`1

B2B Model
A website following the B2B business model sells its products to an intermediate buyer who
then sells the products to the final customer. As an example, a wholesaler places an order
from a company's website and after receiving the consignment, it sells the endproduct to the
final customer who comes to buy the product at the wholesaler's retail outlet.

B2B identifies both the seller as well as the buyer as business entities. B2B covers a large
number of applications, which enables business to form relationships with their distributors,
re-sellers, suppliers, etc. Following are the leading items in B2B eCommerce.
 Electronics
 Shipping and Warehousing
 Motor Vehicles
 Petrochemicals
 Paper
 Office products
 Food
 Agriculture
Key Technologies
Following are the key technologies used in B2B e-commerce −
 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) − EDI is an inter-organizational exchange of
business documents in a structured and machine processable format.
 Internet − Internet represents the World Wide Web or the network of networks
connecting computers across the world.
 Intranet − Intranet represents a dedicated network of computers within a single
organization.
 Extranet − Extranet represents a network where the outside business partners,
suppliers, or customers can have a limited access to a portion of enterprise
intranet/network.
 Back-End Information System Integration − Back-end information systems are
database management systems used to manage the business data.
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credit card is a payment card issued to users (cardholders) to enable the cardholder to pay
a merchant for goods and servicesbased on the cardholder's promise to the card issuer to
pay them for the amounts plus the other agreed charges.[1] The card issuer (usually a bank)
creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the cardholder, from which the
cardholder can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance.
/*/-
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What Is Electronic Retailing – E-tailing?

Electronic retailing (E-tailing) is the sale of goods and services through the internet. E-tailing
can include business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) sales of products
and services. E-tailing requires companies to tailor their business models to capture internet
sales, which can include building out distribution channels such as warehouses, internet
webpages, and product shipping centers. Strong distribution channels are critical to
electronic retailing as these are the avenues that move the product to the customer.
/-*/
Ecommerce agents : Interactive agencies rose to prominence before the traditional
advertising agencies fully embraced the Internet. Offering a wide range of services, some of
the interactive agencies grew very rapidly, although some have downsized just as rapidly
due to changing market conditions.
Cryptography is associated with the process of converting ordinary plain text into
unintelligible text and vice-versa. It is a method of storing and transmitting data in a
particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it.
Cryptography not only protects data from theft or alteration, but can also be used for user
authentication.
is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third
parties called adversaries.[2] More generally, cryptography is about constructing and
analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private
messages;[3] various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data
integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation[4]are central to modern cryptography.

Types of e-commerce system :

There are 6 types of e-commerce systems. They are B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2A, C2A. All
these 6 types of e-commerce that are used today are classified based on the nature of the
transaction.
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E-Commerce Definition
E-commerce is “any transaction completed over a computer-mediated network that involves
the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services,” defines the U.S. Census
Bureau. Transactions aren't required to have a price and include both sales and items like
free downloads. E-commerce includes transactions made on the internet, Intranet, Extranet,
World Wide Web, by email and even by fax.
E-Business Definition
E-business is broader than e-commerce; including the transaction based e-commerce
businesses and those who run traditionally but cater to online activities as well. An e-
business can run any portion of its internal processes online, including inventory
management, risk management, finance, human resources. For a business to be e-
commerce and e-business, it must both sell products online and handle other company
activities or additional sales offline.
Difference between e-commerce and e-business:
e-Commerce:
 Trading of merchandise, over the internet, is known as E-commerce.
 It is a Subset.
 It is limited to monetary transactions.
 It is Commercial transactions carry out.
 The approach is Extroverted.
 It is a required website.
 Internet network is used.
e-Business:
 Running business using the internet is known as E-business.
 It is a Superset.
 It is not limited to monetary transactions.
 It is Business transactions carry out.
 `3

 The approach is Ambiverted.

 It is a required Website, CRM, ERP, etc.
 Internet, Intranet and Extranet network is used.
The points presented below are substantial so far as the difference between e-
commerce and e-business is concerned:
1. Buying and Selling of goods and services through the internet is known as e-
commerce. Unlike e-business, which is an electronic presentation of a business, by which
all the business activities are conducted through the internet.
2. e-commerce is a major component of e-business.
3. e-commerce includes transactions which are related to money, but e-business
includes monetary as well as allied activities.
4. e-commerce has an extroverted approach that covers customers, suppliers,
distributors, etc. On the other hand, e-business has an ambivert approach that covers
internal as well as external processes.
5. e-commerce requires a website that can represent the business. Conversely, e-
business requires a website, Customer Relationship Management and Enterprise Resource
Planning for running the business over the internet.
6. e-commerce uses the internet to connect with the rest of the world. In contrast to e-
business, the internet, intranet and extranet are used for connecting with the parties.
FUTURE OF ECOMMERCE IN INDIA
The actual blooming of the E-commerce industry took place with the introduction of
smartphones and applications. India being the 2nd largest population in the world and the
largest when it comes to using the internet and smartphones holds a very bright future for
the E-commerce industry.
Although the industry had witnessed a major crunch in the past, the advent of the
smartphones gave a glowing future for the E-commerce sector.
· In the year 2009, the net worth was of the e-commerce business was $3.9 billion which
spiked up to $38 billion in the year 2016.
· The industry is expected to shoot over the $100 billion mark in the next 5 years
contributing to a growth in 4% of the GDP of India itself.
· The increase in the digital approach and lifestyle has increased the market penetration of
the E-commerce industry causing an increase by about 1200% to $200 billion by the year
2026.
The current focus and target of the e-commerce industry are to gain greater growth through
mobile application development and cashless transaction. The system of wallet payment
has radically increased with more and more people seeking special offers during the festive
sales. The favorable market with a large customer base makes E-commerce one of the
booming sectors in the business world. This leaves room for plenty of innovative
technologies that will soon be adopted to give great customer experience in India.
/*-/-*/-*/-*/*-/-* INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED OFR ECOMMERCE IN INDIA
1. Start With Your Business Name
The first thing to do (after you decide what you want to sell, of course) is choose a fabulous,
memorable business name that no one else is using. You can conduct a corporate name
search to make sure it’s not already in use. Once you’ve chosen the name, register it. (If
you form an LLC or corporation, this will happen automatically in the state where you file
your paperwork.)
2. Secure Your Domain Name and Website
Ideally, you’ll get your business name as your domain name, but if it’s not available, choose
a URL that’s easy to say and spell, and relates to your business. So if your business is
Karen’s Craft Creations and KarensCraftCreations.com isn’t available, try something similar
like CraftsbyKaren.com.
The design of your eCommerce site may be the biggest business expense you have. But
you want to ensure that it’s not only visually appealing, but also functional. There are out-of-
the-box eCommerce solutions like Shopify to begin with, but you may require something
more custom-made if your needs are more than basic.
 `4

3. Select The Best Business Structure and Register Your Business

You’ve got several options when it comes to your business structure:
 Sole Proprietor
 Partnership (if you have a business partner)
 LLC
 Corporation
If you don’t choose a business structure like a corporation or LLC, you’ll automatically be
considered a sole proprietor (or partnership) by the IRS. However, operating as a sole
proprietor, your personal assets are at risk. If your company is ever sued, the court can
seize your personal assets if your business doesn’t have enough to cover its debts. Both the
corporation and LLC separate you and your assets from the business, and provide other tax
benefits.
You can register on your own by filling out the appropriate business structure paperwork
from the IRS yourself, or you can hire a business filing company to do it for you. A lawyer is
another option, but that’s often overkill for the average small business owner’s needs.
4. Get Your Employer Identification Number
You’ll need an Employer Identification Number (EIN) to open a business bank account and
file your business taxes next April. Your EIN is a bit like your business’ social security
number: it’s a unique number that identifies your business and helps you file important
paperwork. Every business needs one, whether you’ll have employees or not.
5. Apply for Business Licenses and Permits
Operating an eCommerce business does not exclude you from needing certain business
licenses and permits. Check with your city, county, and state to see what sorts of sales tax
licenses or home business licenses you need, and get those approved before you start
operating.
6. Find the Right Vendors
You’ll have a lot of competition selling products online, so it’s in your best interest to find the
best quality and best prices for the products you sell or materials you use to create your
products. Shop around until you find a vendor you want to do business with long-term.
7. Start Marketing Early
Even if you’re not up and running, it’s a good idea to set up social media profiles and writing
content for your blog now so that you’re not starting from scratch Day 1. You can set up
your website with a “coming soon” page where people who are interested can sign up to get
updates, using a tool like LaunchRock.
8. Get More Productive with the Right Software
Technology can make so much of your work easier, so before you start your eCommerce
business, play around with customer relationship management, accounting, project
management, and email marketing software that you can integrate into what you’re doing
once you launch.
9. Stock Your Inventory
Whether you’ve got a warehouse full of products somewhere or your inventory lives in your
garage, make sure you’ve got enough to launch. It can be tricky, not knowing how much
you’ll need, but in general, it’s better to have too much inventory than not enough. Pay
attention to how your sales increase so you can be smart with future orders.
10. Make Sure Your Business Stays Compliant
Once you launch your eCommerce business, things are going to move at the speed of light.
Don’t overlook filing your annual report, if you incorporated or filed an LLC, nor those annual
fees for business permits. If you need to, put these deadlines on your calendar so you stay
on top of them.
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Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the electronic transmission of structured data by agreed
message standards from one computer system to another without human intervention. It is a
system for exchanging business documents with external entities.
 `5

EDI refers to a family of standards and does not specify transmission methods, which are
freely agreed upon by the trading partners.
The wide adoption of EDI in the business world facilitates efficiency and cost reduction. EDI
is used in such diverse business-to-business relationships as:
 Interchanges between health care providers and insurers
 Travel and hotel bookings
 Education
 Supply chain management
 Administration
 Tax reporting
EDI is a sequence of messages between two trading partners, either of which may serve as
the originator or recipient. The messages are transmitted and received without human
intervention. Each message is composed according to a standardized syntax from a
sequence of standardized data elements. It is this standardization that makes message
assembling, disassembling and processing by the computer possible.
EDI is considered to be a technical representation of a business conversation between two
entities, either internal or external. The EDI standards were designed to be independent of
communication and software technologies. EDI can be transmitted using any methodology
agreed to by the sender and recipient.
There are four major sets of EDI standards:
 The UN/EDIFACT Standard: The only international and UN-recommended standard
 The US Standard ANSI ASC X12 (X12):The predominant standard in North America
 The TRADACOM Standard: The predominant standard in the U.K. retail industry
 The ODETTE Standard: The standard used in the European automobile industry
XML and EDI are complementary technologies. ASC X12 is working diligently to enhance
communications around the world by collaborating on the electronic business XML (ebXML)
initiative, a worldwide effort to develop a common framework for XML business messages.
Value-added networks are the intermediate agencies providing secure and reliable
transmission and storage of EDI messages. Web-based EDI (webEDI) allows a company to
interact with its suppliers without implementing a complex EDI infrastructure. WebEDI
services only require an Internet connection; thus, EDI has become accessible and
affordable to even small- and medium-sized businesses.
EDI has been criticized for its high set-up and VAN costs as well as complex standards.
However, its benefits include:
 Time: Reduced cycle time and enhanced customer service
 Cost: Enhanced inventory management and minimized paper use and storage
 Quality: Improved business relationships and accuracy
 Profit: Reduced costs, increased turnover and increased cash flow
 Efficiency: Increased productivity
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E-commerce sites use electronic payment, where electronic payment refers to paperless
monetary transactions. Electronic payment has revolutionized the business processing by
reducing the paperwork, transaction costs, and labor cost. Being user friendly and less time-
consuming than manual processing, it helps business organization to expand its market
reach/expansion. Listed below are some of the modes of electronic payments −
 Credit Card
 Debit Card
 Smart Card
 E-Money
 Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)
A digital library, digital repository, or digital collection, is an online database of digital
objects that can include text, still images, audio, video, or other digital media formats.
Objects can consist of digitized content like printor photographs, as well as originally
produced digital content like word processor files or social media posts. In addition to storing
 `6

content, digital libraries provide means for organizing, searching, and retrieving the content
contained in the collection.
Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals
or organizations.[1] The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via
computer networks. These information retrieval systems are able to exchange information
with each other through interoperability and sustainability.[2]
/*-/-*/-*/-*/-*/-*/-*/-*/-*U3
M-Commerce is a part of E-commerce which allows people to do the transaction through
mobile devices. There are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services
nowadays that bring many M-commerce advantages to us.
In the current commerce industry, M-Commerce has been entered in finance, services,
retails, tele-communication and information technology services.

In these sectors, It is widely accepted thanks to the following advantages of M-

Commerce:
 Convenience: With just a few clicks on mobile devices, customers can already do
shopping, banking, download media files...and more than that. M-commerce also benefits
retailers by many of their outstanding features compared with responsive website and
mobile site.
 Flexible Accessibility: User can be accessible via mobile devices and at the
same time be accessible online too through logging on to various mobile messengers and
other networking platforms. On the other hand, the user may also choose not to
be accessible by shutting down his mobile device, which at times can be a good thing.
 Easy Connectivity: As long as the network signal is available, mobile devices can
connect and do commerce transactions not only mobile to mobile but also mobile to other
devices. No need for modem or WI-FI connectivity set up.
 Personalization: Each mobile device is usually dedicated to a specific user so that
it is personal. Users can do whatever they want with their handheld devices: modify the
wallpaper, change view settings or modify contact information as you send emails or e-
payments.
 Time Efficient: Doing M-Commerce transactions do not require the users to plug
anything like personal computer or wait for the laptop to load.

Benefits from mobile commerce to business

Boosting retail activity:

Convenience of electronic payment services on mobile:
Sales of digital content on mobile devices
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Defining Internet Marketing
Also called online marketing, internet marketing is the process of promoting a business or
brand and its products or services over the internet using tools that help drive traffic, leads,
and sales.
Internet marketing a pretty broad term that encompasses a range of marketing tactics and
strategies – including content, email, search, paid media, and more.
These days, though, internet marketing is often used interchangeably with “content
marketing.”
Why?
Because content marketing is the internet marketing of the present and future.
Content Marketing Institute defines content marketing as:
“A strategic marketing approach focused on creating and distributing valuable, relevant,
and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly defined audience — and, ultimately,
to drive profitable customer action.”
 `7

Think of it like this: content marketing (or inbound marketing) is in direct opposition to
traditional advertising (outbound marketing), and in direct integration with the patterns and
habits of today’s generation.
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Privacy and security concerns of consumers have been touted as one of the hindrances
to the growth of e-commerce. These concerns increase the risk perception of
consumers. Understanding the consequences of privacy and security concerns and
their relationship to risk perceptions may provide a solution. The relationship between
privacy and security is investigated using the theory of planned behavior. The study
aims to examine the relationship of trust, privacy and security concerns to the risk
perception adoption of e-commerce. The results from a survey validate the model.
E-Commerce has led to a new generation of associated security threats,
Threats for e commerce
There are several threats that badly effect on e-commerce. Due to these reasons business
through the internet becomes difficult. But
Access and Connectivity
With the tremendous growth of Internet and e-commerce activities, there is urgent need for
access, connectivity and local hosting. In many countries, operational speed and pace of
downloads are regarded as slow.
Authentication and Standardization
E-commerce growth in the B2B and B2C segments will be strongly dependent on wide
availability of the appropriate security authentication infrastructure, as well as on standards
for goods sold over the Net. These would help remove security concerns and boost
confidence in e-commerce transactions.
Cyber Laws
The streamlining of cyber laws related to taxation, protection of intellectual property rights
and cyber crimes would help cross-border e-commerce. Fraud and morality issues still
dominate most people’s fears about the Internet and ecommerce.
Technology
E-commerce growth will be centered on new technologies. The use of mobile phones in e-
commerce, for example, would extensively depend on WAP authentication protocols. The
introduction of WAP mobile phones will widen access to the Internet.
Limitations and Asymmetries of Infrastructure
Although we should be wary of a technology-centered, "field-of-dreams" view of success
factors, an appropriate technological infrastructure is necessary for the development of E-
commerce. The infrastructure of the Internet, which acts as the current global information
infrastructure, has acknowledged problems. The issues turn on the provision of sufficient
band width for the surging use that is also moving to multimedia transmissions, and on the
problems fostered by the decentralized nature of the Internet.
Technical Attacks
Technical attacks are one of the most challenging types of security compromise an e-
commerce provider must face. Perpetrators of technical attacks, and in particular Denial-of-
Service attacks, typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as
banks, credit card payment gateways, large online retailers and popular social networking
sites.
Denial of Service Attacks
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks consist of overwhelming a server, a network or a website in
order to paralyze its normal activity. Defending against DoS attacks is one of the most
challenging security problems on the Internet today. A major difficulty in preventing these
attacks is to trace the source of the attack, as they often use incorrect or spoofed IP source
addresses to disguise the true origin of the attack.
Symptoms of denial-of-service attacks to include:
Unusually slow network performance
Unavailability of a particular web site
Inability to access any web site
 `8

Dramatic increase in the number of spam emails received

DoS attacks can be executed in a number of different ways including:
ICMP Flood (Smurf Attack)
Teardrop Attack
Phlashing
Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are one of the greatest security fear for IT
managers. In a matter of minutes, thousands of vulnerable computers can flood the victim
website by choking legitimate traffic. A distributed denial of service attack (DDoS) occurs
when multiple compromised systems flood the bandwidth or resources of a targeted system,
usually one or more web servers. The most famous DDoS attacks occurred in February
2000 where websites including Yahoo, Buy.com, eBay, Amazon and CNN were attacked
and left unreachable for several hours each.
Brute Force Attacks
A brute force attack is a method of defeating a cryptographic scheme by trying a large
number of possibilities; for example, a large number of the possible keys in a key space in
order to decrypt a message. Brute Force Attacks, although perceived to be low-tech in
nature are not a thing of the past. In May 2007 the internet infrastructure in Estonia was
crippled by multiple sustained brute force attacks against government and commercial
institutions in the country.
Non-Technical Attacks
Phishing Attacks
Phishing is the criminally fraudulent process of attempting to acquire sensitive information
such as usernames, passwords and credit card details, by pretending as a trustworthy entity
in an electronic communication.
Social Engineering
Risk of E-commerce
There are several types of risks involving with e-commerce due to its nature and the
methodologies that involve with it. Parties who are involving in e-commerce transaction are
facing these risks.
Privacy
Privacy has become a major concern for consumers with the rise of identity theft and
impersonation, and any concern for consumers must be treated as a major concern for e-
Commerce providers.
DATA INTEGRITY AND REPUDIATION
BUSINESS PRACTICES
PAYMENT SYSTEMS SECURITY ISSUES
/*-/-*/-*/-*
The eCRM or electronic customer relationship managementencompasses all the CRM
functions with the use of the net environment i.e., intranet, extranet and internet.
Electronic CRM concerns all forms of managing relationships with customers making use
of information technology (IT). eCRM is enterprises using IT to integrate internal
organization resources and external "marketing" strategies to understand and fulfill their
customers needs. Comparing with traditional CRM, the integrated information for eCRM
intraorganizational collaboration can be more efficient to communicate with customers
Electronic customer relationship management (E-CRM) is the application of Internet-based
technologies such as emails, websites, chat rooms, forums and other channels to achieve
CRM objectives. It is a well-structured and coordinated process of CRM that automates the
processes in marketing, sales and customer service.
An effective E-CRM increases the efficiency of the processes as well as improves the
interactions with customers and enables businesses to customize products and services
that meet the customers’ individual needs.
A typical E-CRM strategy involves collecting customer information, transaction history and
product information, click stream and contents information. It then analyzes the customer
characteristics to give a transactional analysis consisting of the customer's profile and
 `9

transactional history, and an activity analysis consisting of exploratory activities showing the
customer's navigation, shopping cart, shopping pattern and more.
The benefits of E-CRM include the following:
 Improved customer relations, service and support
 Matching the customers' behavior with suitable offers
 Increased customer satisfaction and loyalty
 Greater efficiency and cost reduction
 Increased business revenue
/*-/-*/-*/
COPYRIGHT legally protects an author's works and as a result, it is vitally important in book
publishing. According to the U.S. government, "Copyright is a form of protection grounded in
the U.S. Constitution and granted by law for original works of authorship fixed in a tangible
medium of expression." In other words, you can't copyright things like skywriting.
Copyright provides protection against literary piracy, which is especially critical in today's
world of easy digital reproduction and distribution. Here are some frequently asked
questions specific to authors and book publishing that reflect the laws of the Indian
government.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property law and as such protects original works of
authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. These works include
poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture. Copyright does not
protect facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect the way
these things are expressed.
In other words, your story (or piece of music or building plans) must be fully developed,
fleshed out, and exist in some visible manner in order for it to be considered copyrighted.
This is a compelling reason for authors to always write down their plots, instead of just
talking about them.
/-*/-*/-*/-/-/-*/-*
Types of e-commerce system :
There are 6 types of e-commerce systems. They are B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2A, C2A. All
these 6 types of e-commerce that are used today are classified based on the nature of the
transaction.
B2B (Business-to-Business)
B2B e-commerce can be simply defined as the commerce between
companies. In Business-to-Business type of electronic commerce system, companies
do business with each other. For say, a manufacturer selling a product to a wholesaler, a
wholesaler selling a product to the retailer. Here manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer all
are doing their separate businesses.

Above diagram illustrates the B2B model. There are 3 businesses- wholesaler,
manufacturer and the retailer. Here manufacturer has a website using which wholesalers
can purchase products from the manufacturer. When a wholesaler places an order on the
website, the information regarding the order will be received by the manufacturer through
the website. Then after processing the order, the manufacturer will send the product to the
wholesaler. After receiving the products wholesaler can sell it to the retailers. This type of
business is called B2B model.
 `10

B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
B2C model works as its name suggest. In this model, the company sells their products,
goods or services directly to the consumer online. Here the customer can view products on
the website that they want to buy and can order it. After receiving the order details, the
company will process the order and then send the products directly to the customer. For
example, Amazon, Flipkart etc are this type of e-commerce business model which we are
using in our daily life.

We can view products on the websites like Amazon, Flipkart and can order it. After receiving
the order, the selling company of the products processes it and send it to us. Here a
business company is selling their products to the customer with the help of an e-commerce
website.
C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
Here a consumer sells products, goods or services to other consumers using the
internet or the web technologies. The C2C business model helps us to sell our assets or
properties like a car, house, bike, electronics etc via online to other consumers. OLX, Quickr
etc are this type of business model.

Here, if consumer-1 wants to sell a product then he/she can publish the details of the
product on the website like OLX or Quickr. The consumer-2 can view the details of the
product on that website that consumer-1 wants to sell. If consumer-2 is willing to buy the
product that consumer-1 is selling, then the buyer can directly contact the seller and the
product will be sold. Here products are selling directly from a consumer to another
consumer via the website.
C2B (Consumer-to-Business)
A consumer to the business model is a type of commerce where aconsumer or end user
provides a product or service to an organization. It is the reverse model of the B2C or
business to consumer model, where businesses produce products and services for
consumer consumption.

In this business model, individual customers offer to sell products or services to the
companies who are prepared to purchase them. For example, if you are a software
developer, then you can show a demo of your software or skills that you have on the sites
 `11

like freelancer, fiverr etc. If a company likes your software or skills then the company will
directly buy the software from you or can hire you for their services.
B2A (Business-to-Administration)
B2A or business to administration also referred as the business to government (B2G)
commerce, it is a derivative of B2B e-commerce model. in this model, the businesses and
government agencies (administration) use central websites to exchange information
and do business with each other more efficiently than they usually can off the web.

B2G business is also referred to public sector marketing that means marketing products and
services to various government levels. The B2G business network provides a platform to
businesses to bid on government opportunities such as auctions, tenders and application
submission etc.
C2A (Consumer-to-Administration)
Consumer to administration or consumer to government e-commerce model
helps consumers to request information or post various feedbacks regarding public
sectors directly to the government authorities or administration. For say, making
electricity bill payments through the website government, making payment of taxes,
payment of health insurance etc are C2A type of business model.

Consumer to administration or consumer to government e-commerce model provides an

easy and instant solution or way to establish communication between the consumers and
government.