(1).

USAMA AHSAN
REGEISTERATION # 147
(2).TALHA HUSSAIN
REGEISTERATION # 157
(3).USAMA BIN KHALID
REGEISTERATION # 113

Purpose

This report will explain the processes to synthesize a test and troubleshoot the system we had to build
as well as the technique we had to implement and efficiently completing this as a team.
Introduction
The project we built is an electronic system, like many others it uses an Input-Processing-Output
structure. The first system had an output of a flashing LED. It is processed by a 555 Integrated Circuit.
The report explains how to build the circuit, the problems that may arise, and the lessons learned.

Evaluation – we focused on the materials we needed, as well as the instructions, and sorting it out in a
manner which expedited different responsibilities to each team member.
Synthesis – putting together the circuit, and combining our equipment to make a different device.
Analysis – this step involved our team troubleshooting the kinks in our circuit when it wasn’t functioning
as it should.
Application – we observed that our circuit could be used with different outputs media.
Comprehension – understanding what various components do, where analysis assisted significantly in
this understanding.
Knowledge – knowing how to build the circuit, learning the behavior of currents within, the function of
new devices, and the ability to rebuild without instruction.
Team Building
Working together as a team allowed us to efficiently apply different skills to different parts of the
project. Teamwork allowed us to successfully demonstrate, report, and prepare a presentation.
Apparatus

1. 555 TIMER IC.

2. 3 RESISTER OF 100 KOHM, 470 KOHM ,270 OHM ,
3. 1 2.5 VOLT LED.
4. 1 BATTERY.
5. JUMPER WIRES.
6. 1 CAPACITOR OF 1mF.
7. BREAD BOARD.

FORMULAE
FOR HIGH TIME:-
=0.69(Rb+Ra) X C
FOR HIGH TIME:-
=0.69(Rb) X C
Applications and uses
Railroad crossing signal for model railroads.
Safety blinkers for bicycles, etc.
Fun stuff for Halloween, like making those plastic Jack-O-lanterns blink (try using ultraviolet LEDs here).
Christmas decorations.
Blinkers to locate items in the dark.
It is also used in chargers as an indicator.
Basics
The components told in apparatus are used on the breadboard. For the input—we used a 9 Volt source
which powered the circuit. The input was processed first through a series of resistors, which limit the
electric current received from the power source. This current is then sent to the capacitor, which
continually stores a given amount of charge and will discharge once it’s full. Once the capacitor is full it
discharges current into the 555 Integrated Circuit periodically (pulse rate) to time when the integrated
circuit should output current itself.

ANALYSIS /WORKING.
The circuit works through an Input-Processing-Output system. Our “Input” was a 9 volt power source.
The “Processing” involved a 555 Integrated Circuit, three resistors (100K, 470K, and 270), and a 1
microfarad capacitor. Finally, the “Output” was a flashing light-emitting diode.
The frequency of the flashes is determined by three components on the left side of the circuit: R1, R2
and the capacitor. From an electrical standpoint, the timing of the Integrated Circuit is set by the
frequency of the discharges from the capacitor. Since the resistance and capacitance are constant, the
Circuit receives these current discharges from the capacitor at a constant rate which is the frequency. In
turn, the Integrated Circuit outputs a signal for the LED to flash in sync with these pulses.
Based on the order of magnitude of the components that we’re using, the resistance of R2 affects the
frequency the greatest, then R1 to a lesser degree and then the capacitance to an even lesser degree. In
other words, with the same percentage increase in the capacitance as a decrease in resistance, we can
increase the flashing rate by adding another capacitor with in parallel to the previous one. Or we can
replace the previous one with bigger value of capacitor. We have designed our project which gave 2 rate
of blinkings and we have connected the capacitors through a switch. By pressing switch it will gave
frequency of half second and pressing again it will gave frequency of full second.

What is 555 timer ic and what is its uses

Introduction:-
The 555 timer ic has 8 pins the VCC pin is used to give the main supply voltage may vary from 3V to
15V.the threshold and voltage control pins are used to vary the voltage to generate the PWM in various
duty cycles.Reset pin is used to reset complete IC if there is any error. The IC output can be taken from
the out pin.
Pin diagram:-

Inner logic diagram of 555 timer IC:-

Pin 1: Grounded terminal:
All the voltages are measured with respect to the ground terminal.
Pin 2: Trigger terminal:
The trigger pin is used to feed the trigger input hence the 555 IC is set up as a monostable multivibrator.
This pin is an inverting input of a comparator and is responsible for the transition of flip-flop from set to
reset.
Pin 3: Output terminal:
Output of the timer is available at this pin. There are two ways in which a load can be connected to the
output terminal.the load connected between output and ground supply pin is called the normally load
and that connected between output and ground pin is called the normally offload. It will deliver up to
200mA
Pin 4: Reset terminal:
Whenever the IC is to be reset or disabled,a negative pulse is applied at pin 4, and thus is named reset
terminal. The output is reset irrespective of the input condition. When reset is not needed we connect
this pin to VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.

Pin 5: Control voltage terminal

The function of this pin to give the user the directly control over first comparator. As shown in above
figure the output of comparator one is fed to the reset of flip-flop. At this pin we can put a different
voltage, say if we connect it to +8v. Now what happens is, the THRESHOLD pin voltage must reach +8V
to reset the flip-flop and to drag the output down.
For normal case, the V-out will go low once the capacitor gets charge up to 2/3VCC (+6V for 9V
supply). Now since we put up a different voltage at control pin (comparator one negative or reset
comparator).
Pin 6: Threshold terminal:
Threshold pin voltage determines when to reset the flip-flop in the timer. The threshold pin is drawn
from positive input of comparator1.Here the voltage difference between THRESOLD pin and CONTROL
pin determines the comparator 2 output and so the reset logic. If the voltage difference is positive the
flip-flop gets resetted and output goes low. If the difference in negative, the logic at SET pin
determines the output.
Pin :7 Discharge terminal:
This pin is drawn from the open collector of transistor.
Pin 8: Supply terminal:
A supply voltage of +5V to +18V is applied to this terminal with respect to ground (pin 1)
MODES OF 555 TIMER IC
1)Astable mode

An Astable Circuit has no stable state - hence the name "astable". The output continually
switches state between high and low without without any intervention from the user, called a 'square'
wave. This type of circuit could be used to give a mechanism intermittent motion by switching a motor
on and off at regular intervals. It can also be used to flash lamps and LEDs, and is useful as a 'clock' pulse
for other digital ICs and circuits.
2)Monostable mode
A Monostable Circuit produces one pulse of a set length in response to a trigger input such as a
push button. The output of the circuit stays in the low state until there is a trigger input, hence the name
"monostable" meaning "one stable state". his type of circuit is ideal for use in a "push to operate"
system for a model displayed at exhibitions. A visitor can push a button to start a model's mechanism
moving, and the mechanism will automatically switch off after a set time.
3)Bistable Mode (or Schmitt Trigger)
A Bistable Mode or what is sometimes called a Schmitt Trigger, has two stable states, high and
low. Taking the Trigger input low makes the output of the circuit go into the high state. Taking the Reset
input low makes the output of the circuit go into the low state. This type of circuit is ideal for use in an
automated model railway system where the train is required to run back and forth over the same piece
of track. A push button (or reed switch with a magnet on the underside of the train) would be placed at
each end of the track so that when one is hit by the train, it will either trigger or reset the bistable. The
output of the 555 would control a DPDT relay which would be wired as a reversing switch to reverse the
direction of current to the track, thereby reversing the direction of the train.

Conclusions
We learned the importance of time-management, how Felder’s learning style inventory applied
to how we approached the task. It was easy to build the circuit by using the workbook, which
demonstrates how we lean more towards visual-style learning, rather than verbally. In Bloom’s
taxonomy, we actually went down the pyramid in order of the “Cognition” domain. Multisim™
allowed us to simulate the circuit without the potential of damaging any components in the
process. Through teamwork, we learned about the components needed to construct two
different IPO systems. The first was an LED flasher with a frequency controlled by a
potentiometer. The second was a system using an audible output (speaker). The potentiometer
in this system controlled the frequency of the tone.

References.
www.purposes of 555 timer ic.com
www.miniprojects.com