C/0/DAC08.shtml

http://noel.feld.cvut.cz/hw/philips/acrobat/8133.pdf