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Mandukparni Centella Asiatica L. Urban and Indigenous Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants Potential through Biopesticides: A Review

Article · February 2019

DOI: 10.31142/ijtsrd21473

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume: 3 | Issue: 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470

Mandukparni [Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban] and

Indigenous Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Potential through Biopesticides: A Review
Dr. Lalit Raj Singh1, Dr. Karan Singh2, Rupam3
1Assistant Professor, 2Professor, 3MSc Student
1, 2, 3Department of Medicinal Plants Sciences, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

ABSTRACT
Aim of this study was to review the efficacy of Mandukparni [Centella asiatica (L.) Urban] in curing various disorders/disease.
Phytoconstituents (Secondary metabolites), safety, Purity, strength and therapeutic index of the organically cultivated plant
species is higher. Organic cultivation of medicinal plants is supported by biopesticides resulting in enhanced secondary
metabolites concentration along with weedicide activity. Organic cultivation of some of the medicinal and aromatic plants such
as [Mandukparni (Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban), Giloy (Tinospora cordiflia), Kaddu (Cucurbita mexima), Haldi (Curcuma longa),
Alsi (Linum usitatissimum), Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum), Aak (Calotropis gigantea), Arand (Ricinus communis), Marigold
(Calendule officinalis), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Khus (Vetiveria zizanioides), Tulsi
(Ocimum sanctum), Pamarosa (Cymbopogon martini), Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), Pudina (Mentha piperata) and Rose
(Rosa indica)] may enhance livelihood of rural poor people through ethnopharmacy, better economic returns for organic agro-
produce and offshoot of natural resources conservation.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Therapeutic Index, Biopesticide, Metabolites

INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants offer alternative remedies for various (Calotropis gigantea), Arand (Ricinus communis), Marigold (
ailments in safe and efficient way. These have enough Calendule officinalis), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Rosemary
potential to cure some incurable disease also. The World (Rosmarinus officinalis), Khus (Vetiveria zizanioides), Tulsi
Health Organization (WHO) has recently compiled a list of (Ocimum sanctum), Pamarosa (Cymbopogon martini),
28,000 plant species used as medicinal plants in different Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), Pudina (Mentha
parts of the world. If we take 2000 plant species which are piperata) and Rose (Rosa indica). Medicinal and Aromatic
more reputed as herbal medicines, even then the plants Plants (MAPs) based livelihood systems are often mediated
which could be brought under realistic cultivation web stand by the market forces, and/ or related directly to
about 1.9%. Experiencing the social compulsions and guided employment/ income of the poor. With continued increasing
by circumstances which are alarmingly depleting natural demand of natural products such as Pharmaceuticals,
plant wealth, people around the world are awakening to nutraceuticals, dyes, flavours and cosmetic industries;
bring more and more plant species of therapeutic cultivation of MAPs species have now become a popular and
importance under farming system. 69% population of our economically viable commodity. Biopesticides plays an
country resides in rural areas. They earn their livelihood by active role in organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic
means of intensive agriculture of crops. Exploitation of soil plants. Conventional pesticides are having high
fertility and their natural resources occurs arbitrarily. They concentrations of heavy metals that accumulate in plants
spend part of their income on health and hygiene oriented secondary metabolites and affecting their functional
diseases due to poor sanitation and safety measures. They mechanism of action. Comparatively, biopesticides are safer
may uplift their economy through awareness and helpful in enhancing the useful therapeutic component
(ethnomedicinal) and organic cultivation of nearby available of any medicinal plants i.e secondary metabolites. Apart
medicinal and aromatic plants such as Mandukparni from enhancing concentration of secondary metabolites they
[Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban.], Giloy (Tinospora cordiflia), (biopesticides) inhibit the growth of weeds by the
Kaddu (Cucurbita mexima), Haldi (Curcuma longa), Alsi mechanism of allelopathy. List of some important
(Linum usitatissimum), Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum), Aak biopesticide formulations is given as under:-

Table 1. Biopesticides Formulations helpful in Organic Farming of Medicinal Plants

S.
Formulations
N.
Take 3kg fresh leaves and 1kg seed of Neem (Azadirachta indica) in copper container having 10L of Gomutra (Cow
Urine). Close the container for 10 days for decomposition process. Boil the mixture after 10 days untill it’s half of the
original volume is left. Take 500 gm green Capsicum paste and 250 gm Garlic (Allium sativum) paste in another
1.
container having 2 L water. Kept it for overnight. Supernatant liquid is decanted on next days. The Sattvya is settled
on the bottom of the container. This Sattvya is mixed with half left solution of Gomutra and Neem. Filter it. It is very
effective biopesticide . Take 250 ml from the biopesticide and mix 15 L water in it before spraying

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Take 5kg seed of Neem (Azadirachta indica) powder, 1 Kg seed of Karanj (Pongamia pinnata), 5 Kg leaves of Satyanasi
(Argemone mexicana) and 5Kg leaves of Neem in 200L capacity drum. Put 10-12 L Gomutra (Cow Urine) and volume
2.
make up to 150 L by water. Closed the drum for 10 days for decomposition. Distillate the mixture. Distilled product is
sufficient for 1 acre of land and can be kept for 4-6 months without loss of its efficacy.
Take 1 kg of pounded Karanj cake, 1Kg of pounded Neem cake and 250 gms of pounded Poison nut tree seed are taken
in muslin pouch. This is soaked overnight in water. In the morning the pouch is squeezed and extract is taken out. This
3. is mixed with 1/2L of Aloe leaf juice. To this 15L of water is added. This is again mixed with 2-3L of cow’s urine.
Before spraying 1L of this mixture is diluted with 10L of water. For an acre 60-100L of spray is used. This controls
various pests effectively.
Take 5Kg of Nirgandi (Vitex negundo) leaves and immersed in water. The leaves are boiled for half an hour and extract
4. is filtered. The Aloe juice (2L) and Nirgandi extract are mixed together. This can be diluted in 50L of water and
sprayed.
Take 500 gms of custard apple leaves and boil it in 1-2 L of water. Allow to boil till it becomes thick. Filter the solution
to get the decoction. Take 250-300 ml of Calotropis extract. Take 500 gms of tobacco leaves and boil it in 1-2 L of
5. water for 45 minutes. Then filter the extract. Take 250ml of biogas waste (whitish fluid which deposits in the biogas
digester) and 100 gms of Copper sulphate. Mix the above ingredients with 60L of water and spray it over the crop.
This is enough for 1 acre land.

The holistic human health has been in the centre of all scientific efforts. The efforts include the conservation and improvement
of human health (Physical, Mental and Spiritual). Besides healthy environment and positivity, plants have played a key role in
such efforts. Among these plants, Mandukparni is one of the most important medicinal herbs.

DETAILS OF THE PLANT:

Botanical Name: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
Hindi Name: Mandukparni
English Name: Gotu Kola
Family: Apiaceae

Chemical constituents: The major chemical compound found in the plant is triterpene saponosides. The active principals
identified as asiatic acid, thankunic acid, madasiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside, madecassoside, betulinic acid, and
isothankunic acid. Some medicinally valuable triterpenes are also identified such as brahmic acid, centellin, asiaticin and
terminolic acid.

Purity: Foreign matter -Not more than 2%

Total Ash - Not more than 17%
Acid-insoluble Ash - Not more than 5%
Alcohol –soluble extractive - Not less than 9%
Water -soluble extractive -Not less than 20%

The Gotu Kola [Centella asiatica (L.) Urban] plant is native to Southeast Asia. It is a sub-tropical and tropical climate plant found
in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Japan, Malaysia, Tropical America, South Africa and Pacific islands. It is
commonly found as a weed in crop fields and other waste places throughout India up to more than 600 m altitude. It is
multitherapic plant utilized in various system of healing including Allopathy, Homeopathy, Unani-Tibbi and Ayurveda-Siddha.
Therapeutic potential of plant depends up on escalated level of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites under organic cultivation
practices. Pharmacological activity of plants increases due to enhanced biosynthesis of secondary metabolites after organic
cultivation. Therapeutic index (TI) of the plant species increases.

Table2. Pharmacological effects of Mandukparni [Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban]

EFFECT ACTION
Aqueous extract of plant showed cognitive enhancing and antioxidant properties in
Memory Enhancer Streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. It decreases the level
of norepinephrine, dopamine , 5HT and their metabolites
Aqueous extract potentiates cellular oxidative defense mechanism. It protects neurons from
Neuroprotective
the oxidative stress caused by exposure to excess glutamate
It showed significant neuroprotective effect and proved efficacious in protecting rat brain
Antioxidant
against age related oxidative damage.
Aqueous extract of the plant has significant preventive and therapeutic effect on dimethyl
Hepatoprotective
nitrosamine induced liver fibrosis in rat.
The alcohol extract of the whole plant showed strong cardioprotective activity in limiting
Cardioprotective
ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial infarction in rats.
Extract induces alpha-tocopherol and collagen-elastin hydrolysate; resulting in less stretch
Striae Gravidarum
marks
Alcoholic extract showed increase in white blood cellular count, bone marrow cellularity,
Immunomodulatory natural killer cells and antibody dependent cellular activity. It revealed immunomodulatory
activity with regard to non-specific cellular and humoral immune response.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Cytotoxic and Aqueous extract retarded the development of solid and ascites tumour in mice. Asiatic acid was
Antitumour reported to have anticancerous effect on skin cancer
Extract containing asiaticoside, madecassic acid and asiatic acid that accelerate cicatrisation
Wound Healing and grafting of wounds. Asiaticoside fascilates wound healing through an increase in peptidic
hydroxyproline content, tensile strength, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis and epithelization.
Gastric Ulcer Asiaticoside prevented development of gastric ulcers in rats. The dose dependent reduction of
Healing gastric ulceration was associated with dose dependent increase of the GABA level in brain.
Effect on Skin Alcoholic extract showed antipruritic and other curative effect on skin
Aqueous Extract showed anti-inflammatory activity that is brought about by inhibition of NO
Anti-inflammatory
synthesis.
Alcoholic extract of the plant showed antispasmodic activity on acetylcholine induced
Antispasmodic
contraction of rat ileum.
Antiprotozoal Alcoholic extract showed antiprotozoal activity on Entamoeba histolytica
Slimming Alcoholic extract showed slimming effect on volunteers in vivo studies
Antifilarial Alcoholic extract showed considerable decrease in filarial count in dogs
Antitubercular and Asiaticoside obtained from extract shown to be useful in treatment of leprosy and certain type
Antileprotic of tuberculosis
Antipsoriatic Aqeous extract inhibited keratinocyte replication
It showed antidepressant effect and caused significant reduction of the corticosterone level in
Antidepressant
serum and increase in the contents of monoamine neurotransmitter in rat brain
Ethanolic extract improves the synthesis of collagen and other tissue protein by modulating the
Vascular/ Venous
action of fibroplasts in the vein wall and stimulates collagen remodelling in and around the
time effect
venous wall
Extract showed radioprotective properties and pretreatment with it prior to gamma ray
Radioprotective
irradiation was found to be effective against radiation induced damage in the mouse liver
It prevented mortality due to low protein diet in albino rats. It increases the blood protein
Anabolic effect
nitrogen & prevented fatty acid infiltration of liver

Herbal plants offer alternative remedies for various chronic zizanioides), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Pamarosa
and acute ailments in safer and efficient manner. They (Cymbopogon martini), Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens),
continue to play an important role in the subsistence and Pudina (Mentha piperata) and Rose (Rosa indica).
economy of poor people throughout the world. According to
WHO, people of underdeveloped and developing countries ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
are relying on herbal formulations for primary healthcare The author is thankful to Professor (Dr.) R.D. Gaur
purposes. (Medicinal Plants) for his kind assistance, precious
information, persistence support and encouragement to this
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION: work.
India is emerging country. Healthcare and environmental
issues are of great concern. Mandukparni [Centella asiatica CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
(L.) Urban] has great potential to cure various disorder and There is no conflict of interest.
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