CONTENT

SR. NO TITLE

1 ONION:
a. ABSTRACT
b. INTRODUCTION
c. CULTIVATION, PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF ONION
d. EXPORT IN 2017
e. CONCLUSION
f. REFERENCE

2 POMEGRANATE:
a. ABSTRACT
b. INTRODUCTION
c. PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE
d. CONCLUSION
e. REFERENCE

3 GRAPES:
a. ABSTRACT
b. INTRODUCTION
c. PRODUCTION, SUPPLY AND EXPORT OF GRAPES
d. GRAPES EXPORT HIGHLIGHTS
e. CONCLUSION
f. REFERENCE
 ONION:

ABSTRACT:

India is the second largest producer of onions in the world after China. It enjoys
19% share ofthe global onion production. The annual average production is 12 lakh
tones. The study has been undertaken to understand the effect of Area and held on
Production of Onion and to study export trends of Onion. The production of onion
has significantly increased over the past 30 years (1980-2012) but there has been
lots "fluctuations specially from 1995 onwards indicating that production "onion is
not steady year over year but sometimes increases and decreases. Such fluctuations
may arise due to dependency of agricultural crops on rainfall and monsoons.
Excess rainfall or less rainfall hampers the production of crops and other factors. It
is also observed that the export of Onion from India has been increased quite
substantuallty over the past few years.

Keywords : Export trends, Fluctuations, Rise in Export.

 INTRODUCTION:

The onion (Allium cepa) is used as a vegetable and is the most widely
cultivated species of the genus Allium. A. cepa is exclusively known from
cultivation and its wild original torm is not known. Onion is produced and
consumed not only in India but also throughout the world. Onion is classified as a
vegetable and has special qualities which add taste and flavor to food. It is used
extensively in Indian cuisine and culinary preparations both in cooked and raw
form. Onion possesses very good nutritive and medicinal values. Onion is
consumed by all classes of people-poor and rich and hence assumes a place of an
essential item.
India is the second largest producer ofonions in the world after China. It enjoys
19% share of the global onion production. The annual average production is 12
lakh tones. The major Onion producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Tamil Nadu.
Maharashtra ranks first in Onion production with a share of 32.20% of the total
Indian production. However, in terms of productivity, Gujarat ranks first with an
area share of 22.9%. In Maharashtra Onion cultivation is primarily centered in
Nashik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Satara, Sholapur and Dhulia. These regions are
endowed with well drained, noncrusting soil required for onion cultivation. The
production is taken in three seasons, i.e. Kharif (May-July to Oct-Dec.) Late-
Kharif(Aug-Sep. to Jan-Mar) and Rabi (Oct-Nov. to April-June). Though onion is
produced in three seasons, those produced in rabi season are only suitable for
storage as the variety grown in this season has higher TSS, dry matter and more
number of outer dried intact scales.
The major varieties found in India are Agrifound Dark Red, Agrifound Light Red,
NHRDF Red, Agrifound White, Agrifound Rose and dry matter and more number
of outer dried intact scales.The major varieties found in India are Agrifound Dark
Red, Agrifound Light Red, NHRDF Red, Agrifound White, Agrifound Rose and
Agrifound Red, PusaRatnar, Pusa Red, Pusa White Round. There is a lot of
demand for Indian Onion in the world. India exported I .64 million tonnes ofFresh
Onion to the world for a total value of Rs 1929.29 crores during the year 2012-13
(APEDA). The major importing countries are Malaysia, Bangladesh. United Arab
Emirates, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Singapore and Kuwait as on 2012(APEDA).
BREIF STUDY OF CULTIVATION PRODUCTION AND EXPORT
OF ONION:
The data has been collected from Secondary Sources which are various
Government databases like NAFED, National Horticultural Board etc.

Table 1 : Area, pr oduction and export of Onion

Production(MiIIion Area(MiIIion Export(million % of prod

Year Tones Tones Yield/hectare tones ex orted
1981-82 2650000 0.25 10562 169,771.00 6.406453
1982-83 2430000 0.24 10330 181 ,313.oo 7.46144
1983-84 2700000 0.27 9982 181 ,510.oo 6.722593
1984-85 3100000 0.28 11139 274,803.00 8.864613
1985-86 2860000 0.28 10202 207,709.00 7.262552
1986-87 2530000 0.26 9659 265,845.00 10.50771
1987-88 2700000 0.27 9857 141 ,325.oo 5.234259
1988-89 3350000 0.32 10620 228,174.00 6.811164
1989-90 3070000 0.3 10176 360,227.00 11.73378
1990-91 3230000 0.3 10686 289,380.00 8.959133
1991-92 3580000 0.32 11088 406,135.00 11.34455
1992-93 3490000 0.32 10791 395,685.00 11.33768
1993-94 4010000 0.37 10902 448,874.00 11.19387
1994-95 4040000 0.38 10661 496,881.00 12.29903
1995-96 4080000 0.4 10316 434,655.00 10.65331
1996-97 4180000 0.4 10348 512,879.00 12.26983
1997-98 3620000 0.4 9091 446,820.00 12.34309
1998-99 5330000 0.47 11391 298,427.00 5.599006
1999-00 4900000 0.49 9932 318,230.00 6.49449
2000-01 4550000 0.42 10786 330,207.00 7.257297
2001-02 4830000 0.45 10686 506,924.00 10.49532
2002-03 4210000 0.42 9912 545,211.00 12.95038
2003-04 5920000 0.5 11784 840,717.00 14.2013
2004-05 6430000 0.55 941 ,448.00 14.64149
2005-06 8680000 0.66 13118 778,134.00 8.964677
2006-07 8890000 0.7 12655 1,161 ,062.oo 13.06031
2007-08 9140000 0.7 12974 1 , 101 ,404.oo 12.05037
2008-09 13480000 0.83 16260 1 , 783,820.00 13.23309
2009-10 12160000 0.76 16079 15.40298
2010-11 15120000 1.06 14210 8.867533
2011-12 15390000 1.03 14898 10.09034
Figure 1 : Trend in production in India

Graph I indicates that production of onion has significantly increased over the past
30 years (1980-2012). It can also be seen that the graph is not a smooth line but
has lots of fluctuations specially from 1995 onwards indicating that production of
onion is not steady year over year but sometimes increases and decreases. Such
fluctuations may arise due to dependency of agricultural crops on rainfall and
monsoons. Excess rainfall or less rainfall hampers the production of crops among
other factors. The Exponential or the fitted trend line (straight line) is drawn in the
Graph and is found to be sloping upwards, and the exponent of 'e' is our growth
estimate which is found to be 5.5% (i.e; 0.055*100). This process of calculating
Growth rate is called the Chart Method Growth. Growth estimate helps us to know
the yearly rate of Growth ofa certain variable (production in this case). This rate
can also help us forecast production for yegrs to come.
Figure 2: Trend in area of Onion:

Area under Onion Cultivation: Like the production graph we see that area under
onion cultivation has gone up over the past 30 years, but even this graph is not a
smooth rising line but comprises of fluctuations. So the question arises as to why
there are such fluctuations in cultivation area? The increase or decline in
production of Onion maybe due to the fact that cultivation of a crop largely
depends upon the price it fetches and when production increases the prices go
down, thus leading to losses for the farmers. Under these circumstances farmers
decide to produce less of the crop in the next year which again leads to a deficit
of supply, leading to a rise in price. This induces farmers to produce more the
next year. The growth estimate is töund to be 4.3%.
Figure 3: Yield per hectare of Onion:

The above bar diagram shows that the yield / hectare ofonions has increased over
the past 30 years . The yield was highest during the year 2008 to 2009 (16260
kg/hectare) and lowest in the year 1997-98(9091 kg/hectare). Thus the
between the highest and the lowest yield is 7169. From the value of the
exponential we can see that growth estimate rate of the yield over the past thirty
years is 1.1%. Also evident from the chart is that there has not been a substantial
increase of yield over the past thirty years. Thus we can infer that there is still
scope for improvement in the yield through use of better variety seeds, better
technologies and proper f'ertilizers. Also, farmers need to be educated about
correct proportion of fertilizers and pesticides to be used or else more or less of it
will only ruin the crop leading to fall in production
Figure 4 : Trend in export of Onion:

Export

The blue bars represents the Export of Onion In the past 30 years . From the graph
it is seen that export for onions has been the highest in the year 2008-2009 to
2009-10 with almost 1800000 (million tones) of onion being exported . The fitted
trend line (denoted by the black line)is also upward rising and the growth estimate
was calculated to be 7.1 %. The growth estimate represents the year on year
growth of a variable if it grows at a steady pace without any fluctuations.
 Export in 2017:
India is the 2nd largest onion growing and exporter country in the world. It
exported onions worth USD 308.64 million between January and September 2017.
According to a report on onion export from India, the country exported fresh
onions maximum in this period. The major varieties of Indian onions are –
Agrifound Light Red, Agrifound Dark Red, Agrifound White, NHRDF Red,
Agrifound Rose, Agrifound Red, Pusa Ratnar, Pusa White Round Pusa Red. Here
are the highlights from a report on onion export data recorded in 2017.
 India recorded highest onion exports in September with USD 46.29
million. Fresh onions shared 70.29% value of total exports.
 Onion shipments maximum departed from Maharashtra state. It
recorded USD 191.09 million export value.
 As per Indian onion export data, the country mostly exported onions
to Malaysia, which recorded value USD 62 million.
 Most export consignments of onions were loaded and departed from
India’s JNPT port.
 CONCLUSION:

Analyzing the data and statistics the study found that the production of
Onion is positively related to its yield per hectare and area , thus efforts must be
taken to increase the yield by using modern technologies and better quality seeds,
fertilizers etc. Also farmers must be educated on the importance of producing a
certain crop so that they do not erratically change the cropping pattern from one
crop to another thereby leading to a fall of production which leads to rise in prices.
Such regulation must be made by the various Government agricultural agencies.
The study undertaken also showed that there has been a substantial increase in
Onion Production over the past 30 years, even though the production is not steady
but is prone to fluctuations. Thus we can say that rise in prices due to lack of
production is only a small factor that causes the prices to surge up. The share of
Export on the total onion production varied between 5 to 15% which was not that a
large amount to cause scarcity in a country which is the 2nd largest producer of
onion. It can also be seen from the above data that the export of onions from India
is increasing continously thus increasing the wealth of the country.
 REFERENCES:

 Chengappa. P et al 'Competitive Assessmenl of Onion Markets in India

Competition C'ommission ofIndia
 John.A(2011) ' The Onion Price Rise: What actually made us cry ',
Macroscan Sharma.P et al(2011) 'Prices of Onion: An Analysis', (Jan 8,2011)
vol XLVI no.2. Economic and Political Weekly
 Tuteja. U(2013) 'Food Inflation: How to decode the onion price puzzle ' The
Economics Times
 Basic Econometrics: DamodarN . Gujarati (Fourth Edition)
 Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2012
(Agricultural Statistics- Department of
Agriculture and CO-operation)
 POMEGRANATE

ABSTRACT:

The cultivation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) was introduced

quite early in the Mediterranean and eastern countries like India. India
ranks first in area (107,000 ha) with a production of 743,000 t, but
exports only 30156.98 t. During the recent five years, production,
export and domestic consumption showed a decreasing trend.
Maharashtra (leading state), Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu are major pomegranate producing states. ‘Ganesh’,
‘Bhagwa’, ‘Ruby’, ‘Arakta’ and ‘Mridula’ are the important commercial
cultivars. Bacterial blight is a major disease causing fruit crack, thus
reducing the market value and exportability. Research projects aiming
to tackle blight are in the pipeline. On an average rupee 1,90,000/ha is
the cost for establishment and rupee 25,000 maintenance with average
returns of rupee 1,20,000 to 1,40,000/ha. The payback period ranges
from 5 to 6 years having B:C ratio of 2.52 to 2.90 and IRR of 55 to
60%. Farmers have registered with GLOBALGAP certification and
follow AGMARK grading. Major markets are Mumbai, Nagpur,
Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Pune and Ahmedabad. An Agri
Export Zone has been established and research support is extended by
the National Research Centre for Pomegranate, Solapur, MPKV, Rahuri
in Maharashtra, whereas, UHS-Bagalkot and IIHR-Bangalore in
Karnataka support farmers. The government of Karnataka is setting up a
Centre of Excellence and Cold chain facility in Bagalkot (Karnataka)
and an export facility centre is being set up in Baramati with
mechanical handling system. The growth rate in the production and
export of pomegranate during the post-WTO period were higher than
the pre-WTO. Direction of trade indicated that Saudi Arabia and UAE
were the stable importers. A number of measures are taken for
enhancing competitiveness. Efforts are needed to popularize Indian
 pomegranates in Canada, the USA, South America, Australia, Korea,
Japan, etc. through fairs, exhibitions, etc.

Key Words : Pomogranate, Export of Pomogranate, Cold Chain

Facility.

INTRODUCTION:

The pomegranate fruit has very good potential for export due to its large use of
decoration, use of fresh kernels (arils) for garnishing and for consumption as fresh
fruit because of its nutritive value. There is tremendous potential for export of
pomegranate from India and it is fact that India is largest producer of
pomegranates in the world. Moreover, India produces finest edible quality of
pomegranates which are available almost throughout the year. The major Markets
of India’s pomegranate during the year 2014-15 were UAE, Bangladesh,
Netherlands, UK, Saudi Arabia and Russia. To increase exports, it is necessary to
improve the quality at various stages from production, post-harvest, processing
and handling, storage and till it reaches the customers.
It is exported mainly to Gulf and SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation) countries. Its export to European countries has just started. India is
the largest producer of pomegranates in the world, but accounts only 7% share of
total world exports. At present as excellent cultivars with good quality fruits are
available India can supply almost throughout the year and can become a good
player in its export. Spain exports pomegranates from September to December
months which decrease from January onwards. Major exports from Spain are to
European Union. Iran exports are mainly to Gulf countries and supplies are at peak
during October-December and it decreases from January onwards. In India, its
peak production is during December-March and continues up to April-June. Thus,
India can export pomegranates from February to June months when there will be
no competition from Spain. In this context, the present study is undertaken with
the aim to study performance of Pomegranate export from India.

DATA FOR PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF

POMOGRANATE TO DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.:

Table 1: Area and Production of Major Pomegranate Growing States in India

during 2012-13 to 2014-15.
(Area in '000 ha, Production in '000 Tons)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Sl. Share Share Share Share Share Share
States
No. Area Production Area Production Area Production %
% % % % %
1 Maharashtra 78.00 68.87 408.00 54.77 90.00 68.82 945.00 70.22 99.14 69.26 1197.71 66.94
2 Karnataka 15.10 13.33 150.30 20.18 16.62 12.71 134.18 9.97 19.04 13.30 261.82 14.63
3 Gujarat 7.40 6.53 79.02 10.61 9.38 7.17 99.33 7.38 9.38 6.55 171.66 9.59
Andhra
4 6.20 5.47 62.01 8.32 6.00 4.59 90.01 6.69 5.85 4.09 76.69 4.29
Pradesh
5 Telangana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 1.32 25.97 1.93 2.06 1.44 33.52 1.87
Madhya
6 2.16 1.91 23.00 3.09 2.38 1.82 25.29 1.88 2.62 1.83 28.00 1.56
Pradesh
7 Tamil Nadu 0.38 0.34 11.90 1.60 0.40 0.31 13.09 0.97 0.42 0.29 12.19 0.68
8 Others 4.02 3.55 10.72 1.44 4.26 3.26 12.85 0.95 4.65 3.25 7.72 0.43
 Total 113.25 100.00 744.96 100.00 130.77 100.00 1345.72100.00 143.14 100.00 1789.31100.00

Considering its production potential there is a need to understand its export

prospects. It is also observed that Maharashtra state contributes highest part in
respect to area and production of major pomegranate growing states in India
during 2012-13 to 2014-15 followed by Karnataka and Gujarat.
Production and export details of pomegranate from India during 2006-07 to 2013-
14 are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Export of Pomegranate from India (2006-07 to 2013-14)

Production Export Quantity +

Export as %
Year Exported
2006-07 839650 2.6
2007-08 884129 35175.17 4.0
2008-09 807173 34811.21 4.3
2009-10 820970 33415.08 4.1
2010-11 743090 18181.30 2.4
2011-12 772450 30023.29 3.8
2012-13 744950 35970.60 4.8
2013-14 1345710 31328.29 2.3
2014-15 1789310 20997.02 1.2
Table 2 reveals that the production of pomegranate in India during 2006-07 was
about 839650 tons and quantity exported was about 21670.43 tons accounting for
2.6 per cent of production. During the year 2010-11 the production was about
743090 tons and the quantity exported was 18181.30 tons accounting for 2.4 per
cent of production which was increased during the year 2011-12 with production
of 772450 tons and correspondingly the export was 30023.29 tons (3.8 %). It is
also observed from the table that in the recent years up to 2012-13 in tune with the
increase in production there was an increase in the quantity exported, but in the
year 2013-14 production was increased 1345710 tons but per cent export was
declined up to 2.3 percent. A similar finding has been observed in the year 2014-15
also.

Table 3: Transitional Probability Matrix of Pomegranate Export from India

during 2006 to 2015.

Countries UAE Netherland UK Saudi Arab Bangladesh Russia Others

UAE 0.83811 0.00000 0.05085 0.05451 0.02692 0.00000 0.02961
Netherland 0.00000 0.55988 0.35251 0.00000 0.07080 0.01681 0.00000
UK 0.00000 0.54767 0.00876 0.19243 0.00000 0.25113 0.00000
Saudi Arab 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.08364 0.00000 0.00000 0.91636
Bangladesh 0.57892 0.00000 0.00408 0.00000 0.16669 0.25032 0.00000
Russia 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000
 Others 0.44030 0.00000 0.00000 0.03927 0.03182 0.00000 0.48860

The trade direction has been explored by Markov chain analysis using export value
data from the period of 2006 to 2015. The transitional probability matrix has
worked out by using the triennium average which provides a broad indication of
change in the direction of pomegranate export from India to six major countries
importing pomegranate namely, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Netherland, United
Kingdom (UK), Saudi Arab, Bangladesh and Russia has been presented in Table 3.
The exports to remaining countries are aggregated under ‘others’ category. The
row elements in the transitional probability matrix provide the information on the
extent of loss in market share on account of competing countries.

CONCLUSION:

UAE is one of the stable importers of Indian pomegranate as reflected by high

probability of retention at 0.83811. Netherland and other countries are able to
retain their probability of retention at 0.55988 and 0.48860 respectively. There is a
potential to increase its export as currently India is exporting less than 5.00% of its
production. Though sales channels of the pomegranate are currently directed all
over the world, due to their origin, they are mostly consumed in the Middle and
Far East as well as in Mediterranean countries and the United Kingdom.
Consumption is dispersed and slow to take off, as western consumers consider it as
exotic and difficult to eat. The Markov-Chain Analysis for pomegranate indicates
high dependence on a few export markets viz., Middle-east which will increase the
trade risk in the long run. Therefore, appropriate export promotion policies need to
be evolved to diversify the trade concentration to other countries and also to find
new markets besides expanding the existing markets in major importing countries.
This crop has good commercial potential and the area under this crop is
significantly increasing in the study area. India is one of the leading countries in
pomegranate production and at present, it is being cultivated in more than one lakh
hectare area. The major pomegranate growing states in India are Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh etc.
The present status of pomegranate production in India during the year 2012-13 to
2014-15 is described and observed that pomegranate is being cultivated in India in
an area of 143.14 thousand hectares with a production of 1789.31 thousand tons in
2014-15. It is mainly cultivated in Maharashtra followed by Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh and Gujarat states. Maharashtra is the leading state in the cultivation of
pomegranate (99.14 hectares) with a production of 1197.71 thousand tones and
contributing 66.94 percent to the country’s production in the year 2014-15.

REFERENCE:
• Angles, S., Sundar, A. and Chinnadurai, M. 2011. Impact of
globalization on production and export of turmeric in India – An economic
analysis, Agric. Econ. Res. Review, 24: 301-308.
• Bhosale, S.S., Mali, B.K., Shendage, P.N. and Kasar, D.V. 2004.
Present Status and Export Potentials of Grapes in India. Indian J. Agric.
Mktg., 60(11): 723-732.
• Dent, W.T. 1967. Application of Markov Analysis to International
Wool Flows, Review of Economics and Statistics, 49(2): 613-616.
• Hugar, L.B. 2002. Onion export markets and their stability for
increasing Indian’s exports: Markov Chain approach, Artha Vikas. Journal
of Economic Development, 38(1): 1-9.
• Kusuma, D.K. and Basavaraja, H. 2014. Stability analysis of mango
export markets of India: Markov Chain approach, Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,
27(1): 36-39.
• Naik, V.R. and Hosamani, S.B. 2013. Growth and export dimensions
of Indian turmeric, Int. Res. J. Agric. Econ. Stat., 4(1): 91-97.
• Nethrayini, K.R., Naik, V.R., Mallikarjun, H.B. and Siddayya, S.
2012. Export performance of rice in India, Res. J. Agric. Sci., 3(2): 513-516.

GRAPES:

ABSTRACT:
Grape (Vitis venifera) is one of the most delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits.
It is universally consumed as table fruit and ripen grapes are easily digestible.The
present paper attempts to quantify the changing structure of Indian fresh grape
exports. Data for analysis were obtained from the various published issues for a
period of 10 years from 2001-02 to 2010-11. Compound growth rate (C.G.R.) was
computed for grape production, area, yield, export quantity and export value over
the years. The Markov chain analysis was attempted to assess the transition
probabilities for the major grape markets. The major export markets for Indian
grapes are Bangladesh (35.42 %), Netherlands (21.5%), U.K. (13.85 %), U.A.E.
(10.87%) and Germany (3.01 %). The major Indian grape export markets were
categorized as stable markets (Bangladesh, U.A.E, Netherlands) and unstable
markets (Germany, U.K.) based on the magnitude of transition probabilities.

KEY WORDS : Compound growth rate, Structural change, Direction of

trade, Markov chain

INTRODUCTION:

India has been a predominantly agrarian economy since time immemorial. The
development efforts over the last few decades have doubtlessly strengthened our
industrial base. However, agriculture continues to be the mainstay of our economy
and even today as more than 67 per cent of population depends on it. The
production of fruits and vegetables has vital importance as it provides three to four
times more cash income than cereals per unit of land. Fruits and vegetables are the
prime source of vitamins and minerals without which human body cannot maintain
proper health to resist diseases. Indian Council of Medical Research has
recommended the consumption of atleast 92 grams of fruits per head per day. On
the contrary, the per capita consumption of fruits in India is only 46 grams per day.
India is the second largest producer of fruits after China and ranks first in
production of mango, banana, guava, limes and lemon. India has made a fairly
good progress in production of fruits and vegetables.

Grape is a fruiting berry of the deciduous woody vines of the botanical genus
Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or they can be used for making wine, jam, juice,
jelly, grape seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Grapes are a
nonclimacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters. Grape (Vitis venifera)
is one of the most delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits. It is universally
consumed as table fruit and ripen grapes are easily digestible. They are rich in
energy giving sugars and some useful minerals like phosphorus, iron and vitamins
like B1 and B2. Majority of grape produced in the world is pressed for wine making
(80%), nearly 10 per cent for raisin making, hardly 5 per cent is used as table
grapes and remaining 5 per cent is used as unfermented beverage. Grapes are also
processed into products like raisins, juice and jellies. Grape juice is a refreshing
drink, a stimulant to kidneys and also as a laxative.

DATA FOR PRODUCTION, SUPPLY AND EXPORT

DESTINATIONS FOR GRAPES.

The estimated growth rates of area, production and productivity of grapes in

India and export quantity and export value for the period 2001-02 to 2010-11 are
depicted in Table 1. The results revealed that area (9.25 %) was growing at a
positive rate, while production (-0.31 %) and productivity (-8.75 %) of grapes were
found to be decelerating. This negative growth in production and productivity of
grapes may be due to poor management practices by the producers. The study also
depicted the growth in the value of export that was increasing at 23.82 per cent per
annum and quantity of export was increasing at 25.95 per cent per annum.
Compared to production, export of grapes was growing at a positive and significant
growth. Growth in value of export was found to be very high indicating good
potential and higher profit for Indian grapes. These results are in line with findings
of Ramachandra (2006).
Table 2 depicts the production and export of grapes from India. Production has
increased from 11.84 lakh mt in 2001-02 to 18.78 lakh mt in 2008-09 with a
growth rate of 6.32 per cent per annum but it has declined to 12.35 lakh mt in
2010-11. The export of fresh grapes of about 14606 mt out of 11.84 lakh mt of
fresh grapes produced was seen in 2001-02 in India. Thus, it was only 1.23 per cent
of total grapes produced in 2001-02. Thereafter the export of fresh grapes from
India grew at the compound growth rate of 25.95 per cent and the extent of fresh
grapes export in India also has been increasing continuously. At present (2010-11)
93,685 mt of fresh grapes are exported from the production of 12.35 lakh mt,
which accounts 7.59 per cent of fresh grapes produced. In 2009-10, the share was
the all time highest in, which was of about 13.50 per cent.
The quantum of export, value of export and unit value have been represented in
Table 3. There was not a uniform change in quantum of export, value of export and
unit value. In export quantity declined in 2010-11 (-21.20%), in 200910 it was
almost zero (0.17%) and in remaining years and it was positive over the respective
previous years. In value of export of grapes, there was decline over previous years
seen in 2003-04 (-3.83 %) and 2010-11 (-14.64 %). But in unit value of export, the
decline over previous years was noticed in 2003-04 (-7.84 %), 2004-05 (-17.41 %),
2006-07 (11.48 %), 2007-08 (-6.75 %) and 2008-09 (-5.97%). The trend in both
quantity of export of grapes and value of export was found to be very uneven.
Table 1: Compound growth rates of export of fresh grapes
from
India during 2001-02 to 2010-11
Sr. Particulars 2001-02 2010-11 CGR (%)
No
1. Area ( 000 ha) 47.50 111.00 9.25

2. Production 1184.20 1235.00 -0.31

 (000 mt)
3. Productivity 24.90 11.10 -8.75
(mt/ha)
4. Quantity of 14606.00 93685.27 25.95
export (mt)
Value of export
5. 6020.60 37144.16 23.82
(Lakhs)

Table 2: Production and export of grapes in

India during 2001-02
to 2010-11
Production Export Share of
export to
Year (000MT) (MT) production (%)

2001-02 1184.20 14606.00 1.23

2002-03 1247.80 25666.52 2.06
2003-04 1474.80 26783.83 1.82
2004-05 1564.70 39338.95 2.51
2005-06 1649.60 54049.86 3.28
2006-07 1685.00 85897.78 5.10
2007-08 1735.00 96963.57 5.59
2008-09 1878.00 118692.96 6.32
2009-10 880.70 118894.85 13.50
2010-11 1235.00 93685.27 7.59

Table 3: Export quantity, value and unit value of grapes from India during 2001-02 to
2010-11
Export quantity Export value Unit value
Year Mt Per cent change Lakhs Per cent Rs./kg. Per cent
change change
2001-02 14606.00 - 6020.60 - 41.22 -
2002-03 25666.52 75.73 11010.16 82.87 42.90 4.07
2003-04 26783.83 4.35 10588.81 -3.83 39.53 -7.84
2004-05 39338.95 46.88 12844.57 21.30 32.65 -17.41
2005-06 54049.86 37.40 21460.85 67.08 39.71 21.61
 2006-07 85897.78 58.92 30192.45 40.69 35.15 -11.48
2007-08 96963.57 12.88 31782.51 5.27 32.78 -6.75
2008-09 118692.96 22.41 36582.99 15.10 30.82 -5.97
2009-10 118894.85 0.17 43516.35 18.95 36.60 18.75
2010-11 93685.27 -21.20 37144.16 -14.64 39.65 8.33

Table 4: Destination -wise growth rates in export of fresh grapes from India during 2001-02
to 2010-11
Export CGR (% Pa)
Destinations share
(%) Quantity Value Unit
Netherlands 21.5 35.56 39.78 3.12
Bangladesh 35.42 78.96 82.56 2.02
Germany 3.01 10.58 9.34 -1.12
UK 13.85 7.8 9.98 2.01
UAE 10.87 9.54 11.06 1.39
Others 15.35 23 26.33 2.7
Total 25.95 23.82 -47.39

Destination-wise, Indian grapes are shown in Table 4. The major importers of

Indian grapes are Bangladesh (35.42%), Netherlands (21.5%), U.K. (13.85%),
U.A.E. (10.87%), Germany (3.01%) and others (15.35%). The top five countries
accounted for 84.65 per cent of the India’s fresh grapes export. The quantity and
value export to Bangladesh was growing at the annual compound growth rate of
78.96 and 82.56 per cent, respectively. For Netherlands the growth was 35.56 per
cent in export quantity and 39.78 per cent in value. Even though the share of
Germany in export was only 3.01 per cent, it is growing at a faster rate (10.58%).
The analysis showed that, there is a greater potentiality to export and earn foreign
exchange by exporting grapes to Bangladesh, Netherlands and Germany.
Moreover, there is a good scope and potentiality of Indian grapes to earn maximum
foreign exchange from European countries.
The transitional probability matrix presented in Table 5 provides a broad
indication of changes in the direction of export of fresh grapes from India for the
study period (200102 to 2010-11). The major Indian fresh grapes importing
countries were Netherlands, Bangladesh, Germany, UK, UAE and all other
importing countries were grouped under the category of the other countries. The
row elements in the transitional probability matrix provide the information on the
extent of loss in trade, on account of competing countries. The columns element
indicates the probability of gains in volume of trade from other competing
countries and the diagonal element indicates probability of retention of the
previous year’s trade volume by the respective country.

GRAPES EXPORT HIGHLIGHT:

Bangladesh and UAE are the most stable market among the major importers of
Indian grapes as reflected by the probability of retention of 80 and 85 per cent,
respectively. The unstable markets among the importing countries are U.K.,
Germany and other countries with the least retention of percentage. Netherlands
retained 74 per cent of total export from India. These results are in line with
findings of Kumar et al., (2007) and Mokashi (2012).
The market share projections of Indian fresh grapes exports to the major
importing countries are computed up to 2013-14 using the transitional probability
matrix. The actual and predicted values of Indian grapes exports to major
importers from 2001-02 to 2010-11 and also projections up to 2013-14. The actual
share of Bangladesh in fresh grapes export had shown fluctuation over the study
period (2001-02 to 2010-11) on the whole it had increased from 1.70 per cent to
40.62 per cent. Similar picture was in prediction of export share too, where the
increase was from 3.75 per cent to 34.67 per cent.
Regarding Netherlands, the actual and predicted export share showed
fluctuations from 9.33 per cent to 18.87 per cent and 12.52 per cent to 27.01 per
cent respectively from2001-02 to 2010-11. The actual proportion of U.A.E. market
share of imports from India showed a decreasing trend from 33.07 per cent to
10.19 per cent. The predicted export share also decreased from 28.37 per cent to
7.39 per cent over the study. Regarding Germany, the actual and predicted
proportion of exports showed increasing trend upto 2006-07 and later a decreasing
trend. With regard to U.K., the actual market share of India’s fresh grapes exports
showed a decrease from 34.52 per cent to
8.06 per cent but there was increase in predicted export from 3.20 per cent to 14.78
per cent. The actual and predicted proportion of exports share of India’s grapes
exports to other countries maintained a range between 19.47 per cent to 21.47 per
cent and 2.61 per cent to 1.40 per cent. It appears that India needs to strive to
improve its export shares to these three major importers by improving upon the
quality of grapes exports and also by improving the yield levels.
 CONCLUSION:
The major producers of grapes are China, Italy, USA, Spain, France, Turkey,
Chile, Argentina, Iran and India. The major exporters are Chile, USA, Turkey,
South Africa, Italy, Mexico Spain, Peru, Brazil and Greece. The major export
markets for Indian grapes are Bangladesh (35.42%), Netherlands (21.5%), U.K.
(13.85%), U.A.E. (10.87%), Germany (3.01%) and others (15.35%). These five
countries accounted for 84.65 per cent of the India’s fresh grapes export. India
stood at 15th place and contributes 1.46 per cent in world’s fresh grapes export.
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