ASSOCHAM AI Report v20 - Print - Ready

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Artificial Intelligence
and Robotics – 2017
Leveraging artificial
intelligence and robotics
for sustainable growth
March 2017
ASSOCHAM AI Report v20.indd 1 06/03/2017 4:13:21 PM

Message from PwC
The global scientific community has come a long way since the development of artificial intelligence (AI)
as a concept to its modern-day appeal as a field with near-limitless potential in turning around the way
activities are performed in a functioning society. The ultimate frontier for AI systems continues to be
achieving a level of sophistication that matches that of the human mind.
Researchers and commercial entities are harnessing ways in which AI solutions can make use of the
massive data footprint being generated in the process of daily activities through smart technologies such
as personal digital assistants, location trackers, sensors, imaging devices and social media feeds.
Sudipta Ghosh India has seen a subtle percolation of AI and machine learning into the daily lives of citizens to the
Partner and Leader, extent that the conveniences resulting from their use have become part of our daily reality—for
Data and Analytics, example, customised interactions through a handheld device OS based on user behaviour, app-based cab
PwC aggregators, social media recommendations—and no longer seem out of the ordinary. While end users
may not be aware that they are using a form of AI, organisations catering to them are identifying different
uses of AI to ease delivery of service to end users.
There is a lot of optimism around some of the landmark initiatives in motion, such as Make in India, Skill
India, Digital India. At this juncture, it is imperative to gain an insight into the possible implications of AI
systems across different application domains.
This is also the best time to moderate the same within the purview of a robust policy framework that
serves the dual objectives of technological advancement on the one hand and ethical compliance and
social inclusion on the other.
In an ever-evolving and learning AI environment, creating a landscape for institutionalising AI innovation
is the need of the hour. This requires close collaboration between academia, the private sector and public
sector in order to understand problems holistically and solve them.
Indranil Mitra, PhD
Director, India is already on the path of a digital revolution and the next step is utilising the big data generated
Data and Analytics, to take intelligent decisions. Since the effectiveness of AI, machine learning, robotics and cognitive
PwC automation increases in direct proportion to a rise in the quality and quantity of training data that the
systems are exposed to, the conditions are ripe for India to emerge as a leader in AI.
Through this knowledge paper, we have tried to examine the areas across private and public industries
where the AI continuum (augmented, assisted and autonomous intelligence) could be applicable, as well
as a robust AI policy framework that needs to touch upon the social, economic and ethical considerations
of a well-governed society. These efforts will foster a balanced environment in India for innovation and
leadership in AI.

Message from ASSOCHAM
Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks has grown
exponentially. Humans have developed computer systems by improving their power in terms of diverse
working domains, increasing their speed and reducing their size over time.
AI-based applications today have already touched people’s lives in many ways. From the intelligent
keyboards on smartphones to the voice-activated assistants in tablets and desktops and the devices in a
person’s immediate personal space—technology has become far more intelligent than it used to be or is
perceived to be. Be it financial services, healthcare, education or even security and governance, AI can be
D. S. Rawat exploited for the benefit of citizens and the country. AI-based automation is capable of impacting almost
Secretary General, every sector of the economy.
ASSOCHAM ASSOCHAM believes that national initiatives like Make in India, Skill India and Digital India will immensely
benefit from AI technology and suggests that the government should take both long-term and short-term
policy initiatives to promote AI in the country.
To understand the impact of AI on various sectors and the various policy initiatives required,
ASSOCHAM has organised this conference on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017.
ASSOCHAM is committed to creating more awareness about the subject and this background paper, jointly
prepared by PwC and ASSOCHAM, is a step in that direction. We congratulate the team on their efforts and
convey our very best wishes for the success of the conference.

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Table of contents
1. Artificial intelligence (AI)....................................................7
1.1. What is AI?................................................................................. 7
1.2. A brief history of AI.................................................................... 9
2. AI in India..........................................................................11
2.1. AI initiatives underway in India............................................... 11
2.1.1. Private sector......................................................................... 11
2.1.2. Government and public sector............................................... 11
2.2. Challenges and implications.................................................... 12
2.3. AI in governance....................................................................... 13
3. Global policy initiatives.....................................................15
3.1. Policy initiatives undertaken globally...................................... 15
3.2. Key areas for policy planning................................................... 15
4. Impact of initiatives around AI adoption...........................21
4.1. Potential impact of AI on industries and organisations............ 21
4.2. Socio-economic implications................................................... 25
4.2.1. Tackling concerns related to loss of jobs................................. 27
4.3. Economic returns from AI usage.............................................. 28
4.3.1. Commercial hurdles for private firms and investors............... 28
4.4. Ethical considerations.............................................................. 29
5. Looking ahead...................................................................31
6. Bibliography......................................................................33
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 5

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1. Artificial intelligence (AI)
1.1 What is AI?
Artificial intelligence refers to the ability
of a computer or a computer-enabled
robotic system to process information and
produce outcomes in a manner similar Artificial Intelligence is the
to the thought process of humans in science and engineering of making
learning, decision making and solving
problems. By extension, the goal of AI intelligent machines, especially
systems is to develop systems capable of intelligent computer programs.
tacking complex problems in ways similar
to human logic and reasoning.
- John McCarthy, father of AI
Artiﬁcial
intelligence
system
Learns from Uses the Recognises Solves Understands Creates

experience learning images complex language perspectives
to reason problems and its nuances
Source: PwC analysis

Assisted intelligence
Humans and machines learn from each other and
redeﬁne the breadth and depth of what they do
together. Under these circumstances, the human and
the machine share the decision rights.
Augmented intelligence
Enhancing human ability to do the same
tasks faster or better. Humans still make
some of the key decisions, but AI executes
the tasks on their behalf. The decision rights
are solely with humans.
The AI
continuum Autonomous intelligence
Adaptive/continuous systems that take over decision making
in some cases. But they will do so only after the human
decision maker starts trusting the machine or becomes a
liability for fast transactions.
In this type of intelligence, the decision rights are with
the machine and hence it is fundamentally different from
assisted intelligence.
Highly complex
use cases
Autonomous intelligence
Adaptive/continuous systems
take over decision making
and execution.
Complexity of use
Augmented intelligence
AI augments human ability to Assisted intelligence
perform tasks faster or with
Humans and machines learn
more precision. Decisions are
from each other and share
solely made by humans.
decision rights.
Less complex
use cases
Decision-making right
Humans make AI makes
decisions decisions
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1.2 A brief history of AI
Having originated as a concept as
early as the 1950s, AI research and
application has come a long way during
the 1980s–2000s and up to the current
day. An indicative timeline, along with
dominant research areas in the AI space
during each period, is as follows:
Evolution of AI
Conference at Predator UAV Apple DeepMind Facebook

Dartmouth used by US introduces team uses detects faces
organised by DoD in war Siri, MS deep learning and shares
John introduces algorithms to photos with
McCarthy and Cortana, and create a friends to
the field is Amazon program that whom those
named AI introduces wins Atari photos belong
Alexa games
1950 1980 2000 2010
Paper about the

possibility of World chess IBM Watson AI start-up
machines with champion Gary defeats ‘Vicarious’ Google self-driving
true intelligence Kasparov Jeopardy passes first cars cross the
published by Alan defeated by IBM’s game show Turing test: 1-million mile mark
Turing Deep Blue champions CAPTCHA autonomously
1950–1970: AI as a 1980–2000: Military and 2005 onwards: Large tech companies

concept; no real academia begin to show invest in commercial applications of
application interest in AI AI/machine learning ML
AI is currently on the crest of its third wave and given the immense interest
in this field, it can be expected to continue at this state for a long time.

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2. AI in India
2.1 AI initiatives underway in India
Advances in AI have garnered extensive production of consumer goods and
interest from the private and public other labour-intensive activities from
sectors, with the field now being seen which human potential can be freed
as a potential disruptor in the mass for higher endeavours.
2.1.1 Private sector

AI has subtly made inroads into the daily firms. Indian start-ups are working
lives of Indian citizens in the form of across a plethora of AI problems—
app-based cab aggregators and digital identifying patterns in objects, people,
assistants on smartphones. The interest style and preferences to advice on retail
can be gauged from the fact that leading shopping; building conversational
IT service outsourcing companies have services and using them over social
begun thinking, talking and (a few) media apps and for online shopping;
launching AI platforms. But these are developing better diagnostic services;
just small steps towards achieving the bringing in cognition in robotic process
ultimate goal of AI—namely replacing automation; helping in cross-channel
human intelligence. The systems being discovery of preferences and working
developed, as of now, are perfecting the in multiple languages. These are just a
process of increasing the efficiency of few of the areas that Indian start-ups are
solving a repetitive problem. This will working on.
eventually lead to solutions to ever-
Commercial applications of AI are huge
changing problems.
and Indian start-ups are beginning to
In contrast, the start-up sector is able to identify them and tap into the market,
directly attack these problems as it does which is still nascent.
not carry the baggage of IT outsourcing
2.1.2 Government and public sector

Public policy in India on the application concerning driverless vehicles, India
of AI has thus far lagged when compared still lags behind. Instead of waiting
to AI’s subtle usage by start-ups who for technology to reach a level where
have so seamlessly blended AI into the regulatory intervention becomes
services provided to customers. necessary, India could be a frontrunner
by establishing a legal infrastructure
If we look at the applications that
in advance. Alternatively, early public
we use/have used at some point of
sector interest in AI could trigger a spurt
time (e-commerce platforms, chat
of activity in the AI field in India.
services, social media services and
so on), they have all been employing The main dichotomy that the
AI in some form and at some level of regulations will have to deal with relates
maturity or the other. Though India to who will be liable for the activities
is making rapid progress in terms of of AI systems. These systems are
technology, companies and researchers designed to be creative and to continue
are yet to utilise the full potential learning from the data analysed. Hence,
of AI. While the USA is currently in designers may not be able to understand
the process of implementing laws how the system will work in the future.

Also, the role of an AI system, as in the The digital movement in India has
case of a driverless car, could be to assist created data which is readable
the user. In such a situation, deciding by machines. At the same time,
liability for what the AI system has done technologies have also reached a level
will be difficult. Therefore, this issue of maturity where they can think like
needs to be discussed and delved into humans in real time and, at times, in
deeply before arriving at any conclusion. a cost-effective way. Thus, they are
suitable for use in governance.
2.2 Challenges and implications

Compared to the West and frontrunners
of AI adoption in Asia, such as
China and Korea, the culture and
infrastructure needed to develop a base
for the adoption of AI in mainstream
applications in India is in need of an
impetus. Some prerequisites for an AI-
supportive cultural environment include
but are not limited to:
Homegrown infrastructure
Indian academics, researchers and
entrepreneurs face a more acute
challenge than corporates do in terms
of the less than ideal infrastructure
available for an AI revolution in India.
For example, cloud computing
infrastructure, which is capable of
storing large amounts of data and
facilitating the huge amount of
computing power essential for AI
applications, is largely located on
servers abroad.
An ecosystem fostering innovation

Fostering a culture of innovation and
research beyond the organisation
are common to global technology
giants. To encourage the same level
The European Union’s Human Brain Project
of innovation in AI research efforts in
India, initiatives to hold events and build envisages spending 1 billion euros on AI research
user communities in the field of AI will over the decade.
go a long way. Examples from around
the globe include the Defense Advanced
Source: ‘India and the artificial intelligence
Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA) revolution’, S. S. Vempati, Carnegie India
Cyber Grand Challenge which attracts a
large share of AI research funding in the
US, the European Union’s technology
funding programme, FP7, and the
BRAIN initiative, a 10-year, multi-billion
dollar funding initiative for AI research
in the US.
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2.3 AI in governance
Deep learning, a part of AI, can be Further, AI can be applied to the Prime and a large workforce skilled in areas
employed to tackle issues of scale Minister’s initiatives such as the Digital growing beyond the need for manual
often prevalent in the execution of India Initiative, Skill India and Make in intervention only.
government schemes. It is essentially India with varying effects. The range
AI can also be consumed in traditional
a process that can be used for pattern of application for AI techniques in such
industries like agriculture. The
recognition, image analysis and large-scale public endeavours could
Department of Agriculture Cooperation
natural language processing (NLP) by range from crop insurance schemes,
and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of
modelling high-level abstractions in tax fraud detection, and detecting
Agriculture runs the Kisan Call Centers
data which can then be compared with subsidy leakage and defence and
across the country to respond to issues
various other recognised contents in security strategy.
raised by farmers instantly and in
a conceptual way rather than using
The Make in India and Skill India their local language. An AI system will
just a rule-based method. Take for
initiatives can be heavily augmented help assist the call centre by linking
instance the Clean India Initiative
as well as disrupted by AI adoption various available information. For
directed towards the construction of
in the short term. While the former example, it could pick up soil reports
toilets in rural India. Public servants
is aimed at building the nation-wide from government agencies and link
are tasked with uploading images of
capabilities required to make India them to the environmental conditions
these toilet constructions to a central
a self-sustaining hub of innovation, prevalent over the years using data from
server for sampling and assessment.
design, production and export, a remote sensing satellite. It could then
Image processing AI can be used to
the latter seeks to aggressively build provide advice on the omtimal crop
flag photographs that do not resemble
and enhance human capital. that can be sown in that land pocket.
completely built toilets.
This information could also be used to
However, the point to consider here
Image recognition capabilities can also determine the crop’s susceptibility to
is that if investments are made in the
be used to identify whether the same pests. Necessary pre-emptive measures
two initiatives without due cognisance
official appears in multiple images or if can then be taken—for instance,
of how Industry 4.0 (the next
photos have been uploaded by officials supplying the required pesticides to that
industrial revolution driven by robotic
from a location other than the intended land pocket as well as notifying farmers
automation) may evolve with respect
site. Considering the scale of this about the risk. With a high level of
to demand for workforce size and skill
initiative, which involves creating more connectivity, this is a feasible and ready
sets, there is a possibility of ending up
functional toilets, being able to check to deploy solution which uses AI as an
with capital-intensive infrastructures
every image rather than a small sample augmentation to the system.
and assets that fall short of being
will actually help increase effectiveness.
optimised for automated operations

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3. Global policy initiatives
3.1 Policy initiatives undertaken globally
Some of the key policy initiatives undertaken in countries around the world area are as follows:
United States
In the National AI R&D Strategic Plan, More specifically, the plan calls for AI will find application in a broader
the United States government has laid greater focus on broad ‘general AI’ in range of cognitive domains, including
stress on channelling investments to place of ‘narrow AI’ that traditionally learning, language, perception,
drive discovery and insight in the field of aims at specific tasks: for example, reasoning, creativity and planning.
AI and ML. moving from speech recognition to video
recognition and translation. General
South Korea
The government of South Korea
(Ministry of Science, ICT and Future
Planning) has been investing in
South Korea has announced $840 Million
ExoBrain from 2013. ExoBrain is a Public-Private Partnership spanning six
language analysis and self-learning corporations to drive AI research.
system with the capacity to store large
volumes of data for learning and Source: ‘India and the artificial intelligence
subsequent analysis. The investment revolution’, S. S. Vempati, Carnegie India
of around 83 million EUR will last for
10 years.
China
Internet giants in China are increasingly A study by Japan’s National Institute of
focusing on AI research, with domestic Science and Technology Policy found China
venture capital funding being directed to be a close second to the U.S. in terms of
towards this field. Many private players the number of AI studies presented at top
are fast rising in AI research capabilities,
some of whom have their own AI academic conferences.
research labs. Source: ‘In 2017, China is doubling down
on AI’, Jamie Condliffe, MIT Technology
ReviewS. S. Vempati, Carnegie India

3.2 Key areas for policy planning
Securing long-term investment in AI research
While incremental research with • Hardware improvement to support
predictable outcomes is an important innovation: AI system performance
ongoing activity in the AI research is hardware dependent; hence,
space, long-term investments in high- advances in hardware can also
risk areas have the potential to lead to improve data-intensive AI methods.
high-reward payoffs.
Investments in AI research should be
directed keeping in mind multiple
aspects that come together to deliver a
commercial or social field of application.
These include advancements in:
• Methodologies for knowledge
discovery: Many open research
questions in AI centre around the
creation and use of data, its veracity
and appropriateness. Further
research is required to improve
the data cleaning techniques by
discovering inconsistencies
and anomalies.
• Research on broader and multi-
purpose AI: The long-term objective
of AI is to create systems that
demonstrate the adaptability of
human intelligence across different
domains. This will enable AI systems
to transfer knowledge from one
domain to another and interactively
learn from humans.
• AI system scalability: Networks of
AI systems including humans may
coordinate to perform tasks not
possible with a single AI system.
The use of multi-AI systems creates
research challenges in terms of
scalability. Future research must
focus on techniques for planning,
control, and collaboration of
multiple AI systems and humans.
• Improved reliability of AI
systems: Robotics shows promise
in complementing, augmenting,
enhancing and emulating human
intelligence, which calls for research
efforts to make them more capable,
reliable and easy to use.
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Driving human–AI collaborative applications
The goal of setting up AI systems Broadly, human–AI partnerships can • AI performs in place of humans—
that operate with varying degrees assume any of the following forms: ideally, in environments that are
of autonomy is to ensure that they potentially harmful to humans or
• AI performs alongside humans in
majorly augment and enhance human require a superhuman reaction time
a supportive mode, facilitating
productivity rather than replace it (e.g. toxic environments and rapid
human judgment by providing
altogether. According to PwC’s Big system response in nuclear reactors).
resources such as predictive outputs.
Decisions Survey,1 organisations are
increasingly seeking to improve the • AI performs activities that go
speed of decision making and the level beyond the cognitive abilities of
of sophistication by factoring in a larger humans—in applications where it is
set of parameters with greater precision physically or cognitively impossible
and exactness in decision outcomes than for a human to perform precise
human intuition can support. analysis (e.g. large-scale genome
For many operational and strategic study in bioinformatics).
decisions, the aid of AI systems in
processing massive volumes of data
and drawing upon sophisticated
conclusions can bring organisations
closer to the levels of decision-making
responsiveness needed to survive in
uncertain economic environments.
The extent to which AI can assist
and augment human productivity
depends on the role division between
humans and AI and the nature of their
interactions.
Ethical, legal and social implications of AI solutions

To reap the societal benefits of AI
systems, we would need to be able
to trust them and ensure that they
comply with an ethical, moral and
social framework analogous to that
for humans. Research efforts must
be concentrated on implementing
regulations in AI system design that are
updated on a continual basis to respond
appropriately to different application
fields and actual situations.
In industries such as finance and healthcare, relevant professional ethical principles

are encoded and practiced by professionals; these could form the core of AI ethics.
1. PwC. (2016). PwC’s Global Data and Analytics Survey 2016. Retrieved from http://www.pwc.com/us/en/advisory-services/data-
possibilities/big-decision-survey.html (last accessed on 1 March 2017)

Ensuring safety and security of AI systems
A safe and secure AI system is one
that acts in a controlled and well-
understood manner. The design
philosophy must be such that it
ensures security against external
attacks, anomalies and cyberattacks.
‘Adversarial machine learning’ is key area the NITRD cybersecurity R&D strategic plan,
that evaluates the extent to which AI systems can be contaminated by training data,
modified algorithms, etc.
Source: ‘The National AI R&D Strategic Plan (Oct 2016)’, National Science and Technology
Council, USA
Enabling environment and resources for AI training

Policy initiatives should explicitly
touch upon building an incubatory
environment for AI-based research and
training. This includes making effective
training data sets from various portals
available to academicians and the
public at large (e.g. Open Government
Data Platform, India). Eventually, the
complexity and sophistication of AI
systems in delivering outputs will be a
factor of the quality of training data fed
into the system. Open software libraries,
toolkits and development tools with low-
cost code repositories and development
languages such as R & Python are
lowering the barriers to the use and
extension of AI systems.
The IMPACT (Information Marketplace for Policy and Analysis of Cyber-risk & Trust)
program (US) supports cyber-security risk research through real world data sharing
capabilities in the international R&D community.
Source: ‘The National AI R&D Strategic Plan (Oct 2016)’, National Science and Technology
Council, USANational Science and Technology Council, USA
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Defining evaluation standards for tracking progress
The national policy must clearly define
standards and benchmarks that can be
effectively used to gauge progress in AI
innovation and commercialisation in a
host of application domains. By nature,
the AI space is an uncertain one with
no direct traceability of returns from
investment in innovation and capability
building. This makes it all the more
important for intermediate tangible
progress to be measured against set
targets from time to time.
An example of an AI standard
developed is P1872-2015
(Standard Ontologies for Robotics
and Automation) developed
by Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for
a systematic and standardized
representation of knowledge for
transfer between humans and AI.
Source: ‘The National AI R&D
Strategic Plan (Oct 2016)’ - National
Science and Technology Council,
USAScience and Technology
Council, USA
Planning for future skill demands and readiness of workforce

A strong presence in AI R&D is a
prerequisite for a nation to gain a
lead in an automation-driven future.
For this, the national policy needs to
take accurate stock of current and
future demand for AI experts. Building
expertise, on the other hand, will
require governments to evaluate the
current educational pathways and
curricula and, if required, overhaul
the same to provide skill upgradation
initiatives for a workforce that seeks
to stay relevant in a fast-evolving
technology landscape.

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4. Impact of initiatives
around AI adoption
4.1. Potential impact of AI on industries
and organisations
Data science is driving the AI market, Focus areas of AI in organisations
with organisations looking to leverage
AI capabilities for predictive modelling. Natural Language Processing
Speech Recognition
The map below shows the top focus Direct & Email Marketing
areas organisations are trying to make Social Media Analysis
inroads into by building up their AI and Marketing Automation
ML capabilities.
HospitalityAdvertisingRetail
Entertainment Clinical Trials & Drug Discovery
Recruiting
% focus
Area
of AI
Computer Vision
Data science 9.6% Health Plans & Patient Care
Business intelligence 7.8%
Aerospace & Defense Business Intelligence
Health plans and patient care 6.3%
HR Insurance Benefits
Computer vision 5.6%
Speech recognition 5.3% Financial Risk Management
Utilities
Aerospace and defence 5.3% Data Science
Natural language processing 5.1% Cyber Security
Entertainment 4.8%
Product manufacturing
AI augmented manufacturing The above-mentioned improvements
operations can employ more reliable can lead to increased productivity and
demand forecasting, a flexible and quality, lower costs and a more robust
responsive supply chain, quicker health and safety framework.
changes in operations, and more
accurate scheduling and inventory
optimisation. Other benefits involve
creation of smarter, quicker and
environmentally sound processes.
Defence and security

The application of AI in the field of The ‘security games framework’ is
defence and security includes protection based on computational game theory,
of infrastructure such as airports, combined with elements of human
power plants and economic sectors that behaviour modelling. Given the limited
are vulnerable to attacks, detecting security resources and different high-
anomalous behaviour in individuals, and value targets, game-based decisions
using distributed sensors and pattern provide a randomised collection or
recognition to predict infrastructure patrolling schedule based on weights
disruptions through natural/man-made of targets and intelligent reactions of
causes. adversaries to security postures.

Disaster management and recovery
AI shows remarkable potential in
aiding control and remedial actions
in the aftermath of environmental
and man-made disasters. It can assist
in optimising mobile networks and
smart bandwidth allocation to ensure
network service continuity in the midst
of catastrophic events that are usually
followed by a spike in communication
and jammed networks.
Unmanned drones and satellite feeds
combined with image processing and
recognition can be used in infrastructure
damage assessments and predictions
based on structural stability and
traffic congestion avoidance through
adaptive routing while equipping and
deploying disaster management teams.
Opportunities for AI intervention also
reside in processing social media feeds
to gauge location-specific urgency and
send targeted alerts to minimise loss of
life and property.
Logistics
A key area of AI intervention in can be transported more efficiently
logistical operations involves adaptive through vision-based driver assist and
scheduling of deliveries and routing automated/robotic systems. This has
of vehicles. Advanced logistics and made transportation less susceptible to
supply chains are being created using disruptions caused by weather, traffic
expert decision systems. Products and unnatural events.
Financial services
Some of the major areas of application intent in financial systems, such as
of AI in the banking and financial market manipulation, fraud, anomalous
services sector include early detection trading and reduction in market
of financial risk and systemic failures, volatility and trading costs.
and automation to reduce malicious
Travel and transportation

AI can improve the efficiency asset management that can pay
of operations in the travel and dividends in terms of reduced cost of
transportation sector by bringing repairs and reconstruction and real-time
improved safety through structural route information, thereby reducing
health monitoring and infrastructure energy usage and emissions.
Agriculture
Agriculture is another sector that can provide site-specific and timely data
greatly benefit from intelligent solutions about crops to enable application of
by using smarter production, processing, appropriate inputs such as fertilisers
storage, distribution and consumption and chemicals.
mechanisms. AI solutions can also help
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Consumer goods and services
Consumer goods and services was one of
the initial areas of AI adoption in India
and currently accounts for a significant
share of private sector application.
To enable consumers to find better
products at low prices, machine learning
algorithms are being deployed for better
matching of supply with consumer
demand.
Online shopping portals have extensively been using predictive capabilities to gauge
consumer interest in products by building a targeted understanding of preferences
through collection of browsing and click-stream data, and effectively targeting and
engaging customers using a multichannel approach.
Communication and social media

In India’s multilingual and multicultural
society NLP and translation can
be a potentially valuable field for
the application of machine learning
capabilities. Efficient usage of
bandwidth and storage, improved
filtering, web searches and language
translation are some of the benefits
of employing AI systems in the
communication and social media sector.
A few Indian startups are initiating development of conversational bots, speech

recognition tools, intelligent digital assistants and conversational services to be built over
social media channels.
Science and technology

AI can enhance scientific research and
experimentation by assisting scientists
and engineers in reading publications
and patents, generating hypotheses
and testing them through the usage of
robotic systems.

Education
Large parts of the country experience means of adaptive tutoring based
a dearth of academicians and teachers on the receptiveness of students and
when it comes to making education accurate gauging of development of
effective for students across a gradient students complemented by in-person
of social and cognitive abilities. AI classroom learning.
solutions can meaningfully intervene by
Medicine and healthcare

Evidence-based treatment and launched drugs, providing decision
medication require a level of precision support for medical assessments
that helps patients develop confidence and prescriptions and tailoring drug
and trust in their doctors—an area administration to the individual patient.
where mere manual experience and
AI for computational pathology: The
judgment may be supplemented with AI.
2016 CAMELYON Grand Challenge for
With the vast volume of information- metastatic cancer detection found a
processing capabilities required for 7.5% error rate for AI systems, a 3.5%
fields such as bioinformatics, using error rate for physicians and a 0.5%
AI-based algorithms and solutions is error rate for physicians augmented
inevitable. AI application in healthcare, by AI. This demonstrates the potential
medicine and biotechnology includes for collaboration between medical
supporting systems to identify genetic professionals and AI solutions.2
risks from large-scale genomic studies,
predicting safety and efficacy of newly
Law and order

Some of the areas where AI can improve
legal processes include improved
discovery and analysis based on law
case history and formulation of legal
arguments based on identification of
relevant evidence.
Researchers and paralegals are increasingly being replaced by systems that can extract
facts and conclusions from over a billion text documents a second. This has the potential
to save lawyers around 30% of their time.
Audit services
Cognitive technologies are being reads and understands key points in
deployed by firms to largely automate the documents. Machine-learning
the task of going through stacks of technology makes it possible to train the
documents to identify key terms, which system on a set of sample documents so
has until now been a time-consuming that it learns how to identify and extract
manual process. NLP technology information in an automated manner.
2. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Subcommittee. (2016). The National Artificial Intelligence
Research and Development Strategic Plan. National Science and Technology Council, USA
24 PwC

4.2. Socio-economic implications
Projected shrink in the middle-skill job market,
resulting in the upskilling of the workforce
AI-driven automation raises the most
commonly foreseen pitfall in society—
the potential mass obsolescence of
manual labour in the middle-skill order,
such as factory workers and technicians.
This also brings in the opportunity of
upskilling the population so that other
prevalent problems can be solved.
China is expected to have installed more industrial robots than any other country—
30 robots per 10,000 workers. A few thousand workers have already been replaced
by a robotic workforce in a single factory.
Source: ‘India and the artificial intelligence revolution’, S. S. Vempati, Carnegie India
Make in India, one of the Prime The key point here is that with robotic and adjusting machine algorithms to
Minister’s flagship programmes, automation, the Make in India initiative enable AI systems to operate in a reliable
focuses on the twin goals of may not end up creating nearly as and transparent manner.
strengthening India’s in-house many jobs as it is poised to at this
It has also been argued that automation
innovation and production capabilities point in time.
of repetitive jobs will create more time
with added creation of jobs for the
On a positive note, a scenario wherein and opportunities for citizens to pursue
middle-skilled strata of the workforce.
low-skilled, repeatable labour can be creative endeavours such as the arts,
The former goal of the programme is
assigned to robotic systems provides an scientific innovation and personal goals,
likely to be facilitated by large-scale AI
incentive for part of the workforce to leading to a society diverse in skills
adoption, with difficulties to be faced in
be trained in higher level skills such as and achievements.
meeting its latter goal.
designing, monitoring and oversight,
Balanced distribution of AI research talent

Universities struggle to retain AI talent,
especially academicians studying the
rapidly growing and in-demand field of
ML, with talented individuals getting
concentrated in a few organisations.
This might lead to AI research priorities
getting narrowed down to a few
ventures focusing on the ‘now’ rather
than the long-term potential across a
broader range of applications.

Flexible and ongoing skill-building initiatives
The current sequential approach to skill
building through a person’s formative
academic years may face obsolescence
in a society with rapid de-skilling of jobs
through robotic automation. Instead,
a system that addresses the following
requirements will likely better serve to
sustain a whole socio-economic strata of
the workforce:
• Educate for the future: Academic
policy formulation and dissipation
of knowledge should migrate from
the traditional curriculum to a more
specific one tailored to emerging
industry demands.
• Facilitate reskilling and lifelong
learning: Moving on from a formal
education, which accounts for
the initial years of an individual,
policymaking must take into
account the pace with which skills
move in and out of demand and
lay down a framework for easing
transition to alternative skill sets
and careers in the event
of automation.
26 PwC

4.2.1. Tackling concerns related to loss of jobs
In light of technology advances, certain shift. According to Oxford University mathematical technicians, insurance
sectors are expected to experience a researchers Carl Frey and Michael underwriters, watch repairers, cargo
shrinkage of employment demand as Osborne,3 based on 702 occupational agents, tax preparers, etc.
robotic systems and ML algorithms take groupings, the following types of
Some short- and long-term policy
up several tasks. It can be expected that workers have a very high probability
initiatives to cushion the impact of
IT, manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, of being replaced by automation:
job losses stemming from AI-driven
etc., will experience such a demand telemarketers, hand sewers,
automation are discussed below.
Provide universal benefits outside employment structures

If a large number of people end up
unemployed for extended periods of
time, there needs to be a way to provide
healthcare, disability and pension
benefits outside employment.
Guarantee minimum income to sustain households

In the event of continuous Proposals must be structured in
unemployment or underemployment, a way so as to maintain a balance
government schemes to provide a between benefits and incentives for
minimum level of income to each citizen engagement—for example,
to guarantee basic needs are necessary by involving the unemployed in
to keep them out of destitution. social and community initiatives.
Create skill re-training accounts for employees

In an era of fast technology changes, can contribute a set amount to an
employees need an enabling individual’s fund which can then be
environment to transition into and transferred as the individual switches
out of jobs. Emerging jobs will require jobs. The goal of such an initiative will
skills different from what people be to incentivise lifelong education
learn through academics. Companies and up-skilling.
Engage in socially beneficial volunteering activities

If people have limited employment can simultaneously ensure an engaged
options, they can participate in a wide population and drive socially
range of volunteer activities undertaken beneficial goals.
by social-minded organisations. This
Develop a non-sequential education system

The traditional academic curriculum deskilling of jobs and where skills gain
is not well equipped to cater to and lose value within a few years.
technological advancements. The What is required is a continuous skill
sequential system of education and work improvement system that does not
is outdated in an economic environment depend on the sequence of the skills
that is heavy on automation and imparted to young minds.
3. Frey, C. B. & Osborne, M. A. (2013). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Retrieved from
http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf (last accessed on 28 Febraury2017)

4.3. Economic returns from AI usage
‘Global economic impacts associated insurance claims, which, as they
with artificial intelligence’—a study predicted, would save the insurer
funded by one of the technology giants millions of dollars a year.
and conducted by Nicholas Chen,
Customers of AI solutions want
Lau Christensen, Kevin Gallagher,
economic outcomes through
Rosamond Mate and Greg Rafert of
demonstrable efficiency gains and
the Analysis Group4 —estimated the
margin improvements. Accordingly,
potential economic outcome of AI using
the next generation of applied
prior technological advancements such
artificial intelligence as a service
as IT investment, broadband Internet,
(A-AIaaS) companies are expected to
mobile phones and, more recently,
offer integrated solutions for specific
industrial robotics. The conclusion,
use cases on a purely operational
using reasonable benchmarks, pegs the
expenditure (OPEX) model. For
cumulative economic impact of AI to
customers, it translates to a direct
be between 1.49 trillion USD and 2.95
positive impact on operating margins
trillion USD through 2025.
and bottom lines. For example, more
In one case, AI intervention helped than 500 companies have deals to use
prevent significant insurance pay-out IBM Watson to develop commercial
leakages. An AI company helped an products and services.
insurer identify fraudulent vehicle
4.3.1. Commercial hurdles for private

firms and investors
While AI adoption offers several growth Longer sales cycle: AI systems are
opportunities, it also poses a host of relatively novel to the potential user
commercial and financial challenges base who who are likely a longer
that AI operators, investors and time to envisage the benefits from AI
policymakers need to consider. immediately. This understanding needs
to drive sales planning and lead to
Balancing research innovation with
generation of conversion cycle planning.
commercialisation potential: There
is a significant upfront investment to be The above challenges have important
made before an AI product is considered implications for potential investors in
commercially viable. Any solution AI research and commercial start-ups.
coming out of this space will be subject The visibility on investment break-even
to benchmarking against comparable periods can be wildly uncertain in the
manual performance and that of legacy AI space. A robust milestone-based
systems in place. It is only when AI progress tracking approach to track
systems can significantly outperform and justify the efficacy of invested
the above that a business case for their capital is needed—it could range
adoption can be established. from publications, establishing user
communities to creating a recurring
Engineering considerations: Early
source of revenue. A defined set of
into product design, engineering and
milestones needs to be met before
production specifics such as material
attempting to raise the next round
requirements, capacity planning,
of capital.
infrastructure requirements and costs
should be kept in focus so as to avoid
roadblocks in actually implementing
and scaling up at a later date.
4. Chen, N., Christensen, L., Gallagher, K., Mate, R., & Rafert, G. (2016). Global economic impacts associated with artificial
intelligence. Boston: Analysis Group Study.
28 PwC

4.4. Ethical considerations
One of the major concerns in any based on demographics to arrive at the
conversation involving AI is the topic probability to commit crimes or default
of ethical, legal and societal norms. on financial obligations. AI system
AI research needs to base itself on a actions should therefore be transparent
sound understanding of the various and easily understandable by humans.
implications of any innovation and Deep learning algorithms that are
ensure alignment with rules and norms. opaque to users could create hurdles
Common concerns are the breach in domains such as healthcare, where
of privacy that might arise from an diagnosis and treatment need to be
environment where hackers can exploit backed by a solid chain of reasoning
AI solutions to collect private and to buy into patient trust. Trustworthy
sensitive information. AI systems are built around the
following tenets:
A bigger threat is the misuse of ML
algorithms by hackers to develop • Transparency
autonomous techniques that (operations visible to user)
jeopardise the security and safety
• Credibility
of vital information.
(outcomes are acceptable)
There is a need to define what
• Auditability (efficiency can be
‘acceptable behaviour’ for an AI system
easily measured)
translates to in its respective application
domain. This should ideally drive design • Reliability (AI systems perform
considerations, engineering techniques as intended)
and reliability. Due diligence in ensuring
• Recoverability (manual control
that AI technologies perform in an easy
can be assumed if required)
to understand manner and the outcome
from their applications is in line with Owing to their vague and contextual
the perception of fairness, equality and interpretation, ethical standards pose a
local cultural norms to ensure broad challenge while being encoded into AI
societal acceptance. systems. Some architectural frameworks
that have been widely cited to counter
AI development will hence need
the above challenge are:
involvement of experts from multi-
disciplinary fields such as computer • An architecture designed with
science, social and behavioural sciences, operational AI distinct from a
ethics, biomedical science, psychology, monitor agent responsible for legal
economics, law and policy research. and ethical supervision of any
actions
AI algorithms might, by design, be
inherently subject to errors that can • A framework to ensure that AI
lead to consequences such as unfair behaviour is safe for humans and
outcomes for racial and economic implemented through a set of
classes—for example, citizen profiling logical constraints on AI system
behaviour

30 PwC

5. Looking ahead
The field of AI has awed researchers public sector and private sector) A collaborative innovation environment
and users equally over time. Right from will preclude the rare possibility of with regular dialogue between academia
Alan Turing’s paper in the 1950s to sci-fi an innovation being at odds with and the private and public sectors will
movies, there has been a debate on what human interest. help identify newer fields and operations
AI can do and how human beings will among the population. For example,
The AI continuum comes to the fore
be affected by it. In many ways, this AI could be used to provide holistic
here with AI innovations that fall under
thought process and speculation are and proactive advisory delivery to the
augmented, assisted and autonomous
not surprising; rather, they are typical population through public call centres,
intelligence helping users understand
in the case of any evolving field about linking information from various
and decide which level of intelligence
which complete knowledge is yet to be government sources. At the same time,
is helpful and required. This will make
obtained. The only difference is that AI the plethora of big data generated from
the acceptance of AI easier among
will constantly evolve and, hence, being the interactions in the above process
the masses. At the same time, the
able to foresee the next change becomes and other digital initiatives can be used
continuum could be used to understand
a big ask. to draw sophisticated conclusions.
economic ramifications, complexity of
Collaboration between the three pillars
In such an environment, advances use and decision-making implications.
could further help get a comprehensive
could be set in motion depending on While academia and the private sector
view of problems and find intelligent
needs and not always the other way conduct research on various AI problems
and innovative ways to increase the
round—that is, creating a need and with diverse implications in mind, the
efficiency and effectiveness of services
then using an innovation following public sector, with its various initiatives
delivered to society. Furthermore, these
its development. A good amount of (Digital India, Make in India, etc.) can
can be looked at through the lens of the
collaboration between academia and identify areas where parts of the AI
AI continuum which will help provide
the public and private sectors becomes continuum can be utilised to increase
the benefits of AI evolution to the
necessary. This engagement will reach, effectiveness and efficiency, thus
masses according to their needs.
encourage innovation in an effective and helping give direction to the innovative
useful manner. Continuous dialogue AI research prevalent in the country.
between these three pillars (academia,

32 PwC

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28 February 2017)

About ASSOCHAM
The Knowledge Architect of Corporate India
Evolution of Value Creator
ASSOCHAM initiated its endeavour of value creation for Indian industry in 1920. Having in its fold more than 400 Chambers and Trade
Associations, and serving more than 4,50,000 members from all over India. It has witnessed upswings as well as upheavals of Indian
Economy, and contributed significantly by playing a catalytic role in shaping up the Trade, Commerce and Industrial environment of
the country. Today, ASSOCHAM has emerged as the fountainhead of Knowledge for Indian industry, which is all set to redefine the
dynamics of growth and development in the technology driven cyber age of ‘Knowledge Based Economy’.
ASSOCHAM is seen as a forceful, proactive, forward looking institution equipping itself to meet the aspirations of corporate India in the
new world of business. ASSOCHAM is working towards creating a conducive environment of India business to compete globally.
ASSOCHAM derives its strength from its Promoter Chambers and other Industry/Regional Chambers/Associations spread all over
the country.
Vision
Empower Indian enterprise by inculcating knowledge that will be the catalyst of growth in the barrierless technology driven global
market and help them upscale, align and emerge as formidable player in respective business segments.
Mission
As a representative organ of Corporate India, ASSOCHAM articulates the genuine, legitimate needs and interests of its members. Its
mission is to impact the policy and legislative environment so as to foster balanced economic, industrial and social development. We
believe education, IT, BT, Health, Corporate Social responsibility and environment to be the critical success factors.
Members – Our Strength
ASSOCHAM represents the interests of more than 4,50,000 direct and indirect members across the country. Through its heterogeneous
membership, ASSOCHAM combines the entrepreneurial spirit and business acumen of owners with management skills and expertise of
professionals to set itself apart as a Chamber with a difference.
Currently, ASSOCHAM has more than 100 National Councils covering the entire gamut of economic activities in India. It has been
especially acknowledged as a significant voice of Indian industry in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility, Environment & Safety,
HR & Labour Affairs, Corporate Governance, Information Technology, Biotechnology, Telecom, Banking & Finance, Company Law,
Corporate Finance, Economic and International Affairs, Mergers & Acquisitions, Tourism, Civil Aviation, Infrastructure, Energy &
Power, Education, Legal Reforms, Real Estate and Rural Development, Competency Building & Skill Development to mention a few.
Insight Into ‘New Business Models’
ASSOCHAM has been a significant contributory factor in the emergence of new-age Indian Corporates, characterized by a new
mindset and global ambition for dominating the international business. The Chamber has addressed itself to the key areas like India as
Investment Destination, Achieving International Competitiveness, Promoting International Trade, Corporate Strategies for Enhancing
Stakeholders Value, Government Policies in sustaining India’s Development, Infrastructure Development for enhancing India’s
Competitiveness, Building Indian MNCs, Role of Financial Sector the Catalyst for India’s Transformation.
ASSOCHAM derives its strengths from the following Promoter Chambers: Bombay Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Mumbai; Cochin
Chambers of Commerce & Industry, Cochin: Indian Merchant’s Chamber, Mumbai; The Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry,
Chennai; PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi and has over 4 Lakh Direct / Indirect members.
Together, we can make a significant difference to the burden that our nation carries and bring in a bright, new tomorrow for our nation.
D. S. Rawat
Secretary General
[email protected]
The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India

ASSOCHAM
Corporate Office:
5, Sardar Patel Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110 021
Tel: 011-46550555 (Hunting Line) • Fax: 011-23017008, 23017009 | Website: www.assocham.org
34 PwC

About the authors
This knowledge paper has been co-authored by Indranil Mitra, Prasun Nandy,
Udayan Bhattacharya and Deboprio Dutta. Indranil Mitra and Prasun Nandy are
Directors and focus on the AI field for the Data and Analytics practice. Udayan
Bhattacharya is a Manager and works on AI, machine learning and cognitive
automation along with Deboprio Dutta,
Senior Consultant.
About PwC
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©2017 PwC. All rights reserved.
Contacts
Arnab Basu
Partner and Leader, Technology Consulting
[email protected]
Pawan Kumar S.
Partner and Leader, Technology Consulting
[email protected]
Sudipta Ghosh
Partner and Leader, Data and Analytics
[email protected]
Indranil Mitra, PhD
Director, Data and Analytics
[email protected]
Prasun Nandy
Director, Data and Analytics
[email protected]
Udayan Bhattacharya
Manager, Data and Analytics
[email protected]
Deboprio Dutta
Senior Consultant, Data and Analytics
[email protected]

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Learns from Uses the Recognises Solves Understands Creates

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Source: PwC analysis

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Conference at Predator UAV Apple DeepMind Facebook

1950 1980 2000 2010

Paper about the

1950–1970: AI as a 1980–2000: Military and 2005 onwards: Large tech companies

Source: PwC analysis

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics – 2017 9

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2.1.1 Private sector

2.1.2 Government and public sector

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2.2 Challenges and implications

An ecosystem fostering innovation

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Ethical, legal and social implications of AI solutions

In industries such as finance and healthcare, relevant professional ethical principles

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Enabling environment and resources for AI training

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Planning for future skill demands and readiness of workforce

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Defence and security

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Travel and transportation

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Communication and social media

A few Indian startups are initiating development of conversational bots, speech

Science and technology

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Medicine and healthcare

Law and order

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Balanced distribution of AI research talent