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    1.7 Clusters of Galaxies

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    Roy Vesey
    Clusters of galaxies contain thousands of galaxies, hot gas, and dark matter. They are detected using optical, X-ray, and radio surveys. Cluster mass can be estimated from galaxy velocity dispersions, X-ray observations, and gravitational lensing effects.

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    1.7 Clusters of Galaxies

    Uploaded by

    Roy Vesey
    20 views52 pages
    Clusters of galaxies contain thousands of galaxies, hot gas, and dark matter. They are detected using optical, X-ray, and radio surveys. Cluster mass can be estimated from galaxy velocity dispersions, X-ray observations, and gravitational lensing effects.

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    3136 Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy - Clusters (UCL)

    Original Title

    3136 Clusters

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    Clusters of galaxies contain thousands of galaxies, hot gas, and dark matter. They are detected using optical, X-ray, and radio surveys. Cluster mass can be estimated from galaxy velocity dispersions, X-ray observations, and gravitational lensing effects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views52 pages

    1.7 Clusters of Galaxies

    Uploaded by

    Roy Vesey
    Clusters of galaxies contain thousands of galaxies, hot gas, and dark matter. They are detected using optical, X-ray, and radio surveys. Cluster mass can be estimated from galaxy velocity dispersions, X-ray observations, and gravitational lensing effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 52

    1.

    7 Clusters of galaxies
    List of topics:
    • Our local environment
    • What is in a (galaxy) cluster?
    • Why are clusters important?
    • How do we detect clusters?
    • Mass estimates from
    (a) Velocity dispersions
    (b) X-ray observations
    (c) Strong gravitational lensing
    (d) Weak gravitational lensing
    Read JL section 4.3
    Our local environment
    • We do not live in a cluster of galaxies, but a
    “group”
    – The “Local group”
    – ~30 members within ~1Mpc
    – sparse and non-symmetrical
    • Nearest cluster is Virgo ~15 Mpc away
    – Virgo has 1000s of galaxies
    – Irregular, dominated by 3 cD galaxies
    • Coma is larger than Virgo, spherical
    ~100 Mpc away
    784 kpc
    M31, Andromeda

    http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971101.html Copyright Jason Ware


    Clusters: summary
    • Many elliptical galaxies
    • Usually one giant elliptical, or “cD” galaxy
    – giant ellipticals ~ few hundred kpc across
    • Composition: (not just galaxies!)
    ~5 % of mass is in galaxies
    ~10 % of mass is hot gas
    the rest is dark matter
    • The largest gravitationally bound systems
    – Typical mass is up to a few times 1015 Msolar
    • “Field galaxies”: galaxies not in clusters
    – Most galaxies are not in clusters
    Spot the cluster!
    The Red Sequence

    Gladders & Yee (1998)

    Combined colour-magnitude diagram for 41 clusters at z < 0.15.


    Only galaxies in the interior 0.5 Mpc are shown.
    Why are clusters important?
    1. For Cosmology
    They are the largest gravitationally bound
    structures in the Universe.

    Their number density and mass, as a function


    of redshift, can shed light on:

    • initial density fluctuations


    • amount of dark matter
    • nature and amount of dark energy
    Why are clusters important?
    2. For Astrophysics
    They can be approximated by a “closed-box”
    environment.

    We can study the interaction between galaxies


    and intracluster gas, e.g.:

    • Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei


    • Feedback from Supernovae (galactic winds)
    The Abell catalogue
    • The first comprehensive cluster catalogue
    • Abell (1958) inspected red sensitive photographic
    plates of Northern sky
    – identified 2712 clusters
    – Used: cluster = overdensity of galaxies in radius 1.7’/z
    • Many clusters studied today are in this
    – e.g. A2218 (A stands for Abell)
    • Since updated to southern sky
    – contains 4073 clusters
    ~30 to 300+ galaxies per cluster
    Types of cluster surveys

    • Optical surveys
    • X-ray surveys
    • Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect
    Optical surveys
    • Two-dimensional techniques (e.g. Abell)
    • Red Sequence technique (Gladders & Yee)
    • Using photometric redshifts
    • Using spectroscopic redshifts

    Problems
    1. Projection effects, or inefficient
    2. Difficult at high redshift
    Optical Surveys

    The Red Sequence


    galaxies are the brightest
    and reddest galaxies at
    any given redshift

    Gladders & Yee 1998 & 2000


    X-ray surveys
    • Probes the hot intracluster gas
    • Emission ∝ (density)2 → minimal projection effects
    • Temperature given by X-ray spectrum, correlates
    with cluster mass

    Problems
    1. Biased towards hot systems
    2. Surface brightness declines
    steeply with redshift

    Credit: ESO/ESA/Mullis et al.


    Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect
    • Detects ‘holes’ in CMB through Compton
    scattering by intracluster medium
    • Independent of redshift

    Problems
    1. Suffers from large projection effects
    2. Difficult to determine distance
    Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect

    Credit: SuZIE website


    Velocity profiles

    Virialised

    Non-virialised

    Van Breukelen et al. 2009


    Cluster masses from velocity
    dispersions
    • First applied by Zwicky in 1930s
    – Discovered that Coma had much invisible matter
    • Virial theorem
    2 K.E. ~ | P.E.|
    • M = 3 σv2 r / G
    – This time σv is that for the galaxies
    – Measure from distribution of redshifts
    • How reliable is the virial theorem for clusters?
    – Many clusters are believed to be merging
    • Virgo has a velocity dispersion of 550 km s-1
    – Estimate its mass
    Estimate the mass of Virgo
    (σv = 550 km s-1)
    Summary Lecture 1
    • The Milky Way is part of
    the Local Group
    Clusters are detected using:
    • Nearest cluster is Virgo,
    more distant is Coma • Optical/Infrared surveys
    • X-ray surveys
    • Clusters consist of galaxies, • Radio surveys (Sunyaev-
    hot gas, and dark matter
    Zel’dovich effect)g. ΩM, ΩΛ
    • There are many ellipticals in
    clusters (Red Sequence) • Cluster mass can be
    Clusters are important for: calculated using the Virial
    Theorem
    • Cosmology (e.g. ΩM, ΩΛ)

    • For Astrophysics (interaction


    galaxies & gas)e.g. ΩM, Ω
    Cluster masses from X-rays
    • Hot gas (107-108 K) in clusters emits lots of X-
    rays
    – thermal bremsstrahlung
    • X-ray observations are good for finding
    clusters
    – can observe luminosity and T as fn of position
    • If spherically symmetric and stationary:
    – can apply hydrostatic eqn to find mass
    Hydrostatic equilibrium equations

    • Observe T(r) and ρg(r) from X-rays


    – T from spectra; ρg from X-ray luminosity
    X-ray spectrum yields TX
    Normalized counts / sec / keV

    TX ≈ 4 keV

    Energy (keV)
    Mass of Abell 2390 from X-rays
    X-ray
    X-ray
    Luminosity
    Temperature

    Radius Radius

    ~1015 Msolar in
    Mass 1 Mpc radius

    Radius
    X-ray scaling relations

    Xue & Wu 2000


    X-ray scaling relations

    Xue & Wu 2000


    Cluster masses from gravitational lensing
    1. Strong lensing: highly distorted images
    – Einstein radius

    2. Weak lensing: have to average over many


    galaxies
    – weak shear
    History of light deflection
    • Suspected by Newton and Laplace

    – Soldner (1804) calculated deflection angle

    • Einstein (1915) applied GR

    – twice the deflection angle

    • Eclipse experiment (1919)

    – confirms Einstein's result


    Just one equation from GR

    • NB. Independent of light wavelength


    Apparent deflection angle, α

    b
    Deflection by the sun

    Dds~Ds so

    α = 1.75''
    Eclipse Experiment
    • Eddington et al.
    – 29 March 1919
    – Principe Island off west
    coast of Africa
    • Agrees with Einstein
    • Einstein becomes a
    celebrity
    – Within 1 year more than
    100 books written on GR!
    Einstein ring
    • First Einstein ring observed by VLA
    • Quasar lensed by galaxy
    Radio rings
    • upper: Hubble
    • lower: Merlin
    ~0.01 degrees
    Estimate the mass of A2218
    • θE ~ 0.01 degrees
    – Assume is a point mass
    – Assume background galaxy is very far
    – Assume distance ~700 Mpc

    • If another cluster has arcs of size 0.02 degrees, how


    massive is it relative to A2218?

    Read JL p185
    Weak versus strong lensing
    • Strong lensing:
    – multiple images
    – banana shaped arcs
    – inner parts of massive clusters/ galaxies

    • Weak lensing
    – ellipse orientation is changed
    – low-mass clusters, outer parts of massive clusters
    – have to average over many galaxies to measure
    mass
    Weak lensing shear
    Galaxies are only circular on average
    Weak lensing method

    • Divide image up into boxes


    containing ~10 galaxies in each
    • Average galaxy images together
    – shear map
    • Guess mass map
    – predict shear map
    – compare to observed shear map
    – repeat until fit the observations
    Shear map

    Cluster MS1054, by Hoekstra et al


    Conclusion on cluster masses
    • 4 different methods for determining them
    – Galaxy velocity dispersions and X-rays assume
    thermodynamic equilibrium
    – Strong lensing looks at central parts
    – Weak lensing looks at outer parts

    • When all methods are carried out on the same


    cluster, they agree well.

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