Predicate Logic
Predicate Logic
Logic
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Propositional Logic Redux
p p pp pp
T F T F
F T T F
Logical Equivalence
Predicate Logic
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Example 1
Subject Predicate
Jay is asleep
Kay is awake
Elle is a dog
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Example 2
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Example 3
Direct Indirect
Subject Predicate
Object Object
Jay sold Elle to Kay
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What is a Predicate?
A predicate is an "incomplete" expression –
i.e., an expression with one or more blanks –
such that,
whenever the blanks are filled by noun phrases,
the resulting expression is a sentence.
sentence
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Compare with Connective
A connective is an "incomplete" expression –
i.e., an expression with one or more blanks –
such that,
whenever the blanks are filled by sentences,
the resulting expression is a sentence.
sentence3
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Examples
is tall
is taller than
recommends to
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Symbolization Convention
1. Predicates are symbolized by upper case letters.
2. Subjects are symbolized by lower case letters.
3. Predicates are placed first.
4. Subjects are placed second.
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Examples
Jay is tall Tj
Kay is tall Tk
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Compound Sentences - 1
Jay is taller than both Kay and Elle Tjk & Tje
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Compound Sentences - 2
Jay and Kay are married (individually)
=
Jay is married, and Kay is married Mj & Mk
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Quantifiers
Quantifiers are linguistic expressions denoting
quantity.
Examples
every, all, any, each, both, either
some, most, many, several, few
no, neither
at least one, at least two, etc.
at most one, at most two, etc.
exactly one, exactly two, etc.
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Quantifiers – 2
Quantifiers combine
common nouns and verb phrases
to form sentences.
predicate logic treats
Examples both common nouns
every senior is happy and verb phrases
as predicates
no freshman is happy
at least one junior is happy
few sophomores are happy
most graduates are happy
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The Two Special Quantifiers
of Predicate Logic
English
official name symbol
expressions
universal
quantifier
every, any
existential
quantifier
some, at least
one
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Names of Symbols
Actually, they
are both
upside-down.
A E
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How Traditional Logic Does Quantifiers
Jay is happy
Kay is happy
subject predicate
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How Modern Logic Does Quantifiers
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Scope of Quantifiers
The part of a logical expression to which a quantifier is
applied is called the scope of this quantifier.
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Existential Quantifier
some one is happy
there is some one who is happy
there is some one such that he/she is happy
there is some x such that x is happy
x Hx
pronunciation
there is an x (such that) H x
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Universal Quantifier
every one is happy
every one is such that he/she is happy
whoever you are you are happy
no matter who you are you are happy
no matter who x is x is happy
x Hx
pronunciation
for any x H x
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Negating Quantifiers
modern logic takes „‟ to mean at least one
which means one or more
which means one, or two, or three, or …
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Negative-Universal Quantifier
not every one is happy
not every one is such that he/she is H
it is not true that whoever you are you are H
it is not true that no matter who you are you are H
it is not true that no matter who x is x is H
x Hx
pronunciation
not for any x H x
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Quantifying Negations - 1
suppose not everyone is happy xHx
then there is someone
who is
=
not happy
i.e., there is some x :
x is not happy xHx
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Quantifying Negations - 2
suppose no one is happy xHx
then no matter who you are
you are
=
not happy
i.e. no matter who x is
x is not happy xHx
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Why is Predicate Logic Useful?