Topology
Topology
objects (called topological spaces) that are invariant under a certain kind of
transformation (called a continuous map), especially those properties that are
invariant under a certain kind of invertible transformation (called
homeomorphisms)."
The motivating insight behind topology is that some geometric problems depend not
on the exact shape of the objects involved, but rather on the way they are put
together. For example, the square and the circle have many properties in common:
they are both one dimensional objects (from a topological point of view) and both
separate the plane into two parts, the part inside and the part outside.
In one of the first papers in topology, Leonhard Euler demonstrated that it was
impossible to find a route through the town of K�nigsberg (now Kaliningrad) that
would cross each of its seven bridges exactly once. This result did not depend on
the lengths of the bridges or on their distance from one another, but only on
connectivity properties: which bridges connect to which islands or riverbanks. This
Seven Bridges of K�nigsberg problem led to the branch of mathematics known as graph
theory.
To deal with these problems that do not rely on the exact shape of the objects, one
must be clear about just what properties these problems do rely on. From this need
arises the notion of homeomorphism. The impossibility of crossing each bridge just
once applies to any arrangement of bridges homeomorphic to those in K�nigsberg, and
the hairy ball theorem applies to any space homeomorphic to a sphere.
Intuitively, two spaces are homeomorphic if one can be deformed into the other
without cutting or gluing. A traditional joke is that a topologist cannot
distinguish a coffee mug from a doughnut, since a sufficiently pliable doughnut
could be reshaped to a coffee cup by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging
it, while shrinking the hole into a handle.[12]