134 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. Isentropic Flow Chap. 3 PROBLEMS Air flows at the rate of 1 kg/s through a convergent-divergent nozzle. The entrance area is 2 x 10~? m? and the inlet temperature and pressure are 438 K and 580 kPa, If the exit pressure is 140 kPa and the expansion is isentropic, find: (a) The velocity at entrance. (b) The stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure. (©) The throat and exit areas. (@) The exit velocity. ‘A convergent nozzle has an exit area 6.5 x 10~* m?. Air enters the nozzle at po = 680 kPa, Ty = 370 K. If the flow is isentropic, determine the mass rate of flow for back pressure of: (a) 359 kPa. (b) 540 kPa. © 200 kPa. A convergent-divergent steam nozzle has an exit area of 3.2 x 10~* m? and an exit pressure of 270 kPa. The inlet conditions are 1 MPa and 590 K with negligible ve- locity. Assume ideal flow (i.e., no losses) and * Px 0.545 Po Find: (a) The mass rate of flow for this nozzle. (b) The throat area. (c) The sonic velocity at the throat. Air flows isentropically through a convergent-divergent passage with inlet area 5.2 cm2, minimum area 3.2 cm? and exit area 3.87 cm?. At the inlet the air velocity is 100 m/s, pressure is 680 kPa, and temperature 345 K. Determine: (a) The mass rate of flow through the nozzle. (b) The Mach number at the minimum-area section. (c) The velocity and the pressure at the exit section. Air is flowing in a convergent nozzle. At a particular location within the nozzle the pressure is 280 kPa, the stream temperature is 345 K, and the velocity is 150 m/s. If the cross-sectional area at this location is 9.29 x 10-> m?, find: (a) The Mach number at this location. (b) The stagnation temperature and pressure. (©) The area, pressure, and temperature at the exit where M = 1.0. (d) The mass rate of flow for the nozzle. Indicate any assumptions you may make and the source of data used in the solution. Air flows isentropically at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through a supersonic convergent divergent nozzle. At the inlet, the pressure is 680 kPa, the temperature 295 K, and the area is 6.5 cm”. If the exit area is 13 cm’, calculate: (a) The stagnation pressure and temperature. (b) The exit Mach number. (c) The exit pressure and temperature. (d) The area and the velocity at the throat.Chap.3 Problems 135 (©) What will be the maximum rate of flow and the corresponding exit Mach number if the flow is completely subsonic in the nozzle? 3.7. A stream of carbon dioxide is flowing in a 7.5 cm I.D. pipe at a stream pressure of 680 kPa and a stream temperature of 365 K. A 7.5 cm x 5 cm venturimeter installed in this pipe shows a pressure differential reading of 168 mm Hg. Assuming ideal flow, determine: (a) The mass rate of flow of CO,. Compare your answer with that obtained if the gas is considered incompressible. (b) If the mass rate of flow of CO, were to be doubled, what would be the new Pressure differential reading for the venturimeter? (©) If the fluid were hydrogen instead of CO2, other conditions being the same as given in the problem statement, what would be the mass rate of flow? (d) If the temperature of the CO, were 440 K instead of 365 K, other conditions being the same as given in the problem statement, what would be the mass rate of flow for the CO,? 3.8. A 0.14 m* tank of compressed air discharges through a 2.2 cm diameter converging nozzle located in the side of the tank. If the mass flow coefficient of the nozzle based on isentropic flow through it is 0.95 and the gas within the tank expands isothermally from 1 MPa to 350 kPa, plot the pressure in the tank versus elapsed time as the pressure decreases. Assume the temperature of the tank is 295 K and the surrounding pressure is 101.3 kPa. 3.9. Air at stagnation conditions of 2 MPa and 750 K flows isentropically through a converging-diverging nozzle. If the maximum flow rate is 5.4 kg/s, determine: (a) The throat area in m?. (b) The velocity, pressure, and temperature at the nozzle exit if the exit area is three times as large as the throat area. 3.10. Find the throat and exit areas in m? for a critical-flow nozzle handling air at the rate of 6.7 kg/s when the desired exit velocity is 1100 m/s with the stream at p = 170 kPa and T = 310 K. Assume isentropic flow and y = 1.4. 3.11. Air flows reversibly and adiabatically in a nozzle. At section 1 of the nozzle the velocity, pressure, temperature, and area are 165 m/s, 350 kPa, 480 K, and 13 x 10~* m?. At section 2 in nozzle the area is 26 x 10~* m?. Find: (a) The mass flow rate in the nozzle. (b) V2, M2, p2, Tr and v2. (Note: There are two independent answers for this condition. Calculate both cases. If there is a throat, determine its area.) 3.12. Air at a pressure of 680 kPa and a temperature of 833 K enters a converging-diverging nozzle through a line of 4.6 x 10~> m? area and expands toa delivery-region pressure of 33 kPa. Assuming isentropic expansion and a mass rate of flow of 1 kg/s, find: (a) The stagnation enthalpy. (b) The temperature and enthalpy at discharge. (©) The Mach number and velocity of the air stream at discharge. (@ The maximum mass flow rate per unit area. 3.13. Air flows isentropically at the rate of 1 kg/s through a duct. At one section of the duct the cross-sectional area is 9.3 x 10> m2, static pressure is 200 kPa, and stag- nation temperature is 550 K. Determine the velocity of the stream and the minimum area at the exit of the duct that causes no reduction in the mass rate of flow.136 3.14. Air flows isentropically through a conve! 3.15. 3.16. 3.17. 3.18. 3.19. Isentropic Flow Chap. 3 rging nozzle. At the inlet of the nozzle the 340 kPa, the temperature T; is 550 K, the velocity V; is 200 m/s, and ressure pi = ¢ s i i” 10-3 m?. Consider air to be an ideal gas with the cross-sectional area Ay is 9.3 x y = 1.4 and find: (a) The stagnation temperature and pressure. (b) The sonic velocity and the Mach number at the inlet. ; (©) The area, pressure, temperature, and velocity at the exit if M = Latexit. (@ Draw graphs of G, M, V, and v versus pressure, indicating the values at the inlet and exit of the nozzle. erheated steam expands isentropically in a convergent-divergent nozzle from an Supe nd the superheat is 378 K to a pressure initial state in which the pressure is 2.0 MPa at of 680 kPa. The rate of flow is 0.5 kg/s. (a) Find the velocity of the steam and the cross-sectional area of the nozzle at the sections where the pressures are 1.0 MPa and 1.2 MPa. (b) Determine the pressure, velocity, and cross-sectional area at the throat. (©) Determine the velocity and cross-sectional area at discharge. Assume that p*/po = 0.55. A convergent nozzle receives steam at a pressure of 3.4 MPa and a temperature of 640 K with negligible velocity. The nozzle discharges into a chamber at which the pressure is maintained at 1.36 MPa. If the throat area of the rozzle is 2.3 x 10-* m? and the discharge chamber area is 0.056 m’, find: (a) The velocity at the throat. (b) The mass rate of flow. Assume that p*/po = 0.55 and the flow is isentropic. Air flows isentropically through the convergent-divergent nozzle shown in Fig. 3.24. The inlet pressure is 80 kPa, the inlet temperature 295 K, and the back pressure 1.013 kPa. What should be the exit diameter of the nozzle which corresponds to the maximum obtainable value of Mach number at the exit? What are the mass rate of flow, the exit Mach number, and the exit temperature? i Gy st-bem | d, = 1.0em \d, em \ I | 1 Throat 2 Figure 3,24 Air flows isentropically through a convergent-divergent nozzle at the rate of 30 kg/ s. The stagnation temperature is 230°C and the stagnation pressure is 200 kPa. If the Mach number at the exit is 2.5, calculate the nozzle throat area and area, pressure, temperature, and velocity at the exit. Air flows isentropically in a convergent-divergent nozzle with supersonic flow at the exit. The inlet and exit areas are each equal to 8 cm? and the throat area is 4 cm”, If the pressure at the throat is 200 kPa, determine the inlet and exit pressures.