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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 4, Issue 11, November 2015

Computational Analysis of IEEE 57 Bus

System Using N-R Method
Pooja Sharma1 and Navdeep Batish2
1
M.Tech Student, Dept. of EE, Sri SAI Institute of Engineer &Technology, Pathankot, India
2
Assistant professor, Dept. of EE, Sri SAI Institute of Engineer &Technology, Pathankot, India

ABSTRACT: In this research work, the power flow problem, also called as the load flow problem, has been dealt with.
The load flow solution gives the complex voltages at all the buses and the complex power flows in the lines. To obtain
power flow solution, the most popular Newton-Raphson method is used. The method has been used to obtain power
flow solutions and is tested on IEEE 57- bus distribution system. In IEEE 57-bus system, , the total power generated
were 1278MW whereas the power demand were 1250MW thus a loss of 28 MW and the optimal cost ranges from
42.13$/MVA-hr to 46.83$/MVA-hr.

KEYWORDS: Power Analysis, Bus, Computation, MATPOWER.

I.INTRODUCTION
Load flow analysis has the significant importance in the study of power systems power. Power or load flow study deals
with the study of various quantities of the power systems such as real power, reactive power, and magnitude of voltage
and angle of voltage. Load flow study is done on a power system to ensure that generation supplies load and losses.
From load flow study, we can ensure that bus voltage should be near to the rated values and the generation operates
within real and reactive power limits. We can insure that transmission lines and transformers are not overloaded. The
objective of load flow analysis is in the planning stage of new networks, adding and erection of a new network to the
existing substation. It gives the nodal voltages and phase angles, power injection at all t the buses and power flows
through interconnecting power channels. It is helpful in determining the best location as well as optimal capacity of
proposed generating station, substation and new lines. It determines the voltage of the buses and keeps within the
closed tolerances. From the load flow analysis the location of maximum voltage variation can be obtained. Due to load
fluctuations during peak load conditions under voltage problems also will be present. But during some other load
conditions over voltage or over load conditions may occur. Many types of software are available for load flow analysis
of huge power system [1].
David I. Sun et al. (1984) proposed a classical optimal power flow problem with a non separable objective function can
be solved by an explicit Newton approach. With this approach efficient, robust solutions can be obtained for problems
of any practical size or kind. [2]. Paulo A. N. et al. (2000) presented a paper dealing with the formation of sparse matrix
formulation for the solution of unbalanced three-phase power systems using the Newton–Raphson method. The three-
phase current injection equations are written in rectangular coordinates resulting in an order 6n system of equations.
[3]. Ambriz-Perez (2002) presented advanced load flow models for the static VAr compensator (SVC). The models
takes into account the existing load flow (LF) and optimal power flow (OPF) Newton algorithms. In this paper focus is
laid on the new models depart from the generator representation of the SVC and are based instead on the variable shunt
susceptance concept. [4].
For carrying put load flow analysis, numbers of methods are available but the procedure involved is same for all and
the particular steps involved in load flow analysis are presented as:

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2015.0411050 8859

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

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Vol. 4, Issue 11, November 2015

Fig. 1 Steps for load flow analysis

Newton Raphson method is the best opted method for solving non-linear load flow equations [5]. The number of
iterations involved in Newton Raphson method is independent of number of buses considered, hence power flow
equations can be solved just in few iterations. Keeping in view all these advantages, Newton Raphson method is
popularly used for load flow studies in a power system [6]. In using Newton Raphson method, a direct solver is used to
solve the linear systems. Basically an iterative technique is used in this method for obtaining optimal power flow
solution.
Mathematical model for NR method
In application of the NR method, we have to first bring the equations to be solved, to the form f(x 1, x2...) =0 where x1,
x2…xn are the unknown variables to be determined. Let us assume that the power system has 1 n PV buses and 2 n PQ
buses. In polar coordinates the unknown variables to be determined are:
(i) θi, the angle of the complex bus voltage at bus i, at all the PV and PQ buses. This gives us n1+n2 unknown
variables to be determined.
(ii) Vi, the voltage magnitude of bus i, at all the PQ buses. This gives us 2 n unknown variables to be determined.
Therefore the total number of variables to be computed is n 1+2n2, for which n1+2n2 consistent equations needs to be
solved. The equations are as under;
∆𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖,𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 . − 𝑃𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑙 . = 0
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖,𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 . − 𝑄𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑙 . = 0

Where Pi,spec.= Specified active power at bus i

Qi,spec.= Specified reactive power at bus i
Pi, cal. = Calculated value of active power using voltage estimates.
Qi, cal .= Calculated value of reactive power using voltage estimates
ΔP = Active power residue
ΔQ = Reactive power residue
Using polar coordinate system, the voltage magnitude equation, the real and reactive power equations can be expressed
as:
Vi ∗ = Vi (cos θ + j sin θ)
n

Pi = Vi Vj (Gij cos θij + Bij sin θij )

j=1
n

Q i = Vi Vj (Gij cos θij − Gij sin θij )

j=1
Whereθij = θi − θj , which is the angle difference between buses i and bus j.

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The power flow equations can be expanded into Taylor series using Newton Raphson method as follows:
∆θ
∆P
= −J ∆V
∆Q
V
∆P H N ∆θ
=− −1
∆Q K L VD ∆V
∆P J1 J2
=
∆Q J3 J4

Where
∆P1
∆P2
∆P = .
.
∆Pn−1
∆Q1
∆Q 2
∆Q = .
.
∆Q m
∆θ1
∆θ2
∆θ = .
.
∆θn−1
∆V1
∆V2
∆V = .
.
∆Vm
V1 . .
VD = . V2 .
. . Vm
And
∂∆P i
H is a (n − 1) × (n − 1) matrix, and its element isHij = .
∂θ j
∂∆P i
N is a (n − 1) × m matrix, and its element is Nij = Vj .
∂V j
∂∆Q i
K is a m × (n − 1) matrix, and its element is K ij = .
∂θ j
∂∆Q i
L is an m × m matrix, and its element is Lij = Vj .
∂V j
These parameters are the defining one in forming Jacobian matrix and hence to perform load flow solution.
 Calculation of P cal. and Q cal. :

The real and reactive powers can be calculated using the following equations;
𝑛

𝑃𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑙 . = 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 (𝐺𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝐵𝑖𝑗 sin 𝜃𝑖𝑗 )

𝑗 =1

𝑛
2
𝑃𝑖 = 𝐺𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 (𝐺𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝐵𝑖𝑗 sin 𝜃𝑖𝑗 )
𝑗 =1

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𝑛

𝑄𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑙 . = 𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 (𝐺𝑖𝑗 sin 𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝐵𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃𝑖𝑗 )

𝑗 =1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 = −𝐵𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 2 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 (𝐺𝑖𝑗 sin 𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝐵𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃𝑖𝑗 )

𝑗 =1

The powers are computed at any (r+1)th iteration by using the voltages available from previous iteration. The elements
of the Jacobian are found using the above equations as:
IEEE 57 bus system
The standard IEEE 57-bus system consists of 80 transmission lines; seven generators at buses 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12; and 15
OLTC transformers. The reactive power sources are considered at bus no. 18, 25 and 53. Line data, bus data and the
minimum and maximum limits on control variables and dependent variables have been adapted from official IEEE
standards and values. The total system active and reactive power demands are 1250.8 p.u. and 336.4 p.u. on 100 MVA
base. The voltages of all load bus and generator bus have been constrained within limits of 0.94 p.u. to 1.06 p.u.

Fig. 2 Single-line diagram of the IEEE 57 bus test system [7].

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II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Tan et al. (2013) presented a paper applying the Newton-Raphson method based on current injection into the case of
distribution network. Firstly, the correction equations of these two methods have been derived and compared. The
Jacobian matrix of the traditional Newton-Raphson must be recalculated in each iteration, while the Newton-Raphson
method based on current injection only need recalculate the diagonal elements of its Jacobian matrix which mainly
consists of admittance matrix’s elements. It reduces the computation and makes the programming easier as well. Based
on these, their convergence properties have been derived. Both of them have the quadratic convergence; the only
difference is the coefficients. IEEE11bus system has been used to test this method, and compared with the traditional
Newton-Raphson method. The results show the Newton-Raphson (N-R) method based on current injection reliable and
effectively. The distribution network IEEE11 case shows that with the same initial values, the current injection methods
can convergent to the upper part of the PV curve, that is the stable solution of the system. The IEEE11 case indicates
the current injection method is more reliable than the traditional Newton-Raphson [8].
Wang et al. (2012) extended research on use of Newton Raphson method for load flow studies. The traditional
methods, such as electricity method, the RMS current method and so on, in the calculation in the process of line loss is
very dependent on load output curve of stationary condition. But power grid operation process load curve are changing.
Therefore, use common method to calculate the line loss there is greater error. However, use improved Newton's
method for grid loss calculation, because the data collection process of fully considering load change. The method to
calculate the power loss results more close to the statistical energy loss, so that can effectively control the size of
management energy loss. Therefore, this method can be used as a new method of distribution energy loss calculation
[9].
Bijwe et al. (2003) presents new non divergent constant Jacobian Newton power flow methods. Both coupled
and decoupled Jacobian versions have been developed. The non divergence feature of these methods is achieved
through application of optimal multiplier theory for step size adjustment control. In order to verify the effectiveness of
these methods results for four IEEE test systems, two Indian power systems and a famous 11-bus ill-conditioned
distribution system have been obtained and compared with those obtained with the corresponding versions of the
conventional power flows [10].

II.METHODOLOGY
In present study, load flow study of IEEE 57 bus system has been done using Newton Raphson load flow algorithm.
The MATPOWER software has been used to run the algorithm. To perform load flow analysis using Newton Raphson
load flow method, the algorithm developed is as follows:
To perform load flow analysis using Newton Raphson method, the algorithm developed is as follows:
Step 1: Form the nodal admittance matrix (Yij).
Step 2: Assume an initial set of bus voltage and set bus n as the reference bus as:
Vi= Vi, spec. ∠00 (at all PV buses)

Vi= 1∠00 (at all PQ buses)

Step 3: Calculate the real Power Pi using the load flow equation;

Pi  Gii Vi   Vi V j  Gij cos ij  Bij sin ij 

n
2

j 1

Step 4: Calculate the reactive Power Qi using the load flow equation;

Qi   Bii Vi   Vi V j  Gij sin ij  Bij cos ij 

n
2

j 1

Step 5: Form the Jacobian matrix using sub-matrices H, N K and L.

Step 6: Find the power differences ΔPi and Δ Qi for all i=1, 2, 3… (n-1);
∆𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖,𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 . − 𝑃𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑙 .
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖,𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 . − 𝑄𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑙 .
Step 7: Choose the tolerance values.

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Step 8: Stop the iteration if all ΔPi and ΔQi are within the tolerance values.
Step 9: Update the values of Vi and δi using the equation xk+1=xk+ Δxk.
In context to various steps involved in carrying out load flow studies with Newton Raphson method, following detailed
flow chart has been designed:

Fig. 3 Detailed flow chart of Newton Raphson load flow method.

III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Power flow results of IEEE 57 bus system include voltage magnitudes, active and reactive powers and various line
losses. The results obtained can be used to carry out further system studies. Various results obtained using
MATPOWER are shown in tables below.

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Table 1 Load flow results for IEEE 57-bus system using N-R method

Bus Voltage Generation Load

Mag(p.u) Ang(deg) P (MW) Q (MVAr) P (MW) Q (MVAr)
1 1.04 0.000 478.66 128.85 55 17
2 1.01 -1.188 0 -0.75 3 88
3 0.985 -5.988 40 -0.9 41 21
4 0.981 -7.337 - - - -
5 0.976 -8.546 - - 13 4
6 0.98 -8.674 0 0.87 75 2
7 0.984 -7.601 - - - -
8 1.005 -4.478 450 62.1 150 22
9 0.98 -9.585 0 2.29 121 26
10 0.986 -11.45 - - 5 2
11 0.974 -10.193 - - - -
12 1.015 -10.471 310 128.63 377 24
13 0.979 -9.804 - - 18 2.3
14 0.97 -9.35 - - 10.5 5.3
15 0.988 -7.19 - - 22 5
16 1.013 -8.859 - - 43 3
17 1.017 -5.396 - - 42 8
18 1.001 -11.73 - - 27.2 9.8
19 0.97 -13.227 - - 3.3 0.6
20 0.964 -13.444 - - 2.3 1
21 1.008 -12.929 - - - -
22 1.01 -12.874 - - - -
23 1.008 -12.94 - - 6.3 2.1
24 0.999 -13.292 - - - -
25 0.983 -18.173 - - 6.3 3.2
26 0.959 -12.981 - - - -
27 0.982 -11.514 - - 9.3 0.5
28 0.997 -10.482 - - 4.6 2.3
29 1.01 -9.772 - - 17 2.6
30 0.963 -18.72 - - 3.6 1.8
31 0.936 -19.384 - - 5.8 2.9
32 0.95 -18.512 - - 1.6 0.8
33 0.948 -18.552 - - 3.8 1.9
34 0.959 -14.149 - - - -
35 0.966 -13.906 - - 6 3
36 0.976 -13.635 - - - -

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37 0.985 -13.446 - - - -
38 1.013 -12.735 - - 14 7
39 0.983 -13.491 - - - -
40 0.973 -13.658 - - - -
41 0.996 -14.077 - - 6.3 3
42 0.967 -15.533 - - 7.1 4.4
43 1.01 -11.354 - - 2 1
44 1.017 -11.856 - - 12 1.8
45 1.036 -9.27 - - - -
46 1.06 -11.116 - - - -
47 1.033 -12.512 - - 29.7 11.6
48 1.027 -12.611 - - - -
49 1.036 -12.936 - - 18 8.5
50 1.023 -13.413 - - 21 10.5
51 1.052 -12.533 - - 18 5.3
52 0.98 -11.498 - - 4.9 2.2
53 0.971 -12.253 - - 20 10
54 0.996 -11.71 - - 4.1 1.4
55 1.031 -10.801 - - 6.8 3.4
56 0.968 -16.065 - - 7.6 2.2
57 0.965 -16.584 - - 6.7 2
Total: 1278.66 321.08 1250.8 336.4

Various load flow losses can also be computed using N-R method which is tabulated as below:

Load flow losses for IEEE 57 bus system using N-R method
Branch From To From Bus Injection To Bus Injection Power loss
Q
Bus Bus P (MW) Q (MVAr) P (MW) (MVAr) P (MW) Q (MVAr)
1 1 2 102.09 75 -100.77 -84.12 1.315 4.44
2 2 3 97.77 -4.64 -94.98 4.46 2.793 7.97
3 3 4 60.21 -8.18 -59.79 5.89 0.423 1.38
4 4 5 13.8 -4.43 -13.67 2.24 0.13 0.28
5 4 6 14.16 -5.09 -14.06 2.08 0.095 0.33
6 6 7 -17.78 -1.71 17.84 -0.62 0.066 0.34
7 6 8 -42.5 -6.56 43.15 5.22 0.644 3.29
8 8 9 178.03 19.83 -174.87 -9.12 3.157 16.1
9 9 10 17.17 -9.23 -17.04 5.58 0.133 0.6
10 9 11 12.9 2.07 -12.86 -3.99 0.047 0.16
11 9 12 2.55 -15.85 -2.45 8.64 0.104 0.47
12 9 13 2.32 -1.96 -2.31 -1.93 0.003 0.01

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13 13 14 -10.35 22.34 10.44 -23.1 0.087 0.29

14 13 15 -48.89 4.89 49.57 -4.91 0.681 2.2
15 1 15 148.99 33.79 -145.08 -23.9 3.905 19.96
16 1 16 79.25 -0.87 -76.61 7.08 2.638 11.97
17 1 17 93.34 3.94 -91.42 1.77 1.924 8.73
18 3 15 33.77 -18.19 -33.54 13.65 0.231 0.75
19 4 18 13.96 2.44 -13.96 -1.35 0 1.09
20 4 18 17.87 1.19 -17.87 0.18 0 1.37
21 5 6 0.67 -6.24 -0.66 5.07 0.01 0.02
22 7 8 -77.94 -12.41 78.83 15.05 0.89 4.56
23 10 12 -17.6 -20.09 17.79 17.65 0.186 0.85
24 11 13 -9.93 -4.39 9.95 2.68 0.026 0.09
25 12 13 -0.49 60.35 1.18 -64.1 0.696 2.27
26 12 16 -33.4 8.82 33.61 -10.0 0.212 0.96
27 12 17 -48.46 9.17 49.42 -9.77 0.957 4.32
28 14 15 -68.84 -9.6 69.71 10.98 0.875 2.8
29 18 19 4.63 1.39 -4.53 -1.23 0.108 0.16
30 19 20 1.23 0.63 -1.22 -0.62 0.006 0.01
31 21 20 1.08 0.39 -1.08 -0.38 0 0.01
32 21 22 -1.08 -0.39 1.08 0.4 0.001 0
33 22 23 9.65 3.11 -9.64 -3.1 0.01 0.02
34 23 24 3.34 1 -3.32 -1.81 0.022 0.03
35 24 25 7.07 1.71 -7.07 -1.09 0 0.63
36 24 25 6.79 1.65 -6.79 -1.05 0 0.6
37 24 26 -10.54 -1.55 10.54 1.61 0 0.06
38 26 27 -10.54 -1.61 10.74 1.93 0.204 0.31
39 27 28 -20.04 -2.43 20.3 2.83 0.261 0.4
40 28 29 -24.9 -5.13 25.17 5.51 0.272 0.38
41 7 29 60.09 13.03 -60.09 -10.6 0 2.36
42 25 30 7.56 4.63 -7.45 -4.46 0.11 0.16
43 30 31 3.85 2.66 -3.77 -2.55 0.077 0.12
44 31 32 -2.03 -0.35 2.05 0.39 0.025 0.04
45 32 33 3.81 1.91 -3.8 -1.9 0.008 0.01
46 34 32 7.46 3.79 -7.46 -3.1 0 0.69
47 34 35 -7.46 -3.79 7.5 3.55 0.039 0.06
48 35 36 -13.5 -6.55 13.6 6.53 0.103 0.13
49 36 37 -17.07 -10.61 17.19 10.77 0.123 0.16
50 37 38 -21.05 -13.7 21.47 14.15 0.422 0.65
51 37 39 3.86 2.93 -3.85 -2.92 0.006 0.01
52 36 40 3.46 4.09 -3.46 -4.07 0.009 0.01

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53 22 38 -10.73 -3.51 10.76 3.54 0.024 0.04

54 11 41 9.19 3.53 -9.19 -2.83 0 0.7
55 41 42 8.88 3.27 -8.69 -2.95 0.187 0.32
56 41 43 -11.59 -2.95 11.59 3.55 0 0.59
57 38 44 -24.35 5.23 24.52 -5.08 0.175 0.35
58 15 45 37.33 -0.73 -37.33 2.09 0 1.36
59 14 46 47.89 27.4 -47.89 -25.4 0 1.93
60 46 47 47.89 25.47 -47.29 -24.0 0.604 1.79
61 47 48 17.59 12.43 -17.51 -12.3 0.079 0.1
62 48 49 0.08 -7.38 -0.04 6.93 0.04 0.06
63 49 50 9.66 4.43 -9.58 -4.3 0.084 0.13
64 50 51 -11.42 -6.2 11.64 6.56 0.224 0.35
65 10 51 29.64 12.51 -29.64 -11.8 0 0.66
66 13 49 32.43 33.8 -32.43 -30.3 0 3.5
67 29 52 17.92 2.55 -17.45 -1.95 0.463 0.6
68 52 53 12.55 -0.25 -12.43 0.41 0.125 0.16
69 53 54 -7.57 -4.47 7.72 4.66 0.154 0.19
70 54 55 -11.82 -6.06 12.13 6.46 0.308 0.4
71 11 43 13.59 4.85 -13.59 -4.55 0 0.31
72 44 45 -36.52 3.28 37.33 -2.09 0.812 1.62
73 40 56 3.46 4.07 -3.46 -3.74 0 0.33
74 56 41 -5.43 0.66 5.61 -0.49 0.176 0.18
75 56 42 -1.58 1.46 1.59 -1.45 0.01 0.02
76 39 57 3.85 2.92 -3.85 -2.61 0 0.31
77 57 56 -2.85 0.61 2.86 -0.58 0.016 0.02
78 38 49 -4.66 -10.53 4.8 10.44 0.145 0.22
79 38 48 -17.22 -19.39 17.43 19.71 0.205 0.32
80 9 55 18.93 10.38 -18.93 -9.86 0 0.52
Total: 27.864 121.67

V. CONCLUSION

In this paper, an IEEE 57 based bus system for power flow is being discussed. In this experiment Newton Raphson
method is studied and discussed to evaluate the load flow conditions including power losses for this bus system. This
technique is studied using MATPOWER simulation software and the results showed faster convergence with reliable
results.

REFERENCES
[1] Zian W. and Alvarado F. L., “Interval arithmetic in power flow analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1341-1349,
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[2] Garcia P. A. N., Pereira J. L. R., Carneiro S., Vander M. da C., and Martins N., “Three-Phase Power Flow Calculations Using the Current
Injection Method”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 15, pp.508-514, 2000.
[3] Sun D., I., Ashley B., Brewer B., Hughes A., and William F. T., "Optimal power flow by Newton approach", IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and Systems, vol. 10, pp. 2864-2880, 1984.

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 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 4, Issue 11, November 2015

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