Design of Column

Lecture 2

Design of Concrete Structures

CE-320

Engr. Akhtar Gul Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology
Campus-III Bannu
2 Lecture Topics
 Introduction to Strength Interaction Diagram (Capacity curve)
 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Strength Interaction Diagrams
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
 Construction of Strength Interaction Diagram for Uniaxial loaded
Column
 ACI Safety Provision Imposed on Column Strength Interaction
Diagram (Capacity Curve)

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Campus-III Bannu
3
Introduction

 In structural engineering, interaction diagram is typically defined as a set of points

representing values of two or more independent forces (Axial force and Bending moment),
which cause failure

 The interaction diagram of the columns is drawn to determine if the maximum axial load and
moment exceeded the capacity of the column

 Strength interaction diagrams are used for design of eccentrically loaded columns

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Strength Interaction Diagrams
4

 Consider a column subjected to eccentric loading

Form similar triangles of strain compatibility diagram

𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 As2 As1

= Ɛ𝑠
Ɛ𝑢

𝑑−𝑐
Ɛs = Ɛu ( )
𝑐

𝑑−𝑐
fs = EsƐs = Es Ɛu ( ) Stress in tension steel
𝑐

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Strength Interaction Diagrams
5

Similarly for compression stresses

𝑐
= 𝑐−𝑑′
Ɛ′
Ɛ𝑢 𝑠

As1
𝑐−𝑑′ As2
Ɛ's = Ɛu ( )
𝑐

𝑐−𝑑′
f 's = EsƐs = Es Ɛu ( ) Stress in compression steel
𝑐

For balance failure

c = cb Ɛs=Ɛy and fs = fy

Ɛc = Ɛu

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Strength Interaction Diagrams
6

𝑐𝑏
= 𝑑−𝑐
Ɛ
𝑏
Ɛ𝑢 𝑦

Ɛ𝑢
𝑐𝑏 = ( )d and ab= β1cb
Ɛ𝑢+Ɛ𝑦

Based on the value of c three possible failure mode may occur in eccentrically column

1. Balanced failure

2. Failure due to crushing of concrete

3. Failure due to yielding of steel

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Strength Interaction Diagrams
7

See slide 7 of lecture B (types of failure in beams)

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Strength Interaction Diagrams
8

 For large eccentricities failure will initiate by yielding of the tension steel so fs = fy

 For small eccentricities the concrete will reach its ultimate strain “Ɛu” before the tension steel
starts yielding

 Balanced failure i.e the eccentricity at which both material will fail simultaneously

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Strength Interaction Diagrams
9

Strength Interaction Diagram for Combined Bending and Axial Load

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive
Load with Uniaxial Bending
10

As2 As1
Axial Capacity

From the figure ΣFy=0, results

Pu = ϕPn = ϕ(0.85 𝑓𝑐′ Ac + As1 fs1 – As2 fs2) -------------(1)

Flexural Capacity

Mu = ΦMn [ ∑M = 0 ] (about geometric center),

Mu = Φ [Cc× {(h/2) – (a/2)} + As1fs1 × {(h/2) – d′} +As2fs2 × {d – (h/2)}]

ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
Mu =Φ {0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab×(2 – 2 ) + As1fs1×(2 – d′) +As2fs2×(d – 2)} --------------(2)
 Construction of Strength Interaction Diagram for Uniaxial loaded
11
Column
Pb: page. No 262
A 12x20in column is reinforced with 4, #9 bars, one on each corner. Detriment
(a) The load Pb and Mb and corresponding eccentricity eb for balanced failure
(b) The load and moment for a representative point in the tension failure region of the interaction curve
(c) The load and moment representative point in the compression failure region of the interaction curve
(d) The axial load strength for zero eccentricity
(e) Sketch the strength interaction diagram for this column
(f) Design the transverse reinforcement, based on ACI Code provision
Assume 𝑓𝑐′ = 3.5 ksi and fy = 50 ksi

Note: here 𝐴′𝑠 = As1 and As=As2

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
12
Solution:
(a) The load Pb and Mb and corresponding eccentricity eb for balanced failure
Axial load: Pn = (0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab + As1 fs1 – As2 fs2)
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
Bending moment : Mn = {0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab×(2 – 2 ) + As1fs1×(2 – d′) +As2fs2×(d – 2)}
Ɛ𝑢 0.003
For balanced failure 𝑐𝑏 = ( Ɛ +Ɛ𝑦
)d = ( 50 )x17.5 = 11.11" and ab= β1cb = 9.44"
𝑢 0.003+
29000

Check weather compression steel is yielding:

𝑐𝑏−𝑑′ 11.11−2.5
f 's = Es Ɛu ( ) = 29000 x 0.003 ( ) = 67.40 ksi > fy = 50 ksi Compression steel is yielding
𝑐𝑏 11.11
so use f 's = 50 ksi And tensile steel fs=fy = 50 ksi
Now
Axial load Pb = (0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab + As1 fs1 – As2 fs2) = (0.85 x 3.5 x 9.44 x 12+ 2x 50 – 2x 50)
Pb= 337 kips

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
13
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
Bending moment : Mb = {0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab×(2 – 2 ) + As1fs1×(2 – d′) +As2fs2×(d – 2)}
20 9.44 20 20
Mb = {0.85 x 3.5 x 9.44x12 ×( – ) + 2x50×( – 2.5) + 2x50 ×(17.5 – )} = 3279.4 in-kips = 273.28 ft-kips
2 2 2 2

Mb= 273.28 ft-kips

eb = Mb/Pb = 273.28/337=0.81 ft = 9.72 in
Pb= 337 kips
Mb= 273.28 ft-kips
eb= 9.72in
(b) The load and moment for a representative point in the tension failure region of the interaction curve
Any value of “c” smaller than cb=11.11in will give a point in the tension failure region of the interaction curve
Let c=5 in
Then a = 0.85x5 = 4.25 in

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
14
for Tenslie
𝑑−𝑐 17.5−5
fs = EsƐs = Es Ɛu ( ) = 29000 x 0.003 ( ) = 217.5 ksi > fy = 50 ksi tensile steel yielding so fs= fy = 50 ksi
𝑐 5

Check weather compression is yielding:

𝑐−𝑑′ 5−2.5
f 's = Es Ɛu ( ) = 29000 x 0.003 ( ) = 43.5 ksi < fy = 50 ksi Compression steel is not yielding
𝑐 5

so use f 's = 43.5 ksi

Now
Axial load Pn= (0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab + As1 fs1 – As2 fs2) = (0.85 x 3.5 x 4.25 x 12 + 2x43.5 – 2x 50)
Pn= 138.72 kips
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
Bending moment : Mn = {0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab×(2 – 2 ) + As1fs1×(2 – d′) +As2fs2×(d – 2)}
20 4.25 20 20
Mn = {0.85 x 3.5 x 9.44x12 ×( 2 – ) + 2x43.5×( 2 – 2.5) + 2x50 ×(17.5 – )} = 2597.3 in-kips = 216.4 ft-kips
2 2

Mn= 216.4 ft-kips

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
15
en = Mn/Pn = 2597.3 /138.72 = 18.7 in

Pn= 138.72 kips

Mn= 216.4 ft-kips
e = 18.7 in

(c) The load and moment representative point in the compression failure region of the interaction curve
Any value of “c” greater thean cb=11.11in will give a point in the compression failure region of the interaction
curve
Let c= 13 in and a = 0.85x 13 = 11.05 in
𝑑−𝑐 17.5−13
For tensile steel fs = EsƐs = Es Ɛu ( ) = 29000 x 0.003 ( ) = 30.11 ksi < fy = 50 ksi tensile steel is
𝑐 13
not yielding so use fs=30.11 ksi

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
16
Check weather compression is yielding:
𝑐−𝑑′ 13−2.5
f 's = Es Ɛu ( ) = 29000 x 0.003 ( ) = 70.27 ksi > fy = 50 ksi Compression steel is yielding
𝑐 13

so use f 's = 50 ksi

Now
Axial load Pn= (0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab + As1 fs1 – As2 fs2) = (0.85 x 3.5 x 11.05 x 12 + 2x50 – 2x30.11 )
Pn= 433.06 kips
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
Bending moment : Mn = {0.85 𝑓𝑐′ ab×(2 – 2 ) + As1fs1×(2 – d′) +As2fs2×(d – 2)}
20 11.05 20 20
Mn = {0.85 x 3.5 x 11.05x12 ×( 2 – ) + 2x50×( 2 – 2.5) + 2x30.11 ×(17.5 – )} = 2967.3 in-kips = 247.27 ft-
2 2
kips
Mn= 247.27 ft-kips

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 RC Members Subjected to Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
17
en = Mn/Pn = 2967/433.06 = 6.85 in
Pn= 433.06 kips
Mn= 247.27 ft-kips
e = 6.85 in
(d) The axial load strength for zero eccentricity
When e = 0 then axial load will only axists
Axial load Pn= (0.85 𝑓𝑐′ bh + Ast fy)

= (0.85 x 3.5 x 12 x 20 + 4x50 ) = 914kips Draw curve

Pn= 914 kips
Mn= 0
e=0

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
18 ACI Safety Provision Imposed on Column Strength Interaction Diagram
19

Solve example 8.2 by yourself

Design Aids (Read and Solve Example 8.3)

End of Column Lecture

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Design of Column

Design of Concrete Structures

CE-320

Engr. Akhtar Gul Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology
Campus-III Bannu
18
Problems
202 4
ρsmin = 0.45 ( 2
17
-1)
60 = 0.01152
Using #3 Spirals as = 0.11 sq-in S=2"

4𝑎𝑠(𝐷𝑐−𝑑𝑠)
ρs = 0.01152 =
𝑆 ∗𝐷𝑐2

S = 2.2" use #3 Spirals at S = 2" 1"< S < 3" ok

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
 Design of Column

Design of Concrete Structures

CE-320

Engr. Akhtar Gul Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology
Campus-III Bannu
2 Lecture Topics
 Introduction
 Types of Column
 Failure Types of Columns
 Lateral Reinforcement in Columns
 Analysis of Concentrically Loaded Column
 ACI Code Provisions
 Problems (solution on board)

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Campus-III Bannu
3
Introduction

 Columns are defined as the structural members which are subjected to compressive forces

 They are critical members of a structure and their failure cause progressive failure in
buildings

 Usually columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both axes of the cross section
but the behavior of compressive forces are dominated

 The bending moment will cause tensile stresses in the cross section

 The structural members loaded with axial as well as bending forces may have mix behavior
i.e flexural and axial behavior

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
4
Introduction
 If axial behavior is dominated over flexural then it is called Column behavior and if flexural behavior is
dominated then it is called beam-column behavior

 According to ACI code, a vertical compressive member subjected to combined effect of axial force and
bending moment, will be treaded as column if Pu > 0.1f𝒄′Ag

 If Pu < 0.1fc′Ag (in the presence of bending moment) then the column will be treated with beam-column
behavior

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
5
Types of Column
1. Based on form and arrangement of reinforcement

2. Based on position of loads on the x-section

3. Based on length of the column in relation to its lateral dimension

Based on form and arrangement of reinforcement

a. Rectangular or square column b. round or circular column

c. composite column

Composite column

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
6
Types of Column

Based on position of loads on the x-section

Axially loaded column or Uniaxial loaded column Biaxial loaded column

Concentrically loaded column
Eccentrically loaded columns

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
7
Types of Column
Based on length of the column in relation to its lateral dimension

1. Long Column (slender column): Fails due to buckling (instability)

2. Short Column Fails due to crushing of concrete or yielding of steel. It can take more load as compare to long column

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
8
Failure of Column

Crushing of Column Buckling of Column Buckling of Column

By: Eng Mir Fazal Rahman Mehrabi Lin-Hai Han, 2016 Aditya Kumar 2014

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
9
Lateral Reinforcement in Columns

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
10
Analysis of Concentrically Loaded Column

Consider a column, loaded with axial load only

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
11
Analysis of Concentrically Loaded Column

From equilibrium condition ΣFy=0

Pu – Cc- Cs = 0

Pu - Cc - Cs1 - Cs2- Cs3 = 0

Pu = Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 + Cs3

where Cc= 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ Ac and Cs = Cs1+ Cs2+ Cs3 = Ast fy

Pu= (0.85 𝑓𝑐′ Ac + Ast fy)

As per ACI code ϕPn ≥ Pu

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
12
Analysis of Concentrically Loaded Column
Let ϕPn = Pu

ϕPn = ϕ(0.85 𝑓𝑐′ Ac + Ast fy)

ϕ = 0.65 for tied column and

ϕ = 0.70 for spirally reinforced column

 ACI code consider accidental eccentricity for concentric loaded column and imposes further reduction
factors of 0.80 for tied column and 0.85 for spirally reinforced column

 ϕPn = ϕ .80(0.85 𝑓𝑐′ Ac + Ast fy) tied column

 ϕPn = ϕ 0.85(0.85 𝑓𝑐′ Ac + Ast fy) spirally reinforced column

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
13
ACI Code Provisions

Main bars Ast = 1% to 8% of Ag

Use #3 ties for main bar up to #10

Use #4 ties for main bars of #11, #14 and #18

Spacing of ties is least of the following

1. 16*diameter of main bar
2. 48*diameter of ties
3. least dimension of column x-section
Clear cover at all sides must not be less than 1.5 inches

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
14
Problems

1. Determine the ultimate axial load on a 12 inches square short tied column reinforced
with 4, #9 bars and #3@12“ ties. Material’s properties used are, 𝑓𝑐′ = 4 ksi and fy =
60ksi

2. Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of 400 kips and a live load
of 240 kips. Assume 𝑓𝑐′ = 5 ksi and fy = 60ksi

3. Design a 18″ × 18″ column for a factored axial compressive load of 300 kips. The
material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi
4. Design a circular spiral column to support an axial dead load of 500 kips and alive load
of 230 kips. Using 𝑓𝑐′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60ksi

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
15
Problems

Design a circular spiral column to support an axial dead load of 500 kips and alive load of
230 kips. Using 𝑓𝑐′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60ksi. Also design the necessary spiral.

Solution

Load Pu = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L = 1.2*500 + 1.6*230 = 968 kips

Let assume 3% of steel Ast=0.03*Ag

Pu= ϕPn = ϕ 0.85(0.85 𝑓𝑐′ Ac + Ast fy) where Ac=Ag-Ast

968 = 0.70*0.85{0.85*4(Ag-0.03Ag)+0.03Ag*60

Ag = 319.12 sq-inches

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
16
Problems
𝜋
Ag = 319.12 sq-inches = D2
4

D = 20.16 inches let say D = 20 inches

Actual Ag=314.16 sq-inches

Now to find Ast

968 = 0.70*0.85{0.85*4(314.16-Ast)+Ast*60

Ast= 9.87 sq-in

Selection of Bar: let use #10 Bar No. of bars = 7.77≅ 8 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
17
Problems

Design of Spirals
𝜋
Dia. of Core= 20 - 2(1.5) = 17 inches Area of core = Ac = 172
4

𝜋
Gross concrete Area = Ac = 202
4

1.5 “
8,#10

𝐴 𝑓𝑐′
Minimum Spiral steel ratio as per ACI code ρsmin = 0.45 ( 𝑔 -1)
𝐴𝑐 fy

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu
18
Problems
202 4
ρsmin = 0.45 ( 2
17
-1)
60 = 0.01152
Using #3 Spirals as = 0.11 sq-in S=2"

4𝑎𝑠(𝐷𝑐−𝑑𝑠)
ρs = 0.01152 =
𝑆 ∗𝐷𝑐

S = 2.2" use #3 Spirals at S = 2" 1"< S < 3" ok

Engr. Akhtar Gul Asstt. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Campus-III Bannu