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Openintro Statistics, 3Rd Edition: Test Yourself: Give One Example of Each Type of Variable You Have Learned

This document outlines 9 learning objectives for understanding key statistical concepts: 1) Identifying variables as numerical/categorical and continuous/discrete/ordinal. 2) Defining associated variables and categorizing their relationship. 3) Defining independent variables. 4) Identifying explanatory and response variables. 5) Classifying studies as observational or experimental and determining generalizability and causation. 6) Questioning confounding variables and sources of bias. 7) Distinguishing between simple random, stratified, and cluster sampling. 8) Identifying principles of experimental design like control and randomization. 9) Identifying if single or double blinding was used.

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Abhinav Bhargav
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45 views2 pages

Openintro Statistics, 3Rd Edition: Test Yourself: Give One Example of Each Type of Variable You Have Learned

This document outlines 9 learning objectives for understanding key statistical concepts: 1) Identifying variables as numerical/categorical and continuous/discrete/ordinal. 2) Defining associated variables and categorizing their relationship. 3) Defining independent variables. 4) Identifying explanatory and response variables. 5) Classifying studies as observational or experimental and determining generalizability and causation. 6) Questioning confounding variables and sources of bias. 7) Distinguishing between simple random, stratified, and cluster sampling. 8) Identifying principles of experimental design like control and randomization. 9) Identifying if single or double blinding was used.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Bhargav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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uggested reading: OpenIntro Statistics, 3rd edition, Chapter 1, Sections 1.1 - 1.

LO 1. Identify variables as numerical and categorical.

 If the variable is numerical, further classify as continuous or discrete based on whether or not
the variable can take on an infinite number of values or only non-negative whole numbers,
respectively.
 If the variable is categorical, determine if it is ordinal based on whether or not the levels have a
natural ordering.

LO 2. Define associated variables as variables that show some relationship with one another.
Further categorize this relationship as positive or negative association, when possible.

LO 3. Define variables that are not associated as independent.

Test yourself: Give one example of each type of variable you have learned.

LO 4. Identify the explanatory variable in a pair of variables as the variable suspected of affecting
the other, however note that labeling variables as explanatory and response does not guarantee
that the relationship between the two is actually causal, even if there is an association identified
between the two variables.

LO 5. Classify a study as observational or experimental, and determine and explain whether the
study’s results can be generalized to the population and whether the results suggest correlation
or causation between the quantities studied.

 If random sampling has been employed in data collection, the results should be generalizable to
the target population.
 If random assignment has been employed in study design, the results suggest causality.

LO 6. Question confounding variables and sources of bias in a given study.

LO 7. Distinguish between simple random, stratified, and cluster sampling, and recognize the
benefits and drawbacks of choosing one sampling scheme over another.

 Simple random sampling: Each subject in the population is equally likely to be selected.
 Stratified sampling: First divide the population into homogenous strata (subjects within each
stratum are similar, across strata are different), then randomly sample from within each strata.
 Cluster sampling: First divide the population into clusters (subjects within each cluster are non-
homogenous, but clusters are similar to each other), then randomly sample a few clusters, and
then randomly sample from within each cluster.

LO 8. Identify the four principles of experimental design and recognize their purposes: control
any possible confounders, randomize into treatment and control groups, replicate by using a
sufficiently large sample or repeating the experiment, and block any variables that might
influence the response.

LO 9. Identify if single or double blinding has been used in a study.


Test yourself:

1. Describe when a study’s results can be generalized to the population at large and when
causation can be inferred.
2. Explain why random sampling allows for generalizability of results.
3. Explain why random assignment allows for making causal conclusions.
4. Describe a situation where cluster sampling is more efficient than simple random or stratified
sampling.
5. Explain how blinding can help eliminate the placebo effect and other biases.

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