Basic Kinesiology

 Kinesiology: study of movement  Clinical Kinesiology: application to health care

2 Terms
1. Kinematics – type of motion in the body
a. 2 Types
i. Osteokinematics – movement of bone segments
ii. Arthrokinematics – minute movement occurring in the joints
2. Kinetics – forces in the body that produce or resist motion

Anatomical Position – “Reference Position”

1. Standing
o Head Forward o Feet Forward
o Trunk Forward o Shoulder’s Rotated with palms forward
o Knees Forward o Fingers Extended

Cardinal Planes
Axis X-Axis Y-Axis Z-Axis
Mediolateral Axis
Other Names Supero-inferior Axis Anteroposterior Axis
Frontal Axis
Horizontal Frontal
Plane Sagittal
Transverse Coronal
Abd-Add
Flex-Ext
Actions Rotation Lateral Flex
DF-PF
RD-UD

Special Case
1. CMC of Thumb
a. Rotate 90° from the palm

Action Flex-Ext Abd-Add

Axis Z X
Plane Frontal Sagittal
Palm Parallel Perpendicular
2. Pronation & Supination with Elbow’s Flexed 90° - Z-Axis
3. ER + IR of hip with hip + knees Flexed 90° - Z-Axis
4. Shoulder Abd 90° with elbows flexed 90° - X-Axis

Osteokinematics
 2 Types of movement
1. Translatory/Linear
a. Parallel to the axis
b. Points on a segment travel the same distance, velocity, direction at the same time
i. Ex. Carpal/Tarsal glide
2. Angular/Rotatory
a. Follows an Arch
b. Points on a segment travel different points on the other surface

Movements
1. Flexion – Bending
a. ↓ joint angle
b. Bone segments approximate to each other
c. Ex: DF
2. Extension
a. ↑ Joint angle
b. Bone segments move away from each other

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c. Ex: PF
3. Abduction
a. Movement away from midline
4. Adduction
a. Movement towards midline
5. Rotation
a. Movement around vertical axis
b. Ex: IR, Pronation, Eversion – towards midline
c. Ex: ER, Supination, Inversion – away midline

Osteokinematics
 3 Basic movements
1. Rolling/Rocking
a. Angular/Rotatory
b. Each point on one surface meets a new point of the other surface

c.
2. Sliding/Gliding
a. Linear/translatory
b. One point on one surface meets new point of the other surface

c.

3. Spinning
a. One point remains in contact to the other point

b.

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Screwhome Mechanism
 Last 20 of knee ext
 Locking of Knee Joint
o OK – Tibia ER “OKTER”
o CK – Femur IR “CKFIR”

Arthokinematics
 Femur: Convex  Tibia: Concave (Menisci)

OKC Knee Flexion Knee Extension

Glide Posterior Anterior
CKC Stand to Sit Sit to Stand
Roll Posterior Anterior
Glide Anterior Posterior

Others
1. Compression 2. Distraction
a. Joint approximation a. ↑ Joint mobility
b. ↑ Joint stability b. ↑ Synovial circulation
c. Facilitate proprioception
Convex-Concave Rule
1. Convex moves on concave 2. Concave moves on convex
a. Slides opposite to the segment a. Slides the SAME to the rolling

Joints
Shoulder (Convex)
1) Flexion – Posterior Glide 4) Adduction – Superior Glide
2) Extension – Anterior Glide 5) External Rotation – Anterior Glide
3) Abduction – Inferior Glide 6) Internal Rotation – Posterior Glide

MCP (Concave)
1) Flexion – Anterior 2) Extension – Posterior

Knee Joint (Concave)

1) Flexion – Posterior 2) Extension – Anterior

Open Packed Position vs Closed Packed Position

Open Packed Position Closed Packed Position
Incongruent Congruent
Attachment of lig. are lax Attachment of lig. are farthest; taut
Capsular Laxity Capsular Tightness
Resting position for assessment and joint mob. Joint compression + difficult to distract
Min joint surface contact Max joint surface contact
Mechanical Stability - Reduces the need for muscle forces to
maintain a position
Upper Extremity Joints – Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics Motion
Osteokinematic/Arthrokinematic
Joint Resting Position Convex/Concave
Motion
Elevation/Depression
Convex: Clavicle Opposite Direction
Concave: Sternum
Sternoclavicular Anatomical Position
Protraction/Retraction
Convex: Sternum Same Direction
Concave: Clavicle
Convex: Clavicle
Acromioclavicular Anatomical Position Opposite Direction
Concave: Acromion
Glenohumeral 55° Adduction Convex: Humerus Opposite Direction

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30° Horizontal Concave: Glenoid

Adduction
70° Flexion Convex: Humerus
Ulnohumeral Same Direction
10° Supination Concave: Ulna
Full Extension Convex: Humerus
Radiohumeral Same Direction
Full Supination Concave: Radius
70° Flexion Convex: Radius
Proximal Radioulnar Opposite Direction
35° supination Concave: Ulna
Convex: Ulna
Distal Radioulnar 10 Supination Same Direction
Concave: Radius
Neutral with Slight Convex: Ulna
Radiocarpal Opposite direction
Ulnar Deviation Concave: Radius
Metacarpophalangeal Convex: Metacarpals
Slight Flexion Same Direction
Joints of Digits 2-5 Concave: Phalanges
Proximal and Distal
Convex: Proximal Phalanges
Interphalangeal Slight Flexion Same Direction
Concave: Distal Phalanges
Joints of Digits 2-5

Lower Extremity Joints – Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics Motion

Osteokinematic/Arthrokinematic
Joint Resting Position Convex/Concave
Motion
30 Flexion
Convex: Femur
Hip 30 Abduction Opposite Direction
Concave: Acetabulum
Slight ER
Convex: Femur
Tibiofemoral 25 Flexion Same Direction
Concave: Tibia
Convex: Patella
Patellofemoral 25 Flexion Opposite Direction
Concave: Femur
Convex: Tibia
Proximal Tibiofibular 0 Plantarflexion Same Direction
Concave: Fibula
Convex: Fibula
Distal Tibiofibular 0 Plantarflexion Opposite Direction
Concave: Tibia
10 Plantarflexion,
midway between Convex: Talus
Talocrural Opposite Direction
maximum inversion and Concave: Tibia and Fibula
eversion
Convex: Anterior and Middle
Talus Same Direction
Midway between
Concave: Anterior and
Subtalar Extremes of Range of
Middle Calcaneus
Motion
Convex: Posterior Calcaneus Opposite Direction
Concave: Posterior Talus
Convex: more medial
Midway between
Metatarsals
Intermetatarsal Extremes of Range of Same Direction
Concave: More lateral
Motion
Metatarsals
Convex: Metatarsals
Metatarsophalangeal Neutral Same Direction
Concave: Phalanges
Interphalangeal Convex: Proximal Phalanges
Slight Flexion Same Direction
Joints of the Toes Concave: Distal Phalanges
Other Joints – Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics Motion
Osteokinematic/Arthrokinematic
Joint Resting Position Convex/Concave
Motion
Mouth slightly open Convex: Mandible
Temporomandibular Opposite Direction
(freeway space) Concave: Temporal Bone

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Open Packed Position of Joints

Joint Open Packed Position
Shoulder 55° Abduction; 30° horizontal Add
Humeroulnar 70° Flexion; 10° supination
Proximal Radioulnar 70° Flexion; 35° supination
Distal Radioulnar 10° supination
Hip FABER: 30°-30°-slight
Knee 25° flexion
Ankle 10° PF
Wrist Slight Ulnar Deviation
OPP Sung to “Brahms Lullaby”

Open Kinematic vs Close Kinematic

Open Kinematic Close Kinematic
Moving Distal Proximal
Fixed Proximal Distal
Characteristics Mobility Stability + power
Speed Fast Movements Slow movements

Types of Joints
Type of Joint Structure Function Mobility Example
Gomphosis
Synarthrodial Fibrous Stability Very Slight Syndesmosis (Distal
Tibiofibular Jt.)
Symphysis Pubis
Stability +
Amphiarthrodial Cartilaginous Limited IV Joint
limited mobility
1st Sternocostal Jt.
Diarthrodial Synovial Mobile
Contributory Carpals
Non-Axial Diarthrodial Irregular Plane Gliding/Sliding
Motion Tarsals
Elbow
IP Joints
Flexion-Extension
Hinge/Ginglymus Sagittal AO Jt.
DF-PF
Uni-Axial Diarthrodial Ankle
Knee
Forearm
Pivot/Trochoid Transverse Rotation
AA Jt.
Flexion-Extension
Condyloid MCP Jt.
Abd-Add
Sagittal + Flexion-Extension
Bi-Axial Diarthrodial Ellipsoid Radiocarpal Jt.
Frontal UD-RD
Flexion-Extension
Saddle/Sellar 1st CMC Jt.
Abd-Add
Sphenoid/Ball +
All Motions Shoulder Jt.
Tri-Axial Socket/ All Planes
(Circumduction) Hip Jt.
Enarthrodial

Kinetics
 5 Determinants of Motion
1. Type of motion – translatory/angular
2. Location of motion – axis + plane
3. Magnitude of movement – distance/how far a force can displace an object
4. Direction of Motion
a. Positive – Superior, Lateral, Anterior b. Negative – Inferior, medial, posterior
5. Rate of Motion –
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
a. 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
i. Meter/sec (m/s); feet/sec (ft/s); °/sec (°/s)
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b. Acceleration – rate of change in velocity

i. m/s2; ft/s2; °/s2
c. (+) Faster
d. (-) Slower

Force – Push or Pull

 Source:
1. Gravity  most prevalent force 3. Externally Applied Resistance
a. Wt. of pull to the center of earth 4. Friction – resistance to motion
2. Muscle Contraction
Muscle Activation
1. Isometric Contraction  same distance
a. (+) Contraction; (-) Gross movement b. Stability
2. Concentric Contraction – Shortening of muscle
a. Accelerate a body
3. Eccentric Contraction – lengthening
a. Deceleration b. Control c. Harder
4. Isotonic – same tone/load
5. Isokinetic – same rate of movement
a. Machine Assisted

Closed Kinematic Chain  Isometric Contraction (Static)  Concentric/Eccentric  Isotonic/Isokinetic (PRE’s)

Functional Activity
1. Agonist
a. Prime Mover b. Principal Muscle that produces the motion
2. Antagonist
a. Located opposite to the Agonist b. Passive lengthening
3. Synergist
a. Muscles that act with the agonist b. Obstruct unnecessary motion

Line of Gravity (LOG) “TATAT-PAA”

T hrough Odontoid Process
A nterior to AO jt.
T hrough cervical
A nterior to thoracic
T hrough Lumbar
P osterior Hip
A nterior Knee
A nterior Ankle

Center of Gravity
 Slightly anterior to S2
 55% of the height of the person
 Falls near the ASIS
 MEN: higher COG d/t broad shoulder
 WOMEN: lower COG – broad pelvis

Center of Gravity in the Body Song

Head Sphenoid Sinus 2x
Head & Neck Basioccipital 2x
Head, Neck, Trunk/Head, Arms, Trunk Anterior to T11
Upper Limb Just Above the Elbow
Arm Medial Head of Triceps
Forearm Pronator Teres 2x
Hand 3rd MCP 2x
Lower Limb Just above the knee joint

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Thigh Adductor Brevis

Leg Popliteus No
Foot 2nd MTT Breathing
Sung to “Fruit Salad”
Lever
 Rigid bar rotating on an axis
 3 Elements
1. Axis  Fulcrum
2. Weight  Resistance
3. Force  Effort; Force is Moving/Holding

To Memorize, Put
Mechanical FWE-FWE in a cross
Lever Function Center Example
Advantage of a box, then fill in
I Balance WFE 1 AO jt., unilateral standing the blank
II Power FWE >1 Bilateral stance, tip-toeing, Brachioradialis s̅ wt. I W F E
III Speed FEW <1 Biceps/Brachialis, Brachioradialis c̅ wt. II F W E
III F E W

1. Lever 1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 5
a. 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 5
=1
i. The closer the weight to the fulcrum the higher the balance
Example Fulcrum Weight Effort
AO Jt. AO Jt. Weight of the Head Paracervical Muscles
Unilateral Standing Hip Joint Weight of the C/L Body G. Med

2. Lever 2
a. You don’t need too much effort to lift weight
b. Longer Effort Arm, short weight arm
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 5
c. 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 2
= 2.5
Example Fulcrum Weight Effort
Bilateral Stance Hip Joints Weight of the Body G.Med
Tip-top MTP Weight of the Body Gastrocs
Brachioradialis s̅ wt Elbow Joint Weight of the arm Brachioradialis from Insertion to Origin

3. Lever 3
a. Most Common
b. Short Effort Arm, Longer weight arm
c. Double Effort of Muscle, Mechanical Disadvantage
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2
d. 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 5
= 0.4

Example Fulcrum Weight Effort

Biceps/Brachioradilais Elbow Joint Weight of the Forearm Insertion of the Biceps/Brachioradialis
Brachioradialis c̅ wt. Elbow Joint Free Weight in Hand Brachioradialis from Insertion to Origin

 Shunt Muscle: Proximal Attachment (origin) is near to the joint; eg: Brachioradialis
 Spurt Muscle: Proximal Attachment (origin) is far to the joint ; eg: biceps, brachialis

Torque
 Moment arm
 Force that can rotate a lever on the axis
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒; 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
o Torque is directly proportional to distance while inverse for force
o Longer arm, lesser force; Short arm, greater force
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