THE EFFECT OF EXPIRED IBUPROFEN ON ALUGBATI

(Basella alba Linn.) BASED ON PLANT HEALTH

A Research Paper Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
Basic Education Department, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

STEM Research Project

Jefferson Charles A. Arsenal

Gale Marie M. Cañete
Ma. Shaina Trina M. Limalima
Raphael Jireh T. Palma
Adrianne Aubrey Gayle R. Raden

May 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “THE EFFECT OF EXPIRED IBUPROFEN ON ALUGBATI

(Basella alba Linn.) BASED ON PLANT HEALTH” submitted by JEFFERSON
CHARLES ARSENAL, GALE MARIE CAÑETE, MA. SHAINA TRINA
LIMALIMA, RAPHAEL JIREH PALMA and ADRIANNE AUBREY GAYLE
RADEN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for STEM Research Project, has been
reviewed by the Panel of Examiners and is recommended for acceptance and approval.

VANBETH R. CAMSON, M.S. EVANGELIN D. PIANDONG, M.S.

Examiner Examiner

MICHAEL C. GUINITA
Adviser

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for STEM

RESEARCH PROJECT.

JOHN MICHAEL B. BASACA, M.S.

Research Coordinator, Senior High School–North Campus

RIZA MARIE A. ALFAFARA, MAT

Principal, Senior High School–North Campus
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

As technology progresses so does other trades that require the use of technology

which paves the way for modern innovation. One of these innovations is pharmaceutical

industries that are considered relevant in today's situation as it is a major source of

medical innovation. It has been rapidly growing all over the country throughout the past

few years. This may be a great achievement to some but it has been a great threat to the

human health and especially to the environment. Without proper medical waste

disposal, this hazardous material has the potential to do harm. They can spread disease,

impact the water supplies like rivers, lakes and wells, and in to the wildlife.

In this study, we will be using an over-the-counter (OTC) drug called Ibuprofen.

Ibuprofen is one of the most commonly used analgesic-antipyretic-anti-inflammatory

drug used today which is used to relieve symptoms of acute pain, inflammation, and

fever (Rainsford, 2009). The drug is usually part of pharmaceutical waste and is

therefore put in a treatment plant. However, Ibuprofen is not completely removed from

the wastewater treatment plants and may enter the soil thorough irrigation with

reclaimed water (González-Naranjo, Boltes, & Biel, 2013). Due to the pollutant

entering in the soil, Ibuprofen has harmful effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

(Andini, et al., 2012;Miège et al., 2009). In the study, the researchers will be using

expired ibuprofen. The effect of the ibuprofen when it degrades loses the efficacy of

the drug as it goes past its expiration date. Therefore, expired ibuprofen will be used in

this study as pharmaceutical wastes are not manage properly and according to a recent

statistics from the Senate of the Philippines, states that the generation of wastes in the

Philippines continue to rise as the country develops. The poorest areas have a high

likelihood of waste mismanagement and therefore leave the waste in rivers, esteros, and
other water bodies which will be irrigated to the soil with reclaimed water. In the study,

we will study the effects of ibuprofen by observing and measuring the health of the

plant which is alugbati (Basella alba).

Basella alba, or most commonly known in the Philippines as Alugbati, is found

in almost all areas in the Philippines most especially in settled areas, hedges and old

cultivated areas. Tropical countries such as Asia, Africa and Malaysia also have

Alugbati plant. Unlike other countries, Philippines only have two seasons which is the

wet season and the dry season and the B. alba is widely cultivated especially on rainy

seasons. In Philippines, B. alba is consumed as food because of its health benefits such

as reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke and cancer.

This is where our study comes in with its idea of using Basella alba as a way to

determine whether or not Ibuprofen is truly harmful to the plant if it reaches its expired

date. This may or may not pave the way to a better world where the environment is

comprised of positivity and the concept of negativity is considered superficial.

1.1 Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to determine the effects of expired Ibuprofen on Alugbati

(Basella alba Linn.) on plant health.

Specifically, this study intended to:

1.1 Observe the effect of expired ibuprofen to the height of B. alba; and

1.2 Determine the survivability of B. alba under chemical stress in soil in terms

of the number of leaves and phytotoxicity indicators.

1.2 Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be of great benefit to the following:

People who work in the Agricultural industry. This study will help them to be mindful

of the chemicals that they would apply into their crops.

2
People who work in the Pharmaceutical industry. The findings of this study will be a

significant endeavor in promoting awareness to the pharmaceutical industry that they

should be aware of their actions in how they would dispose the medicines and how it

will be a great threat to the human health and the environment.

General public. The results will provide adequate knowledge and will also serve as an

eye-opener to the public about the effects of the pharmaceutical wastes in the

environment.

Future researchers. This study will serve as a guide or reference for them in knowing

the effects of expired paracetamol into the environment and quite possible apply this

knowledge on other studies that involve plant health and soil quality.

1.3 Scope and Limitations

The study is focused on determining the effects of expired ibuprofen in varying

dosages on Alugbati (Basella alba L.) based on the plant health. The researchers are

given one semester to conduct the experiment and to compile and discuss on the results.

The study will be conducted only within the University of San Carlos - Talamban

Campus (USC-TC) and will utilize the facilities provided by the university. In the study,

the researchers will use the methods which are plant health test and phytotoxicity

determination test to determine the effects of the ibuprofen on the Alugbati.

3
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Alugbati (Basella alba L.)

The Alugbati (Basella alba L.) or Malabar spinach belongs to the family of

Basellaceae which is commonly grown as a backyard herb and a vigorous climbing vine

in warm climates. Alugbati is a succulent branched vine which rises to over several

meters in length. The alugbati also features green stems and deep green, fleshy, heart-

shaped leaves (StuartXChange, n.d). These crops are native to tropical Asia, probably

originating from India or Indonesia which implies that this vegetable is popular in

tropical and subtropical areas. The alugbati is a fast growing crop and can tolerate

extreme heat or rainfall (WorldCrops, 2019). As a matter of fact, alugbati is a common

market product that is quite popular as an ingredient for stew and is often used as a

substitute for spinach. It is very low in calories and fats to the point that 100 grams of

raw leaves results to just 19 calories (Basella (Malabar spinach) nutrition facts and

health benefits, n.d.). It is an excellent source of vitamin A, B, and C and is also a good

source of calcium and iron (StuartXChange, n.d). Another fact about alugbati is that it

is not only used in making delicious looking foods but can also be used as a dye for

coloring textiles and food preparations while the dye extract can also be used as an acid

or base indicator (Desciphearth, 2017). The alugbati is also known as a good

supplement of essential nutrients and an excellent source of vitamin A. Vitamin A is

required for maintaining a healthy mucus membrane and has also been known to offer

protection against lung and oral cavity cancers. Alugbati is commonly known to have

more vitamin C content which is a powerful antioxidant that helps the human body

develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-free radicals.

It is excellent source of iron that is required by the human body for the red blood cells
(RBC’s) production. It contains a good amount of many B-complex vitamins such as

folate, vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine) and riboflavin. Regular consumption of alugbati helps

prevent osteoporosis (weakness of bones), iron-deficiency anemia and it protects the

body from cardiovascular diseases and cancers of the colon (Basella (Malabar spinach)

nutrition facts and health benefits, n.d.). It is believed that Alugbati fights oxidative

stress, supports eye health, improves digestion, and it keeps the brain in perfect

condition (Picincu, 2018). Alugbati is not only known for nutritional uses but is also

used to make a natural food colorant while the fruit is commonly used by women as

cosmetics for cheeks and lips (StuartXChange, n.d).

2.2 Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and contains

antiplatelet effect. In the year 1961, Stewart Adams discovered that ibuprofen was

universally used as an anti-inflammatory drug. Its main purpose is to relieved and ease

symptoms of arthritis, fever, menstrual cramps and other body pain. Its purpose is to

prevent or block the making of prostaglandins which causes inflammation, swelling or

pain and that was also released by the brain and which causes fever and other substances

that the body releases in response to the injuries and illness. The World Health

Organization (WHO) integrates ibuprofen in the list of the minimum medical needs for

basic healthcare system known as “Essential Drugs List.” People who are sensitive to

aspirin or New South Wales (NSW) people who have or had peptic ulcer and people

who have severe heart failure are not advised to take ibuprofen because it might caused

them harm. Taking medicine oftenly have side effects to the body and by in taking

ibuprofen this are the possible effects that you might have: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting,

dyspepsia and pain in the stomach. The United States (U.S) Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) warned that some people might be allergic to some of the

5
ingredients of ibuprofen and might experience rashes, facial swelling and asthma. The

occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments and their possible

ecotoxicological effects to the non-target species has received much less attention

compared to other chemicals such as pesticides and heavy metals (Daughton, and

Ternes 1999, Cleuvers, 2004, Ali and Al-Qahtani, 2012). According to General Practice

Notebook, it says that ibuprofen is considered the mildest NSAID since it has the fewest

side effects and clinical used for a long time. Ibuprofen is not totally removed in

wastewater treatment plants and it may invade the soil by irrigation with reclaimed

water. Ibuprofen has a polar which is carboxyl (COOH) function group, but has the

non-polar alkyl groups and benzene ring which significantly lessens its polarity.

Therefore, ibuprofen is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents such as

ethanol, methanol, and the like. The fact that ibuprofen is not soluble in water makes it

harmful to the environment since a lot of pharmaceutical wastes are being thrown in

the water nowadays and which leads to the bigger problem of polluted land and water.

Pharmaceutical Industry are successful nowadays but not in terms of disposing their

wastes since not all medicines are soluble in water and needs a proper process on how

to dispose. The molecular structure of ibuprofen is C13H18O2.

2.3 Pharmaceutical wastes

Pharmaceutical wastes is not one single waste stream, but many distinct waste

streams that reflect the complexity and diversity of the chemicals that comprise

pharmaceuticals (HERC, 2006). It is the waste from drugs that are either unused drugs,

expired drugs or contaminated drugs that are no longer needed and are required to be

disposed of. On the other hand unused pharmaceuticals are either discharged to landfill,

put into septic tanks, tossed down the sink or dampened with reclaimed water. Although

hazardous pharmaceutical waste is governed by the strictest set of regulations under the

6
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act which states that any pharmaceutical waste

that is deemed hazardous must be handled just like any other hazardous waste you may

have, there are still several pharmaceutical waste areas that are considered hazardous

but are unknown to the government which causes unexpected contamination to the

environment (PEGEX, N.d). Because of this numerous individuals wrongly accept how

wastewater is handled and decide to focus on the treatment of plants and how these can

expel pharmaceutical waste from the wastewater; in any case, innovation around there

isn't propelled enough to do this at present. Regardless of what dimension of treatment

the wastewater is presented to, traditional wastewater treatment plants essentially can't

expel all hints of pharmaceuticals from our conduits and water sources. Based on

evaluations from pharmacies, 60% to 80% of those disposed drugs are the result of

either being flushed down the toilet or disposed with normal household waste (Heeke

and Günther, 1993).

2.4 Plant Health

There are different components that influence plant development such as

varieties within the amplitude and timing of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2

which have showed an affiliation with surface air temperature consistent with the theory

that hotter temperatures have advanced plant development amid summer and plant

respiration amid winter within the northern high latitudes (R.B. Myneni, C.D. Keeling,

C.J. Tucker, G. Asrar, R.R. Nemani, 1997). Plant development is constrained on one

hand by the factors present in the limiting of quantities and on other by the adversity

that they can endure, very often by factors present in excess. Extraordinary situations

put plants growing in them under different forms of physiological or biochemical stress,

and it is obvious that plants living in extraordinary situations must be able to endure the

physiological stresses imposed, and that selection pressures must be high (S,J,

7
Wainwright, 1981). Global change is considered a major event that will affect plant

health at the genetic, individual, population and landscape level with direct and indirect

effects that include ecosystem stress due to the shortage of natural resources as well as

increased frequency of natural detrimental phenomena (Marco Pautasso, Katharina

Dehnen‐Schmutz, Ottmar Holdenrieder, Stéphane Pietravalle, Nabeil Salama, Mike J.

Jeger, Eckart Lange, Sigrid Hehl‐Lange, 2010).

8
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Acquisition of the Materials Needed for the Experiment

The materials that we utilized in the investigation is 600mg Ibuprofen, which is

an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), that is expired for 4 years since 2015

and is procured through one of the researcher’s old medical cabinet. The alugbati

(Basella alba L.) was acquired at the garden located in Talamban, Cebu City. The

gardening pot that was bought and the soil that was used in the experiment which is an

ornamental soil from Barangay Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu.

3.2 Preparation of the Materials and Methods Used in the Experiment

In the preparation of this study, the Alugbati (Basella alba L.) which was the

subject of the study was transferred to a designated place where the researchers

conducted the tests. Afterwards, the Alugbati was placed in each of their respective pots

with uniform sizes and the same amount of soil which is marked by an indicator on the

pot. The 600mg expired ibuprofen is then pulverized into a fine powder and is weighted

by a digital weighing scale to 6g. Then the pulverized expired ibuprofen was mixed

meticulously together with the garden soil. In adding the pulverized expired ibuprofen,

each pot is given an equal amount of ibuprofen powder of 6g. There were three pots

allotted for the plant with pulverized expired ibuprofen and three pots for our control.

The plants were watered daily, twice a day, 6 in the morning and 6 in the evening which

will continue until a month of experimentation. The plant was protected from all the

possible insects because of the net.

3.3 Methods testing for Plant Health

3.3.1 Plant Growth Test.

In this test, we measured, monitored, and recorded the growth of Basella alba

from its original state and its state after in the span of a week. From the tip to the base

of the plant it was measured by using a standard 12” ruler. This process was done in

three trials so as to give authenticity and reliability to the experiment. The results was

used to compute for the mean and standard deviation of the outcome. The

experimentation is finished when there are visible signs of degradation or death on the

specimen until the allotted time of experimentation which is one month will then the

experimentation end.

3.3.2 Phytotoxicity Determination Test.

Each of the samples was placed in their respective pots and is planted on the

soil incorporated with 6g ibuprofen powder. Proper handling and storage of the

phytotoxic material and was necessary in determining the purity and stability of the test

samples. After two to three weeks, monitoring and observation of the test samples was

done to ascertain its effects. Phytotoxicity determination test can monitor

morphological and physiological abnormalities. Abnormalities may appear after the

delivery of the expired paracetamol to the plant or as the plant continues to develop.

The signs that we will be able to identified to be phytotoxic to the specimen was based

on the table below. In the experimentation, we observed the color of the plant itself and

the number of leaves it had after the allotted 1 month of experimentation as well as prior

to the experiment in order to compare the different data in the results.

10
 Table 1. Examples of Phytotoxic Signs
PHYTOTOXIC SIGNS DESCRIPTION

Abnormal pigmentation Color development in the leaf is not usually

associated with species development

Death Plant dies

Necrosis Local areas of dead tissue occurring on

leaves, stems, etc.

Reduced growth Growth of plants or plant parts is lesser in

contrast to control

11
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 2. Height of the specimen after experimentation

Height Mean Standard
Deviation
Trial 1 2 3

Expired 12.5 in 11.5 in 11.3 in 11.8 in 0.68

Control 8.5 8 9 8.5 in 0.50

Table 3. Number of leaves present on the specimens after experimentation Commented [MG1]: Where is the table?

After the experimentation, the potted specimens were taken out of their

respective pots to be measured for the plant growth test in order to observe its effects

on the specimen. As shown in Table 2. , the plant which was applied with expired

ibuprofen has reached surprising levels in terms of height seeing as the normal growth

rate of Basella alba only developed to about 8-9 inches at most. This indicated that it

could possibly lead to the decreased cultivation of the Basella alba which could affect

its fruit production. After the plant underwent a boost to its growth, it suddenly withered

away and although it was not shown, the lateral growth of the plant decreased. This

gave us reason to assume that as the plant’s lateral growth decreases so does its life

force. This may be due to it not having enough nutrients or water to sustain it which

results in an early death. On another note, Table 3 portrays the number of leaves

produced by the plant applied with ibuprofen which clearly shows how harmful

ibuprofen is to a plant. This variable acted as an indicator for the phytotoxic signs

presented after experimentation and sees if the drug does have any effect on the

specimen’s survivability. By observing the table above clearly, we can surmise that it
may be possible to reduce the growth of Basella alba or cause it to wither which can be

considered as a huge detriment to the plant. Commented [MG2]: Where are the captions? What do
the blue and red bars represent?
In gathering data for signs of phytotoxicity, the specimens were laid down and Commented [MG3]: What is the figure number for this
one?
are compared to one another.

13
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

The study aimed to understand the toxicity of pharmaceuticals, specifically

pharmaceutical wastes and its effect on the environment. In understanding this

objective, the researchers were able to identify the factors that affects plant health and

in turn applied the knowledge gained to secure the environmental safety, measures and

procedures. The specimen used in the study was Alugbati (Basella alba L.) which was

potted in agricultural soil incorporated with powdered ibuprofen. The specimen was

measured by its height and the number leaves present in the alugbati.

The results of the experiment were then interpreted and treated through a single

factor ANOVA test. The findings in the experiment showed that of the three variables,

the expired ibuprofen made the most significant impact on the specimen. The expired

ibuprofen also showed an increase in apical growth than the other variable but also

showed decreased lateral growth and resulted in the death of the specimen. The data

presented answers to the statement of the problem and its objectives which is to

determine the effects of ibuprofen on the specimen.

5.2 Conclusions

The study illustrates the effects of expired ibuprofen and not expired ibuprofen

towards the plant health of the Alugbati in terms of plant growth and phytotoxicity.

Although the chlorophyll was not tested/ experimented on, the results were still ideal

so we decided to disregard it. After careful observation, we have deduced that expired

ibuprofen is indeed harmful to the plant. Though it gives a temporary boost to its apical

growth, the lateral growth is reduced which in turn leads to the death of the plant. This
is due to the fact that it does not possess enough strength to absorb the nutrients or

sunlight around it. Thus we conclude that without further research done on the study, it

is unsafe to apply ibuprofen into the environment.

5.3 Recommendations

Below stated are the following recommendations offered to help the future

researchers and as well as to help ensure the viability of the study.

1. We recommend the future researchers to use the same brand of ibuprofen.

2. We also recommend the future researchers to do the chlorophyll test.

3. We recommend the future researchers to do the same study but in different

plant.

4. We recommend the future researchers to weigh the soil that they will be using

in the experiment.

5. We recommend the future researchers to use another soil aside from the one

that we used which is an ornamental soil.

6. We recommend the future researchers to use a different medicine.

7. We recommend the future researchers to test the different concentrations of

the Ibuprofen.

15
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WorldCrops. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://worldcrops.org/crops/malabar-spinach

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 APPENDICES
Appendix-A: Letter for consent with regards to laboratory use.

March 15, 2019

MS. MARIE KRISTIE B. REYES, R. CH

Head of USC Water Laboratory
University of San Carlos—Talamban Campus, Cebu

Dear Ms. Reyes,

Good day!
We are the Grade 12 Senior High students from block S11. We are currently working
on our Research Capstone Project entitled “THE EFFECT OF EXPIRED
IBUPROFEN ON ALUGBATI (Basella alba Linn.) BASED ON PLANT
HEALTH”. Our study entails the use of the Water Laboratory on March 18, 2019
(Monday). We hope to use the facility from 8:30 a.m to 10:00 a.m. We will handle all
materials and apparatus carefully.
Your permission to use the lab will be of great help for us to conduct and finish on time
as a requirement for Research 03 in the Basic Education Department. For any inquiries,
we may be reached through mobile number (09562944774) or email
([email protected]).
Hoping for your kind consideration.
Sincerely,

Jefferson Charles A. Arsenal Gale Marie M. Cañete Ma. Shaina

Trina M. Limalima
USC ID: 17100965 USC ID: 17101024 USC ID:
17100841

Adrianne Aubrey Gayle R. Raden Raphael Jireh

Palma
USC ID: 17101109 USC ID:
17100636

Noted by:

Mr. Michael C. Guinita Mr. John Michael B.

Basaca, M.S Research Advisor Research
Coordinator

Ms. Riza Marie Alfafara

Senior High Principal Commented [MG4]: adjust

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Appendix-B: Budget Chart

Items/Particulars Quantity Amount (Php)

Soil 5 kilos 800

Ibuprofen (expired) 42 tablets 500

Ibuprofen (not expired) 50 tablets 520

Spray Bottles 1 40

Pot 12 300

Travel/Transportation --- 500

Expenses

Alugbati 12 pcs. 60

Net 1 pc. 100

TOTAL 2,820

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Appendix-D: Documentations
A. MATERIALS

Not expired Ibuprofen

Expired Ibuprofen
Ornamental Soil
Alugbati
Potting Soil

B. RESULTS
Alugbati mixed with expired Ibuprofen

Control Variable
Alugbati mixed with Not-expired Ibuprofen

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Jefferson Charles A. Arsenal

Contact No. 09958320868
Email Address: [email protected]
Senior High School Student in the University of San Carlos (North Campus)
Blk. 31 no. 8, Tupaz Street, Poblacion, Danao City, Cebu
6004

PERSONAL PROFILE
Name: JEFFERSON CHARLES A. ARSENAL Age: 18
Gender: Male Status: Single
Date of Birth: December 18, 2000 Place of Birth: Federated
States of Micronesia
Current Address: Blk. 31 no. 8, Tupaz Street, Poblacion, Danao City, Cebu

EDUCATION
Grade School:
Precious Jewel Child Development Center
Suba, Danao City, Cebu
2006-2013
Secondary Education:
San Roque College de Cebu
Yati, Lilo-an, Cebu
2013-2017
Senior High School:
University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2017-2019

22
 Gale Marie M. Cañete
Contact No. 09562944774
Email Address:[email protected]
Senior High School Student in the University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

PERSONAL PROFILE
Name: GALE MARIE M. CAÑETE Age: 18
Gender: Female Status: Single
Date of Birth: September 21, 2000 Place of Birth: Bantayan
Island
Current Address: Canduman, Mandaue City

EDUCATION

Grade School:
Silvino Y. Du. Sr. Memorial School Inc.
Bantigue, Bantayan, Cebu
2007-2013
Secondary Education:
Saint Paul Academy
Suba, Bantayan, Cebu
2013-2017
Senior High School:
University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2017-2019

23
 Ma. Shaina Trina M. Limalima
Contact No. 09397407306
Email Address: [email protected]
Senior High School Student in the University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

PERSONAL PROFILE
Name: MA. SHAINA TRINA M. LIMALIMA Age: 18
Gender: Female Status: Single
Date of Birth: July 02, 2000 Place of Birth: Cebu City
Current Address: Orel, Banilad, Mandaue City

EDUCATION

Grade School:
Subangdaku Elementary School
597 Lopez Jaena St, Mandaue City, 6014 Cebu
2007-2013
Secondary Education:
Saint Louis College-Cebu
Sudlon, Maguikay, Mandaue City
2013-2017
Senior High School:
University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2017-2019

24
 Raphael Jireh T. Palma
Contact No. 09084880605
Email Address: [email protected]
Senior High School Student in the University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

PERSONAL PROFILE

Name: RAPHAEL JIREH T. PALMA Age: 18

Gender: Male Status: Single
Date of Birth: October 12, 2000 Place of Birth: Cebu City
Current Address: 105-A Buhisan Road, Buhisan, Cebu City

EDUCATION

Grade School:
Ozamiz City SDA Elementary School
Bernad Avenue, Ozamiz City
2006-2013
Secondary Education:
La Salle University - Integrated School
Valconcha Str., Brgy. Aguada, Ozamiz City
2013-2017
Senior High School:
University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2017-2019

25
 Adrianne Aubrey Gayle R. Raden
Contact No. 09661626881
Email Address: [email protected]
Senior High School Student in the University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

PERSONAL PROFILE
Name: ADRIANNE AUBREY GAYLE R. RADEN Age: 18
Gender: Female Status: Single
Date of Birth: January 26, 2001 Place of Birth: Cebu City
Current Address: Haniyyah Homes Block 8 Lot 44 Phase 2, Maya st. Babag 1, Lapu-
Lapu City

EDUCATION

Grade School:
St. Alphonsus Catholic School
Dimataga Rd., Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City,
2006-2013
Secondary Education:
St. Alphonsus Catholic School
Dimataga Rd., Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City,
2013-2017
Senior High School:
University of San Carlos (North Campus)
General Maxilom Avenue, Camputhaw, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2017-2019

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