BASIC ELECTRICAL &

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CE-106
CIRCUIT DEFINITIONS



EXAMPLE

R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3
-
Vo

-
EXAMPLE

R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3
-
Vo

-
EXAMPLE

R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3
-
Vo

-
EXAMPLE

A B
R1
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3
-
Vo

C
-
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Σ Σ
Σ Σ
EXAMPLE

A I1 + I1R1 - B
R1
I2 +
+
+ Vs Is
R2 R3
- I2R2 Vo
-
C
-
Assign current variables and directions
Use Ohm’s law to assign voltages and polarities consistent with
passive devices (current enters at the + side)
EXAMPLE

I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
I2 +
+
+ Vs R2 I2R2 R3 Is Vo
- -
-

C
Starting at node A, add the 1st voltage drop: + I1R1
EXAMPLE

I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
I2 +
+
+ Vs R2 I2R2 R3 Is Vo
- -
-

C
Starting at node A, add the 1st voltage drop: + I1R1+ I2R2
 EXAMPLE

I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
I2 +
+
+ Vs R2 I2R2 R3 Is Vo
- -
-

C
Subtract the voltage rise from C to A through Vs: + I1R1 + I2R2 – Vs = 0
Notice that the sign of each term matches the polarity encountered 1st
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

+ VAB -
A B

7Ω I +
+
12 v 3Ω VBC
-
-

C
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
I Ω I Ω

I Ω I Ω
I = 1.2 A
+ VAB -
A B

7Ω I +
+
12 v 3Ω VBC
-
-

C
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
I Ω I Ω
I = 1.2 A
8.4 v 3.6 v

+ VAB -
A B

7Ω I +
+
12 v 3Ω VBC
-
-

C
SERIES RESISTORS
I Ω I

I
+
+
12 v 10Ω I·10Ω
- -
SERIES RESISTORS

Series resistors (same current through all)

I ...

I
Σ Rseries
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Σ Σ
Σ Σ
EXAMPLE

I1 B
A
R1
I2 +
I3
+ Vs Is
R2 R3
-
Vo

C
-
Assign current variables and directions
Add currents in, subtract currents out: I1 – I2 – I3 + Is = 0
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
A
+
+ +
I1 I2
10 A 8Ω 4Ω VAB
- -
-
B

By KVL: - I1(8Ω) + I2(4Ω) = 0

Solving: I2 = 2 I1
By KCL: 10A = I1 + I2
Substituting: 10A = I1 + 2 I1 = 3 I1
So I1 = 3.33 A and I2 = 6.67 A
And VAB = 26.33 volts
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
A
+

10 A 2.667Ω VAB

-
B

By Ohm’s Law: VAB = 10 A x 2.667 Ω

So VAB = 26.67 volts

Replacing two parallel resistors (8 and 4 Ω) by one

equivalent one produces the same result from the
viewpoint of the rest of the circuit.
PARALLEL RESISTORS
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Solve for the currents through each resistor

And the voltages across each resistor
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Using Ohm’s law, add polarities and

expressions for each resistor voltage
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Write 1st Kirchoff’s voltage law equation

-50 v + I1∙10Ω + I2∙8Ω = 0
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Write 2nd Kirchoff’s voltage law equation

-I2∙8Ω + I3∙6Ω + I3∙4Ω = 0
or I2 = I3 ∙(6+4)/8 = 1.25 ∙ I3
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Write Kirchoff’s current law equation at A

+I1 – I2 - I3 = 0
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Ω Ω
Ω Ω
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Ω Ω
Ω Ω
Ω
Ω
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Solve for the currents through each resistor

And the voltages across each resistor using
Series and parallel simplification.
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

The 6 and 4 ohm resistors are in series, so

are combined into 6+4 = 10Ω
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

The 8 and 10 ohm resistors are in parallel, so

are combined into 8∙10/(8+10) =14.4 Ω
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

The 10 and 4.4 ohm resistors are in series, so

are combined into 10+4 = 14.4Ω
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

+
I1∙14.4Ω
-

Writing KVL, I1∙14.4Ω – 50 v = 0

Or I1 = 50 v / 14.4Ω = 3.46 A
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

+34.6 v -

+
15.4 v
-

If I1 = 3.46 A, then I1∙10 Ω = 34.6 v

So the voltage across the 8 Ω = 15.4 v
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

+ 34.6 v -

+
15.4 v
-

If I2∙8 Ω = 15.4 v, then I2 = 15.4/8 = 1.93 A

By KCL, I1-I2-I3=0, so I3 = I1–I2 = 1.53 A
NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
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NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
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NODE VOLTAGE METHOD

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STEPS OF NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
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NODE VOLTAGE METHOD

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NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
NODE VOLTAGE METHOD

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NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
NODE VOLTAGE METHOD