CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Indonesia is a tropical country overgrown with various types of plants. One

of the plants that are widely grown in Indonesia is dragon fruit plants that have
benefits, namely fruit and fruit peel. However, the utilization of dragon fruit skin
waste in Indonesia is still lacking. So that by utilizing technological advances and
knowledge, dragon fruit peel waste can be processed into something that has
economic benefits and value.

2.1. Dragon Fruit Plant

Dragon fruit is a super fruit recently introduced in the Indian market.
It is gaining tremendous popularity among farmers because of the attractive
color of the fruit and tantalizing pulp with edible black seeds embedded in
pulp, the value of nutraceuticals, very good and very profitable export
potential (Perween, Chandra and Viswavidyalaya, 2018).

Dragon fruit (Dragon Fruit) is a fruit that is much favored by many

people because it has properties and benefits and nutritional value is quite
high. Parts of dragon fruit 30-35% are fruit peels but are often only disposed
of as trash. Dragon fruit skin contains naturally high anthocyanin dyes
(Handayani and Rahmawati, 2012).

Red dragon fruit skin contains nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats,

proteins and dietary fiber. The content of dietary fiber contained in the skin
of red dragon fruit is around 46.7%. From the results of the experiment, it was
found that the extraction of anthocyanin pigments in dragon fruit skin of red
meat produced a greater anthocyanin level of 22.59335 ppm than the
anthocyanin level in the skin of dragon fruit white meat, which was 16.73593
ppm. This is because the dragon fruit skin of red meat has anthocyanin
pigments which give a brighter color than the dragon fruit flesh of white flesh.
Red meat dragon fruit rind contains anthocyanin pigment type cyanidin 3-
ramnosil glucoside 5-glucoside. Anthocyanins are dyes that play a role in
giving red the potential to become natural dyes for food and can be used as
 an alternative to synthetic dyes that are safer for health (Handayani and
Rahmawati, 2012; Harjanti, 2016).

The rise in consumption of this fruit leaves organic waste, namely

dragon fruit skin which cannot be consumed. Piles of organic waste cause a
bad smell if you can't process it properly. Waste has become one of the
problems for urban cities in Indonesia that have not been resolved well until
now. The amount and variety of waste is very much an obstacle to the
effectiveness of waste management .One solution to reduce the amount of
waste is by increasing the value of use, namely by processing it into organic
ink (Ramadhani et al., 2017).

2.2. Natural Dyes

Plants are a potential source of natural dyes, which are mainly found
in plant parts such as roots, bark, leaves, fruit, wood, seeds, and flowers.
Because natural dyes contain ingredients that are environmentally friendly,
non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and biodegradable. Although plants show a
variety of colors, not all of these pigments can be used as dyes. Therefore a
check to choose a good dye needs to be done. One of the alternative
ingredients is the skin of the red dragon fruit (Wagiyanti and Noor, 2018).
Natural dyes have many advantages they have also some
disadvantages. But in the twenty first century maintaining a safe
environmental balance becomes even more important. The co-operation of
individuals, communities and countries to make this happen become a global
necessity and the following properties are often considered to be advantages
of natural dyes (Jihad, 2014)
Some advantages of natural dyes are: The use of natural colorants will
offer no effluent problem, cultivation of plants from which most natural dyes
are generated will definitely assist in preserving the eco-balances, the
resources which most natural dyes are generated are not only replaceable but
also biodegradable, have pharmacological effects and possible health
benefits, can give harmonizing color, and the extraction of aqueous dye with
alkali is most economical and produces acceptable results (Jihad, 2014).
 Some disadvatage of natural dyes are: low dyeing efficiency, only few have
good fastness to light and washing, costly either in money or time (process
complexity and the cost of the mordant is equal or greater than cost of synthetic
dye), some of the mordants are harmful, mostly used for protein and cellulosic
fibers (Jihad, 2014).

2.3. Natural Ink

On the other hand, natural ink is considered environmentally friendly
because it comes from natural resources such as plant leaves, roots, fruits, and
mineral sources. There are more than 500 coloring plants in nature that give
different color shades (Singh and Sharma, 2017).

Ink is a substance that has carbon content as a pigment agent, and is usually
liquid or powder. Ink ingredients are pigments, resins, binders, solvents and
additives. Pigments (organic or inorganic) function as givers of color considered to
be the main constituents of ink. Resin binds ink together into the film layer and
binds it to the surface. Binder is used to bind colors. Solvents are used to make ink
flow so that they can be transferred to the printed surface. Substance additives serve
to improve the physical properties of ink to suit different or flexible situations
(Robert, 2014).

Synthetic inks have colourants (titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, lithol

etc.), resins (ethyl cellulose, acrylic resins, polyvinyl acetate etc.), solvents (toluene,
mineral oil, acetone, methanol etc.), additives (phenol, titanium chelates, silicones,
cobalt & manganese compound) while in this study natural agentswere used such
as colourant (betanin and vulgaxanthin from beetroot, curcumin from turmeric,
tannic acid from amla powder), resin (gum acacia), solvent (water) and additives
(vinegar, salt) (Singh and Sharma, 2017).

Ink is a material consisting of pigments / dyes, solvents / solvents and

adhesives / binders. The solvent used in this study was 70% alcohol and an adhesive
in the form of Gum arab which is a natural resin from the sap of the acacia tree.
Aside from being a solvent, alcohol is also a drier agent, which is an ink drying
accelerator. Good ink whiteboard markers are quick dry ink markers but are still
easy to remove. Then we need a material that functions as a releasing agent or an
 eraser which makes it easy for ink to be removed. The ink produced using a
drier agent is 70% alcohol, because alcohol has a low boiling point of 78oC
so that it evaporates easily at room temperature, but the alcohol concentration
used is still low enough to cause the ink to dry out (Rengganis, Darsono and
Fajar, 2017)

PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) is used as a releasing agent. PEG produces

oil which makes the ink easier to remove on the whiteboard. The amount of
PEG used is not more than 10% of the mass of the ink composition. If the use
exceeds 10% of the mass of ink, it will produce ink with high viscosity and
remove it causing the whiteboard to become dirty (Rengganis, Darsono and
Fajar, 2017).

2.4.Quality Standard of Whiteboard Ink

Table 2.1 Quality standard of Ink

No Quality Factor SNI Source

1. Density 0.9-1 g/cm3 (Rengganis, Yulianto and

Yulianti, 2017)

2. Viscosity 1.12 cP (Rengganis, Yulianto and

Yulianti, 2017)

Good ink must meet predetermined quality standards, such as density,

viscosity, gray level, absorption rate, and erase power for ink markers
(Rengganis, Yulianto and Yulianti, 2017). Ink quality can be tested with the
following parameters:

a. Absorption rate
The absorption rate test is used to observe the behavior of ink on a
medium such as paper. This test can be done by comparing the absorption
path length with the time interval of paper absorption to the ink (Wiguna
and Susanto, 2015).
b. Density
The density test is done by measuring the mass and volume of ink using
a picnometer, the greater the ink density means the greater the density of
the ink particles (Anova and Muchtar, 2017; Rengganis, Yulianto and
Yulianti, 2017).
c. Organoleptic
The organoleptic test is used to determine the level of receipt of ink in
the community. This organoleptic test includes test parameters as in
Table 2.2 (Anova and Muchtar, 2017):
Table 2.2. Parameters in Organoleptic Test

No Parameter Indicator

Smell
1. Aroma of Ink
Odorless

Level of Concentration Solid

2.
Less Concentrated

Ink stability Stable

3.
Unstable

Fast
4. Dry Time
Slow

d. Viscosity
Viscosity test to measure the thickness of the ink using the Oswald
Method. The viscosity of this ink is determined by the binder of ink. The
viscosity of ink is calculated by equations (Rengganis, Yulianto and
Yulianti, 2017):
𝜌𝑡
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 𝜌 (1)
𝑜 𝑡𝑜
 With:

μ = ink viscosity, (g / cm.s)

μo = air viscosity, (0.0089 g / cm.s)

ρ = ink density, (g / cm3)

ρo = air density, (1 g / cm3)

t = the time taken reaches the boundary line, (s)

to = the time needed to reach the boundary line, (s)

e. Homogeneity
The homogeneity test is used to determine the homogeneity of the
ink, wherein the ink-making ingredients are stirred to become a
homogeneous solution. The test is done by dropping one drop of ink on
the transparent glass surface, then the ink on the glass surface must show
a homogeneous arrangement and free from particle spots (Anova and
Muchtar, 2017).

2.5.Relevant Research
There have not been many studies that have examined the manufacture
of ink. For dragon fruit skin, the application in making ink is still small. Dragon
fruit skin contains high levels of anthocyanin. So that the skin of the dragon
fruit can be further developed in the manufacture of colored ink. The research
on ink making that has been done is listed in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3. Ink Making Research that has been done

No. Title Variable Value Source

1. Ink Whiteboard Independent: Concentration of 15% -40% concentration (Rengganis, Yulianto

Markers dari Charcoal Coffee Pulp Charcoal variation with 5% interval, then and Yulianti, 2017)
Coffee Pulp the optimum conditions that meet
Dependent: Physical Properties
SNI are at a concentration of
of Ink Whiteboard Markers
30%.

2. Use of Citronella and Independent: Stirring The viscosity produced at stirring (Harismah et al., 2017)
Pearl Oil (Cananga Variations is 300, 400, and 500 rpm is 600
Odorata) as Anti- dPas, 450 dPas, and 400 dPas.
Dependent: Ink Replica
Mosquito Ink Repelants
Viscosity

3. Dragon Fruit Skin Independent: the volume of dye The ink density is in the range of (Ramadhani et al.,
Anthocyanin Pigment used 0.948 grams / ml - 1.118 grams / 2017)
(Hylocereus polyrhizus) ml. Through a test of the intensity
dependent: light intensity,
as Organic Ink of the translucent light shows that
density, and wavelength
there is still a lot of light that can
penetrate the ink. The biggest
 absorbance is at a wavelength
range of 900nm.

4. Printer Ink from Leaf Independent: Variation in With variations in the (Wiguna and Susanto,
Waste Charcoal Carbon Concentration concentration of leaf waste 2015)
carbon (1-6 grams), the optimum
Dependent: Level of Light
composition is at 4 grams of
Intensity, Absorption Rate, and
carbon leaf waste with the
Ink Performance
absorption rate on the paper is
1.04 mm / s
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