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CD Rom

CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that can be read from but not written to by a computer. It uses the Yellow Book standard to store any form of digital data. CD-ROMs are commonly used to distribute software and games due to their large data storage capacity of up to 700MB. Each sector on a CD-ROM contains error correction data to ensure reliable data retrieval compared to audio CDs. The standard format is able to hold over 650MiB of data storage on a 74 minute CD.

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70 views2 pages

CD Rom

CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc that can be read from but not written to by a computer. It uses the Yellow Book standard to store any form of digital data. CD-ROMs are commonly used to distribute software and games due to their large data storage capacity of up to 700MB. Each sector on a CD-ROM contains error correction data to ensure reliable data retrieval compared to audio CDs. The standard format is able to hold over 650MiB of data storage on a 74 minute CD.

Uploaded by

nadeembhai887
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CD-ROM

CD-ROM is an acronym of ("compact disc read-only memory") is a pre-pressed compact disc that
contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback, the
1985 “Yellow Book” standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of
binary data.

CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including games and multimedia
applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs hold both
computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data (such as
software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs). These are
called enhanced CDs.

CD-ROM FORMAT
A CD-ROM sector contains 2,352 bytes, divided into 98 24-byte frames. Unlike a music CD, a
CD-ROM cannot rely on error concealment by interpolation, and therefore requires a higher
reliability of the retrieved data. In order to achieve improved error correction and detection, a
CD-ROM has a third layer of Reed–Solomon error correction. A Mode-1 CD-ROM, which has
the full three layers of error correction data, contains a net 2,048 bytes of the available 2,352 per
sector. In a Mode-2 CD-ROM, which is mostly used for video files, there are 2,336 user-
available bytes per sector. The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to
CDDA audio standards, is 44100 Hz × 16 bits/sample × 2 channels × 2,048 / 2,352 /8 =
153.6 kB/s = 150 KiB/s. The playing time is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, so that the net
capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 682 MB or, equivalently, 650 MiB.

A 1× speed CD drive reads 75 consecutive sectors per second.

CD SECTOR CONTENTS
 A standard 74 min. CD contains 333,000 blocks or sectors.

 Each sector is 2,352 bytes, and contains 2,048 bytes of PC (mode 1) data, 2,336 bytes of PSX/VCD
(mode 2) data, or 2,352 bytes of audio.

 The difference between sector size and data content are the header information and the error-
correcting codes, that are big for data (high precision required), small for VCD (standard for video) and
none for audio.

 If extracting the disc in raw format (standard for creating images) always extract 2,352 bytes per
sector, not 2,048/2,336/2,352 bytes depending on data type (basically, extracting the whole sector). This
fact has two main consequences:
 Recording data CDs at very high speed (40×) can be done without losing information. However,
as audio CDs do not contain a third layer of error-correcting codes, recording these at high
speed may result in more unrecoverable errors or 'clicks' in the audio.
 On a 74 minute CD, one can fit larger images using raw mode, up to 333,000 × 2,352 =
783,216,000 bytes (~747 MiB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or
~650 MiB Red Book CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data

CAPACITY
CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes, subtracting the space used for
error correction data. A standard 120 mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 737 MB
(703 MiB) of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-
ROM can hold 4.7 GB of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs.

Capacities of Compact Disc types (90 and 99 minute discs are not standard)

Data max. size Audio max. size Time


Type Sectors
(MB) Approx. (MiB) (MB) (min)

8 cm 94,500 193.536 184.570 222.264 21

283,500 580.608 553.711 666.792 63

650 MB 333,000 681.984 650.391 783.216 74

700 MB 360,000 737.280 703.125 846.720 80

800 MB 405,000 829.440 791.016 952.560 90

900 MB 445,500 912.384 870.117 1,047.816 99

Note: megabyte (MB) and minute (min) values are exact; MiB values are approximate.

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