Moroccain Arabic

Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1
Learning Moroccan Arabic......................................................................................................1
Transcription of Moroccan Arabic..........................................................................................1
Getting Started with Moroccan Arabic.............................................................................................5
Greetings................................................................................................................................. 5
Independent Pronouns............................................................................................................7
Possessive Pronouns...............................................................................................................8
Masculine and Feminine Nouns.............................................................................................9
Describing Yourself......................................................................................................................... 10
Nationalities, Cities, and Marital Status...............................................................................10
The Possessive Word “dyal”...................................................................................................11
Demonstrative Adjectives & Demonstrative Pronouns.........................................................13
Asking about Possession........................................................................................................15
Useful Expressions.......................................................................................................................... 18
Numerals......................................................................................................................................... 21
Cardinal Numbers.................................................................................................................21
Ordinal Numbers / Fractions................................................................................................27
Time...................................................................................................................................... 28
Getting Started Shopping................................................................................................................31
Money.................................................................................................................................... 31
At the Hanoot........................................................................................................................ 32
Verb “to want”....................................................................................................................... 33
Kayn for “There is”................................................................................................................35
Family............................................................................................................................................. 36
Family Members...................................................................................................................36
Verb “to have”........................................................................................................................37
Directions....................................................................................................................................... 40
Prepositions.......................................................................................................................... 40
Directions.............................................................................................................................. 41
Past Events..................................................................................................................................... 43
Time Vocabulary...................................................................................................................43
Past Tense – Regular Verbs..................................................................................................44
Past Tense – Irregular Verbs................................................................................................46
Negation................................................................................................................................ 49
Have you ever... / I’ve never..................................................................................................50
Object Pronouns....................................................................................................................51
Question Words.....................................................................................................................52
Daily Routines................................................................................................................................ 55
Present Tense – Regular Verbs.............................................................................................55
Present Tense – Irregular Verbs with Middle “a”.................................................................57
Present Tense – Irregular Verbs with Final “a”....................................................................61
Using One Verb after Another...............................................................................................65
The Imperative......................................................................................................................66
Bargaining...................................................................................................................................... 68
Bargaining.............................................................................................................................68
Clothing................................................................................................................................. 69
Adjectives..............................................................................................................................73
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives..............................................................................76
Shopping For Food.........................................................................................................................79
Fruits and Vegetables...........................................................................................................80
Buying Produce.....................................................................................................................81
Spices and Meat....................................................................................................................84
Food and Drink...............................................................................................................................85
Food and Drink.....................................................................................................................85
The Reflexive verb “to please / to like”.................................................................................87
The Verb “to need, to have to, must, should”........................................................................91
The Verb “to want, to like”....................................................................................................92
Medical & Body............................................................................................................................... 93
Body Parts............................................................................................................................. 93
Health Problems...................................................................................................................94
Site Visit Expressions.....................................................................................................................96
Travel.............................................................................................................................................. 98
Future Tense......................................................................................................................... 98
Travel................................................................................................................................... 102
At the Hotel................................................................................................................................... 106
Hotel Accommodation........................................................................................................106
The Conditional...................................................................................................................107
At the Post Office.......................................................................................................................... 109
The Post Office....................................................................................................................109
Using Prepositions with Pronoun Endings & Verbs............................................................111
Describing the Peace Corps Mission.............................................................................................116
Peace Corps..........................................................................................................................116
Youth Development..............................................................................................................117
Environment........................................................................................................................ 118
Health.................................................................................................................................. 120
Small Business Development...............................................................................................121
Renting a House............................................................................................................................123
Finding a House..................................................................................................................123
Furnishing a House.............................................................................................................125
Safety and Security........................................................................................................................127
Sexual Harassment..............................................................................................................127
At the Taxi Stand.................................................................................................................129
At Work............................................................................................................................... 130
Forgetting a Wallet in a Taxi / Filing a Report....................................................................131
Butagas................................................................................................................................ 132
Hash..................................................................................................................................... 134
Theft..................................................................................................................................... 135
House Security / Doors and Windows................................................................................137
Political Harassment...........................................................................................................138
Appendices.................................................................................................................................... 141
Pronunciation of Moroccan Arabic...............................................................................................142
Understanding How Sounds Are Made...............................................................................142
Pronunciation of Non-English Consonants........................................................................142
Pronunciation of Shedda.....................................................................................................144
The Definite Article.............................................................................................................144
Supplementary Grammar Lessons...............................................................................................146
Making Intransitive Verbs into Transitive Verbs................................................................146
Passive Verbs....................................................................................................................... 147
The Past Progressive...........................................................................................................148
The Verb “to remain”...........................................................................................................149
Verb Participles...................................................................................................................149
Conjunctions........................................................................................................................152
More Useful Expressions..............................................................................................................155
Moroccan Holidays....................................................................................................................... 157
Religious Holidays...............................................................................................................157
National Holidays................................................................................................................159
Glossary of Verbs........................................................................................................................... 161
Grammar Index............................................................................................................................ 189
Vocabulary Index.......................................................................................................................... 190
Peace Corps / Morocco • 3
Introduction
Learning Moroccan Arabic
Even under the best conditions, learning a new language can be challenging. Add to this challenge the
rigors of Peace Corps training, and you’re faced with what will be one of the most demanding—and
rewarding—aspects of your Peace Corps experience: learning to communicate to Moroccans in their
own language. But it can be done. And rest assured that you can do it. Here are a few reasons why:
· You are immersed in the language: Some people may need to hear a word three times to
remember it; others may need thirty. Learning Moroccan Arabic while living and training with
Moroccans gives you the chance to hear the language used again and again.
· You have daily language classes with Moroccan teachers: You’re not only immersed in the
language; you also have the opportunity to receive feedback from native speakers on the many
questions that predictably crop up when one learns a new language.
· Peace Corps has over forty years of experience in Morocco: Your training, including this manual,
benefits from the collective experience gained by training thousands of Americans to live and
work in Morocco. You will benefit from and contribute to that legacy.
Despite these advantages, at times you may still feel like the task of learning Moroccan Arabic is too
much to handle. Remember that volunteers like you having been doing it for decades, however. One of
the most rewarding aspects of your time will be communicating with Moroccans in Arabic, surprising
them and yourself with how well you know the language. When that time arrives, your hard work will
have been worth it.
Transcription of Moroccan Arabic

In order for trainees to move quickly into Moroccan Arabic (also called “Darija”), Peace Corps uses a
system of transcription that substitutes characters of the Latin alphabet (a, b, c, d, . . . ) for characters
from Arabic script (‫ ج‬،‫ ت‬،‫ ب‬،‫أ‬، . . .). With this system, it isn’t necessary for a trainee to learn all of
Arabic script before he or she begins to learn the language. On the contrary, once you become familiar
with the system of transcription, you will be able to “read” and “write” Moroccan Arabic fairly quickly—
using characters you are familiar with. You will also learn Arabic script during training, but with
transcription it isn’t necessary to know it right away. Throughout the book, therefore, you will always
see both the original Arabic script and the transcription. Becoming familiar with the Peace Corps’
system of transcription is one of the best things you can do, early on, to help yourself learn Moroccan
Arabic. Practicing the different sounds of Moroccan Arabic until you can reproduce them is another.
This introduction is intended mainly to help you get started with the system of transcription, and as a
result it will mention only briefly the different sounds of Arabic. However, a fuller explanation can be
found on page 144.
Sounds You Already Know

The large majority of consonants in Moroccan Arabic are similar to sounds that we have in English.
The vowels in Arabic are also similar to English vowels. In the following table, each transcription
character that represents a sound you already know will be explained. The sounds are not necessarily
what you may expect, but each character was matched with a sound for good reasons.
Transcription Arabic
Description
Character Character
a ‫ ى‬/ _/َ ‫ا‬ sometimes the /ä/ in “father,” sometimes the /a/ in “mad”
b ‫ب‬ the normal English sound /b/
d ‫د‬ the normal English sound /d/
the short “e” sound /e/ as in “met” (this transcription character is not used
e ‫ ا‬/ _َ often, only when confusion would be caused by using the transcription character
“a”)
f ‫ف‬ the normal English sound /f/
g ‫گ‬ the normal English sound /g/ as in “go”
h ‫ﻫ‬ the normal English sound /h/ as in “hi.”
i ‫ ي‬/ _ِ the long “ee” sound /ē/ as in “meet”
j ‫ج‬ the /zh/ sound represented by the ‘s’ in “pleasure”
k ‫ك‬ the normal English sound /k/
l ‫ل‬ the normal English sound /l/
m ‫م‬ the normal English sound /m/
n ‫ن‬ the normal English sound /n/
o ‫و‬ the long “o” sound /ō/ as in “bone” (this transcription character is not used
often, mainly for French words that have entered Moroccan Arabic)
p ‫ﭖ‬ the normal English sound /p/

this is not the normal English “r,” but a “flap” similar to the Spanish
r ‫ر‬ “r” or to the sound Americans make when they quickly say “gotta” as
in “I gotta go.”
s ‫س‬ the normal English sound /s/
t ‫ت‬ the normal English sound /t/
u ‫و‬ the long “oo” sound /ü/ as in “food”
v ‫ﭪ‬ the normal English sound /v/
w ‫و‬ the normal English sound /w/
y ‫ي‬ the normal English sound /y/
z ‫ز‬ the normal English sound /z/
š ‫ش‬ the normal English sound /sh/ as in “she”
Some vowel combinations
ay ‫ـاي‬ the “ay” as in “say”
au ‫ـاو‬ the “ow” as in “cow”
iu ‫ـيو‬ the “ee you” as in “see you later”
New Sounds
There are eight consonants in Moroccan Arabic that we do not have in English. It may take you some
time to be able to pronounce these correctly. At this point, what’s important is that you learn the
transcription character for each of these sounds. See page 144 for more information on how to
pronounce the sounds in Moroccan Arabic.
Transcription Arabic
Sound
Character Character
ḍ ‫ض‬ the Arabic emphatic “d” These sounds are pronounced like their
non-emphatic counterparts, but with a
ṣ ‫ص‬ the Arabic emphatic “s”
lower pitch and a greater tension in the
ṭ ‫ط‬ the Arabic emphatic “t” tongue and throat.
q ‫ق‬ like the English /k/ but pronounced further back in the throat
like the ‘ch’ in the German “Bach;” some people use this sound to
x ‫خ‬
say yech!
like the x sound above, but pronounced using your voice box;
ġ ‫غ‬
similar to the French “r”
like the English “h,” except pronounce deep in the throat as a loud
н ‫ح‬
raspy whisper.
This sound will be difficult at first. It can be approximated by
‫ع‬ ‫ع‬ pronouncing the ‘a’ in “fat” with the tongue against the bottom of the
mouth and from as deep in the throat as possible
Shedda
If you see a transcription character doubled, that means that a “shedda” is over that character in the
Arabic script. For example, in the following table, you will see how the transcription changes for
“shedda,” and thus the pronunciation.
English Arabic
Transcription
Translation Script
woman mra ‫مرا‬
time (as in: “I’ve seen mrra ‫مّرة‬
him one time”)
Notice that these two words are spelled differently in the transcription. The word “woman” does not
have a shedda on the “r” in Arabic script, and that is why there is only one “r” in the transcription. The
word “time” does have a shedda in the Arabic script, and that is why the transcription doubles the letter
“r.” These two words are pronounced differently, so you must pay attention to doubled letters in
transcription. To learn more about how we pronounce the shedda in Arabic, see page 146. For now,
what’s important is that you understand the transcription.
Other Symbols
Sometimes, you will see a hyphen used in the transcription. This has three purposes:
1. It indicates the definite article: For some letters, the definite article (the word “the”) is made by
adding the letter “l.” For others, it is made by doubling the first letter. In both cases, a hyphen
will be used to indicate to you that the word has the definite article in front of it. See page 147
for more info on the definite article.
2. It connects the present tense prefix: The present tense prefix (“kan,” “kat,” or “kay”) will be
connected to the verb with a hyphen. This will make it easier for you to understand what verb
you are looking at.
3. It connects the negative prefix (“ma”) and the negative suffix (“š”) to a verb.
In these instances, the hyphen does not necessarily indicate a change in pronunciation. The hyphen is
there to make it easy for you to see when a definite article is being used, for example, or which verb is
being used. It is a visual indicator, not an indicator of pronunciation. Sometimes the rhythm of speech
may seem to break with the hyphen; other times the letters before and after the hyphen will be
pronounced together.
Another symbol you will sometimes see is the apostrophe ( ' ). When you see an apostrophe, it indicates
a “glottal stop,” which is the break between vowels as heard in the English exclamation “uh oh.” That is
to say, if you see an apostrophe you should not connect the sounds before the apostrophe with the
sounds after the apostrophe. Pronounce them with a break in the middle.
4 • Moroccan Arabic
Words & Syllables Without Vowels

Sometimes you will see syllables or even whole words without any vowels written in them. This is
normal in Moroccan Arabic. To the English speaker, however, this seems impossible, since we have
always been taught that all words must contain a vowel sound. Which side is correct? Well, in a sense
they both are. In reality, it is indeed possible to pronounce consonants together without articulating a
vowel sound; we do it a lot in English at the beginning of words. Think about the word street. We
pronounce three consonants—s, t, and r—without any vowels between them. So it is possible. The only
challenge with Arabic is that the consonant combinations are new for English speakers (we don’t put
the /sh/ sound next to the /m/ sound, for example, but in Arabic they do).
However, try for a moment to pronounce only the letters “str,” not the whole word “street.” In this
case, most English speakers will hear something that sounds like the word “stir.” With certain
consonant combinations, that is to say, it sounds to the English speaker like there is a vowel in the
middle, even if there isn’t. The “vowel” is in reality just the normal sound made as one consonant
sound transitions to another.
Part of learning Moroccan Arabic is becoming comfortable with new consonant combinations and
practicing those combinations without necessarily placing a vowel in the middle. The transcription
words, you will notice, only include characters for vowels when there really is a vowel in the word. It
may seem difficult at first, but it is better to accustom yourself to this as early as you can.
Why Not Just Write “sh”?
A final point about the transcription. At times it may seem overly complicated to someone beginning
Moroccan Arabic. For example, why doesn’t it just use “sh” for the /sh/ sound? The answer is this:
every sound must have just a single character to represent it. Why? Well, in Arabic it is normal for
the /h/ sound to follow the /s/ sound. If we used “sh” to represent the /sh/ sound, there would not be
any way to represent an /s/ plus /h/ sound, because it too would look like “sh.” Using the symbol š to
represent /sh/ makes it possible to represent /s/ plus /h/ and /sh/ plus /h/ (yes, in Arabic both these
combinations are used).
All of this concerns a larger point: the transcription system used in this book may appear complex at
first, but it has been carefully thought out and in the end it is the easiest system possible. That said, the
sooner you can make the transition to reading Arabic script, the easier it will be to pronounce Arabic
correctly.
This small character,

which looks like a “w,”
is the shedda. That is
why the transcription
has a doubled “r.”
Getting Started with Moroccan Arabic
Objective: By the end of the chapter, you will be able to:
• greet people and introduce yourself
• use independent pronouns to make simple sentences
• use possessive pronouns to indicate possession
• distinguish between masculine and feminine nouns
Greetings
Cultural Points
Greetings and farewells (good byes) are two important aspects of Moroccan life. Greetings are
not to be compared with the quick American “hi.” It takes time for two people to exchange different
questions and answers which interest them about each other, their families, and life in general.
Greetings change from one region to another, both in the questions posed and in the fashion of the
greeting (i.e. shaking hands, kissing cheeks head or hands, or putting one’s hand over one’s heart after
shaking hands).
If you greet a group of people, then the way you greet the first person is the way you should greet
everyone in the group. Don’t be surprised if you are greeted by a friend but he does not introduce you
to other people with whom he may be talking. Do not be surprised if you are in a group and you are not
greeted as others are in the group (people may be shy to greet a stranger.) It is also not necessary to
give an overly detailed response to a greeting—only the usual response is expected. For example, “How
are you?” requires only a simple “Fine, thanks be to God.”
How do people greet each
other in different cultures?
Greeting expressions and appropriate responses

A: Peace be upon you ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum ‫كم‬ ُ ‫م عََلي‬ ُ ‫سل‬ َ ‫ال‬
B: And peace be upon you (too) wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam ‫سلم‬
َ ‫ال‬ ُ
‫كم‬ َ
‫لي‬ َ‫َو ع‬
A: Good morning ṣ
baн lxir ‫صباح الخير‬
B: Good morning ṣ
baн lxir ‫صباح الخير‬
A: Good afternoon / evening msa lxir ‫مسا الخير‬
B: Good afternoon / evening msa lxir ‫مسا الخير‬
name smiya ‫سمية‬
What’s your name? šnu smitk? ‫شنو سميتك؟‬
my name... smiti... ‫سميتي‬...
your name... smitk... ‫سميتك‬...

his name... smitu... ‫سميتو‬...
her name... smitha... ‫سميتها‬...
Nice to meet you. mtšrfin ‫متشرفين‬
How are you (masc.)? kif dayr? ‫كيف داير؟‬
How are you (fem.)? kif dayra? ‫كيف دايرة؟‬
Are you fine? labas? ‫ل باس؟‬
Good, thanks be to God. labas, lнamdullah ‫حمد ُ الله‬
َ ‫ل باس ال‬
Good, thanks be to God. bixir, lнamdullah ‫حمد ُ الله‬
َ ‫ِبخير ال‬
Everything is fine. kulši bixir ُ
‫كلشي ِبخير‬
Goodbye bslama ‫ب السلمة‬
Good night layla sa ‫ع‬ida ‫َليلة سعيدة‬
Greetings Dialogue
John: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ‫كم‬ُ ‫م عََلي‬ ُ ‫سل‬َ ‫دجون ال‬:
Mohamed: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ُ َ
َ ‫محمد َو عَليكم ال‬:
‫سلم‬
John: kif dayr? ‫دجون كيف داير؟‬:
Mohamed: labas, lнamdullah. u nta? ‫ت؟‬
َ ‫ و ن‬.‫حمد ُ الله‬َ ‫محمد ل باس ال‬:
John: bixir, lнamdullah. ‫حمد ُ الله‬ َ ‫دجون ِبخير ال‬:
Mohamed: šnu smitk? ‫محمد شنو سميتك؟‬:
John: smiti John. u nta? َ ‫ و ن‬.‫دجون سميتي دجون‬:
‫ت؟‬
Mohamed: smiti Mohamed. ‫محمد سميتي محمد‬:
John: mtšrfin. ‫دجون متشرفين‬:
Mohamed: mtšrfin. ‫محمد متشرفين‬:
Transcription Reminder – see page 1 for the full table with all transcription characters.
š:the /sh/ sound as in “she”a:the ‘a’ in “father” or the ‘a’ in “mad”x:the ‘ch’ in the German “Bach” or
thei:the ‘ee’ in “meet”Scottish “loch” See page144.u:the ‘oo’ in “food”
Exercise: Put this dialogue in the correct order.

Chris: ṣ
baн lxir. ‫كريس صباح الخير‬:
Amy: mtšrfin. ‫أيمي متشرفين‬:
Chris: kif dayra? ‫كريس كيف دايرة؟‬:
Amy: šnu smitk? ‫أيمي شنو سميتك؟‬:
Chris: labas, lнamdullah. َ ‫كريس ل باس ال‬:
‫حمد ُ الله‬
Amy: smiti Amy. ‫أيمي سميتي أيمي‬:
Chris: smiti Chris. u nti? ِ ‫ و ن‬.‫كريس سميتي كريس‬:
‫ت؟‬
Amy: ṣ
baн lxir. ‫أيمي صباح الخير‬:
Chris: mtšrfin. ‫كريس متشرفين‬:
Amy: bixir, lнamdullah. u nta? َ ‫أيمي ِبخير ال‬:
‫حمد ُ الله‬
Independent Pronouns
We call the following pronouns “independent” because they are not attached to other words, such as
nouns, verbs, or prepositions (see “Possessive Pronouns,” next page, and “Object Pronouns,” page 55).
The pronouns are often used in a number of different ways.
I ana ‫أنا‬
you (masc. singular) nta ‫ت‬
َ ‫ن‬
you (fem. singular) nti ‫ت‬
ِ ‫ن‬
he huwa ‫و‬
َ ُ‫ه‬
she hiya ‫ي‬
َ ِ‫ه‬
we нna ‫حنا‬
you (plural) ntuma ‫نُتما‬
they huma ‫هما‬
ُ
When they are followed by a noun or an adjective, the verb “to be” is not necessary. It is implied
already, and simple sentences can be made by using independent pronouns with a nouns or adjectives.
I am a teacher. ana ustad. ‫أنا ُأستاد‬.
She is tired. hiya ‫ع‬iyana. َ ِ ‫ه‬.
‫ي عّيانة‬
h:the normal English /h/ sound as inн:like the English “h,” except pronounce it“hello.”deep in the
throat as a loud raspy whisper. See page 145.
Possessive Pronouns
In Darija, a suffix (ending) may be added to the end of words in order to express possession.
my i / ya* ‫ ـيا‬/ ‫ـي‬

your (singular) k ‫ـك‬
his u / h* ‫ ـه‬/ ‫ـو‬
her ha ‫ـها‬
our na ‫ـنا‬
your (plural) kum ُ ‫ـ‬
‫كم‬
their hum ‫ـُهم‬
* For the “my” and “his” forms, the first ending is used for words ending in consonants, while the
second is used with words ending in vowels. For example, smiti (my name), but xuya (my brother).
Example of possessive pronouns with the noun “book.”
book ktab ‫كتاب‬
my book ktabi ‫كتابي‬
your (sing.) book ktabk ‫كتابك‬
his book ktabu ‫كتابو‬
her book ktabha ‫كتابها‬
our book ktabna ‫كتابنا‬
your (plur.) book ktabkum ُ ‫كتاب‬
‫كم‬
their book ktabhum ‫كتابُهم‬
Most feminine nouns in Arabic have an “ a” sound at the end of the word. In Arabic script, this “ a” is
actually a silent “t” that is only pronounced on certain occasions. For all feminine words ending in this
silent “t” (‫)ة‬, we drop the sound “a” and substitute it with “t” before adding a possessive pronoun. For
example, the feminine noun magana (a watch).
watch magana ‫مگانة‬
َ
my watch maganti ‫مگانتي‬ َ
your (sing.) watch magantk ‫مگانتك‬ َ
his watch magantu ‫مگانتو‬
َ
her watch magantha ‫مگانتها‬َ
our watch magantna ‫مگانتنا‬ َ
your (plur.) watch magantkum ُ ‫مگانت‬
‫كم‬ َ
their watch maganthum ‫مگانتُهم‬
َ
Exercise: Use the following words with the appropriate possessive pronoun.
ar (house)
• ḍ a (place)
• blaṣ • ktab (book) • wrqa (sheet of paper, ticket)
1. your (plur.) house 6. their place

2. my place 7. her house
3. his book 8. his ticket
4. our place 9. your (sing.) book
5. your (sing.) ticket 10. their house
Masculine and Feminine Nouns

In Arabic, all nouns are either masculine or feminine. In general, nouns ending in “ a” (the silent “t” (‫)ة‬
in Arabic script) are feminine. For example:
name smiya ‫سمية‬
city mdina ‫مدينة‬
chicken (a single one) djaja ‫دجاجة‬
television tlfaza ‫فزة‬
َ ‫تل‬
The feminine is formed from the masculine (for nouns indicating professions or participles) by adding
“a” (the silent “t” (‫ )ة‬in Arabic script) to the end of the word. For example:
male teacher ustad ‫ُأستاد‬
female teacher ustada ‫ُأستادة‬
working (masc. participle) xddam ‫دام‬
ّ ‫خ‬
working (fem. participle) xddama ‫دامة‬
ّ ‫خ‬
Some words without “a” (the silent “t” ( ‫ )ة‬in Arabic script) are nonetheless feminine. First, words and
proper names which are by their nature feminine:
mother om ‫ُأم‬
Amal (girl’s name) amal ‫مل‬ َ
َ ‫أ‬
Second, most (though not all) parts of the body that come in pairs are feminine:
an eye ‫ع‬in ‫عين‬
a hand yd ‫يد‬
a foot rjl ‫رجل‬
an ear udn ‫ودن‬
Third, a small number of nouns which do not fall into any category and yet are feminine:
the house ḍ
ḍar ‫الدار‬
the sun ššms ‫الشمس‬
j:the /zh/ sound, like the ‘s’ in the Remember that if two characters in a row areword “pleasure.”the
same, a “shedda” is used, and we pronounce‫ع‬:See page 146.that sound longer. See pages 3 and
146.
Describing Yourself
• ask and answer questions about nationalities, cities, age, and marital status
• use the possessive word “dyal” to indicate possession
• use demonstrative pronouns and adjectives in simple sentences
• ask questions about possession
Cultural Points
Avoid asking about the salary and age (sometimes) of people, especially women. Men should not
enquire about the wives or other female relations of someone—this could be seen as expressing an
inappropriate interest. People won’t always tell you about their jobs and other personal concerns if not
asked. Religion can be a sensitive issue and sometimes people are not willing to express their views.
Nationalities, Cities, and Marital Status

Vocabulary and Expressions
Where are you (masc.) from? mnin nta? ‫ت؟‬
َ ‫منين ن‬
Where are you (fem.) from? mnin nti? ‫ت؟‬
ِ ‫منين ن‬
I am from the U.S. ana mn mirikan. ِ ‫أنا من‬.
‫مريكان‬
I am American. ana mirikani(ya). ِ ‫)أنا‬.
‫مريكاني)ة‬
I am from Morocco. ana mn lmġrib. ِ ‫أنا من المغ‬.
‫رب‬
I am Moroccan. ana mġribi(ya). ِ ‫)أنا مغ‬.
‫ربي)ة‬
Are you ... ? weš nta/nti ... ? ‫ ؟‬... ‫ت‬
ِ ‫ن‬/‫ت‬
َ ‫واش ن‬
Are you from the U.S.? weš nta/nti mn mirikan? ‫مريكان؟‬
ِ ‫ت من‬
ِ ‫ن‬/‫ت‬
َ ‫واش ن‬
Where are you from in the U.S.? mnin nta/nti f mirikan? ‫مريكان؟‬
ِ ‫تف‬
ِ ‫ن‬/‫ت‬
َ ‫منين ن‬
And you? u nta/nti? ‫ت؟‬
ِ ‫ن‬/‫ت‬
َ ‫ون‬
city mdina ‫مدينة‬
state wilaya ‫ِولية‬
big (fem.) kbira ‫كبيرة‬
small (fem.) ṣ
ġira ‫صغيرة‬
Excuse me. (to man / woman) smн li / smнi li ‫ سمحي لي‬/ ‫سمح لي‬
I am not ... ana maši ... ‫ أنا ماشي‬...
but welakin ِ َ ‫وَل‬
‫كن‬
engaged (fem.) mxṭ
uba ‫مخطوبة‬
married (masc. / fem.) mzuwj / mzuwja ‫ مزّوجة‬/ ‫مزّوج‬
No, not yet. lla mazal / lla baqi ‫ل ّ باقي‬/ ‫ل ّ مازال‬
Are you a tourist? weš nta/nti turist? ‫ت ُتريست؟‬
ِ ‫ن‬/‫ت‬
َ ‫واش ن‬
ana xddam(a) m ‫ع‬a hay'at

I work with the Peace Corps. ssalam. َ ‫هيَئة ال‬
‫سلم‬ َ ‫ع‬ ّ ‫أنا خ‬.
َ ‫دام)ة( م‬
Dialogue
Fatima: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ‫كم‬ُ ‫م ع ََلي‬ُ ‫سل‬ َ ‫طمة ال‬ِ ‫فا‬:
Tom: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ‫سلم‬
َ ‫كم ال‬ ُ ‫طوم َو ع ََلي‬:
Fatima: smн li, weš nta fransawi? ‫ت فَرنساوي؟‬
َ ‫ واش ن‬،‫طمة سمح لي‬ ِ ‫فا‬:
Tom: lla, ana mirikani. ِ ‫ أنا‬،‫ل‬. ‫طوم‬:
‫مريكاني‬
Fatima: mnin f mirikan? ‫مريكان؟‬
ِ ‫طمة منين ف‬ ِ ‫فا‬:
Tom: mn mdint Seattle f wilayat ُ ‫طوم من مدينة سياتل ف ِولية واشن‬:
‫ت؟‬
ِ ‫ و ن‬.‫طن‬
Washington. u nti?
Fatima: mn Rabat. ‫من الرباط‬. ‫طمة‬
ِ ‫فا‬:
Tom: šнal f ‫ع‬mrk? ‫طوم شحال ف عمرك؟‬:
Fatima: tnayn u ‫ع‬šrin ‫ع‬am. u nta? ‫ت؟‬
َ ‫ و ن‬.‫طمة تَنين و عشرين عام‬ِ ‫فا‬:
Tom: rb ‫ع‬a u tlatin ‫ع‬am. ‫ربعة و تلتين عام‬. ‫طوم‬:
Fatima: weš nta mzuwj wlla mazal? ‫ت مزوج ول ّ مازال؟‬َ ‫طمة واش ن‬ ِ ‫فا‬:
Tom: mazal. u nti? ِ ‫ و ن‬.‫طوم مازال‬:
‫ت؟‬
Fatima: lla, baqiya. weš nta turist? ‫ت توريست؟‬ ِ ‫فا‬:
َ ‫ واش ن‬.‫ باقية‬،‫طمة ل‬
Tom: lla, ana xddam m ‫ع‬a
hay'at ssalam. َ ‫هيَئة ال‬
‫سلم‬ َ ‫ع‬ ّ ‫ أنا خ‬،‫ل‬. ‫طوم‬:
َ ‫دام م‬
Fatima: bslama. ‫ب السلمة‬. ‫طمة‬
ِ ‫فا‬:
Tom: nšufk mn b ‫ع‬d. ‫نشوفك من بعد‬. ‫طوم‬:
Exercise: Complete each section of this dialogue.
The Possessive Word “dyal”

In Moroccan Arabic, you have already learned that possession can be expressed by adding the
possessive pronouns to the end of a word (see page 8). Another way to express possession is through
the word dyal. It is placed after a noun with the definite article “the,” which in Arabic may be either
the letter “l” or a doubling of the first consonant of a word (see page 147 for more information on the
Arabic definite article). The same possessive pronouns you learned before are attached to the end of
dyal. You can also use a name with dyal. Some examples:
Using Possessive Pronoun Using “dyal”

book ktab the book lktab
‫كتاب‬ ‫الكتاب‬
my book ktabi my book lktab dyali
‫كتابي‬ ‫الكتاب ديالي‬
John’s book lktab dyal John
‫الكتاب ديال دجون‬
Here is a list of dyal with all of the possessive pronoun endings:
my / mine dyali ‫ديالي‬

your / yours (sing.) dyalk ‫ديالك‬
his / his dyalu ‫ديالو‬

her / hers dyalha ‫ديالها‬
our / ours dyalna ‫ديالنا‬
your / yours dyalkum ُ ‫ديال‬
‫كم‬
their / theirs dyalhum ‫ديالُهم‬
As the list above shows, the forms dyali, dyalk, etc. also mean “mine,” “yours,” etc.
This pen is mine. had sstilo dyali. َ .
‫هد الستيلو ديالي‬
That rug is yours. dik zzrbiya dyalk. ‫ديك الزربية ديالك‬.
Exercise: Substitute the underlined words by the corresponding possessive

pronoun endings.
1. sstilu dyal John. ‫الستيلو ديال دجون‬.
2. lktab dyal Amber. ‫الكتاب ديال أمبر‬.
3. ḍ
ḍar dyal Driss u Zubida. ‫الدار ديال دريس و زوبيدة‬.
Demonstrative Adjectives & Demonstrative Pronouns

This, that, these, and those are used often in Arabic, like in English. But, unlike in English, in Arabic we
must be aware of whether they act as adjectives or pronouns. Think about how we use these words in
English. Sometimes, we use them before a noun. When we use them before a noun, they are called
demonstrative adjectives.
This car is John’s. I like these towels.
I want that book. Those flowers smell lovely.
Sometimes, we use them by themselves. In this case, they are called demonstrative pronouns.
This is John’s. I like these.
I want that. Those smell lovely.
It isn’t necessary to know their names, but it is necessary to pay attention to whether they are before a
noun or not. Let’s first look at the pronoun forms in Arabic, which you will use often even as a
beginner.
Demonstrative Pronouns
this (masc.) hada ‫هدا‬
َ
this (fem.) hadi ‫هدي‬
َ
these (plur.) hadu ‫هدو‬
َ
that (masc.) hadak ‫هداك‬
َ
that (fem.) hadik ‫هديك‬
َ
those (plur.) haduk ‫هدوك‬
َ
These forms may be used at the beginning of a sentence, in the middle or at the end of a sentence, or in
questions. In Arabic, these pronouns can represent people.
This is a chair. hada kursi. ُ ‫هدا‬
‫كرسي‬ َ .
This is a table. hadi ṭ
bla. َ .
‫هدي طبلة‬
This is Abdallah. hada Abdallah. َ .
‫هدا عبدالله‬
This is Aicha. hadi Aicha. َ .
‫هدي عيشة‬
What’s this? (masc. object) šnu / aš hada? ‫هدا؟‬
َ ‫ أش‬/ ‫شنو‬
What’s this? (fem. object) šnu / aš hadi? ‫هدي؟‬
Who is this? (masc.) škun hada? ‫هدا؟‬
َ ‫شكون‬
Who is this? (fem.) škun hadi? ‫هدي؟‬
َ ‫شكون‬
What is that? (masc. object) šnu / aš hadak? ‫هداك؟‬
Who is that? (fem.) škun hadik? ‫هديك؟‬
َ ‫شكون‬
At first, you may have difficulty knowing whether to use the masculine or feminine form of this or that.
Moroccans should understand you even if you make an error with gender, however.
Exercise: Write as many correct sentences as you can using the words from the
following table.
e.g. hada rajl mzyan. ‫هدا راجل مزيان‬
َ .
(This is a good man.)
hada wld (masc. sing.) mzyan (masc. sing.)

‫هدا‬
َ ‫ولد‬ ‫مزيان‬
hadi bnt (fem. sing.) mzyanin (masc. plur.)
‫هدي‬
َ ‫بنت‬ ‫مزيانين‬
hadu qhwa (fem. sing.) mzyana (fem. sing.)
‫هدو‬
َ ‫قهوة‬ ‫مزيانة‬
hadak wlad (masc. plur.) mzyanat (fem. plur.)
‫هداك‬
َ ‫ولد‬ ‫مزيانات‬
hadik rajl (masc. sing.) kbir (masc. sing.)
‫هديك‬
َ ‫راجل‬ ‫كبير‬
haduk ḍ
ar (fem. sing.) kbira (fem. sing.)
‫هدوك‬
َ ‫دار‬ ‫كبيرة‬
‫ع‬yalat (fem. plur.) kbar (masc./fem. plur.)
‫عيالت‬ ‫كبار‬
mdina (fem. sing.) frнan (masc. sing.)
‫مدينة‬ ‫فرحان‬
bnat (fem. plur.) frнanin (masc. plur.)
‫بنات‬ ‫فرحانين‬
blad (masc. sing.) frнana (fem. sing.)
‫بلد‬ ‫فرحانة‬
frнanat (fem. plur.)
‫فرحانات‬
š:the /sh/ sound as in “she”a:the ‘a’ in “father” or the ‘a’ in “mad”x:the ‘ch’ in the German “Bach” or
thei:the ‘ee’ in “meet”Scottish “loch” See page144.u:the ‘oo’ in “food”ġ:the French “r,” like a light
garglek:the normal /k/ soundSee page 145.q:like the English /k/ but pronounced t:̣ pronounced like t,
d, and s, but with a lower pitch and a greater tension in the tongue and throat. See page 145.further
back in the throat. See page 144.d:̣ s:̣
Demonstrative Adjectives
this/these (masc. / fem. / plur.) had ‫هد‬
َ
that (masc.) dak ‫داك‬
that (fem.) dik ‫ديك‬
those (plur.) duk ‫دوك‬
As you can see, the this/these form (had) is the same for masculine, feminine, and plural. For all the
demonstrative adjectives, you must use the definite article in front of the nouns that follow them. This
means using an “l” in front of “moon letters” or doubling the first letter of “sun letters” (see page 147).
this man had rrajl ‫هد الراجل‬
َ
this woman had lmra ‫هد المرا‬
َ
these men had rrjal ‫هد الرجال‬
َ
these women had l ‫ع‬yalat ‫هد العيالت‬
َ
This city is big. had lmdina kbira. َ .

‫هد المدينة كبيرة‬
That house is big. dik ḍ
ḍar kbira. ‫ديك الدار كبيرة‬.
Talking about a General Situation

Sometimes in English, we use the words this and that to talk about general situations, not about specific
things. Intermediate
Topic
Some of the students are always late for class. I don’t like that.
In Arabic, different expressions are used for these meanings.
this (general situation) had šši ‫هد الشي‬

َ
that (general situation) dak šši ‫داك الشي‬
After some experience hearing native speakers, you should be able to know when to use the normal
demonstrative pronouns and when to use these expressions. Some examples:
What is this? (this thing, this aš hada? ‫هدا؟‬
َ ‫أش‬
object)
What is this? (situation, affair) aš had šši? ‫هد الشي؟‬
َ ‫أش‬
I want that. (that thing, that bġit hadak. َ ‫بغيت‬.
‫هداك‬
object)
That’s what I want. (a situation dak šši lli bġit. ‫داك الشي اللي بغيت‬.
or outcome)
Using a Demonstrative Pronoun to Express Duration Intermediate

With a present tense verb form, an active participle expressing current Topic
activity, or an equational
sentence, the demonstrative pronoun hadi is used to express duration, like the English present perfect
tense or present perfect progressive tense. It is used with a time expression and u (and) followed by the
rest of the sentence:
hadi + time expression + u + rest of sentence
I’ve been waiting for you for two hadi sa ‫ع‬tayn u ana
hours. (Literally: This is two kantsnak. َ .
‫هدي ساعَتين و أنا كنتسناك‬
hours and I am waiting for you.)
He’s been asleep for a long
time. (Literally: This is a long hadi muda u huwa na ‫ع‬s. ‫و ناعس‬
َ ُ‫مدة و ه‬ َ .
ُ ‫هدي‬
time and he is sleeping.)
He’s been in Morocco for three hadi tlt snin u huwa
years. (Literally: This is three f lmaġrib. ‫رب‬
ِ ‫و ف المغ‬ َ .
َ ُ‫هدي تلت سنين و ه‬
years and he is in Morocco.)
Asking about Possession

The possessive word dyal (‫ )ديال‬may be used with mn (‫ )من‬to mean “whose.”
Whose book is this? dyal mn had lktab? ‫هد الكتاب؟‬

َ ‫ديال من‬
This is Amber’s book. had lktab dyal Amber. َ .
‫هد الكتاب ديال أمبر‬
weš had lktab dyal
Is this Hicham’s book? Hicham?
‫هد الكتاب ديال هشام؟‬
َ ‫واش‬
No, it’s not his. lla, maši dyalu. ‫ ماشي ديالو‬،‫ل‬.

Whose house is this? dyal mn had ḍ
ḍar? ‫هد الدار؟‬
This house is Malika’s. had ḍ
ḍar dyal Malika. ‫مليكة‬ َ .
َ ‫هد الدار ديال‬
weš had ḍḍ
ar dyal
Is this house Malika’s? Malika?
‫مليكة؟‬
َ ‫هد الدار ديال‬
َ ‫واش‬
Yes, it’s hers. iyeh, dyalha. ‫ ديالها‬،‫إيه‬.
̣ ̣
weš had ddar
dyal Malika?
iyeh,
dyalha.
Exercise: Ask a question about possession for each picture. Then, give the correct
answer. The first one is done for you.
Hassan
Q: dyal mn had l-bisklit? ‫هد الِبسكليت؟‬
A: had l-bisklit dyal Hassan. ‫هد الِبسكليت ديال‬
َ
‫حسن‬.
?
Q: _______________________? Said
A: ___________________Said. _______________‫؟‬
____________‫سعيد‬.
? Ahmed
Q: _______________________? _______________‫؟‬
A: __________________Ahmed. ____________‫أحمد‬.
?
Aziz
_______________‫؟‬
Q: _______________________? ____________‫عزيز‬.
A: ___________________Aziz.
?
Useful Expressions
Here are some expressions to help you with homestay, travel, and other situations where your language
may not yet be at a point where you are able to communicate well in Moroccan Arabic. If you follow the
pronunciation of the transcriptions, Moroccans should understand you. More expressions can be
found in the appendix. See page 157.
Mealtime Expressions
In the name of God (said when you
begin an activity: eating, drinking, bismillah ‫ِبسم ِ الله‬
working, studying, traveling, etc.).
Thanks to God (said after finishing a

meal, or after expressing that all is well lнamdullah ‫حمد ُ الله‬
َ ‫ال‬
in life).
I don’t eat ... meat makanakulš...llнm

eggs lbiḍ َ ‫ما‬
/ ‫ الحوت‬/ ‫ البيض‬/ ‫كناكلش اللحم‬
fish lнut ‫الدجاج‬.
chicken ddjaj
kanšrb atay / lqhwa bla
I drink tea / coffee without sugar. skkar. َ ‫ القهوة بل س‬/ ‫كنشرب أتاي‬
‫كر‬ َ .
I eat everything. kanakul kulši. ُ ‫كناكل‬

‫كلشي‬ َ .
I eat vegetables only. kanakul ġir lxoḍ

ra. َ .
‫كناكل غير الخضرة‬
I don’t feel like eating. ma-fiya ma-y-akul. ُ ‫ما فّيا ما يا‬.
‫كل‬
I want just/only ... bġit ġir ... ‫ بغيت غير‬...
I don’t want to have breakfast. mabġitš nfṭ
r. ‫ما بغيتش نفطر‬.
The food is delicious. lmakla bnina. ‫الماكلة بنينة‬.
I’m full. šb ‫ع‬t. ‫شبعت‬.
I want to learn how to cook. bġit n-t ‫ع‬llm n-ṭ
iyb. ‫بغيت نتعّلم نطّيب‬.
May God replenish / reward you. lla yxlf. ‫الله يخلف‬.
(said after a meal to thank host)
To your health (said to someone

after eating, drinking, coming out of the bṣ
ṣннa.
hammam, wearing new clothes, having
ّ ‫ب الص‬.
‫حة‬
a hair cut, etc.)
May God grant you health too. lla y ‫ع‬tik ṣ

ṣннa
(response to the above)
ّ ‫الله يعطيك الص‬.
‫حة‬
Thanking Expressions
Thank you. šukran. ً ‫شكرا‬
ُ
You’re welcome. bla jmil. ‫بل جميل‬.
Expressions for Nighttime / Sleeping

I’m tired. (male speaker) ana ‫ع‬iyan. ‫أنا عّيان‬.
I’m tired. (female speaker) ana ‫ع‬iyana. ‫أنا عّيانة‬.
I want to read a little bit. bġit nqra šwiya. ‫بغيت نقرى شوية‬.
I want to go to bed. bġit nn ‫ع‬s. ‫بغيت ّنعس‬.
Where I am going to sleep? fin ġadi nn ‫ع‬s. ‫فين غادي ّنعس؟‬
Excuse me, I want to go to bed. smнu li, bġit nmši nn
‫ بغيت نمشي ّنعس‬،‫سمحو لي‬.
(addressing a group of people) ‫ع‬s.
I want to go to bed early. bġit nn ‫ع‬s bkri. ‫بغيت ّنعس بكري‬.
I want to get up early. bġit nfiq bkri. ‫بغيت نفيق بكري‬.
I want a blanket. bġit waнd lmanṭ
a. ‫بغيت واحد المانطة‬.
Hygiene/Cleanliness Expressions
I want to wash my hands with bġit nġsl yddi b
ṣ
ṣabun. ّ ‫بغيت نغسل ي‬.
‫دي ب الصابون‬
soap.
I want to brush my teeth. bġit nġsl snani. ‫بغيت نغسل سناني‬.
I want hot water, please. bġit lma ssxun ‫ع‬afak. ‫بغيت الما السخون‬.
I want to take a shower. bġit nduwš. ‫بغيت ندّوش‬.
I want to go to the hammam. bġit nmši lнmmam. ّ ‫بغيت نمشي الح‬.
‫مام‬
I want to change my clothes. bġit nbddl нwayji. ّ ‫بغيت نب‬.
‫دل حوايجي‬
Where is the toilet? fin bit lma? ‫فين بيت الما؟‬
I want to do laundry. bġit n-ṣ
bbn нwayji. ‫بغيت نصّبن حوايجي‬.
Where can I do laundry? fin ymkn n-ṣ
bbn нwayji. ‫فين يمكن نصّبن حوايجي‬.
Offering Help / Asking for Favors

Can I help you? weš n ‫ع‬awnk? ‫واش نعاونك؟‬
Excuse me. (to a man) smн li. ‫سمح لي‬.
Excuse me. (to a woman) smнi li. ‫سمحي لي‬.
Give me ... please. ‫ع‬ṭ
ini ... ‫ع‬afak. َ ... ‫عطيني‬.
‫عفاك‬
Being Sick
I’m sick. (male speaker) ana mriḍ
. ‫أنا مريض‬.
I’m sick. (female speaker) ana mriḍ
a. ‫أنا مريضة‬.
I want to rest a bit. bġit n-rtaн swiya. ‫بغيت نرتاح سوّية‬.
Do you feel better? briti šwiya? ‫بريتي شوّية؟‬
Transportation Expressions
I want to go to ... bġit nmši l ... ‫ بغيت نمشي ل‬...
Responses to Problems/Difficulties/Apologies
It’s not a problem. maši muškil. ‫كل‬ ُ ‫ماشي‬.
ِ ‫مش‬
There is no problem. makayn muškil. ‫كل‬ ُ ‫ما كاين‬.
ِ ‫مش‬
Congratulations
Congratulations. mbruk ‫مبروك‬
Happy holiday. mbruk l ‫ع‬id. ‫مبروك العيد‬.
May God grant you grace. lla ybark fik. ‫الله يبارك فيك‬.
Communication
I don’t understand. mafhmtš. ‫ما فهمتش‬.
I don’t know. man ‫ع‬rf. ‫ما نعرف‬.
Slowly please. b šwiya ‫ع‬afak. َ ‫ب شوية‬.
‫عفاك‬
Repeat please. (to a man) ‫ع‬awd ‫ع‬afak. َ ‫عاود‬.
‫عفاك‬
Repeat please. (to a woman) ‫ع‬awdi ‫ع‬afak. َ ‫عاودي‬.
‫عفاك‬
What did you say? šnu glti? ‫شنو گلتي؟‬
Numerals
Objective: By the end of the chapter, you will be able to :
• count in Moroccan Arabic
• combine numbers with nouns to indicate amounts
• ask and answer questions about time
When we talk about numerals, we want to be able to do two things. First, we have to be able to count.
That is, we have to learn our numbers. Second, we have to be able to use the numbers with objects. In
other words, we have to be able to say things like “five apples” or “twentyseven students” or “one
hundred fortythree volunteers.”
In English, we never think of these two tasks separately. We simply use a number in combination with
the plural form of some object. In Arabic, however, we have to learn how to combine different numbers
with objects, sometimes using a plural form, sometimes a singular, sometimes with a letter in between
the two, sometimes not. As in all things Arabic, what seems difficult now becomes natural with time.
Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal numbers refer to the normal numbers we use (one, two, three...). They are different than
ordinal numbers (first, second, third...) and fractions (onehalf, onethird, onefourth...). For now, we
start with the cardinal numbers. We will work with ordinal numbers and fractions later.
Numbers 1 thru 10
In Moroccan Arabic, there are two ways to combine the numbers 3 thru 10 with an object. We
sometimes use the “full” or normal form of the number, and sometimes we use a “short” form of the
number. Here is a table listing the full form of numbers 1 thru 10 and the short form of numbers 3 thru
10.
Full Forms Short Forms

one (masc.) waнd ‫واحد‬ Ø Ø
one (fem.) wнda ‫وحدة‬ Ø Ø
two juj ‫جوج‬ Ø Ø
three tlata ‫تلتة‬ tlt ‫تلت‬
four rb ‫ع‬a ‫ربعة‬ rb ‫ع‬ ‫ربع‬
five xmsa ‫خمسة‬ xms ‫خمس‬
six stta ‫سّتة‬ stt ‫ت‬
ّ ‫س‬
seven sb ‫ع‬a ‫سبعة‬ sb ‫ع‬ ‫سبع‬
eight tmnya ‫تمنية‬ tmn ‫تمن‬
nine ts ‫ع‬ud ‫تسعود‬ ts ‫ع‬ ‫تسع‬
ten ‫ع‬šra ‫عشرة‬ ‫ع‬šr ‫عشر‬
For the numbers 3 thru 10, we combine the full form of a number and a noun like this:
number (full form) + d (‫)د‬ + plural noun with definite article
For the numbers 3 thru 10, we combine the short form of a number and a noun like this:
number (short form) + plural noun (no definite article)
Eight books (using full form) tmnya d lktub ‫تمنية د الكتوب‬

Five dirhams (using full form) xmsa d ddrahm ‫خمسة د الدراهم‬
Five dirhams (using short form) xms drahm ‫خمس دراهم‬
The numbers one and two have some special qualities.
The number one (waнd/wнda) differs from all other numbers because in Arabic, it acts
like an adjective. This means that it comes after a noun, like other adjectives, and that it
must agree in gender with the noun, like other adjectives.
one book (book is masc.) ktab waнd ‫كتاب واحد‬

one girl (girl is fem.) bnt wнda ‫بنت وحدة‬
Sometimes, you may hear waнd (not wнda) used before a noun. In this case, it is not acting as a
number, but rather as an indefinite article (like the English “a” or “an”). Don’t worry about it now, just
be aware of it.
Intermediate
a book waнd lktab ‫واحد الكتاب‬
Topic
a girl waнd lbnt ‫واحد البنت‬
The number two (juj) can be used as a full or short form with plural nouns.
two books juj d lktub ‫جوج د الكتوب‬

two books juj ktub ‫جوج كتوب‬
However, when two is part of a compound number (as in twentytwo), a different form is used. Here,
we use the form tnayn (‫)تَنين‬. This will be shown in the section on numbers from 20 thru 99.
Dual noun forms
In English, nouns have a singular and a plural form. In Arabic, nouns also have a singular and plural
form, but a small number of nouns also have a dual form. The dual form is used for these nouns when
we refer to two of something. For nouns that have a dual form, therefore, we don’t use juj. The dual
form includes the idea of “two.” The dual form is usually made by adding “ ayn” to the end of the
singular form. In the following tables, the first three examples have dual forms, but the last two are
normal and therefore use their plural form.
Singular Form Dual Form

day yum ‫يوم‬ yumayn ‫مين‬
َ ‫يو‬
month šhr ‫شهر‬ šhrayn ‫شهَرين‬
year ‫ع‬am ‫عام‬ ‫ع‬amayn ‫مين‬
َ ‫عا‬
But...
Singular Form Plural Form

‫جوج د‬
week simana ‫سيمانة‬ juj d ssimanat
‫السيمانات‬
minute dqiqa ‫دقيقة‬ juj dqayq ‫جوج دقايق‬
Numbers 11 thru 19
The numbers 11 thru 19 do not have a short form. Only numbers 3 thru 10 have a short form.
eleven нḍ
aš ‫حضاش‬
twelve ṭ
naš ‫طناش‬
thirteen tlṭ
aš ‫تلطاش‬
fourteen rb ‫ع‬ṭ
aš ‫ربعطاش‬
fifteen xmsṭ
aš ‫خمسطاش‬
sixteen sṭ
ṭaš ّ ‫س‬
‫طاش‬
seventeen sb ‫ع‬ṭ
aš ‫سبعطاش‬
eighteen tmnṭ
aš ‫تمنطاش‬
nineteen ts ‫ع‬ṭ
aš ‫تسعطاش‬
Yes — the singular!
For numbers 11 thru 19, we can combine a number and a noun like this: In Arabic, the plural
form is only used for
r ( ‫)ر‬ numbers 2 thru 10.
or The singular is used
number + + singular noun (no definite article)
l (‫)ل‬ for everything else!
sixteen years sṭ

ṭaš r ‫ع‬am ّ ‫س‬
‫طاش ر عام‬
sixteen years sṭ
ṭaš l ‫ع‬am ‫طاش ل عام‬ّ ‫س‬
eighteen girls tmnṭaš r bnt ‫تمنطاش ر بنت‬
eighteen girls tmnṭ
aš l bnt ‫تمنطاش ل بنت‬
Numbers 20, 30, 40 ... 99

For a multiple of ten (20, 30, 40 etc.) in Arabic, we simply use the name for that number, like in
English. For numbers such as 21, 22, or 23, however, it is not like English. In Arabic, the “ones” digit is
pronounced first, followed by the word “and,” then followed by the “tens” digit. For example, in Arabic
the number 21 is literally “one and twenty” while the number 47 is literally “seven and forty.” Also,
remember that for the numbers 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, and 92, we do not use juj. Rather, we use
tnayn. Here is a list of the multiples of ten, with examples of numbers between each multiple:
twenty ‫ع‬šrin ‫عشرين‬

twentyone
waнd u ‫ع‬šrin ‫واحد و عشرين‬
literally: one and twenty
twentytwo
literally: two and twenty tnayn u ‫ع‬šrin ‫تَنين و عشرين‬
Remember: “tnayn,” not “juj”
twentythree
tlata u ‫ع‬šrin ‫تلتة و عشرين‬
literally: three and twenty
twentyfour rb ‫ع‬a u ‫ع‬šrin ‫ربعة و عشرين‬
thirty tlatin ‫تلتين‬
thirtyone waнd u tlatin ‫واحد و تلتين‬
thirtytwo tnayn u tlatin ‫تَنين و تلتين‬
thirtythree tlata u tlatin ‫تلتة و تلتين‬
forty rb ‫ع‬in ‫ربعين‬
fortyone waнd u rb ‫ع‬in ‫واحد و ربعين‬
fortytwo tnayn u rb ‫ع‬in ‫تَنين و ربعين‬
fifty xmsin ‫خمسين‬
sixty sttin ‫سّتين‬
seventy sb ‫ع‬in ‫سبعين‬
eighty tmanin ‫تمانين‬
ninety ts ‫ع‬in ‫تسعين‬
ninetynine ts ‫ع‬ud u ts ‫ع‬in ‫تسعود و تسعين‬
For numbers 20 thru 99, we can combine a number and a noun like this:
number + singular noun (no definite article)
fortytwo years tnayn u rb ‫ع‬in ‫ع‬am ‫تَنين و ربعين عام‬
ninety dirhams ts ‫ع‬in drhm ‫تسعين درهم‬
thirtyeight books tmnya u tlatin ktab ‫تمنية و تلتين كتاب‬
Numbers 100, 200, 300 ... 999

The Arabic word for 100 is miya. For 200, there is a dual form of miyatayn. For 300 thru 900, we use
the short form of the numbers 3 thru 9 plus miya. For numbers such as 107 or 257, we will use the
appropriate multiple of 100 followed by the word “and” and then the rest of the number. Some
examples:
one hundred miya ‫مـّيـة‬

one hundred one miya u waнd ‫مّية و واحد‬
literally: one hundred and one
one hundred two miya u juj ‫مّية و جوج‬

literally: one hundred and two
one hundred ten miya u ‫ع‬šra ‫مّية و عشرة‬

literally: one hundred and ten
one hundred eleven miya u нḍ

aš ‫مّية و حضاش‬
one hundred twentyone
literally: one hundred and one and miya u waнd u ‫ع‬šrin ‫مّية و واحد و عشرين‬
twenty
one hundred twentytwo

literally: one hundred and two and miya u tnayn u ‫ع‬šrin ‫مّية و تَنين و عشرين‬
twenty
one hundred ninetynine miya u ts ‫ع‬ud u ts ‫ع‬in ‫مّية و تسعود و تسعين‬

two hundred miyatayn ‫مـّيـَتـيـن‬
two hundred fiftyseven miyatayn u sb ‫ع‬a u
literally: two hundred and seven ‫مي َّتين و سبعة و خمسين‬
xmsin
and fifty
three hundred tlt miya ‫تلت مّية‬

three hundred fortyfive tlt miya u xmsa u rb
literally: three hundred and five and ‫تلت مّية و خمسة و ربعين‬
‫ع‬in
forty
four hundred rb ‫ ع‬miya ‫ربع مّية‬

five hundred xms miya ‫خمس مّية‬
six hundred stt miya ‫ت مّية‬
ّ ‫س‬
seven hundred sb ‫ ع‬miya ‫سبع مّية‬
eight hundred tmn miya ‫تمن مّية‬
nine hundred ts ‫ ع‬miya ‫تسع مّية‬
ts ‫ ع‬miya u ts ‫ع‬ud u ts
nine hundred ninetynine ‫ع‬in
‫تسع مّية و تسعود و تسعين‬
Exact multiples of 100 (100, 300, 400, etc. – not 137 or 278) are combined with a noun like this:
number + t (‫)ت‬ + singular noun
four hundred chairs rb ‫ ع‬miyat kursi ُ ‫ربع مّية‬
‫كرسي‬
six hundred ryal stt miyat ryal ‫ت مّية ريال‬
ّ ‫س‬
But when a number between 100 and 999 is not an exact multiple of 100 (e.g. 167, 492, 504), we
combine the number with a noun according to the rule for the final digits of the number.
105 books (use the rule for “5”) miya u xmsa d lktub ‫مّية و خمسة د الكتوب‬
miyatayn u rb ‫ع‬ṭ
aš r
214 books (use the rule for “14”) ktab
‫مي َّتين و ربعطاش ر كتاب‬
stt miya u sb ‫ع‬a u xmsin

657 books (use the rule for “57”) ktab
‫ت مّية و سبعة و خمسين كتاب‬
ّ ‫س‬
Exercise: Match the number with the correct Arabic translation.
199 miya u ts ‫ع‬ud u rb ‫ع‬in ‫مَية و تسعود و ربعين‬

2 ts ‫ع‬ud u sttin ‫تسعود و سّتين‬
11 miya u stta u xmsin ‫مّية و سّتة و خمسين‬
149 xmsa u sb ‫ع‬in ‫خمسة و سبعين‬
137 miya u ts ‫ع‬ud u ts ‫ع‬in ‫مّية و تسعود و تسعين‬
75 нḍ
aš ‫حضاش‬
69 miya u sb ‫ع‬a u tlatin ‫مّية و سبعة و تلتين‬

156 juj ‫جوج‬
Numbers 1000, 2000, 3000 ...

The word for “thousand” has the singular form alf, the dual form alfayn, and the plural form alaf.
The plural form is used with the short form of the numbers 3 thru 10 from “3” thousand to “10”
thousand. Then we return to the singular form (like we do for all Arabic nouns). Like the word for
“hundred,” it is followed by “and” when the number is not an exact multiple of 1000 (e.g. 1027 or
4738). From 1000 onward:
one thousand alf ‫ألف‬

one thousand one alf u waнd ‫ألف و واحد‬
one thousand fifteen alf u xmsṭ
aš ‫ألف و خمسطاش‬
one thousand three hundred
sixtyseven (literally: one alf u tlt miya u sb ‫ع‬a
‫ألف و تلت مّية و سبعة و سّتين‬
thousand and three hundred and u sttin
seven and sixty)
two thousand alfayn ‫فين‬

َ ‫أل‬
alfayn u tnayn u
two thousand twentytwo ‫ع‬šrin
‫فين و تَنين و عشرين‬
َ ‫أل‬
three thousand tlt alaf ‫تلت ألف‬
three thousand seven tlt alaf u sb ‫ ع‬miya u

‫تلت ألف و سبع مّية و خمسين‬
hundred and fifty xmsin
four thousand rb ‫ ع‬alaf ‫ربع ألف‬

five thousand xms alaf ‫خمس ألف‬
six thousand stt alaf ‫ت ألف‬
ّ ‫س‬
seven thousand sb ‫ ع‬alaf ‫سبع ألف‬
eight thousand tmn alaf ‫تمن ألف‬
nine thousand ts ‫ ع‬alaf ‫تسع ألف‬
nine thousand nine hundred ts ‫ ع‬alaf u ts ‫ ع‬miya u ‫تسع ألف و تسع مّية و تسعود و‬
ninetynine ts ‫ع‬ud u ts ‫ع‬in ‫تسعين‬
ten thousand ‫ع‬šr alaf ‫عشر ألف‬

eleven thousand нḍ
aš r alf ‫حضاش ر ألف‬
two hundred thousand miyatayn alf ‫مي َّتين ألف‬
ts ‫ ع‬miya u ts ‫ع‬ud u
‫تسع مّية و تسعود و تسعين ألف و‬
999,999 ts ‫ع‬in alf u ts ‫ ع‬miya
‫تسع مّية و تسعود و تسعين‬
u ts ‫ع‬ud u ts ‫ع‬in
Exact multiples of 1000 can be combined with nouns in two ways:

number + singular noun
Or...
number + d (‫)د‬ + plural noun with definite article
five thousand boys xms alaf wld ‫خمس ألف ولد‬
five thousand boys xms alaf d lwlad ‫خمس ألف د الولد‬
Numbers larger than 1000 that are not exact multiples of 1000 are combined with nouns according to
the rules for the final digits, as you saw with numbers that were not exact multiples of 100.
Larger Numbers
Singular Plural
million(s) mlyun ‫مليون‬ mlayn ‫ملين‬
billion(s) mlyar ‫مليار‬ mlayr ‫ملير‬
Exercise: Correctly combine numbers with nouns by filling in the blanks using
the following numbers and any necessary letters: 1, 3, 8, 13, 20, 400, or
1000. There may be more than one correct answer for each.
3 d lbnat (the girls) ‫البنات‬ 3‫د‬

ḍ
ar (house) ‫دار‬
stilu (pen) ‫ستيلو‬
drhm (dirham) ‫درهم‬
mutaṭ
awwi
‫ع‬ (volunteer) ّ َ ‫مت َط‬
‫وع‬ ُ
rjal (men) ‫رجال‬
ustad (teacher) ‫ُأستاد‬
oṭ
il (hotel) ‫ُأوطيل‬
magana (watch) ‫مگانة‬
l ‫ع‬yalat (the women) ‫العيالت‬
Ordinal Numbers / Fractions

Ordinal Numbers
For numbers 1 thru 12, there is a separate form for cardinal and ordinal numbers. From 13 on there is
no difference between the cardinal and ordinal number.
first lluwl ‫ول‬

ّ ‫الل‬
second tteni ‫التاني‬
third ttalt ‫التالت‬
fourth rrab ‫ع‬ ‫الرابع‬
fifth lxams ‫الخامس‬
sixth ssat / ssads ‫ السادس‬/ ‫السات‬
seventh ssab ‫ع‬ ‫السابع‬
eighth ttamn ‫التامن‬
ninth ttas ‫ع‬ ‫التاسع‬

tenth l ‫ع‬ašr ‫العاشر‬
eleventh lнaḍ
š ‫الحاضش‬
twelfth ṭ
ṭanš ‫الطانش‬
Ordinal numbers act like adjectives, and therefore must agree in gender and number with the noun
they describe. Listed are the masculine singular forms. To make the feminine form, add a (‫ )ة‬to the
ordinal number. To make it plural, add in (‫)ين‬.
Masculine Feminine Plural

lluwl lluwla lluwlin
first
‫اللول‬ ‫اللولة‬ ‫اللولين‬
ttalt ttalta ttaltin
third
‫التالت‬ ‫التالتة‬ ‫التالتين‬
Fractions
half nṣ ‫نص‬
third tulut ‫ت ُُلت‬
fourth rubu ‫ ع‬/ rb ‫ع‬ ‫ ربع‬/ ‫ُرُبع‬
Time
To express time, we use the demonstrative pronoun hadi and the appropriate number with the definite
article (see page 147 for more info on the definite article). This means that for 1:00, 5:00, 10:00, and
11:00, we will use the letter l (‫ )ل‬before the number, while for the others, we will double the first
consonant.
one lwнda ‫الوحدة‬ seven ssb ‫ع‬a ‫السبعة‬

two jjuj ‫الجوج‬ eight ttmnya ‫التمنية‬
three ttlata ‫التلتة‬ nine tts ‫ع‬ud ‫التسعود‬
four rrb ‫ع‬a ‫الربعة‬ ten l ‫ع‬šra ‫العشرة‬
five lxmsa ‫الخمسة‬ eleven lнḍ
aš ‫الحضاش‬
six sstta ‫السّتة‬ twelve ṭ
ṭnaš ‫الطناش‬
Like in English, Arabic uses certain words to express things like “quarter to five,” “half past seven,” etc.
before ql ‫قل‬ twenty minutes tulut ‫ت ُُلت‬

and u ‫و‬ half nṣ ‫نص‬
exactly nišan ‫نيشان‬ quarter to lla rob ‫ل ّ ُرب‬
quarter rb ‫ع‬ ‫ربع‬ five minutes qṣ
m ‫قصم‬
ten minutes qṣ
mayn ‫مين‬
َ ‫قص‬
Some examples of asking and answering about time:

What time is it? šнal hadi f ssa ‫ع‬a? ‫هدي ف الساعة؟‬
َ ‫شحال‬
It is exactly one o’clock. hadi lwнda nišan. َ .
‫هدي الوحدة نيشان‬
It is five minutes past two. hadi jjuj u qṣ
m. َ .
‫هدي الجوج و قصم‬
It is ten minutes past three. hadi ttlata u qṣ
mayn. ‫مين‬
َ ‫هدي التلتة و قص‬َ .
It is a quarter past four. hadi rrb ‫ع‬a u rb ‫ع‬. ‫هدي الربعة و ربع‬َ .
It is twenty minutes past five. hadi lxmsa u tulut. ‫هدي الخمسة و ت ُُلت‬ َ .
hadi sstta u xmsa u
It is twentyfive minutes past six. ‫ع‬šrin. َ .
‫هدي السّتة و خمسة و عشرين‬
It is seven thirty. hadi ssb ‫ع‬a u nṣ

. َ .
‫هدي السبعة و نص‬
hadi tmnya u xmsa u
It is eight thirtyfive. tlatin. َ .
‫هدي التمنية و خمسة و تلتين‬
It is twenty minutes to nine. hadi tts ‫ع‬ud ql tulut. ‫هدي التسعود قل ت ُُلت‬
َ .
It is a quarter to ten. hadi l ‫ع‬šra lla rob. ‫هدي العشرة ل ّ ُرب‬ َ .
It is ten minutes to eleven hadi lнḍaš ql qṣ
mayn. ‫مين‬
َ ‫هدي الحضاش قل قص‬َ .
It is five minutes to twelve. hadi ṭ
ṭnaš ql qṣ
m. ‫هدي الطناش قل قصم‬َ .
6:30 A.M. sstta u nṣd ṣ
ṣbaн ‫السّتة و نص د الصباح‬
5:15 P.M. lxmsa u rb ‫ ع‬d l ‫ع‬šiya ‫الخمسة و ربع د العشية‬.
Exercise: Match the times with the correct Arabic translation.
10:30 lwнda u qṣ

m ‫الوحدة و قصم‬
12:00 lнḍ
aš u qṣ
mayn ‫مين‬
َ ‫الحضاش و قص‬
1:05 ṭ
ṭnaš nišhan ‫الطناش نيشان‬
2:20 l ‫ع‬šra ql tulut ‫العشرة قل ت ُُلت‬
11:10 l ‫ع‬šra u nṣ ‫العشرة و نص‬
9:40 jjuj u tulut ‫الجوج و ت ُُلت‬
Exercise: Give the time in Arabic for each clock or watch.

Getting Started Shopping
• convert between dirhams, ryals, and franks
• buy items you need from a store
• use the verb “bġa” in simple sentences to indicate a desire
• indicate the presence or absence or someone or something with “kayn”
Money
lflus ‫الفلوس‬
÷5
÷100 ÷20
100 frank 1 dirham 20 ryal
×100 ×20
×5
When converting ryals to dirhams, divide by 20.

e.g. 100 ryals: 100 ÷ 20 = 5 DH.
From franks to ryals, divide by 5. For example, 200 franks ÷ 5 = 40 ryals.

From franks to dirhams, divide by 100. For example, 200 franks ÷ 100 = 2 DH.
From ryals to dirhams, divide by 20. For example, 40 ryals ÷ 20 = 2 DH.
From ryals to franks, multiply by 5. For example, 40 ryals × 5 = 200 franks.
From dirhams to ryals, multiply by 20. For example, 2 DH × 20 = 40 ryals.
From dirhams to franks, multiply by 100. For example, 2 DH × 100 = 200 franks.
Exercise: Convert the money amounts.

1. Convert to dirhams
35 ryal 150 ryal 365 ryal 270 ryal 555 ryal
2. Convert to ryals
10½ DH 30 DH 25 DH 125 DH 19 DH
At the Hanoot
Vocabulary
store нanut ‫حانوت‬ peanuts kaw kaw ‫كاو كاو‬
store keeper mul lнanut ‫مول الحانوت‬ almonds lluz ‫اللوز‬
soda lmonada ‫المونادا‬ bottle lqr ‫ع‬a ‫القرعة‬
chocolate ššklaṭ ‫الشكلط‬ bottle of water qr ‫ع‬a d lma ‫قرعة د الما‬
candies lнlwa ‫الحلوة‬ Kleenex kliniks ‫كل ِِنكس‬
ppapiyi
gum lmska ‫المسكة‬ toilet paper ‫جنيك‬
ِ ‫پاپّيي‬
jinik
cookies lbiskwi ‫الِبسكوي‬ tooth paste dontifris ‫دونِتفريس‬
juice l ‫ع‬aṣ
ir ‫الَعصير‬ soap ṣ
ṣabun ‫الصابون‬
bread lxubz ‫خبز‬
ُ ‫ال‬ shampoo ššampwan َ ‫ال‬
‫شمبوان‬
jam lkonfitur ‫فتور‬ ُ ‫ال‬
ِ ‫كن‬ detergent tid ‫تيد‬
butter zzbda ‫الزبدة‬ bleach javel ‫جاڤيل‬
lнjrat d ‫الحجرات د‬
eggs lbiḍ ‫البيض‬ batteries rradyu ‫الراديو‬
yogurt danon ‫دانون‬ razor rrazwar ‫الرازوار‬
milk lнlib ‫الحليب‬ tobacco store ṣ
ṣaka ‫الصاكة‬
coffee lqhwa ‫القهوة‬ cigarettes lgarru ‫الگاّرو‬
tea atay ‫أتاي‬ package(s) bakiya(t) ‫ بكيات‬/ ‫باكية‬
sugar sskkar ّ ‫الس‬
‫كر‬
cheese lfrmaj ‫الفرماج‬ money lflus ‫الفلوس‬
oil zzit ‫الزيت‬ change ṣ
ṣrf ‫الصرف‬
Expressions
Do you have ... ? weš ‫ع‬ndk ... ? ‫ ؟‬... ‫واش عندك‬
Yes, I do (have). iyeh, ‫ع‬ndi. ‫ عندي‬،‫إيه‬.
No, I don’t (have). lla, ma ‫ع‬ndiš. ‫ ما عنديش‬،‫ل‬.
Is there ... ? weš kayn ... ? ‫ ؟‬... ‫واش كاين‬
Yes, there is. (masc.) iyeh, kayn / mujud ‫ موجود‬/ ‫ كاين‬،‫إيه‬
Yes, there is. (fem.) iyeh, kayna / mujuda ‫ موجودة‬/ ‫ كاينة‬،‫إيه‬
No, there isn’t. (masc.) lla, makaynš. ‫ ما كاينش‬،‫ل‬
No, there isn’t. (fem.) lla, makaynaš. ‫ ماكايناش‬،‫ل‬
Give me ... please. ‫ع‬ṭ
ini ... ‫ع‬afak. َ ... ‫عطيني‬.
‫عفاك‬
What do you want ma’am / sir? šnu bġiti a lalla/sidi? ‫ سيدي؟‬/ ‫شنو بغيتي أ َلل‬
How much? bšнal? ‫بشحال‬
Do you have change? weš ‫ع‬ndk ṣ

ṣrf? ‫واش عندك الصرف؟‬
Do you have change for ... ? weš ‫ع‬ndk ṣ
ṣrf dyal..? ‫ ؟‬... ‫واش عندك الصرف ديال‬
Liter
liter itru ‫إترو‬
¼ liter rubu ‫ ع‬itru ‫ُرُبع إترو‬
½ liter nṣitru ‫نص إترو‬
1 liter waнd itru ‫واحد إترو‬
2 liters juj itru ‫جوج إترو‬
I want ½ a liter of milk. bġit nṣitru d lнlib. ‫بغيت نص إترو د الحليب‬.
Dialogue
Karla: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ُ ‫م عََلي‬
‫كم‬ ُ ‫سل‬
َ ‫كارل ال‬:
mul lнanut: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ّ َ ‫ شنو بغيتي أ ل‬.‫سلم‬

‫ل؟‬ ُ ‫مول الحانوت َو عََلي‬:
َ ‫كم ال‬
šnu bġiti a lalla?
Karla: weš ‫ع‬ndk šklaṭ

? ‫كارل واش عندك شكلط؟‬:
mul lнanut: iyeh, mujud a lalla. ّ ‫ موجود أ ل َل‬،‫إيه‬. ‫مول الحانوت‬:
Karla: ‫ع‬ṭ
ini juj bakiyat. ‫ بشحال؟‬.‫كارل عطيني جوج َبكيات‬:
bšнal?
mul lнanut: ṭ
naš l drhm. ‫طناش ل درهم‬. ‫مول الحانوت‬:
Karla: hak, barak llah u fik. ‫ باَرك الله و فيك‬،‫هاك‬. ‫كارل‬:
mul lнanut: bla jmil ‫بل جميل‬. ‫مول الحانوت‬:
1. feen kayna Karla? 1. ‫فين كاينة كارل؟‬
2. weš šrat lнlib? 2. ‫واش شرات الحليب؟‬
3. šnu šrat mn lнanut? 3. ‫شنو شرات من الحانوت؟‬
4. šнal mn bakiya? 4. ‫شحال من َبكية؟‬
5. bšнal? 5. ‫بشحال؟‬
Verb “to want”

In Moroccan Arabic, the verb “to want” is bġa (‫)بغى‬. This verb uses the past tense but has a present
tense meaning. When conjugated in the present tense, bġa means “to like” (see page 96).
I want bġit ‫بغيت‬

you want (sing.) bġiti ‫بغيتي‬

he wants bġa ‫بغى‬
she wants bġat ‫بغات‬
we want bġina ‫بغينا‬
you want (plur.) bġitu ‫بغيتو‬
they want bġau ‫بغاو‬
Verb + Noun Examples

I want tea. bġit atay. ‫بغيت أتاي‬.
Do you want coffee with sugar? weš bġiti lqhwa b skkar? ّ ‫واش بغيتي القهوة ب الس‬
‫كر؟‬
Ali wants a glass of water. Ali bġa kas d lma. ‫علي بغى كاس د الما‬.
Driss and Fatima don’t want Driss u Fatima mabġauš
lmonada. ِ ‫دريس و فا‬.
‫طمة ما بغاوش المونادا‬
soda.
Exercise: Make as many sentences as you can.

e.g. Hicham bġa kuka.
Hicham ‫هشام‬ bgit ‫بغيت‬ atay ‫أتاي‬

hiya ‫ي‬
َ ِ‫ه‬ bġa ‫بغى‬ lнlib ‫الحليب‬
Fatima ‫طمة‬
ِ ‫فا‬ bġau ‫بغاو‬ нlwa b šklaṭ ‫حلوة ب الشكلط‬
huwa ‫و‬
َ ُ‫ه‬ bġat ‫بغات‬ lqhwa ‫القهوة‬
huma ‫هما‬ُ bġiti ‫بغيتي‬ ‫ع‬aṣ
ir llimun ‫عصير الليمون‬
َ
ana ‫أنا‬ bġina ‫بغينا‬ qhwa bla skkar ّ ‫قهوة بل س‬
‫كر‬
нna ‫حنا‬ bġitu ‫بغيتو‬ kuka ‫كوكا‬
ntuma ‫نُتما‬
nta ‫ت‬
َ ‫ن‬
nti ‫ت‬ِ ‫ن‬
Listening Exercise
garsun: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ُ ‫م ع ََلي‬
‫كم‬ َ ‫گارسون ال‬:
ُ ‫سل‬
Amy, Jack, ‫ و‬،‫ دجاك‬،‫أيمي‬
‫سلم‬ ُ ‫َو ع ََلي‬
َ ‫كم ال‬
& Chris: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ‫كريس‬:
garsun: aš нb lxaṭ
r? ‫گارسون أش حب الخاطر؟‬:
Jack: ana bġit ‫ع‬aṣ
ir llimun. َ ‫أنا بغيت‬. ‫دجاك‬:
‫عصير الليمون‬
garsun: waxxa a sidi, u nta? ‫ت؟‬ ّ َ‫گارسون و‬:
َ ‫ و ن‬،‫خا أ سيدي‬
Chris: ana bġit qhwa nṣnṣ
. ‫أنا بغيت قهوة نص نص‬. ‫كريس‬:
garsun: waxxa a sidi, u nti? ‫ت؟‬ ّ َ‫گارسون و‬:
ِ ‫ و ن‬،‫خا أ سيدي‬
Amy: bġit qhwa kнla. ‫بغيت قهوة كحلة‬. ‫أيمي‬:
garsun: mrнba, ‫ع‬la rras u l ‫ع‬in. ‫ على الراس و العين‬،‫مرحبا‬. ‫گارسون‬:
1. šnu bġa Jack? 1. ‫شنو بغى دجاك؟‬

2. weš Amy bġat нlib sxun? 2. ‫واش أيمي بغات حليب سخون؟‬
3. šnu bġa Chris? 3. ‫شنو بغى كريس؟‬
Kayn for “There is”

The words kayn, kayna, and kaynin are actually the participles for the verb “to be.” In Darija,
however, we use them most often in the sense of “there is” or “there are.”
Affirmative
there is (masc. sing.) kayn ‫كاين‬
there is (fem. sing.) kayna ‫كاينة‬
there are (plur.) kaynin ‫كاينين‬
Negative
there is not (masc. sing.) makaynš ‫ما كاينش‬
there is not (fem. sing.) makaynaš ‫ما كايناش‬
there are not (plur.) makayninš ‫ما كاينينش‬
Driss is at home. kayn Driss f ḍ

ḍar. ‫كاين دريس ف الدار‬.
Is there water in the bottle? weš kayn lma f lqr ‫ع‬a? ‫واش كاين الما ف القرعة؟‬
Tom is not at the café. makaynš Tom f lqhwa. ‫ما كاينش طوم ف القهوة‬.
There is food in the fridge. kayna lmakla f ttlaja. ‫كاينة الماكلة ف التلجة‬.
There are many books on the kaynin bzzaf d lktub fuq
‫كاينين بّزاف د الكُتب فوق الطبلة‬.
table. ṭ
bla.
Family
• describe family members
• use the verb “to have” in simple sentences
Cultural Points
Family ties are very strong in Morocco. Children remain in touch or live with the family even if
they get married (taking into consideration space available within the house). Men are not expected to
help in the kitchen. Roles of men and women may differ in the city and in the country.
Family Members
Vocabulary
woman/wife mra ‫مرا‬ inlaw(s) nsib / nsab ‫ نساب‬/ ‫نسيب‬
man/husband rajl ‫راجل‬ stepson rbib ‫ربيب‬
girl/daughter bnt ‫بنت‬ stepdaughter rbiba ‫ربيبة‬
boy/son wld ‫ولد‬ grandfather jdd ّ ‫جد‬
girls/daughters bnat ‫بنات‬ grandmother jdda ‫دة‬
ّ ‫ج‬
boys/sons/ wlad ‫ع‬mm
‫ولد‬ uncle (paternal) ‫م‬
ّ ‫ع‬
children
the parents lwalidin ‫الواِلدين‬ aunt (paternal) ‫ع‬mma ‫مة‬
ّ ‫ع‬
uncle (maternal) xal ‫خال‬
the father l'ab َ ‫ا‬
‫لب‬ aunt (maternal) xala ‫خالة‬
These forms are
rarely used in
l'om ُ ‫ ا‬Moroccan Arabic. my nephew wld xuya
the mother ‫لم‬ ‫ولد خويا‬
Sometimes they (brother’s side)
are used with my niece
the brother l'ax ‫لخ‬ َ ‫ا‬ bnt xuya ‫بنت خويا‬
“dyal.” More often, (brother’s side)
we use the forms
l'oxt ُ ‫“ ا‬my father, “my my nephew wld xti
the sister ‫لخت‬
sister,” etc.
‫ولد ختي‬
(sister’s side)
my niece bnt xti ‫بنت ختي‬
(sister’s side)
xu(ya) my cousin (mas., wld ‫ع‬mm(t)i ‫ولد‬

(my) brother ‫خويا‬
‫متي‬
paternal) ّ ‫ع‬/‫مي‬
ّ ‫ع‬
my cousin (mas., wld xal(t)i ‫ولد‬
brothers/ siblings xut ‫خوت‬
‫خالتي‬/‫خالي‬
maternal)
my cousin ‫بنت‬
(my) sister xt(i) ‫ختي‬ bnt ‫ع‬mm(t)i
(fem, paternal) ‫متي‬
ّ ‫ع‬/‫مي‬
ّ ‫ع‬
my cousin ‫بنت‬
sisters xwatat ‫وتات‬
َ ‫خ‬ bnt xal(t)i
(fem, maternal) ‫خالتي‬/‫خالي‬
For “father, mother, brother, sister, aunt, and uncle,” the word is almost always used with a possessive
pronoun. Thus, we say “my father” or “his mother” or “your brother,” but rarely ever use them alone.
The words “brother, sister, aunt, and uncle” take the possessive pronoun endings you already learned
(see page 8), but “father” and “mother” have a couple irregularities.
my father bba ‫ّبا‬ my mother mmi ‫مي‬

ّ
your father bbak ‫ّباك‬ your mother mmk ‫مك‬
ّ
his father bbah ‫ّباه‬ his mother mmu ‫مو‬
ّ
her father bbaha ‫ّباها‬ her mother mha ‫مها‬
Exercise: Add the possessive endings to the following:
sister xt ‫خت‬
brother xu ‫خو‬
uncle ‫ع‬mm ‫م‬
ّ ‫ع‬
aunt ‫ع‬mma ‫مة‬ّ ‫ع‬
Expressions
How is Mohamed related to aš kayjeek Mohamed? َ ‫أش‬
‫حمد؟‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ ‫كيجيك‬
you?
How is Amina related to you? aš katjeek Amina? َ ‫أش‬
‫كتجيك أمينة؟‬
My mom doesn’t work. mmi maxddamaš. ‫داماش‬ ّ .
ّ ‫مي ما خ‬
My mom and dad are divorced. bba u mmi mṭ
llqin. ‫مي مطّلقين‬
ّ ‫ّبا و‬.
I have two twin siblings. ‫ع‬ndi juj xut twam. ‫عندي جوج خوت توام‬.
How many siblings do you šнal d lxut ‫ع‬ndk? ‫شحال د الخوت عندك؟‬
have?
How many sisters do you have? šнal mn oxt ‫ع‬ndk? ‫شحال من ُأخت عندك؟‬
What’s your father’s name? šnu smit bbak? ‫شنو سمية ّباك؟‬
How old is your brother? šнal f ‫ع‬mr xuk? ‫شحال ف عمر خوك؟‬
I have a younger brother. ‫ع‬ndi xuya ṣ
ġr mnni. ‫عندي خويا صغر مّني‬.
My (male) cousin and I are the ana u wld ‫ع‬mmi qd qd.
same age. ّ ‫أنا و ولد ع‬.
‫مي قد قد‬
ex: 1. Fatima ______ Samira.
My older sister is a teacher. xti lli kbr mnni ustada. ‫ختي اللي كبر مّني ُأستادة‬.
My younger brother goes to xuya lli ṣ

ġr mnni
َ ‫خويا اللي صغر مّني‬.
‫كيقرى‬
school. kayqra.

Fatima
Exercise: Describe
 the relationships
 between family
Aziz members for each arrow.



Verb “to have” Ahmed Karima
 (‫ )عند‬in the present tense:
The verb “to have” ‫ع‬nd 
 
I have ‫ع‬ndi ‫عندي‬
you have (sing.) 11
‫ع‬ndk ‫عندك‬
he has ‫ع‬ndu ‫عندو‬
12
Samira Mohamed 13 Youness
Rachid
she has ‫ع‬ndha ‫عندها‬

we have ‫ع‬ndna ‫عندنا‬
you have (plur.) ‫ع‬ndkum ُ ‫عند‬
‫كم‬
they have ‫ع‬ndhum ‫هم‬
ُ ‫عند‬
Moha and Fatima have two Moha u Fatima ‫ع‬ndhum juj ‫هم جوج بنات و‬
ُ ‫طمة عند‬
ِ ‫موحى و فا‬
daughters and a son. bnat u wld. ‫ولد‬.
We have a good teacher. ‫ع‬ndna ustad mzyan. ‫عندنا ُأستاد مزيان‬.
To negate the verb, use ma ... š (‫ ش‬... ‫)ما‬.
Do you have a house in weš ‫ع‬ndk ḍ

ar f lmġrib? ‫رب؟‬
ِ ‫واش عندك دار ف المغ‬
Morocco?
No, I don’t. I have a house in lla, ma ‫ع‬ndiš. ‫ع‬ndi ḍ

ar
f mirikan. ِ ‫ عندي دار ف‬.‫ ما عنديش‬،‫ل‬.
‫مريكان‬
the U.S.
Exercise: Put the verb “‫ﻉ‬nd” in the correct form.

1. xti _________ 24 ‫ع‬am. ‫ عام‬24 ________ ‫ختي‬.
2. xuya _________ 2 wlad. ‫ ولد‬2 ________ ‫خويا‬.
3. нna _________ wld u tlata d
‫حنا ________ ولد و تلتة د البنات‬.
lbnat.
4. huma _________ famila kbira. ُ .
‫هما ________ فاميل كبيرة‬
5. weš Mohamed _________ ṭ
omobil? ‫حمد ________ طوموبيل؟‬ َ ‫م‬
ُ ‫واش‬
6. lla, _________. ‫ل‬، ________.
Exercise: Put sentences A thru I in the correct order for this letter from Karim to
Tom.
ṣ
aнbi Tom, ‫صاحبي طوم‬،
r lik ‫ع‬la lfamila dyali?
bġitini nhḍ ‫بغيتيني نهضر ليك على الفاميل ديالي؟‬
A. bba smitu Ali. ‫َبا سميتو علي‬. .A
B. mmi ‫ع‬ndha ġir 52 ‫ع‬am. ّ . .B
‫ عام‬52 ‫مي عندها غير‬
C.
Hassan ‫ع‬ndu 15 ‫ع‬am u Mohamed ‫ع‬ndu
20 ‫ع‬am. ‫ عام‬20 ‫حمد عندو‬
َ ‫م‬
ُ ‫ عام و‬15 ‫سن عندو‬ َ . .C
َ ‫ح‬
D.
(kaysknu m ‫ع‬ana f ḍ
ḍar) welakin
xti mzuwja. (‫كيسكنو مَعنا ف الدار( وََلكن ختي مزّوجة‬
َ . .D
E.
rajlha smitu Moha. ‫ع‬ndhum waнd ‫هم واحد البنت سميتها‬
ُ ‫ عند‬.‫راجلها سميتو موحى‬
lbnt smitha Nadia. .E
‫نادية‬.
F. ‫ع‬ndoo 26 ‫ع‬am. ‫ عام‬26 ‫عندو‬. .F

G. smitha Hakima َ ‫سميتها‬. .G
‫حكيمة‬
H. ‫ع‬ndi juj xut. ‫عندي جوج خوت‬. .H
I. ana deba xal! ‫ !أنا َدبا خال‬.I
r liya ‫ع‬la lfamila dyalk нta nta.
hḍ َ ‫هضر لّيا على الفاميل ديالك حتى ن‬.
‫ت‬
ṣ
aнbk, Karim ‫كريم‬َ ،‫صاحبك‬
Practice Text
smiti John. baba smitu Stephen u

mama smitha Judy. ‫ع‬ndi tlata d
lxut: juj bnat u wld. xuya smitu .‫ بابا سميتو ستيفن و ماما سميتها دجودي‬.‫سميتي دجون‬
Brian. huwa xddam f waнd ššarika. .‫ خويا سميتو بريان‬.‫ جوج بنات و ولد‬:‫عندي تلتة د الخوت‬
‫ مزّوجة و عندها‬.‫ ختي كاثي‬.‫ركة‬ َ ‫دام ف واحد ال‬
ِ ‫ش‬ ّ ‫وخ‬
َ ُ‫ه‬
xti Kathy. mzuwja u ‫ع‬ndha jooj
‫ الولد مازال صغير عندو تلت‬.‫ ولد و بنت‬:‫جوج دراري‬
drari: wld u bnt. lwld mazal ṣ ġir .‫كتمشي ل المدَرسة‬ َ ‫ البنت عندها تمن سنين و‬.‫شهور‬
‫ع‬ndu tlt šhur. lbnt ‫ع‬ndha tmn snin u ‫معة‬ َ ‫ مازال‬،‫ ماري‬،‫ختي الصغيرة‬.
ِ ‫كتقرى ف الجا‬
katmši l lmdrasa. xti ṣ-ṣ
ġira,
Mary, mazal katqra f ljami ‫ع‬a.
1. bat John, šnu smitu? 1. ‫ شنو سميتو؟‬،‫بات دجون‬

2. u mmu, šnu smitha? 2. ‫ شنو سميتها؟‬،‫و ّمو‬
3. šнal d lxut ‫ع‬nd John? 3. ‫شحال د الخوت عند دجون؟‬
4. škun ṣ
ṣġir f l ‫ع‬a'ila d John? 4. ‫شكون الصغير ف العائلة د دجون؟‬
5. weš bnt xt John xddama? 5. ‫دامة؟‬
ّ ‫واش بنت خت دجون خ‬
Directions
• use prepositions to describe the locations of objects
• give and receive directions to places around town
Prepositions
to / for l ‫ل‬ until нtta l ‫حّتى ل‬
in / at f ‫ف‬ above / on fuq ‫فوق‬
from mn ‫من‬ below / under tнt ‫تحت‬
with (someone) m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬

َ ‫م‬ in front of qddam ‫دام‬
ّ ‫ق‬
with / by / by b mqabl m ‫ع‬a

‫ب‬ facing ‫ع‬
َ ‫مقابل م‬
means of
without bla ‫بل‬ behind mura ‫مورا‬
on / about ‫ع‬la ‫على‬ next to нda ‫حدا‬
between bin ‫بين‬ before qbl ‫قبل‬
of, belonging to d / dyal ‫ ديال‬/ ‫د‬ after b ‫ع‬d ‫بعد‬
kora ̣
snduq
ُ
‫كرة‬ ‫صندوق‬
Exercise: fin lkora?
1 2 3
4
̣ ̣
lkora fuq ssnduq.
‫كرة فوق الصندوق‬ ُ ‫ال‬.
5 6 7
Directions
Vocabulary
loṭ
il hospital / ssbiṭ
ar
hotel ‫لوطيل‬ ‫السبيطار‬
health center
post office lbosṭ
a ‫البوسطة‬ pharmacy lfrmasyan ‫مسيان‬
َ ‫الفر‬
train station lagar ‫ل گار‬ mosque jjam ‫ع‬ ‫الجامع‬
lmaнṭ
ṭa d ّ ‫مح‬
‫طة د‬ َ ‫ال‬
bus station public phone ttelebutik ‫التليبوتيك‬
lkiran ‫الكيران‬
lmaнṭṭ
a d ّ ‫مح‬
‫طة د‬ َ ‫ال‬
city bus stop store lнanut ‫الحانوت‬
ṭ
ṭubisat ‫الطوبيسات‬
bank lbanka ‫الَبنكة‬ avenue ššari ‫ع‬ ‫الشاِرع‬
public bath lнmmam ‫مام‬
ّ ‫الح‬ street zznqa ‫الزنقة‬
restaurant rrisṭ
ora ‫الريسطورة‬ alley ddrb ‫الدرب‬
café lqhwa ‫القهوة‬ far (from) b ‫ع‬id (mn) ‫)بعيد )من‬
cyber café ssiber ‫السيبر‬ close (to) qrib (mn) ‫)قريب )من‬
school lmdrasa ‫المدَرسة‬ here hna ‫هنا‬
weekly market ssuq ‫السوق‬ there tmma ‫ما‬
ّ ‫ت‬
Expressions
Where is ... please? fin kayn(a) ... ‫ع‬afak. َ ... ( ‫فين كاين)ة‬.
‫عفاك‬
weš kayn(a) ši ...
Is there a ... close? qrib(a)?
‫ قريب)ة(؟‬... ‫واش كاين)ة( شي‬
Go straight. sir nišan. ‫سير نيشان‬.

Turn right. ur ‫ع‬l limn.
ḍ ‫ضور عل ليمن‬.
Turn left. ur ‫ع‬l lisr.
ḍ ‫ضور عل ليسر‬.
Go ahead a bit. zid šwiya l qddam. ّ ‫زيد شوية لق‬.
‫دام‬
Pass the first street. fut zznqa lluwla. ‫فوت الزنقة اللولة‬.
The 2nd street, yes. zznqa tenya iyeh. ‫الزنقة التانية إيه‬.
Dialogue
Jason u Brahim f lmaнṭ
ṭa d lkiran. ّ ‫مح‬
‫طة د الكيران‬ َ ‫دجايسون و براهيم ف ال‬.
Jason: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ُ َ
‫م ع َليكم‬
ُ ‫سل‬ َ ‫ال‬. ‫دجايسون‬:
Brahim: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ‫سلم‬ ُ ‫َو ع ََلي‬. ‫براهيم‬:
َ ‫كم ال‬
Jason: fin lagar ‫ع‬afak? ‫عفاك؟‬
َ ‫دجايسون فين لگار‬:
Brahim: sir nišan нtta l zznqa ‫براهيم سير نيشان حّتى ل الزنقة التالتة و‬:
ttalta u ḍur ‫ع‬l lisr, u ‫ و من بعد زيد نيشان‬،‫ضور عل ليسر‬
mn b ‫ع‬d zid nišan нtta l ‫ما ل‬
ّ ‫ ت‬.‫حّتى ل البار و ضور عل ليمن‬
lbar u ḍur ‫ع‬l limn. ‫گار‬.
tmma lagar.
Jason: barak llah u fik. ‫باَرك الله و فيك‬. ‫دجايسون‬:

Brahim: kattkllm l ‫ع‬rbiya mzyan! ‫براهيم !ك َّتكّلم العربية مزيان‬:
Jason: šwiya u ṣ
afi. ‫شوية و صافي‬. ‫دجايسون‬:
Brahim: weš nta fransawi? ‫ت فَرنساوي؟‬
َ ‫براهيم واش ن‬:
Jason: lla, ana mirikani. lla ِ ‫ أنا‬،‫ل‬.
‫ الله يهّنيك‬.‫مريكاني‬ ‫دجايسون‬:
yhnnik.
Brahim: bslama. ‫ب السلمة‬. ‫براهيم‬:
Exercise: Using the same map, give each person directions.

1. Dave is in the sbitar
̣ and wants to go to lbosta ̣ .
2. Anna is in the maнtta
̣ ̣ and wants to go to lotil
̣ .
3. Stephen is in the marši and wants to go to ssiber.
4. Hakim is in the нanut and wants to go to lнmmam.
Past Events
• talk about past activities with regular and irregular verbs
• talk about what you did not do using negative sentences
• ask about past experiences (Have you ever...) and respond (I’ve never...)
• use object pronouns with verbs
• ask varied questions with different question words
Time Vocabulary
Before we begin the past tense, let’s learn some words that will help us describe when past events took
place. Then we will be ready to talk about some of our past activities.
Days of the Week
day yum / nhar ‫ نهار‬/ ‫يوم‬ Tuesday ttlat ‫)الثلثاء )التلت‬
week simana ‫سيمانة‬ Wednesday larb ‫ع‬ ‫)الربعاء )الربع‬
Sunday lнdd ّ ‫)الحد )الحد‬ Thursday lxmis ‫الخميس‬
Monday ltnin ‫)التنين )التنين‬ Friday jjm ‫ع‬a ‫الجمعة‬
Saturday ssbt ‫السبت‬
Months of the Year

month šhr ‫شهر‬ June yunyu ‫يونيو‬
year ‫ع‬am ‫عام‬ July yulyuz ‫يوليوز‬
January yanayr ‫َيناير‬ August ġušt ُ
‫غشت‬
February fbrayr ‫فبراير‬ September šutnbir ُ
‫شتنِبر‬
March mars ‫مارس‬ October oktobr ‫ُأكتوبر‬
April abril ‫أبريل‬ November nuwanbir ‫ونِبر‬
َ ُ‫ن‬
May may ‫ماي‬ December dujanbir ‫جنِبر‬
َ ُ‫د‬
The Seasons
season faṣ
l ‫َفصل‬ summer ṣ
ṣif ‫الصيف‬
seasons foṣ
ul ‫ُفصول‬ fall lxrif ‫الخريف‬
spring rrbi ‫ع‬ ‫الربيع‬ winter ššta ‫الشتا‬
For information about the months of the Islamic calendar and some of the major religious events of
Time Expressions
the year, see “Moroccan Holidays” on page 160.
this year had l ‫ع‬am ‫هد العام‬
َ
last year l ‫ع‬am lli fat ‫العام اللي فات‬
last month ššhr lli fat ‫الشهر اللي فات‬
last week ssimana lli fatt ‫ت‬
ّ ‫السيمانة اللي فا‬
yesterday lbarн ‫البارح‬
today lyum ‫اليوم‬
on (+ day of the week) nhar ‫نهار‬...
on Friday nhar jjm ‫ع‬a ‫نهار الجمعة‬

in (+ month) f šhr ‫ف شهر‬...
f šhr ġušt ‫غشت‬ ُ ‫ف شهر‬
in August ‫ف شهر تمنية‬
f šhr tmnya
at (+ time) f ‫ف‬
at 9:00 f tts ‫ع‬ud ‫ف التسعود‬
at dawn f lfjr ‫ف الفجر‬
in the morning f ṣ
ṣbaн ‫ف الصباح‬
in the afternoon / evening f l ‫ع‬šiya ‫ف العشية‬
at night f llil ‫ف الليل‬
at midnight f nṣllil ‫ف نص الليل‬
Past Tense – Regular Verbs

Verbs in General
When learning verbs in a foreign language, we usually learn the “infinitive” form of the verb (e.g. to
eat), and then learn how to “conjugate” from that infinitive (I eat, he eats, they eat). In Arabic, there
are not infinitives for verbs in this way. Rather, we learn the “he” form of the verb (i.e. third person
masculine singular) in the past tense, and then learn how to conjugate the other forms (I, you, she, etc.)
from the “he” form. Because we use this past tense “he” form like an infinitive for the purposes of
learning verbs, if you see something referred to as an “infinitive,” it is this form. Some examples:
past
pasttense
tense
“he” he drank šrb ‫شرب‬
“he”form:
form:
like
likean
aninfinitive
infinitive he hit ḍ
rb ‫ضرب‬
he sat gls ‫گلس‬
Whenever you are given a new verb in this book or by your teacher, it will be given to you in this form.
You will be able to conjugate verbs in the past or present tense based upon this “infinitive” form.
The vast majority of Darija (Moroccan Arabic) verbs are made up of three letters (see the verbs above).
To these “stems” we can add prefixes (letters that we attach to the beginning of a word) and suffixes
(letters we attach to the end of a word) in order to conjugate the verb. Stems with a vowel in the middle
and stems with a vowel at the end will differ from verbs with three consonants.
Regular Verbs in the Past Tense
When we say “regular verb,” we mean a verb that is conjugated according to rules that the large
majority of verbs in the language use. An “irregular verb” is conjugated according to different rules.
There are regular and irregular verbs for both the past and present tense in Darija. However, irregular
verbs that are similar in the past may be different in the present. So, you need to realize that the
groups of verbs categorized together for the past tense may not always correspond to the groups in the
present tense.
In general, “regular verb” refers to:
· All 3letter verbs without the long vowel “a” (‫ ى‬/ ‫ )ا‬in the middle or end position
(i.e. 3letter verbs made up only of consonants)
· All verbs with more than 3 letters and not ending in “a” (‫ ى‬/ ‫)ا‬
To conjugate a regular verb in the past tense, we add the following suffixes (endings):
Remember
Rememberthat that
“to ktb
thewrite”
the “infinitive”
“infinitive”isis ‫كتب‬
the same as the
the same as the In the past
Ipast
wrote ktbt ‫كتبت‬
pasttense
tense“he”
“he” tense, you
form.
form. (masc.) and
you (fem.)
are the same.
In the present
tense, they will
be different.
you wrote (masc. sing.) ktbti ‫كتبتي‬

you wrote (fem. sing.) ktbti ‫كتبتي‬
he wrote ktb ‫كتب‬
she wrote ktbat ‫كتبات‬
we wrote ktbna ‫كتبنا‬
you wrote (plur.) ktbtu ‫كتبتو‬
they wrote ktbu ‫كتبو‬
Some Regular Verbs

to drink šrb ‫شرب‬ to understand fhm ‫فهم‬
to know ‫ع‬rf ‫عرف‬ to work xdm ‫خدم‬
to play l ‫ع‬b ‫لعب‬ to hit ḍ
rb ‫ضرب‬
rsm to stop / stand wqf

to draw ‫رسم‬ ‫وقف‬
up
to sleep n ‫ع‬s ‫نعس‬ to arrive wṣ
l ‫وصل‬
to wear lbs ‫لبس‬ to hear / listen sm ‫ع‬ ‫سمع‬
to stay / sit gls ‫گلس‬ to ask suwl ‫ول‬ّ ‫س‬
to enter dxl ‫دخل‬ to travel safr ‫سافر‬
to go out xrj ‫خرج‬ to help ‫ع‬awn ‫عاون‬
to return rj ‫ع‬ ‫رجع‬ to send ṣ
ifṭ ‫صيفط‬
to watch tfrrj ‫تفّرج‬ to wash ġsl ‫غسل‬
to use st ‫ع‬ml ‫ستعمل‬ to speak tkllm ‫تكّلم‬
Some examples:
Yesterday, I drank tea without lbarн, šrbt atay bla
ّ ‫ شربت أتاي بل س‬،‫البارح‬.
‫كر‬
sugar. skkar.
Last week, Said wrote a letter to ssimana lli fatt, Said ‫ سعيد كتب برا ل‬،‫السيمانة اللي فات‬
his friend. ktb bra l saнbu. ‫صاحبو‬.
Last year, we traveled to New l ‫ع‬am lli fat, safrna l

‫ سافرنا ل نيويورك‬،‫العام اللي فات‬.
York. New York.
Exercise: Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form.

Mohamed: weš (n ‫ع‬s) bkri lbarн? ‫واش )نعس( بكري البارح؟‬ ‫محمد‬:
Hassan: lla ‫ل‬. ‫حسن‬:
Mohamed: ‫ع‬laš? ‫علش؟‬ ‫محمد‬:
Hassan: (gls) m ‫ع‬a l ‫ع‬a'ila dyali ((‫گلس( مَع العائلة ديالي و )تكّلم‬ ‫حسن‬:
u (tkllm) m ‫ع‬ahum šwiya. .(‫ }حنا{)خرج‬،‫ من بعد‬.‫معَُهم شوية‬
mn b ‫ع‬d, {нna}(xrj). (‫ )لعب( الكارطة و )تفّرج‬،(‫مّلي )رجع‬
mlli (rj ‫)ع‬, (l ‫ع‬b) ‫ }أنا{ )دخل( ل‬،‫ من بعد‬.‫فزة‬َ ‫ف التل‬
lkarṭa u (tfrrj) f ‫)البيت ديالي و )نعس‬.
ttlfaza. mn b ‫ع‬d {ana}
(dxl) l lbit dyali u (n
‫ع‬s).
lнdd lli fat, (‫ع‬awn) xti f lkuzina: ‫ماعن و‬

ّ ‫ )غسل( ال‬:‫ )عاون( ختي ف الكوزينة‬،‫الحد ّ اللي فات‬
(ġsl) lmma ‫ع‬n u (ṭ
iyb) lġda. ‫)طّيب( الغدا‬.
Past Tense – Irregular Verbs

When we speak about irregular verbs for the past tense, we refer to three categories: 1. threeletter verbs
with the long vowel “a” (‫ )ا‬in the middle position, 2. any verb with the long vowel “ a” (‫ ى‬/ ‫ )ا‬at the end,
and 3. twoletter verbs.
1st Category: long vowel “a” (‫ )ا‬in the middle position
To conjugate a threeletter verb in the past tense with the long vowel “ a” in the middle position, remove
the long vowel “a” for the I, you (sing.), we, and you (plur.) forms before adding the past tense endings.
For the she form, only add a “t.” The he and they forms are like regular verbs.
“to be” kan ‫كان‬
I was
In these forms, we knt ‫كنت‬
remove the middle
you
“a”were (masc.
and then sing.)
add the knti ‫كنتي‬
endings.
you were (fem. sing.) knti ‫كنتي‬
he was kan ‫كان‬
she was kant ‫كانت‬
we were knna ‫كّنا‬
you were (plur.) kntu ‫كنتو‬
they were kanu ‫كانو‬
Some Irregular Verbs with long vowel “a” (‫ )ا‬in the middle position
šaf to get up / naḍ
to see ‫شاف‬ ‫ناض‬
stand up
to do / make dar ‫دار‬ to throw laн ‫لح‬
to swim ‫ع‬am ‫عام‬ to pass / pass by daz ‫داز‬
to sell ba ‫ع‬ ‫باع‬ to pass fat ‫فات‬
jab to love / be mat ‫ع‬la

to bring ‫جاب‬ ‫مات على‬
dying for
to say gal ‫گال‬ to increase zad ‫زاد‬
to fast ṣ
am ‫صام‬ to be scared xaf ‫خاف‬
to drive ṣ
ag ‫صاگ‬ to live ‫ع‬aš ‫عاش‬
Some examples:
This morning I got up at 7:00. had ṣ
ṣ t f ssb ‫ع‬a.
baн nḍ َ .
‫هد الصباح نضت ف السبعة‬
What did you do yesterday? šnu drti lbarн? ‫شنو درتي البارح؟‬
What’s done is done. (proverb) lli fat mat. ‫اللي فات مات‬.

нabi (‫ع‬am)
ssimana lli fatt, ana u ṣ
f lappisin. ّ ‫السيمانة اللي فا‬.
‫ أنا و صحابي )عام( ف لّپيسين‬،‫ت‬
Sara (‫ع‬aš) f mirikan ‫ع‬amayn. ‫مين‬ ِ ‫سارة )عاش( ف‬.

َ ‫مريكان عا‬
nhar ssbt f l ‫ع‬šiya, ana u ṣ

нabati
(kan) f lнmmam. mlli xrjna (daz) l ّ ‫ أنا و صحاباتي )كان( ف الح‬،‫نهار السبت ف العشية‬
.‫مام‬
‫مّلي خرجنا )داز( ل القهوة‬.
lqhwa.
2nd Category: long vowel “a” (‫ ى‬/ ‫ )ا‬at the end

To conjugate a verb with the long vowel “a” at the end, change the vowel to “i” for the I, you (sing.), we,
and you (plur.) forms, then add the normal endings. For the she form, only add a “t.” The he and they
forms are like regular verbs.
“to eat” kla ‫كلى‬

In these forms, we
I ate
change the final “a” klit ‫كليت‬
to “i” then add the
you ate (masc. sing.)
endings. kliti ‫كليتي‬
you ate (fem. sing.) kliti ‫كليتي‬
he ate kla ‫كلى‬
she ate klat ‫كلت‬
we ate klina ‫كلينا‬
In these forms, we
youkeep
atethe
(plur.)
final “a” klitu ‫كليتو‬
and then add the
they ate
endings. klau ‫كلو‬
Some Irregular Verbs with the long vowel “a” (‫ ى‬/ ‫ )ا‬at the end
to go mša ‫مشى‬ to rent kra ‫كرى‬
to start bda ‫بدى‬ to run jra ‫جرى‬
to buy šra ‫شرى‬ to finish sala ‫سالى‬
to sing ġnna ‫غّنى‬ to have lunch tġdda ‫دى‬
ّ ‫تغ‬
to give ‫ع‬ṭ
a ‫عطى‬ to have dinner t ‫ع‬šša ّ ‫تع‬
‫شى‬
to forget nsa ‫نسى‬ to hope tmna ‫تمنى‬
to cry bka ‫بكى‬ to wait tsna ‫تسنى‬
to want bġa ‫بغى‬ to read / study qra ‫قرى‬
to take xda ‫خدى‬ to meet tlaqa ‫تلقى‬

to come ja ‫جا‬
Some examples:
Last Sunday, I went to the lнdd lli fat, mšit l ‫ مشيت ل المدينة و‬،‫الحد ّ اللي فات‬
medina and bought a jellaba. lmdina u šrit jllaba. ّ ‫شريت ج‬.
‫لبة‬
They sang at the party on huma ġnnau f lнfla nhar
ssbt. ُ .
‫هما غّناو ف الحفلة نهار السبت‬
Saturday.

John u Amy (kra) ḍ
ar zwina f
‫دجون و أيمي )كرى( دار زوينة ف مراكش‬.
Marrakech.
lbarн ana u Paul (tlaqa) m ‫ع‬a ṣ

нabna (‫دى‬
ّ ‫ع صحابنا ف الريسطورة و )تغ‬
َ ‫البارح أنا و پول )تلقى( م‬
ora u (tġdda) mjmu ‫ع‬in.
f rrisṭ ‫مجموعين‬.
ssimana lli fatt, huma (sala) lxdma

dyalhum f lmġrib. ‫رب‬
ِ ‫هما )سالى( الخدمة ديالُهم ف المغ‬ ّ ‫السيمانة اللي فا‬.
ُ ،‫ت‬
Moroccan Wisdom: ‫اللي بغى العسل يصبر ل قريس النحل‬.

̣ l qris n-nнl.
l-li bġa l-‫ع‬sl y-sbr
The one who wants honey must tolerate bee stings.
English equivalent: Every rose has its thorn.
3rd Category: twoletter verbs

When we say “twoletter verbs,” some confusion can arise. When we write them in Arabic, they have
only two letters. However, there is a “shedda” on the second letter (see pages 3 and 146), so in the
transcription we double the second letter, making them look like threeletter verbs. In this case, you can
still recognize them because the second and third letters are the same. Or, look at the Arabic script and
you can be sure of the fact that they are, indeed, twoletter verbs.
To conjugate this type of verb, we add the long vowel “ i” to the I, you (sing.), we, and you (plur.) forms,
then add the normal endings. The he, she, and they forms are like regular verbs.
In these forms, we
“toadd
open”
“i” to the verb, нll ّ ‫ح‬
‫ل‬
then add the normal
I opened
endings. нllit ‫حّليت‬ A two-letter
verb with
you opened (masc. sing.) нlliti ‫حّليتي‬ “shedda” on
you opened (fem. sing.) нlliti ‫حّليتي‬ the second
letter.
he opened нll ّ ‫ح‬
‫ل‬
sheInopened нllat ّ ‫ح‬
‫لت‬
these forms, we
wesimply
openedadd the нllina ‫حّلينا‬
normal endings.
you opened (plur.) нllitu ‫حليتو‬
they opened нllu ‫حّلو‬
Some twoletter verbs

to close sdd ّ ‫سد‬ to be able qdd ّ ‫قد‬
to smell šmm ‫م‬
ّ ‫ش‬ to pick up hzz ‫هّز‬
to hand mdd ّ ‫مد‬ to think ḍ
nn ‫ن‬
ّ ‫ض‬
to answer / rdd mll
ّ ‫رد‬ to be bored ّ ‫م‬
‫ل‬
return back
to pour kbb ‫ب‬
ّ ‫ك‬ to take / catch šdd ّ ‫شد‬
to feel нss ‫س‬
ّ ‫ح‬ to pull / drag jrr ‫جّر‬
to put нṭ
ṭ ّ ‫ح‬
‫ط‬
Some examples:
I opened the window and I нllit ssrjm u sddit
lbab. ّ ‫حّليت السرجم و س‬.
‫ديت الباب‬
closed the door
I felt cold нssit b lbrd. ّ ‫ح‬.
‫سيت ب البرد‬

lbarн f ṣ
ṣbaн, Mary (rdd) lktab l
lxizana. ِ ‫ ماري )رد ّ( الكتاب ل ال‬،‫البارح ف الصباح‬.
‫خزانة‬
mlli kan l ‫ع‬jaj, {ana} (sdd) ssrajm. ‫ }أنا{ )سد ّ( السراجم‬،‫مّلي كان العجاج‬.
{нna} (нṭ
ṭ) lнwayj f lmakina d ّ ‫حنا{ )ح‬.
ṣ
ṣabun. {‫مكينة د الصابون‬
َ ‫ط( الحوايج ف ال‬
Negation
Normal Negative Form
In order to express the negative of a verb (i.e. “didn’t,” or “don’t,” or “doesn’t”), we add the prefix ma (
‫ )ما‬to the beginning of a verb and the suffix š (‫ )ش‬to the end of a verb.
We drank. šrbna ‫شربنا‬

We didn’t drink. mašrbnaš ‫ما شربناش‬
Exercise: Conjugate the verbs in parentheses in the negative form.

huwa (safr) ssimana lli fatt. ‫ت‬ َ ُ‫ه‬.
ّ ‫و )سافر( السيمانة اللي فا‬
lbarн f llil (qra) lktab dyali нit

‫البارح ف الليل )قرى( الكتاب ديالي حيت كنت عيان‬.
knt ‫ع‬iyan.
нiya (gls) m ‫ع‬ana нit (sala) lxdma

dyalha. َ ‫ه‬.
‫ي )گلس( معانا حيت )سالى( الخدمة ديالها‬
нna (n ‫ع‬s) bkri нit (t ‫ع‬šša) bkri. ّ ‫حنا )نعس( بكري حيت )تع‬.
‫شى( بكري‬
Kari (lbs) lkswa jjdida f lнfla нit ‫كاري )لبس( الكسوة الجديدة ف الحفلة حيت )كان( عندها‬
(kan) ‫ع‬ndha lwqt. ‫الوقت‬.
mlli ja l lmġrib (ṣ

ift) bra l
lwalidin dyalu. ِ ‫مّلي جا ل المغ‬.
‫رب )صيفت( برا ل الواِلدين ديالو‬
kant lbrd u {ana} (нll) ssrajm. ّ ‫كانت البرد و }أنا{ )ح‬.

‫ل( السراجم‬
Additional Negative Forms

The following negative forms replace the š (‫ )ش‬we use for the normal negative form. We still use ma (
‫ )ما‬before the verb, but we use these forms after the verb or, sometimes, before the verb (and thus
before ma).
nothing walu ‫والو‬

nothing нtta нaja ‫حّتى حاجة‬
nothing нtta ši ‫حّتى شي‬
no one нtta waнd ‫حّتى واحد‬
no one (нtta) нdd (‫حّتى( حد‬
neither ... nor la ... wala ‫ ول‬... ‫ل‬
only / just ġir ‫غير‬
Some examples:
I knew nothing. ma ‫ع‬rft walu. ‫ما عرفت والو‬.
I ate nothing. makleet нtta нaja. ‫ما كليت حّتى حاجة‬.
No one came. нtta waнd maja. ‫حّتى واحد ما جا‬.
He saw no one. mašaf нtta waнd / нdd. ّ ‫ حد‬/ ‫ما شاف حّتى واحد‬.
I met neither Mohamed nor malaqit la Mohamed wala
‫ما لقيت ل محمد ول أمبر‬.
Amber. Amber.
I drank only water. mašrbt ġir lma. ‫ما شربت غير الما‬.
Exercise: Put the verbs in parentheses in the proper form.
lнdd lli fat (gls) f ḍ ḍ

ar,
(xrj negative) ‫ع‬laнqqaš (kan) š-šta. (‫قاش )كان‬ ّ ‫ )خرج( عَلح‬،‫الحد ّ اللي فات )گلس( ف الدار‬
f l ‫ع‬šiya ṣ
aнbi (ja) u (mša) l ssiber .‫ ف العشّية صاحبي )جا( و )مشى( ل السيبر بجوج‬.‫الشتا‬
bjooj. mn b ‫ع‬d (mša) l ssinima. ‫ مّلي‬.‫ )شاف( واحد الفيلم زوين‬.‫من بعد )مشى( ل السيِنما‬
(šaf) waнd l-film zwin. mlli (xrj), (ّ ‫ من بعد )شد‬.‫ )شرى( الخضرة‬.‫ )داز( ل السوق‬،(‫)خرج‬
(daz) l s-suq. (šra) lxodra. mn b ‫الطوبيس و )رجع( ل الدار‬.
‫ع‬d (šdd) ṭobis u (rj ‫ )ع‬l ḍ-ḍ
ar.
Exercise: Write a paragraph from these pictures.

Have you ever... / I’ve never...
Have you ever...?
We can use the word ‫ع‬mmr (‫مر‬ ّ ‫ )ع‬to express the English equivalent of the present perfect tense: “Have
you ever...?” and “I have never...” We “conjugate” it as follows:
Have I ever... weš ‫ع‬mmri / ‫ع‬mmrni ‫مرني‬

ّ ‫ ع‬/ ‫مري‬
ّ ‫واش ع‬
Have you (sing.) ever... weš ‫ع‬mmrk ‫مرك‬
ّ ‫واش ع‬
Has he ever... weš ‫ع‬mmru ‫مرو‬

ّ ‫واش ع‬
Has she ever... weš ‫ع‬mmrha ‫مرها‬
ّ ‫واش ع‬
Have we ever... weš ‫ع‬mmrna ‫مرنا‬
ّ ‫واش ع‬
Have you (plur.) ever... weš ‫ع‬mmrkum ُ ‫مر‬
‫كم‬ ّ ‫واش ع‬
Have they ever... weš ‫ع‬mmrhum ‫هم‬
ُ ‫مر‬
ّ ‫واش ع‬
The verb that follows ‫ع‬mmr is often in the past tense. Some examples:
Have you ever gone to France? weš ‫ع‬mmrk mšiti l Fransa? ‫مرك مشيتي ل فَرنسا؟‬ّ ‫واش ع‬
Have they ever eaten couscous? weš ‫ع‬mmrhum klau lksksu? ‫هم كلو الكسكسو؟‬ُ ‫مر‬ّ ‫واش ع‬
Have you ever drunk mint tea in weš ‫ع‬mmrkum šrbtu atay b nn ‫كم شربتو أتاي ب‬ُ ‫مر‬
ّ ‫واش ع‬
America? ‫ع‬na ‫ ع‬f mirikan? ‫مريكان؟‬
ِ ‫النعناع ف‬
I’ve never...
This is like the conjugation above, with the addition of ma (‫ )ما‬at the beginning of ‫ع‬mmr (‫مر‬
ّ ‫)ع‬.
I have never... ma ‫ع‬mmri / ma ‫ع‬mmrni ‫مرني‬

ّ ‫ ما ع‬/ ‫مري‬
ّ ‫ما ع‬
you (sing.) have never... ma ‫ع‬mmrk ‫مرك‬
ّ ‫ما ع‬
he has never... ma ‫ع‬mmru ‫مرو‬
ّ ‫ما ع‬
she has never... ma ‫ع‬mmrha ‫مرها‬
ّ ‫ما ع‬
we have never... ma ‫ع‬mmrna ‫مرنا‬
ّ ‫ما ع‬
you (plur.) have never... ma ‫ع‬mmrkum ُ ‫مر‬
‫كم‬ ّ ‫ما ع‬
they have never... ma ‫ع‬mmrhum ‫هم‬
ُ ‫مر‬
ّ ‫ما ع‬
Some examples:
I’ve never eaten hamburger. ma ‫ع‬mmrni kleet lhamborgr. ّ ‫ما ع‬.
‫مرني كليت الهامبورگر‬
She has never been abroad. ma ‫ع‬mmrha safrat l lxarij. ‫مرها سافرات ل الخاِرج‬ ّ ‫ما ع‬.
He has never spoken Arabic. ma ‫ع‬mmru tkllm l ‫ع‬rbiya. ّ
‫مرو تكلم العربية‬ّ ‫ما ع‬.
Object Pronouns
In English, we have pronouns for the subject of a sentence: I, you, he, she, we, and they. But we also
have object pronouns that we use after verbs:
He hit me. I saw her.
Ask him a question. We gave them some cake.
So far, you have learned the independent pronouns (see page 7) and the possessive pronouns (see
page 8). Here are the object pronouns that we use in Moroccan Arabic after verbs:
me ni ‫ـني‬
you (sing.) k ‫ـك‬
him / it u / h ‫ ـه‬/ ‫ـو‬
her / it ha ‫ـها‬
us na ‫ـنا‬
you (plur.) kum ُ ‫ـ‬

‫كم‬
them hum ‫ـُهم‬
These pronouns are the same as the possessive pronouns, with the exception of “me.” The “him” form
uses u after consonants and h after vowels, exactly like the possessive pronoun form. Some examples:
‫ع‬omar ‫ع‬ta waнd l-ktab l
Omar gave a book to Mohamed. Mohamed. ‫حمد‬
َ ‫م‬ َ ُ ‫ع‬.
ُ ‫مر عطى واحد الكتاب ل‬
Omar gave it to Mohamed. ‫ع‬omar ‫ع‬ṭ
ah l Mohamed. ‫حمد‬
َ ‫م‬ َ ُ ‫ع‬.
ُ ‫مر عطاه ل‬
Did you write the letter to weš ktbti l-bra l
‫واش كتبتي البرا ل حسن؟‬
Hassan? Hassan?
Yes, I wrote it to Hassan. iyeh, ktbtha l Hassan. ‫ كتبتها ل حسن‬،‫إيه‬.
Why did you leave us with him? ‫ع‬laš xllitina m ‫ع‬ah? ‫علش خّليتينا معاه؟‬
She saw me at the movie šaftni f s-sinima. ِ ‫شافتني ف ال‬.
‫سنيما‬
theater.
As you can see, these pronouns are attached directly to the verb. As a result, when a verb with an object
pronoun is made negative, the š (‫ )ش‬is used after the pronoun. Some examples:
You saw me. šftini ‫شفتيني‬
You didn’t see me. ma-šftini-š ‫ما شفتينيش‬
Did you see Hakima and Karim? weš šfti Hakima u Karim? َ ‫حكيمة و‬
‫كريم؟‬ َ ‫واش شفتي‬
No, I didn’t see them. lla, ma-šfthum-š. ‫ ما شفتُهمش‬،‫ل‬.
Exercise: Replace the underlined nouns by the corresponding pronouns.

1. qrit dik l-jarida l-barн f ṣ
ṣbaн. َ ‫قريت ديك ال‬.
‫جريدة البارح ف الصباح‬
2. nsau s-sarut dyalhum f ḍ
-ḍ
ar. ‫نساو الساروت ديالُهم ف الدار‬.
3. zrt duk n-nas f Fes l-barн. ‫زرت دوك الناس ف فاس البارح‬.
4. ddau wldhum m ‫ع‬ahum l s-sinima. ‫سنيما‬
ِ ‫هم ل ال‬ ُ ‫ّداو ولد‬.
ُ ‫هم معا‬
5. wqqfna šffar f z-znqa. ّ ‫وّقفنا ش‬.
‫فار ف الزنقة‬
6. bba ‫ع‬awn xuk f l-нsab. ‫َبا عاون خوك ف الحساب‬.
Question Words
Some of these you already know. Some will be new for you.
who škun ‫شكون‬

Who are you? škun nta / nti? ‫ت؟‬
ِ ‫ن‬/‫ت‬
َ ‫شكون ن‬
what aš / šnu / ašnu ‫ أشنو‬/ ‫ شنو‬/ ‫أش‬
What did you do yesterday? šnu drti l-barн? ‫شنو درتي البارح؟‬
which ašmn ‫أشمن‬
Which bus did you take? ašmn ṭ
obis xditi? ‫أشمن طوبيس خديتي؟‬
where fin / fayn ‫ فاين‬/ ‫فين‬
Where did you eat pizza? fin kliti l-ppitza? ‫فين كليتي الّپـيتزا؟‬
how kifaš ‫كيفاش‬
How did you get to the hotel? kifaš wṣ
lti l l-oṭ
il? ‫كيفاش وصلتي ل لوطيل؟‬
from where mnin ‫منين‬

Where did you come from? mnin jiti? ‫منين جيتي؟‬
when fuqaš / imta ‫ إنتى‬/ ‫فوقاش‬
When did you sleep yesterday? fuqaš n ‫ع‬sti l-barн? ‫فوقاش نعستي البارح؟‬
When did you arrive? imta wṣ
lti? ‫إنتى وصلتي؟‬
why ‫ع‬laš ‫علش‬
Why did you come late? ‫ع‬laš jiti m ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl? ّ ‫علش جيتي مع‬
‫طل؟‬
Because I didn’t get up early. ‫ع‬laнqqaš ma-nḍ
t-š bkri. ‫قاش ما نضتش بكري‬ ّ ‫عَلح‬.
The word mn (‫ )من‬is used after some prepositions to create question words.
with whom m ‫ع‬a mn ‫ع من‬

َ ‫م‬
With whom did you travel to
Rabat? (In the US: Who did you travel m ‫ع‬a mn safrti l Rabat? ‫ع من سافرتي ل الرباط‬
َ ‫م‬
to Rabat with?)
whose dyal mn ‫ديال من‬

how many / how much šнal ‫شحال‬
The question word šнal (‫ )شحال‬may is followed by either d (‫ )د‬or mn (‫)من‬, depending upon the noun
following it. Uncountable nouns are nouns that do not have a plural because they speak about
something that can be “measured,” but not “counted” (e.g. tea, air). Countable nouns are nouns that
have plural forms and, therefore, nouns with which we use numbers (e.g. 5 cats, 3 books). With šнal:
šнal + d + singular uncountable noun
or
šнal + d + plural countable noun
or
šнal + mn + singular countable noun
How much time? šнal d l-wqt? ‫شحال د الوقت؟‬
How many books? šнal d l-ktub? ‫شحال د الكتوب؟‬
How many books? šнal mn ktab? ‫شحال من كتاب؟‬
In referring to prices, šнal is almost always preceded by the preposition b (‫)ب‬.

How much is this shirt? bšнal had l-qamija? ‫قميجة‬ َ ‫بشحال‬.
َ ‫هد ال‬
How much did you pay for bšнal šritihum? ‫بشحال شريتيُهم؟‬
them?
Exercise: Write your time line of activities for last Sunday. Use the following time
expressions and verbs to write as many sentences as you can.
e.g. f l-weekend t ‫ع‬ššit m ‫ع‬a ṣ
нabi f
‫ع صحابي ف الريسطورة‬ ّ ‫ف الويكاند تع‬.
َ ‫شيت م‬
rrisṭ
ora.
Time Expressions Verbs
f l-weekend ‫ف الويكاند‬ tfrrj ‫ تفّرج‬t ‫ع‬šša ّ ‫تع‬
‫شى‬
f ṣ
-ṣbaн bkri ‫ف الصباح بكري‬ dar ‫دار‬ safr ‫سافر‬
f l-‫ع‬šiya ‫ف العشية‬ ‫ع‬awn ‫عاون‬ tsnna ‫تسّنى‬
f l-lil ‫ف الليل‬ ṣ
am ‫صام‬ ja ‫جا‬
mn b ‫ع‬d ‫من بعد‬ kbb ‫ب‬
ّ ‫ك‬ mša ‫مشى‬
l-нdd lli fat ‫الحد ّ اللي فات‬ dqq ‫ق‬
ّ ‫د‬ tlaqa ‫تلقى‬
f (time) ‫)ف )وقت‬ xaf ‫خاف‬ wṣ
l ‫وصل‬
šaf ‫شاف‬ qra ‫قرى‬
duwš ‫دّوش‬ tkllm ‫تكّلم‬
lbs ‫لبس‬ ṣ
ift ‫صيفت‬
Daily Routines
• talk about your daily activities using the present tense
• use one verb after another to express complex thoughts
• give commands with the imperative
Present Tense – Regular Verbs

Present Tense in General
In Arabic, the present tense normally expresses both habitual and progressive actions.
habitual action: I eat couscous every Friday.
progressive action: I am eating couscous now.
For a small number of verbs, the present tense expresses only habitual actions (see page 151 for more
information on these verbs).
Unlike the past tense, which uses only suffixes (endings) to conjugate a verb, the present tense uses
َ ) and another letter (n, t, or y).
both suffixes and prefixes. The present tense prefix is written with ka (‫كـ‬
Present tense suffixes (i or u) may be added as well.
Regular Verbs in the Present Tense

Verbs that were regular in the past tense are still regular in the present tense. In addition to these,
twoletter verbs are also regular in the present tense. Therefore, they will be conjugated like ktb (‫)كتب‬
in the present tense. See page 51 for more information on two-letter verbs.
Here is the conjugation of the verb ktb in the present tense, with prefixes and suffixes underlined:
“to write” ktb ‫كتب‬
I write kan-ktb َ
‫كنكتب‬
you write (masc. sing.) kat-ktb َ
‫كتكتب‬
you write (fem. sing.) kat-ktbi َ
‫كتكتبي‬
he writes
Yes, these kay-ktb َ
‫كيكتب‬
are the َ
she writes kat-ktb ‫كتكتب‬
same. You
understand
we write kan-ktbu َ
‫كنكتبو‬
the speaker
you write (plur.)
by context. kat-ktbu َ
‫كتكتبو‬
they write kay-ktbu َ
‫كيكتبو‬ These have
different
conjugations.
Q: What changes are brought to the verb when conjugated in the present tense? In the past
tense, they
had the same
conjugation.
Time Expressions
always dima ‫ديما‬
usually ġaliban ً ‫غاِلبا‬
sometimes b ‫ع‬ḍl-mrrat ‫بعض المّرات‬

from time to time mrra mrra ‫مّرة مّرة‬
once a ... mrra f ... ‫ مّرة ف‬...
once a year mrra f l-‫ع‬am ‫مّرة ف العام‬
once a month mrra f l-šhr ‫مّرة ف الشهر‬
once a week mrra f s-simana ‫مّرة ف السيمانة‬
everyday yawmiyan ً ‫َيومي ّا‬
on (day of the week) nhar ... ‫نهار‬

on Saturday nhar s-sbt ‫نهار السبت‬
every ... kul ... ُ ...
‫كل‬
every morning kul ṣ
baн ُ
‫كل صباح‬
every Friday kul jm ‫ع‬a ُ
‫كل جمعة‬
now deba ‫َدبا‬
Some examples:
Greg kay-tkllm d-darija
Greg speaks Darija well. ‫كيتكّلم الداِرجة مزيان‬
َ ‫گريگ‬.
mzyan.
Malika drinks milk every Malika kat-šrb l-нlib kul
ُ ‫كتشرب الحليب‬
‫كل صباح‬ َ ‫مليكة‬
َ .
morning. ṣ
baн.
Amina and her friend travel to Amina u ṣ

aнbtha kaysafru َ ‫أمينة و صاحبتها‬
‫كيسافرو ل فَرنسة‬
France once a year. l fransa mrra f l-‫ع‬am. ‫مّرة ف العام‬.
Aicha is pouring tea. Aicha kat-kbb atay. ‫ب أتاي‬ َ ‫عيشة‬.

َ ‫كتك‬
I don’t drink coffee. ma-kan-šrb-š l-qhwa. ‫كنشربش القهوة‬ َ ‫ما‬.
Exercise: Answer the following sentences (based on the examples above) in the
negative.
1. weš Greg kaytkllm tamaziġt mzyan? 1. ‫كيتكّلم تامازيغت مزيان؟‬
َ ‫واش گريگ‬
2. weš Malika katšrb atay kul ṣ
baн? ُ ‫كتشرب أتاي‬
2. ‫كل صباح؟‬ َ ‫مليكة‬
َ ‫واش‬
3. weš Amina u ṣ
aнbtha kaysafru l َ ‫واش أمينة و صاحبتها‬
3. ‫كيسافرو ل ِمريكان مّرة ف‬
mirikan mrra f l ‫ع‬am? ‫العام؟‬
4. weš Aicha katkbb lma? 4. ‫ب الما؟‬ َ
ّ ‫واش عيشة كتك‬
Exercise: Describe in the present tense the following activities.

šnu kaydir / katdir / kaydiru? َ / ‫كتدير‬
‫كيديرو؟‬ َ / ‫كيدير‬
َ ‫شنو‬
Categories of Present Tense Irregular Verbs

Present Tense –
Irregular Verbs with “a” becomes “u”
long vowel
Middle “a” “a” in “a” becomes “i”
the middle
Irregular Verbs in General “a” remains “a”
Irregular verbs in the present tense are Present
more complicated than in the past tense. Tense
In the past tense, verbs with the same Irregular
structure (“a” in the middle, “a” at the Verbs
end) were conjugated the same way. In “a” becomes “i”
the present tense, verbs that look the long vowel
same in their “infinitive” form may be “a” at the “a” remains “a”
conjugated differently. end
As a result of this difference, in the internal changes

present tense you will have to remember
which category of conjugation each
irregular verb belongs to. These categories are listed in the diagram to the right, and each will be
shown individually. The glossary of verbs in the appendix (see page 163) also shows, by example, how
an irregular verb is conjugated.
We will deal with two large groups of irregular verbs: 3-letter verbs with a long vowel “ a” in the middle
and all verbs with a long vowel “ a” at the end. Within each of these general groups, there will be three
categories of different conjugations. At times, it may seem like too much information to handle. But
Peace Corps trainees have been learning the irregular present tense for years; you’ll do great.
Practicing irregular verbs with your homestay family is one way to remember how each verb is
conjugated. The more you use the verbs, the quicker they will “stick” in your memory.
1st Category: Long “a” Becomes Long “u”

Remember, here we are dealing with 3-letter verbs with a (‫ )ا‬in the middle. The long vowel a (‫ )ا‬changes
to the long vowel u (‫)و‬, with the same prefixes and suffixes as regular verbs in the present tense.
“to say” gal ‫گال‬
I say kangul َ
‫كنگول‬
you say (masc. sing.) katgul َ
‫كتگول‬
you say (fem. sing.) katguli َ
‫كتگولي‬
he says kaygul َ
‫كيگول‬
she says katgul َ
‫كتگول‬
we say kangulu َ
‫كنگولو‬
you say (plur.) katgulu َ
‫كتگولو‬
they say kaygulu َ
‫كيگولو‬
Verbs like “gal”

to be kan ‫كان‬ to pass fat ‫فات‬
to blame lam ‫لم‬ to see šaf ‫شاف‬
to die mat ‫مات‬ to swim ‫ع‬am ‫عام‬
to drive / ride ṣ
ag ‫صاگ‬ to taste daq ‫داق‬
to fast ṣ
am ‫صام‬ to throw laн ‫لح‬
to melt dab ‫داب‬ to turn ḍ
ar ‫ضار‬
to pass daz ‫داز‬ to visit zar ‫زار‬
Some examples:
Muslims fast Ramadan every lmslmin kayṣ

umu rmḍ
an
ُ ‫كيصومو رمضان‬
‫كل عام‬ َ ‫المسلمين‬.
year. kul ‫ع‬am.
Lisa swims well. Lisa kat ‫ع‬um mzyan. َ ‫ليسا‬.
‫كتعوم مزيان‬
had ššifur ma-kayṣug-š
This driver doesn’t drive well. َ ‫هد الشيفور ما‬
‫كيصوگش مزيان‬ َ .
mzyan.
When the verb “to be,” kan (‫ )كان‬is conjugated in the present tense, it expresses a habitual action or
activity, not a current state or condition.
Where are you (every) Saturday fin katkun nhar ssbt f l َ ‫فين‬
‫كتكون نهار السبت ف العشّية؟‬
afternoon? ‫ع‬šiya?
In order to express current states or conditions, use independent pronouns with adjectives or nouns
(see page 7) or use the participles of kan (‫( )كان‬see page 37). You have already learned both!

َ ‫شنو‬
2nd Category: Long “a” Becomes Long “i”

In this category, the long vowel a (‫ )ا‬in the middle of the verb changes to the long vowel i (‫)ي‬, with the
same prefixes and suffixes as regular verbs in the present tense.
“to bring” jab ‫جاب‬
I bring kanjib َ
‫كنجيب‬
you bring (masc. sing.) katjib َ
‫كتجيب‬
you bring (fem. sing.) katjibi َ
‫كتجيبي‬
he brings kayjib َ
‫كيجيب‬
she brings katjib َ
‫كتجيب‬
we bring kanjibu َ
‫كنجيبو‬
you bring (plur.) katjibu َ
‫كتجيبو‬
they bring kayjibu َ
‫كيجيبو‬
Verbs like “jab”

to add zad ‫زاد‬ to fly ṭ
ar ‫طار‬
to be absent ġab ‫غاب‬ to leak sal ‫سال‬
to be cooked ṭ
ab ‫طاب‬ to wake up faq ‫فاق‬
to do / make dar ‫دار‬ sell ba ‫ع‬ ‫باع‬
to fall ṭ
aн ‫طاح‬ to touch qas ‫قاس‬
to trust taq ‫تاق‬
Some examples:
Hassan sells (is selling) Hassan kaybi ‫ ع‬lxoḍ

ra f َ ‫حسن‬.
‫كيبيع الخضرة ف السوق‬
vegetables in the souq. ssuq.
I don’t wake up early on makanfiqš bkri nhar
َ ‫ما‬.
ّ ‫كنفيقش بكري نهار الحد‬
Sundays. lнdd.
What do you do on Saturdays? šnu katdir nhar ssbt? َ ‫شنو‬

‫كتدير نهار السبت؟‬

َ ‫شنو‬
3rd Category: Long “a” Remains Long “a”

In this category, the long vowel a (‫ )ا‬remains the same, without any changes, with the same prefixes
and suffixes as regular verbs in the present tense.
“to spend the night” bat ‫بات‬
I spend the night kanbat َ

‫كنبات‬
you spend the night katbat َ
‫كتبات‬
(masc. sing.)
you spend the night katbati َ
‫كتباتي‬
(fem. sing.)
he spends the night kaybat َ
‫كيبات‬
she spends the night katbat َ
‫كتبات‬
we spend the night kanbatu َ
‫كنباتو‬
you spend the night katbatu َ
‫كتباتو‬
(plur.)
they spend the night kaybatu َ
‫كيباتو‬
Verbs like “bat”

to appear ban ‫بان‬ to owe sal ‫سال‬
to look like ban bнal ‫بان بحال‬ to be scared xaf ‫خاف‬
Some examples:
The mouse is scared of the cat. lfar kayxaf mn lqṭ
. َ ‫الفار‬.
‫كيخاف من القط‬
You look like you are sick. katban bнal ila mriḍ
. َ .
‫كتبان بحال إل مريض‬
These have
the same
conjugation in
this category.
Present Tense – Irregular Verbs with Final “a”

Now we change our focus from verbs with a long vowel a (‫ )ا‬in the middle of the verb to those with a
long vowel a (‫ )ى‬at the end of the verb.
1st Category: Long “a” Becomes Long “i”

In this category, the long vowel a (‫ )ى‬changes to the long vowel i (‫)ي‬, with the same prefixes and
suffixes as regular verbs in the present tense.
“to run” jra ‫جرى‬
I run kanjri َ
‫كنجري‬
you run (masc. sing.) katjri َ
‫كتجري‬
you run (fem. sing.) katjri َ
‫كتجري‬
he runs kayjri َ
‫كيجري‬
she runs katjri َ
‫كتجري‬
we run kanjriu َ
‫كنجريو‬
you run (plur.) katjriu َ
‫كتجريو‬
they run kayjriu َ
‫كيجريو‬
Verbs like “jra”

to build bna ‫بنى‬ to go mša ‫مشى‬
to buy šra ‫شرى‬ to pray ṣ
lla ‫صّلى‬
to cry bka ‫بكى‬ to like / love bġa ‫بغى‬
to clean nqqa ‫قى‬
ّ ‫ن‬ to show wrra ‫وّرى‬
to come ja ‫جا‬ to sing ġnna ‫غّنى‬
to fold ṭ
wa ‫طوى‬ to smoke kma ‫كمى‬
to fry qla ‫قلى‬ to teach qrra ‫قّرى‬
to finish sala ‫سالى‬ to turn off ṭ
fa ‫طفى‬
Some examples:
Hassan sings (is singing) in the Hassan kayġnni f dduš. َ ‫حسن‬.
‫كيغّني ف الدوش‬
shower.
I don’t smoke hash. makankmiš lнšiš. ‫كنكميش الحشيش‬ َ ‫ما‬.
Do you run every morning? weš katjri kul ṣ
baн? ُ ‫كتجري‬
‫كل صباح؟‬ َ ‫واش‬

َ ‫شنو‬
2nd Category: Long “a” Remains Long “a”

In this category, the long vowel a (‫ )ى‬remains the same, without any changes, with the same prefixes
and suffixes as regular verbs in the present tense.
“to read / study” qra ‫قرى‬
I read kanqra َ
‫كنقرى‬
you read (masc. sing.) katqra َ
‫كتقرى‬
you read (fem. sing.) katqray َ
‫كتقراي‬
he reads kayqra َ
‫كيقرى‬
she reads katqra َ
‫كتقرى‬
we read kanqrau َ
‫كنقراو‬
you read (plur.) katqrau َ
‫كتقراو‬
they read kayqrau َ
‫كيقراو‬
Verbs like “qra”

to forget nsa ‫نسى‬ to defy tнdda ‫دى‬
ّ ‫تح‬
to find lqa ‫لقى‬ to eat lunch tġdda ‫دى‬
ّ ‫تغ‬
to hope tmnna ‫تمّنى‬ to eat dinner t ‫ع‬šša ّ ‫تع‬
‫شى‬
to meet tlaqa ‫تلقى‬ to be cured bra ‫برى‬
to go shopping tqdda ‫دى‬
ّ ‫تق‬ to be finished tsala ‫تسالى‬
to take care
to walk around tsara ‫تسارى‬ thlla (f) ‫)تهل ّ )ف‬
(of)
Some examples:
From time to time we eat dinner mrra mrra kant ‫ع‬ššau f

َ ‫مّرة مّرة‬.
ّ ‫كنتع‬
‫شاو ف الريسطورة‬
at the restaurant. rrisṭ
ora.
I don’t go shopping every day. ma-kantqdda-š kul yum. ُ ‫داش‬

‫كل يوم‬ َ ‫ما‬.
ّ ‫كنتق‬
How many books do you read in šнal mn ktab katqra f َ ‫شحال من كتاب‬
‫كتقرى ف الشهر؟‬
a month? ššhr?

َ ‫شنو‬
Moroccan Wisdom: ‫ضرب الحديد ماحّدو سخون‬.

̣ l-нdid maнddu sxun.
drb
Strike while the iron is hot.
3rd Category: Verb Has Internal Changes

Two verbs in Moroccan Arabic are conjugated in the present tense by changing their internal structure
in addition
In thesetoforms,
addingthethe normal prefixes and suffixes.
“u” is pronounced
“tovery
eat” quickly. Thus, kla ‫كلى‬
I eatone shouldn’t say kanakul ‫كل‬ ُ ‫كنا‬َ

“kan-akuuuuul,” but
you rather
eat (masc. sing.)
“kanak ul” katakul ‫كل‬ ُ ‫كتا‬ َ
you eat (fem. sing.) katakuli ُ ‫كتا‬

‫كلي‬ َ
he eats kayakul ُ ‫كيا‬

‫كل‬ َ
she eats katakul ُ ‫كتا‬

‫كل‬ َ
we eat kanaklu َ
‫كناكلو‬
you eat (plur.) kataklu َ

‫كتاكلو‬
they eat kayaklu َ
‫كياكلو‬
Another Verb like “kla”

to take xda ‫خدى‬
Some examples:
Every Friday we eat couscous. kul jm ‫ع‬a kanaklu ksksu. َ ‫كل جمعة‬
‫كناكلو كسكسو‬ ُ .
She takes medicine before she kataxud ddwa qbl
‫خد الدوى قبل ما تنعس‬ َ .
ُ ‫كتا‬
goes to bed. ma tn ‫ع‬s.

َ ‫شنو‬
Using One Verb after Another

Sometimes, we will want to use one verb directly after another. This is true in English:
I want to read. He likes to cook.
We forgot to call you. She began to study yesterday.
As the examples show, in English we use the infinitive after a verb (to read, to cook, to call, to study).
But in Arabic, as you recall, there isn’t actually an infinitive for verbs (see page 46). Instead, we use the
present tense of a verb without the opening “ka.” This will serve as the equivalent of the English
infinitive when we use one verb after another.
Present Without
Used after “bġa”
Tense “ka”
I want to go. kan-mši n-mši bġit n-mši ‫بغيت نمشي‬.
You want to go. kat-mši t-mši bġiti t-mši ‫بغيتي تمشي‬.
He wants to go. kay-mši y-mši bġa y-mši ‫بغى يمشي‬.
She wants to go. kat-mši t-mši bġat t-mši ‫بغات تمشي‬.
We want to go. kan-mšiu n-mšiu bġina n-mšiu ‫بغينا نمشيو‬
You want to go. kat-mšiu t-mšiu bġitu t-mšiu ‫بغيتو تمشيو‬
They want to go. kay-mšiu y-mšiu bġau y-mšiu ‫بغاو يمشيو‬
Some more examples:

kantmnna n-tkllm ddarija
I hope to speak Darija well. ‫كنتمّنى نتكّلم الداِرجة مزيان‬
َ .
mzyan.
He forgot to bring the book. nsa y-jib lktab. ‫نسى يجيب الكتاب‬.
Using with Other Expressions

This same construction is used after other words and expressions. The most important of these is bash
(‫)باش‬. This word is the equivalent of the English “in order to.” Some examples:
Latifa went to the post office Laṭ ifa mšat l lbosṭ
a baš ‫َلطيفة مشات ل البوسطة باش‬
in order to send a letter. ̣
t-sift bra. ‫تصيفت برا‬.
I went to Marrakech in order mšit l Marrakech ‫مشيت ل مراكش باش نشوف‬
to see my friend. baš n-šuf ṣ
aнbi. ‫صاحبي‬.
Exercise: Combine the following words into sentences, using the proper
conjugations of verbs and pronouns.
̣ / baš / šra / karṭ d t-tilifun.
1. Amina / mša / l l-bosta
2. huwa / bġa / mša / l mirikan / baš / qra.
3. нna / ja / l l-mġrib / baš / ‫ع‬awn / nas dyalu / u / t ‫ع‬rrf / ‫ع‬lihum / u /
{huma} ‫ع‬rf {нna} / mzyan.
The Imperative
The imperative is used to give commands: Go to the store! Open the window! Study Arabic! The
positive imperative tells someone to do something, the negative imperative tells someone not to do
something.
The positive imperative is formed by dropping both the ka (‫ك‬َ ) and the prefix t (‫ )ت‬from the singular
and plural “you” forms of the present tense. In the following table, all the examples are equal to the
English command, “Write!”
Present Tense Imperative
you (masc. sing.) kat-ktb ‫كتكتب‬َ ktb ‫كتب‬
you (fem. sing.) kat-ktbi ‫كتكتبي‬ َ ktbi ‫كتبي‬
you (plur. sing.) kat-ktbu ‫كتكتبو‬ َ ktbu ‫كتبو‬
The negative imperative is formed by dropping the ka ( ‫ك‬ َ ) and using the negative form ma...š ( ‫ش‬...‫)ما‬.
In the following table, the first verb is gls, “to sit,” and the negative imperatives are equivalent to the
English “Don’t sit!” The second verb is wqf, “to stand / stop” and the negative imperatives are
equivalent to the English “Don’t stand up!”
John Present Tense Imperative Negative Imperative
you (masc. sing.) kat-gls َ
‫كتگلس‬ gls ‫گلس‬ ma-t-gls-š ‫ما تگلسش‬
َ ‫ما‬
you (fem. sing.) kat-glsi ‫كتگلسي‬ glsi ‫گلسي‬ ma-t-glsi-š
‫تگلسيش‬
َ ‫ما‬
you (plur. sing.) kat-glsu ‫كتگلسو‬ glsu ‫گلسو‬ ma-t-glsu-š
‫تگلسوش‬
you (masc. sing.) kat-wqf ‫كتوقف‬َ wqf ‫وقف‬ ma-t-wqf-š ‫ما توقفش‬
you (fem. sing.) kat-wqfi ‫كتوقفي‬ َ wqfi ‫وقفي‬ ma-t-wqfi-š ‫ما توقفيش‬
َ ‫ما‬
you (plur. sing.) kat-wqfu ‫كتوقفو‬ wqfu ‫وقفو‬ ma-t-wqfu-š
‫توقفوش‬
Some Irregular Imperatives

For the following three verbs, the positive imperative is not regular.
1. to go mša ‫مشى‬
sir ‫سير‬ ma-t-mši-š ‫ما تمشيش‬
Go. siri ‫ سيري‬Don’t go. ma-t-mši-š ‫ما تمشيش‬
siru ‫سيرو‬ ma-t-mšiu-š ‫ما تمشيوش‬
2. to come ja ‫جا‬
aji ‫أجي‬ ma-t-ji-š ‫ما تجيش‬
Come. aji ‫ أجي‬Don’t come. ma-t-ji-š ‫ما تجيش‬
ajiu ‫أجيو‬ ma-t-jiu-š ‫ما تجيوش‬
3. to give ‫ع‬ta / ara ‫عطى‬
ara ‫أرا‬ ma-t-‫ع‬ṭ
ini-š ‫ما تعطينيش‬
Give me. aray ‫ أراي‬Don’t give me. ma-t-‫ع‬ṭ
ini-š ‫ما تعطينيش‬
arau ‫أراو‬ ma-t-‫ع‬ṭ
iuni-š ‫ما تعطيونيش‬
Exercise: Put the verbs between parentheses in correct form, then arrange the
sentences in the correct order.
A. mn b ‫ع‬d (lbs) нwayji. ‫من بعد )لبس( حوايجي‬.
B. (ġsl) wjhi u snan, mn b ‫ع‬d (fiyq) ddrari. ((‫ من بعد )فّيق‬،‫غسل( وجهي و سنان‬
‫الدراري‬.
C. ana (naḍ) f 7:30. 7:30 ‫أنا )ناض( ف‬.
D. f l ‫ع‬šiya (tqdda) wlla (xmml) ḍ
-ḍ
ar. ّ ‫دى( ول ّ )خ‬
‫مل( الدار‬ ّ ‫ف العشّية )تق‬.
E. ana (xdm) нtta l 1:00 mn b ‫ع‬d (tġdda). ّ ‫ من بعد )تغ‬1:00 ‫)أنا )خدم( حّتى ل‬.
‫دى‬
F. (wjd) lfṭur. (‫وجد( الفطور‬.
G. нna (t ‫ع‬šša) mjmu ‫ع‬in. ‫شى( مجموعين‬ ّ ‫حنا )تع‬.
H. ana (n ‫ع‬s) ġaliban f 11:00. ً
11:00 ‫أنا )نعس( غاِلبا ف‬.
(‫ باش )مشى‬8:00 ‫أنا )شد ّ( الطوبيس ف‬
I. ana (šdd) ṭ
ṭubis f 8:00 baš (mša) lxdma.
‫الخدمة‬.
J. ddrari (n ‫ع‬s) f 8:00. 8:00 ‫الدراري )نعس( ف‬.
Exercise: Write a paragraph out of each set of pictures.
Bobby
Text
kifaš katduwz nnhar?

awi ‫ع‬a m ‫ع‬a hay'at ssalam. kul
Susan mutaṭ ‫كتدّوز النهار؟‬ َ ‫كيفاش‬
nhar katfiq bkri u katjri. mn b ‫ع‬d َ ‫كل نهار‬
‫كتفيق‬ ُ . ‫سلم‬ َ ‫ال‬ ‫هيئة‬
َ ‫ع‬َ ‫وعة م‬ ّ َ ‫مت َط‬ ُ ‫سوزان‬
‫ ديما‬.‫كتفطر‬ َ ‫كتدّوش و‬ َ ‫ من بعد‬.‫كتجري‬ َ ‫بكري و‬
katduwš u katfṭr. dima f ṣ ṣ
baн katxdm َ ‫ مّلي‬.11:30 ‫كتخدم حّتى ل‬ َ ‫ف الصباح‬
،‫كتسالي‬
нtta l 11:30. mlli katsali, katrj ‫ ع‬l َ ‫جد الماكلة و‬ َ . ‫كترجع ل الدار‬ َ
‫ ف‬.‫دى‬ ّ ‫كتتغ‬ ّ ‫كتو‬
ḍ
-ḍ
ar. katwjjd lmakla u kattġdda. f l َ
‫دى و بعض المّرات كتلقى صحابها ول‬ َ
ّ ‫العشّية كتتق‬
‫ع‬šiya kattqdda u b ‫ع‬ḍlmrrat katlaqa ṣнabha ‫شى و ديما‬ َ ‫ ف الليل‬.‫كتمشي ل السيبر‬
ّ ‫كتتع‬ َ
wlla katmši l ssiber. f llil katt ‫ع‬šša u ‫كتقرى قبل ما تنعس‬. َ
dima katqra qbl ma t-n ‫ع‬s.
1. šnu katdir Susan? weš turist? 1. ‫كتدير سوزان؟ واش توريست؟‬ َ ‫شنو‬
2. weš katxdm f l ‫ع‬šiya? 2. ‫كتخدم ف العشّية؟‬َ ‫واش‬
3. šnu katdir qbl ma t-n ‫ع‬s? 3. ‫كتدير قبل ما تنعس؟‬ َ ‫شنو‬
4. šnu katdir kul nhar? ُ
4. ‫كتدير كل نهار؟‬ َ ‫شنو‬
Bargaining
• bargain for basic items, such as clothing
• describe the colors of items
• use masculine, feminine, and plural adjectives correctly
• describe differences between objects using the comparative and superlative
Bargaining
General Bargaining Information
In Morocco, bargaining is a part of life. It can sometimes be tiring for people not used to it, but with
some cultural and language skills, it can become much easier. Some information about bargaining can
also make the process simpler.
First of all, you need to know what items should be bargained for, and what items normally have fixed
prices, even for Moroccans. This is not always easy to determine, since the place where you buy some
things may determine whether the price is fixed or not. For example, some items that are sold at fixed
prices in a нanut (e.g. laundry soap, vegetables, eggs) may be bargained for in the souk or from a street
vendor. Ask your host family or watch other Moroccans in order to find out. Here are some general
guidelines for whether prices are fixed or not:
Usually Bargained For Seldom Bargained For
• any article of clothing • things which are literally bought every day:
• any household or kitchen utensil, appliance, mint, parsley, bread, coriander
or furniture • refill on a butagas
• rent for a house or apartment • cigarettes and alcohol
• taxi fares on unscheduled runs • meals or beverages in restaurants
• anything bought in a souk (e.g. grains in bulk, • bus fares between scheduled stops
animals, rugs, etc.) • taxi fares on regular runs
• anything bought from a street vendor who • pricecontrolled staple foods: sugar, oil, tea,
has no regular shop flour, milk, butter, etc.
• petit taxi fares if the meter does not work • anything bought in a pharmacy
• anything used or secondhand • meat and vegetables, if the price per kilo is
posted
• domestic help and services (maid, plumber,
electrician, etc. Determine the price before • school supplies
the work is done.)
It is also good to be aware of some of the standard tactics that are used between the buyer and the seller
in Morocco. If you watch Moroccans, you will see many of these.
The Buyer’s Tactics The Seller’s Tactics
• not showing too much enthusiasm for buying • not showing too much enthusiasm for selling
• walking away when the seller has named the • turning away when the buyer has named the
“lowest” price “highest” price
• pointing out defects in the merchandise • noting the superior quality in the merchandise
• quoting a lower price for an identical item in • insisting that goods in other shops are not of
another shop the same quality
• claiming not to have enough money to meet the • claiming that in selling at the buyer’s “highest”
seller's “lowest” price price he would be taking a loss
• complimenting or flattering the seller (on his • complimenting or flattering the buyer (on his
shop, merchandise, children, friendliness) or her language ability, friendliness, expertise
in bargaining)
The Buyer’s Tactics The Seller’s Tactics
• acting insulted by the seller’s price • acting insulted by the buyer’s offer
• arguing that the difference between the • arguing that the difference between the buyer’s
seller’s price and the price offered is insignificant; price and his price is insignificant and the
i.e. the seller should come buyer should come up
down to the offered price
• pulling out one's money as if the offered price • wrapping up the purchase as if the asking price
has been agreed upon has been agreed upon
When you are looking to buy an item that you know you will have to bargain for, there are a few things
that you should probably try to avoid. These include:
• showing too much interest in, or too great a need for, a particular item
• carrying large sums of money, carrying expensive, previouslybought items, looking like a tourist
• having no idea what an item is really worth, or what is a fair price for that type of item
• being in a hurry
• buying with a guide (he gets a percentage of what you pay)
Always be prepared to pay a price you have named. Do not get too far into bargaining for something if
you do not intend to buy it. If you are not clear on the currency in which you are bargaining (i.e. ryals),
proceed slowly. In the end, don’t let a bargaining scenario ruin your day. Most of us go unbothered by
the sometimes huge markups on big-ticket items in America, yet we can be easily frustrated by a
Moroccan merchant who makes an extra dollar or two off of us. Remember that one’s peace of mind is
worth something, too.
Bargaining Expressions
It’s too expensive! ġali bzzaf! ‫!غالي بّزاف‬
Lower the price. nqṣšwiya. ‫نقص شوّية‬.
Give a good price. awb m ‫ع‬aya f ttaman.
ṣ َ َ ‫صاوب معايا ف الت‬.
‫من‬
I won’t add even a ryal. ma-n-zid нtta ryal. ‫ما نزيد حّتى ريال‬.
I’ll add nothing. ma-n-zid walu. ‫ما نزيد والو‬.
2 4
It’s too much for me. bzzaf ‫ع‬liya. 5 َ ‫بّزاف عل‬.
‫ي‬
3
A good1 price. ši taman mzyan. َ َ ‫شي ت‬.

‫من مزيان‬
A reasonable price. ši taman mnasb. َ َ ‫شي ت‬.
‫من مناسب‬
What’s the last price? axir taman, šнal? ‫ شحال؟‬،‫من‬
َ َ ‫خر ت‬
ِ ‫أ‬
How much will I get it for? bšнal t-xllih (ha)? ‫بشحال تخّليه )ها(؟‬
That’s what I have (money)! had šši lli ‫ع‬ndi! َ !
‫هد الشي اللي عندي‬
7
6 hada huwa axir taman 9 10
That’s my last price! dyali! 8 ‫من ديالي‬
َ َ ‫خر ت‬
ِ ‫وأ‬ َ !
َ ُ‫هدا ه‬
Clothing
Clothing Vocabulary clothes lнwayj ‫الحوايج‬
15
14
13
11 12
16 17 18
20
19
1. sifiṭ
ma ‫فطمة‬
ِ ‫سي‬ 11. fista ‫ِفستة‬
2. jean ‫دجين‬ 12. jakiṭ
a ‫جاكيطة‬
3. srwal ‫سروال‬ 13. pijama ‫پيجامة‬
4. qamija nṣkmm ّ ‫َقميجة نص ك‬
‫م‬ 14. kbbuṭ ‫كّبوط‬
5. qamija ‫َقميجة‬ 15. smṭ
a ‫سمطة‬
6. grafaṭ
a ‫گراَفطة‬ 16. T-shirt ‫تي شورت‬
7. jili ‫جيلي‬ 17. šorṭ ‫شورط‬
8. kustim ‫كوستيم‬ 18. šal ‫شال‬
9. triko ‫تريكو‬ 19. slip ‫سليپ‬
10. triko col v ‫تريكو كول ڤي‬ 20. ṣ
aya ‫صاية‬
1 2
3 5 7
4 6
13
8 11
12 14
10
20
18
15
16 19
17
1. kswa ‫كسوة‬ 11. sbrdila ‫سبرديلة‬

2. zif / fular ‫ فولر‬/ ‫زيف‬ 12. butyu ‫بوتيو‬
3. jllaba ّ ‫ج‬
‫لبة‬ 13. ṣ
bbat ‫صّبات‬
4. gndura ‫گندورة‬ 14. ṣ
ndala ‫دلة‬
َ ‫صن‬
5. liba ‫ليبا‬ 15. mššaya ّ ‫م‬
‫شاية‬
6. sutyanat ‫سوتيانات‬ 16. xatm ‫خاتم‬
7. ligat ‫ليگات‬ 17. нalaqat ‫حَلقات‬
َ
8. kaskiṭ
a َ
‫كسكيطا‬ 18. ‫ع‬qiq ‫عقيق‬
9. ṭ
agiya ‫طاگّية‬ 19. snsla ‫سنسلة‬
10. tqašr ‫تقاشر‬ 20. mḍ
l ‫مضل‬
Clothing Expressions
Is there anything else? weš kayna ši нaja xora? ‫خرى؟‬
ُ ‫واش كاينة شي حاجة‬
Give me size ... please. ‫ع‬ṭ
ini nnmra ... ‫ع‬afak. ّ ... ‫عطيني النمرة‬.
‫عفاك‬
Try this one on. qiys hada / hadi. ‫هدي‬ َ ‫قّيس‬.
َ / ‫هدا‬
Do you want another color? weš bġiti ši lun axor? ‫خر؟‬
ُ ‫واش بغيتي شي لون أ‬
I prefer this color. kanfḍ

l had llun. ‫هد اللون‬ َ .
َ ‫كنفضل‬
It goes well with you. ja / jat m ‫ع‬ak. ‫ جات مَعك‬/ ‫جا‬.
Colors colors llwan ‫اللوان‬
Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Plural

white byḍ ‫بيض‬ biḍ
a ‫بيضة‬ biḍ
in ‫بيضين‬
blue zrq ‫زرق‬ zrqa ‫زرقة‬ zrqin ‫زرقين‬
black kнl ‫كحل‬ kнla ‫كحلة‬ kнlin ‫كحلين‬
red нmr ‫حمر‬ нmra ‫حمرة‬ нmrin ‫حمرين‬
yellow ṣ
fr ‫صفر‬ ṣ
fra ‫صفرة‬ ṣ
frin ‫صفرين‬
green xḍ
r ‫خضر‬ xḍ
ra ‫خضرة‬ xḍ
rin ‫خضرين‬
brown qhwi ‫قهوي‬ qhwiya ‫قهوّية‬ qhwiyin ‫قهوّيين‬
orange limuni ‫ليموني‬ limuniya ‫ليمونّية‬ limuniyin ‫ليمونّيين‬
pink wrdi ‫وردي‬ wrdiya ‫وردّية‬ wrdiyin ‫وردّيين‬
нjri ‫حجري‬ нjriya ‫حجرّية‬ нjriyin ‫حجرّيين‬
purple
mdadi ‫مدادي‬ mdadiya ‫مدادّية‬ mdadiyin ‫مدادّيين‬
grey rmadi ‫رمادي‬ rmadiya ‫رمادّية‬ rmadiyin ‫رمادّيين‬
golden dhbi ‫دهبي‬ dhbiya ‫دهبّية‬ dhbiyin ‫دهبّيين‬
dark mġluq ‫مغلوق‬ mġluqa ‫مغلوقة‬ mġluqin ‫مغلوقين‬
light mftuн ‫مفتوح‬ mftuнa ‫مفتوحة‬ mftuнin ‫مفتوحين‬
bright ‫ع‬
naṣ ‫ناصع‬ ‫ع‬a
naṣ ‫ناصعة‬ ‫ع‬in
naṣ ‫ناصعين‬
faded baht ‫باهت‬ bahta ‫باهتة‬ bahtin ‫باهتين‬
As you can see in the table above, feminine forms of colors are made by adding an “ a” sound to the
masculine form, and plurals are made by adding “in” to the masculine form.
Dialogue
Michael: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ‫كم‬ُ ‫م عََلي‬ُ ‫سل‬َ ‫ال‬. ‫مايكل‬:
mul l-нwayj: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ‫سلم‬
َ ‫كم ال‬ ُ ‫َو عََلي‬. ‫مول الحوايج‬:
Michael: bġit jllaba ‫ع‬afak! ‫عفاك‬ ّ ‫مايكل !بغيت ج‬:
َ ‫لبة‬
mul l-нwayj: mujud a sidi, ašmn nmra? ‫ أشمن نمرة؟‬،‫مول الحوايج موجود أ سيدي‬:
Michael: ma-n-‫ع‬rf. ‫ما نعرف‬. ‫مايكل‬:
mul l-нwayj: qiys hadi. Ah jat m ‫ع‬ak! َ ‫مول الحوايج !قّيس‬:
‫ آه جات مَعك‬.‫هدي‬
Michael: kayna ġir f had llun? ‫هد اللون؟‬
َ ‫مايكل كاينة غير ف‬:
mul l-нwayj: kayna f lbyḍ
, ṣ
ṣfr u ‫ الصفر و الكحل‬،‫كاينة ف البيض‬. ‫مول الحوايج‬:
lkнl.
Michael: ara n-šuf lbyḍ‫ع‬afak. َ ‫أرا نشوف البيض‬. ‫مايكل‬:
‫عفاك‬
mul l-нwayj: hak a sidi. ‫هاك أ سيدي‬. ‫مول الحوايج‬:
Michael: bšнal had šši? ‫هد الشي؟‬
َ ‫مايكل بشحال‬:
mul l-нwayj: hadi a sidi b 8000 ryal. َ . ‫مول الحوايج‬:
‫ ريال‬8000 ‫هدي أ سيدي ب‬
Michael: ġaliya bzzaf, ġadi n 3000 ‫ غادي نعطيك غير‬،‫مايكل غالّية بّزاف‬:
‫ع‬ṭ
ik ġir 3000 ryal. ‫ريال‬.
mul l-нwayj: lla, nqṣ

ti bzzaf. xudha 6000 ‫ خودها ب‬.‫ نقصتي بّزاف‬،‫ل‬. ‫مول الحوايج‬:
b 6000.
Michael: lla bzzaf. bslama. ‫ ب السلمة‬.‫ل بّزاف‬. ‫مايكل‬:
mul l-нwayj: aji, aji, ‫ع‬ṭ
ini ġir 5000 ‫ ريال‬5000 ‫ عطيني غير‬،‫ أجي‬،‫أجي‬. ‫مول الحوايج‬:
ryal.
Michael: ġadi n-‫ع‬ṭ

ik 3500 ryal. ‫ بغيتي مزيان‬.‫ ريال‬3500 ‫مايكل غادي نعطيك‬:
bġiti mzyan ma-bġitiš ‫ما بغيتيش الله يسهل‬.
lla y-shl.
mul l-нwayj: ara a sidi 3500 ryal. ši ‫ شي باس ما‬.‫ ريال‬3500 ‫مول الحوايج أرا أ سيدي‬:
bas ma-kayn. ‫كاين‬.
Exercise: Read the text and answer the questions.

Saida ‫ع‬ndha bzzaf d ttṣbin lyum:
ssrwal rrmadi u lqamija lbiḍa dyal ‫ السروال الرمادي و‬:‫سعيدة عندها بّزاف د التصبين اليوم‬
rajlha. jean u T-shirt dyal wldha. ‫ دجين و تي شورت ديال‬.‫قميجة البيضة ديال راجلها‬ َ ‫ال‬
lkswa lнmra u jjakiṭa zzrqa dyal ‫ الصاية‬.‫ الكسوة الحمرة و الجاكيطا الزرقة ديال بنتها‬.‫ولدها‬
bntha. ṣ
ṣaya lxḍ
ra u zzif lbyd dyal ‫ ديال من‬،‫كن‬ ِ َ ‫ وَل‬.‫الخضرة و الزيف البيض ديال سعيدة‬
Saida. welakin, dyal mn ttqašr ‫التقاشر الكحل؟‬
lkнl?
1. dyal mn ssrwal rrmadi? 1. ‫ديال من السروال الرمادي؟‬

2. dyal mn T-shirt? šnu llun dyalu? 2. ‫ديال من تي شورت؟ شنو اللون ديالو؟‬
3. weš lkswa lнmra dyal Saida? 3. ‫واش الكسوة الحمرة ديال سعيدة؟‬
4. weš ṣ
ṣaya dyal Saida zrqa? 4. ‫واش الصاية ديال سعيدة زرقة؟‬
5. šnu llun dyal ttqašr? 5. ‫شنو اللون ديال التقاشر؟‬
Exercise: Write a dialogue for the following pictures. Try to write it without
looking at the previous pages.
2 1
4 3
6 5
8 7
Adjectives
Adjectives come after the nouns they modify and must agree in gender and number. For example, if a
noun is feminine and singular then the adjective that follows must be feminine and singular as well.
Feminine and plural forms of adjectives are derived from the masculine base form. The feminine form
is made by adding an a (‫ )ة‬to the end of the masculine form. The plural form, like with nouns, is not
always predictable. The two most common patterns are: adding in (‫ )ين‬to the masculine form, or
replacing the long vowel i (‫ )ي‬in the middle of an adjective with the long vowel a (‫)ا‬. An example of
each plural form:
Masculine
Plural
Singular
happy frнan frнanin  we add in to form the plural

big kbir kbar  we change i to a to form the plural
Adjectives in this first group (forming the plural with in) also have a feminine plural form that is used
when all the members of a group are feminine. If their is a mixture of masculine and feminine people
or objects, the masculine plural (often just called “plural”) is used. The feminine plural is formed by
adding at to the masculine singular base form.
Common Adjectives
Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Masculine Feminine
English
Plural Plural
good mzyan mzyana mzyanin mzyanat
‫مزيان‬ ‫مزيانة‬ ‫مزيانين‬ ‫مزيانات‬
pretty / hand- zwin zwina zwinin zwinat
some / good ‫زوين‬ ‫زوينة‬ ‫زوينين‬ ‫زوينات‬
bad / ugly xayb xayba xaybin xaybat
‫خايب‬ ‫خايبة‬ ‫خايبين‬ ‫خايبات‬
happy frнan frнana frнanin frнanat
‫فرحان‬ ‫فرحانة‬ ‫فرحانين‬ ‫فرحانات‬
sad / angry mqllq mqllqa mqllqin mqllqat
‫مقّلق‬ ‫مقّلقة‬ ‫مقّلقين‬ ‫مقّلقات‬
clean nqi nqiya nqiyin nqiyat
‫نقي‬ ‫نقّية‬ ‫نقّيين‬ ‫نقّيات‬
dirty mussx mussxa mussxin mussxat
‫موسخ‬
ّ ‫موسخة‬
ّ ‫موسخين‬
ّ ‫موسخات‬
ّ
harried mzrub mzruba mzrubin mzrubat
‫مزروب‬ ‫مزروبة‬ ‫مزروبين‬ ‫مزروبات‬
late m ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl m ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭla m ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭlin m ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭlat
ّ ‫مع‬
‫طل‬ ّ ‫مع‬
‫طلة‬ ّ ‫مع‬
‫طلين‬ ّ ‫مع‬
‫طلت‬
soft rṭ
b rṭ
ba rṭ
bin rṭ
bat
‫رطب‬ ‫رطبة‬ ‫رطبين‬ ‫رطبات‬
harsh нrš нrša нršin нršat
‫حرش‬ ‫حرشة‬ ‫حرشين‬ ‫حرشات‬
fresh ṭ
ri ṭ
riya ṭ
riyin ṭ
riyat
‫طري‬ ‫طرّية‬ ‫طرّيين‬ ‫طرّيات‬
present нaḍ
r нaḍ
ra нaḍ
rin нaḍ
rat
‫حاضر‬ ‫حاضرة‬ ‫حاضرين‬ ‫حاضرات‬
absent ġayb ġayba ġaybin ġaybat
‫غايب‬ ‫غايبة‬ ‫غايبين‬ ‫غايبات‬
sweet нlu нluwa нluwin нluwat
‫حلو‬ ‫وة‬
ّ ‫حل‬ ‫وين‬
ّ ‫حل‬ ‫وات‬
ّ ‫حل‬
salty malн malнa malнin malнat
‫مالح‬ ‫مالحة‬ ‫مالحين‬ ‫مالحات‬
bland / tasteless mssus mssusa mssusin mssusat

English
Plural Plural
‫سوس‬
ّ ‫م‬ ‫سوسة‬
ّ ‫م‬ ‫سوسين‬
ّ ‫م‬ ‫سوسات‬
ّ ‫م‬
spicy нarr нarra нarrin нarrat
‫حاّر‬ ‫حاّرة‬ ‫حاّرين‬ ‫حاّرات‬
open mнlul mнlula mнlulin mнlulat
‫محلول‬ ‫محلولة‬ ‫محلولين‬ ‫محلولت‬
closed msdud msduda msdudin msdudat
‫مسدود‬ ‫مسدودة‬ ‫مسدودين‬ ‫مسدودات‬
fried / grilled mqli mqliya mqliyin mqliyat
‫مقلي‬ ‫مقلّية‬ ‫مقلّيين‬ ‫مقلّيات‬
hungry ji ‫ع‬an ji ‫ع‬ana ji ‫ع‬anin ji ‫ع‬anat
‫جيعان‬ ‫جيعانة‬ ‫جيعانين‬ ‫جيعانات‬
thirsty ‫ع‬ṭ
šan ‫ع‬ṭ
šana ‫ع‬ṭ
šanin ‫ع‬ṭ
šanat
‫عطشان‬ ‫عطشانة‬ ‫عطشانين‬ ‫عطشانات‬
busy mšġul mšġula mšġulin mšġulat
‫مشغول‬ ‫مشغولة‬ ‫مشغولين‬ ‫مشغولت‬
lazy m ‫ع‬gaz m ‫ع‬gaza m ‫ع‬gazin m ‫ع‬gazat
‫معگاز‬ ‫معگازة‬ ‫معگازين‬ ‫معگازات‬
tired ‫ع‬iyan ‫ع‬iyana ‫ع‬iyanin ‫ع‬iyanat
‫عّيان‬ ‫عّيانة‬ ‫عّيانين‬ ‫عّيانات‬
reasonable / serious m ‫ع‬qul m ‫ع‬qula m ‫ع‬qulin m ‫ع‬qulat
‫معقول‬ ‫معقولة‬ ‫معقولين‬ ‫معقولت‬
enough kafi kafiya kafiyin kafiyat
‫كافي‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫كافيين‬ ‫كافيات‬
expensive ġali ġaliya ġaliyin ġaliyat
‫غالي‬ ‫غالية‬ ‫غاليين‬ ‫غاليات‬
wide / large was ‫ع‬ was ‫ع‬a was ‫ع‬in was ‫ع‬at
‫واسع‬ ‫واسعة‬ ‫واسعين‬ ‫واسعات‬
married mzuwj mzuwja mzuwjin mzuwjat
‫مزّوج‬ ‫مزّوجة‬ ‫مزّوجين‬ ‫مزّوجات‬
old (something) qdim qdima qdam
‫قديم‬ ‫قديمة‬ ‫قدام‬
big (something) kbir kbira kbar
old (someone) ‫كبير‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫كبار‬
small (something) ṣ
ġir ṣ
ġira ṣ
ġar
young (someone) ‫صغير‬ ‫صغيرة‬ ‫صغار‬
new jdid jdida jdad
‫جديد‬ ‫جديدة‬ ‫جداد‬
far b ‫ع‬id b ‫ع‬ida b ‫ع‬ad
‫بعيد‬ ‫بعيدة‬ ‫بعاد‬
near qrib qriba qrab
‫قريب‬ ‫قريبة‬ ‫قراب‬
tall / long ṭ
wil ṭ
wila ṭ
wal

English
Plural Plural
‫طويل‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫طوال‬
short qṣ
ir qṣ
ira qṣ
ar
‫قصير‬ ‫قصيرة‬ ‫قصار‬
strong / correct ṣ
нiн ṣ
нiнa ṣ
нaн
‫صحيح‬ ‫صحيحة‬ ‫صحاح‬
weak ‫ع‬if
ḍ ‫ع‬ifa
ḍ ‫ع‬af
ḍ
‫ضعيف‬ ‫ضعيفة‬ ‫ضعاف‬
simple / easy bṣ
iṭ bṣ
iṭ
a bṣ
aṭ
‫بصيط‬ ‫بصيطة‬ ‫بصاط‬
cheap rxiṣ rxiṣ
a rxaṣ
‫رخيص‬ ‫رخيصة‬ ‫رخاص‬
poor mskin mskina msakn
‫مسكين‬ ‫مسكينة‬ ‫مساكن‬
sick mriḍ mriḍ
a mraḍ
‫مريض‬ ‫مريضة‬ ‫مراض‬
Exercise: Describe the following pictures using adjectives.

̣
1. hada kmm qsir.
5
4
3
11
2. hada kmm _______. 12
7
10
8 9
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Comparative Adjectives
We use comparative adjectives when we are comparing two objects based upon some quality or
characteristic. For example, in English we can say: I am taller than John. “Taller than” is the
comparative form of the adjective “tall.” Here are the comparative forms for some Arabic adjectives:
Adjectives Comparatives
good mzyan ‫مزيان‬ better нsn (mn) ‫)حسن )من‬
nice ḍ
rif ‫ضريف‬ nicer ḍ
rf (mn) ‫)ضرف )من‬
tall / long ṭ
wil ‫طويل‬ taller / longer ṭ
wl (mn) ‫)طول )من‬
short qṣ
ir ‫قصير‬ shorter qṣ
r (mn) ‫)قصر )من‬
big / old kbir ‫كبير‬ bigger / older kbr (mn) ‫)كبر )من‬
ṣ
ġir smaller / ṣ
ġr (mn)
small / young ‫صغير‬ ‫)صغر )من‬
younger
heavy tqil ‫تقيل‬ heavier tql (mn) ‫)تقل )من‬
light xfif ‫خفيف‬ lighter xff (mn) ّ ‫)خ‬
‫ف )من‬
old (thing) qdim ‫قديم‬ older (thing) qdm (mn) ‫)قدم )من‬
few qlil ‫قليل‬ fewer qll (mn) ّ ‫)ق‬
‫ل )من‬
cheap rxiṣ ‫رخيص‬ cheaper rxṣ(mn) ‫)رخص )من‬
ġali more ġla (mn)

expensive ‫غالي‬ ‫غلى‬
expensive
sweet нlu ‫حلو‬ sweeter нla (mn) ‫حلى‬
As you can see above, for many adjectives (but not all) the comparative is formed by removing the long
vowel i from the word. Here are some examples:
Sadia is younger than Malika. Sadia ṣ
ġr mn Malika. َ ‫سعدية صغر من‬.
‫مليكة‬
The train is better than the bus. ttran нsn mn lkar. ‫التران حسن من الكار‬.
Comparing Like Objects

In order to express that two things/people/etc. are the same, we can use either of two expressions:
the same / alike bнal bнal ‫بحال بحال‬

the same / alike kif kif ‫كيف كيف‬
Some examples:
Which is better: a blue shirt or a ama нsn: qamijja zrqa
‫جة زرقة ول ّ خضرة؟‬
ّ ‫َقمي‬: ‫أما حسن‬
green one? wlla xḍ
ra?
They are the same. bнal bнal. ‫بحال بحال‬.
As the example shows, the word ama (‫ )أما‬is used for comparisons when we mean “which.”
Superlative Adjectives
The superlative adjective in Moroccan Arabic can be formed in two ways.
First, by using the definite article with the adjective and inserting the personal pronoun:
Omar is bright. Omar mujtahid. ُ ‫عمر‬.
‫مجت َِهد‬
Omar is the brightest student in Omar huwa lmujtahid f
the class. lqism. ‫قسم‬
ِ ‫مجت َِهد ف ال‬ َ ُ‫عمر ه‬.
ُ ‫و ال‬
Susan is a pretty girl. Susan bnt zwina. ‫سوزان بنت زوينة‬.

Susan is the prettiest. Susan hiya zzwina. َ ِ ‫سوزان ه‬.
‫ي الزوينة‬
Second, by prefixing “a” (‫)أ‬ to the comparative adjective:
Casablanca is the largest city in ḍ

-ḍ
ar lbiḍ
a akbr mdina f
Morocco. lmġrib. ِ ‫الدار البيضا أكبر مدينة ف المغ‬.
‫رب‬
Toubkal is the highest mountain tubqal a ‫ع‬la jbl f

in Morocco. lmġrib. ِ ‫توبقال أعلى جبل ف المغ‬.
‫رب‬
Exercise: Compare each pair using comparative adjectives.
̣ ̣
t-tomobil dyal Mary
̣ ̣
t-tomobil dyal Mike
Driss Hassan
̣ ̣ dyal Mohamed
d-dar ̣ ̣ dyal Judy
d-dar
ššklaṭ lxubz
Exercise: Answer the following questions based upon the drawing.

d-dllaн l-banan l-‫ع‬nb
3 DH
12 DH
7 DH
1. ama ġla l ‫ع‬nb wlla lbanan? 1. ‫أما غلى العنب ول ّ الَبنان؟‬

2. ama rxṣddllaн wlla l ‫ع‬nb? 2. ‫لح ول ّ العنب؟‬
ّ ‫أما رخص الد‬
3. ama нsn ddllaн wlla lbanan? 3. ‫لح ول ّ الَبنان؟‬
ّ ‫أما حسن الد‬
4. ama нla l ‫ع‬nb wlla ddllaн? ّ ‫أما حلى العنب ول ّ الد‬
4. ‫لح؟‬
5. weš l ‫ع‬nb huwa aġla fakiha? 5. ‫كهة؟‬
ِ ‫و أغلى فا‬
َ ُ‫واش العنب ه‬
6. šnu hiya lfakiha rrxiṣ
a? 6. ‫كهة الرخيصة؟‬
ِ ‫ي الفا‬
َ ِ‫شنو ه‬
Moroccan Wisdom: ‫ َكيخاف من الحبل‬،‫اللي عّضو الحنش‬.

̣ ̣ l-нnš, kay-xaf mn l-нbl.
l-li ‫ع‬ddu
The one bitten by a snake is afraid of ropes.
English equivalent: Once bitten, twice shy.
Shopping For Food

• shop for produce, meats, and spices
Fruits and Vegetables

At the Green Grocer’s ‫ع‬nd lxḍ
ḍar ‫ضار‬
ّ ‫عند الخ‬
3 5 7
2 4
1
8 10
12
11
9 14
13
18
19 20
16
17
zucchini
15
vegetables ̣
lxodra ‫خضرة‬
ُ ‫ال‬
1. xizu ‫خيزو‬ 11. lful ‫الفول‬
2. ššiflur ‫شفلور‬
ِ ‫ال‬ 12. lfjl ‫الفجل‬
3. lquq ‫لقوق‬ 13. lgr ‫ع‬a ‫الگرعة‬
4. lbṭ
aṭ
a ‫البطاطا‬ 14. ttuma ‫التومة‬
5. lflfla ‫الفلفلة‬ 15. lbṣ
la ‫البصلة‬
6. ddnjal ‫الدنجال‬ 16. lbarba ‫الباربا‬
7. lxyar ‫لخيار‬ 17. llft ‫اللفت‬
8. maṭ
iša ‫مطيشة‬
َ 18. lmkuwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫المك‬
9. jjlbana ‫الجلبانة‬ 19. llubya ‫اللوبية‬
10. lkrafṣ ‫الكرافص‬ 20. lkorjiṭ ‫الكورجيط‬
quince ssfrjl ‫السفرجل‬ parsley lm ‫ع‬dnus ‫المعدنوس‬

gourd sslawi ‫السلوي‬ mint nn ‫ع‬na ‫ع‬ ‫النعناع‬
okra lmluxiya ‫الملوخّية‬ absinth ššiba ‫الشيبة‬
coriander lqṣ
bur ‫القصبور‬ verbena llwiza ‫اللويزة‬
plum
3
1
4
5
2
8 10
7
6
13
12
11 14
15
nectarine
fruit lfakiha ‫كهة‬

ِ ‫الفا‬
1. l ‫ع‬nb ‫العنب‬ 9. nngaṣ ‫النگاص‬
2. llimun ‫الليمون‬ bo ‫ع‬wid ‫بوعويد‬
3. ttfaн ‫التفاح‬ 10. ttut ‫التوت‬
4. lfriz ‫الفريز‬ 11. lavoka ‫لڤوكا‬
5. lbrquq ‫البرقوق‬ 12. lananaṣ ‫لناناص‬
6. lbanan ‫الَبنان‬ 13. ddllaн ّ ‫الد‬
‫لح‬
7. lxux ‫الخوخ‬ 14. нblmluk ‫حبلملوك‬
8. lнamḍ ‫الحامض‬ 15. ššhdiya ‫الشهدّية‬
rrmman Japanese lmzaн

pomegranate ‫مان‬
ّ ‫الر‬ ‫المزاح‬
plums
apricots lmšmaš ‫المشماش‬ kiwi lkiwi ‫الكيوي‬
Buying Produce
Units of Measurement
scale lmizan ‫الميزان‬
gram gram ‫گرام‬
kilogram kilu ‫كيلو‬
¼ kilogram rubu ‫ ع‬kilu ‫ُرُبع كيلو‬
½ kilogram nṣkilu ‫نص كيلو‬
¾ kilogram kilu lla rob ‫كيلو ل ّ روب‬
2 kilograms juj kilu ‫جوج كيلو‬
Expressions
Give me a kilo of ... ‫ع‬ṭ
ini kilu d ... ‫ عطيني كيلو د‬...
Weigh me ... ‫ع‬br / wzn liya ... ‫ وزن لّيا‬/ ‫ عبر‬...
Give me some ... ‫ع‬ṭ
ini šwiya d ... ‫ عطيني شوّية د‬...
More ... please zidni ... ‫ع‬afak ‫عفاك‬
َ ... ‫زيدني‬
How much is a kilo of ... ? bšнal kilu d ... ? ‫ ؟‬... ‫بشحال كيلو د‬
What do you need? šnu xṣ
ṣk? ‫صك؟‬
ّ ‫شنو خ‬
What else? šnu axor? ‫خر؟‬
ُ ‫شنو أ‬
I need ... xṣ
ṣni ... ّ ‫خ‬...
‫صني‬
No, that’s enough. Only 1 kilo, lla baraka. ġir kilu,
‫ صافي‬،‫ غير كيلو‬.‫!ل ّ باَركا‬
that’s all! ṣ
afi!
Dialogue
shopping ttqdya ‫التقدية‬
Susan: ṣbaн lxir. ‫صباح الخير‬. ‫سوزان‬:
ṣ
baн lxir. aš нb lxaṭ
r ّ َ ‫ أش حب الخاطر أ ل‬.‫ضار صباح الخير‬
l-xḍ
ḍar: ‫ل؟‬ ّ ‫الخ‬:
a lalla?
Susan: ‫ و كيلو د‬،‫سوزان بغيت جوج كيلو د خيزو‬:
‫مطيشة و نص كيلو د الباربة و ختار لّيا‬ َ
bġit juj kilu d xizu, u ‫ عبر لّيا كيلو و ُرُبع‬.‫شي حاجة مزيانة‬
kilu d maṭ
iša u nṣkilu ‫د البصلة‬.
d lbarba u xtar liya ši
нaja mzyana. ‫ع‬br liya
kilu u rubu ‫ ع‬d lbṣ
la.
l-xḍ
ḍar: ṣ
afi a lalla? ّ َ ‫ضار صافي أ ل‬
‫ل؟‬ ّ ‫الخ‬:
Susan: bšнal ttfaн? ‫سوزان بشحال التفاح؟‬:
l-xḍ
ḍar: sṭ
ṭaš l drhm l lkilu. ‫طاش ل درهم ل الكيلو‬ ّ ‫س‬. ‫ضار‬ ّ ‫الخ‬:
Susan: ‫ آه! نسيت‬.‫ عبر لّيا كيلو ل ّ روب‬،‫خا‬
ّ َ‫سوزان و‬:
waxxa, ‫ع‬br liya kilu ‫عطيني شوّية د القصبور و‬
lla rob. aah! nsit ‫المعدنوس‬.
‫ع‬ṭ
ini šwiya d lqṣbur
u lm ‫ع‬dnus.
l-xḍ
ḍar: hani a lalla. ّ ‫هاني أ ل َل‬. ‫ضار‬
ّ ‫الخ‬:
Susan: bšнal kulši? ‫كلشي؟‬ ُ ‫سوزان بشحال‬:
l-xḍ
ḍar: ‫ع‬ndk a lalla ts ‫ ع‬miya u
‫عندك أ ل َل ّ تسع مّية و سّتين ريال‬. ‫ضار‬
ّ ‫الخ‬:
sttin ryal.
Susan: šнal mn drhm? ‫سوزان شحال من درهم؟‬:
l-xḍ
ḍar: 48 drhm. 48 ‫درهم‬. ‫ضار‬
ّ ‫الخ‬:
Susan: hak a sidi, lla y-‫ع‬awn. ‫ الله يعاون‬،‫هاك أ سيدي‬. ‫سوزان‬:
l-xḍ
ḍar: lla y-xlf a lalla. ّ ‫الله يخلف أ ل َل‬. ‫ضار‬
ّ ‫الخ‬:
1. fin Susan? 1. ‫فين سوزان؟‬

2. šnu šrat Susan? 2. ‫شنو شرات سوزان؟‬
3. šнal šrat mn kul нaja? ُ ‫شحال شرات من‬
3. ‫كل حاجة؟‬
4. weš šrat ši нaja xora? 4. ‫خرى؟‬
ُ ‫واش شرات شي حاجة‬
5. šнal xllṣ
at? 5. ‫شحال خّلصات؟‬
Spices and Meat

Spices
spices l ‫ع‬ṭ
riya ‫العطرّية‬ saffron zz ‫ع‬fran ‫الزعفران‬
salt lmlнa ‫الملحة‬ turmeric lxrqum ‫الخرقوم‬
black pepper lbzar ‫البزار‬ hot pepper lflfla ‫الفلفلة‬
ginger skinjbir ‫سكينجبير‬ lнara ‫الحارة‬
cumin lkamun ‫الكامون‬ red hot pepper ssudaniya ‫السودانّية‬
cinnamon lqrfa ‫القرفة‬ cloves lqrnfl ‫القرنفل‬
oregano zz ‫ع‬tr ‫الزعتر‬ basil lнbq ‫الحبق‬
nutmeg lguza ‫الگوزة‬ paprika ttнmira ‫التحميرة‬
At the Butcher’s
butcher lgzzar ‫الگّزار‬
meat llнm ‫اللحم‬
lamb lġnmi ‫الغنمي‬
beef lbgri ‫البگري‬
goat meat lm ‫ع‬zi ‫المعزي‬
liver lkbda ‫الكبدة‬
ground meat lkfta ‫الكفتة‬
meat w/o
lhbra ‫الهبرة‬
bones
chicken ddjaj ‫الدجاج‬
Exercise: You have guests for dinner and you want to serve them tea with cakes,
then a tajine. List the items you need for preparing tea/cakes and a tajine
and write your shopping list. Then, write a shopping list for an American
dish.
Food and Drink
• use the correct words and expressions concerning food and drink
• express likes and dislikes using ‫ع‬jb “to please”
• express necessity or obligation with xsṣ ̣ “to need / to have to”
• use bġa “to want / to like” with the proper tense
Food and Drink

Food
food lmakla ‫الماكلة‬ fish lнut ‫الحوت‬
breakfast lfṭ
ur ‫الفطور‬ beans llubya ‫اللوبية‬
lunch lġda ‫الغدا‬ lentils l ‫ع‬ds ‫العدس‬
dinner l ‫ع‬ša ‫العشا‬ chick peas lнmmṣ ‫مص‬
ّ ‫الح‬
steamed pasta with
tajine ṭ
ṭajin ‫الطاجين‬ cinnamon and sugar
ssffa ‫فة‬
ّ ‫الس‬
salad ššlaḍ
a ‫الشلضة‬ vermicelli šš ‫ع‬riya ‫الشعرّية‬
French fries lfrit ‫الفريت‬ Moroccan soup lнrira ‫الحريرة‬
olives zzitun ‫الزيتون‬ vegetable soup ṣ

ṣuba ‫الصوَبة‬
bastila lbsṭ
ila ‫البسطيلة‬ rice rruz ‫الروز‬
meat llнm ‫اللحم‬ couscous lksksu ‫الكسكسو‬
chicken ddjaj ‫الدجاج‬ pizza lppitza ‫الّپيتزا‬
At a Café
the waiter lgarsun ‫الگارسون‬
black coffee qhwa kнla ‫قهوة كحلة‬
coffee with milk qhwa нlib ‫قهوة حليب‬
half coffee, half milk qhwa nṣnṣ ‫قهوة نص نص‬
hot milk нlib sxun ‫حليب سخون‬
weak coffee qhwa xfifa ‫قهوة خفيفة‬
strong coffee qhwa qasнa ‫قهوة قاسحة‬
coffee with a little milk qhwa mhrsa ‫قهوة مهرسة‬
orange juice ‫ع‬aṣ
ir llimun ‫عصير الليمون‬
َ
apple & milk shake ‫ع‬aṣ
ir ttfaн ‫عصير التفاح‬
َ
banana & milk shake ‫ع‬aṣ
ir l-banan ‫عصير الَبنان‬
َ
almond & milk shake ‫ع‬aṣ
ir lluz ‫عصير اللوز‬
َ
pot of tea brrad d atay ‫بّراد د أتاي‬
glass of tea kas d atay ‫كاس د أتاي‬
... with mint ... b nn ‫ع‬na ‫ع‬ ... ‫ب النعناع‬
Not very sweet. ma-y-kun-š нlu bzzaf. ‫ما يكونش حلو بّزاف‬.
Some sugar, please. šwiya d sskkar, ‫ع‬afak. ‫عفاك‬ ّ ‫شوّية د الس‬.
َ ،‫كار‬
a glass of cold water kas d lma bard. ‫كاس د الما بارد‬.
At a Restaurant
the menu lmenu ‫المينو‬
Please bring me ... ‫ع‬afak jib liya ... َ ...
‫عفاك جيب لّيا‬
Do you have ... ? weš ‫ع‬ndkum ... ? ُ ‫واش عند‬
‫ ؟‬... ‫كم‬
What do you have? šnu ‫ع‬ndkum? ُ ‫شنو عند‬
‫كم؟‬
weš kayna ši makla bla
Is there any food without meat? lнm?
‫واش كاينة شي ماكلة بل لحم؟‬
I want a tajine without meat. bġit ṭ

ajin bla lнm. ‫بغيت طاجين بل لحم‬.
What do you have for dessert? šnu ‫ع‬ndkum f ddisir? ‫دسير؟‬ ُ ‫شنو عند‬
ِ ‫كم ف ال‬
We want a table for (four bġina waнd ṭṭ

bla dyal
‫)بغينا واحد الطبلة ديال )ربعة د الناس‬.
people). (rb ‫ع‬a d nnas).
outside ‫ع‬la brra ‫على بّرا‬

inside ldaxl ‫لداخل‬
The bill, please. lнsab ‫ع‬afak. َ ‫الحساب‬.
‫عفاك‬
To your health. b ṣ
ṣннa. ّ ‫ب الص‬.
‫حة‬
To your health (response). lla y-‫ع‬ṭ
ik ṣ
ṣннa. ّ ‫الله يعطيك الص‬.
‫حة‬
How do you like the food? kif jatk lmakla? ‫كيف جاتك الماكلة؟‬
I have no complaints. ma ‫ع‬ndi mangul. ‫ما عندي مانگول‬.
The food is delicious. lmakla ldida / bnina. ‫ بنينة‬/ ‫الماكلة لديدة‬.
Dialogue
Karla u Jason f rrisṭora ‫رسطورة‬ ِ ‫كارل و دجاسون ف ال‬
l-garsun: t-fḍḍ
lu! mrнbabikum. ُ ّ ‫تف‬. ‫الگارسون‬:
‫ضلو! مرحباب ِكم‬
Jason: šukran. weš kayna ši ‫ واش كاينة شي طبلة ديال‬.ً ‫شكرا‬ُ ‫دجاسون‬:
ṭ
bla dyal juj d nnas? ‫جوج د الناس؟‬
l-garsun: m ‫ع‬lum kayna. fin bġitu
t-glsu? ‫ فين بغيتو تگلسو؟‬.‫الگارسون معلوم كاينة‬:
Jason: bġina waнd ṭ

ṭbla нda
‫بغينا واحد الطبلة حدا السرجم‬. ‫دجاسون‬:
ssrjm.
l-garsun: šnu bġitu t-aklu? ‫الگارسون شنو بغيتو تاكلو؟‬:
Karla: šnu ‫ع‬ndkum? ‫كم؟‬ُ ‫كارل شنو عند‬:
l-garsun: ha lmenu. ‫ها المينو‬. ‫الگارسون‬:
Karla: ana bġit šlaḍa u ksksu b ‫أنا بغيت شلضة و كسكسو ب‬
‫كارل‬:
lġnmi. ‫الغنمي‬.
l-garsun: waxxa a lalla. u nta a
sidi? َ ‫ و ن‬.ّ ‫خا أ ل َل‬
‫ت أ سيدي؟‬ ّ َ‫الگارسون و‬:
Jason: ana kanakul ġir lxḍra. ‫دجاسون‬:

‫ واش كاينة‬.‫كل غير الخضرة‬ ُ ‫كنا‬
َ ‫أنا‬
weš kayna ši makla bla
‫شي ماكلة بل لحم؟‬
lнm?
l-garsun: iyeh! kayna llubya. ‫إيه! كاينة اللوبية‬. ‫الگارسون‬:
Jason: waxxa. jib liya šlaḍ a u ‫ جيب لّيا شلضة و طبسيل د‬.‫خا‬ ّ َ‫و‬ ‫دجاسون‬:
ṭ
bsil d llubya. ‫اللوبية‬.
l-garsun: weš bġitu t-šrbu ši
‫واش بغيتو تشربو شي حاجة؟‬ ‫الگارسون‬:
нaja?
Karla: ana bġit kuka barda. ‫أنا بغيت كوكا باردة‬. ‫كارل‬:
Jason: ana bġit ġir lma ‫ع‬afak. ‫عفاك‬َ ‫أنا بغيت غير الما‬. ‫دجاسون‬:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Jason: lнsab ‫ع‬afak. ‫عفاك‬ َ ‫الحساب‬. ‫دجاسون‬:
l-garsun: 60 drhm. 60 ‫درهم‬. ‫الگارسون‬:
Jason: hak a sidi. ‫هاك أ سيدي‬. ‫دجاسون‬:
l-garsun: lla y-xlf. kif jatkum ُ ‫ كيف جات‬.‫الله يخلف‬
‫كم الماكلة؟‬ ‫الگارسون‬:
lmakla?
Karla/Jason: bnina! ‫ع‬jbatna bzzaf. ‫بنينة! عجباتنا بّزاف‬. ‫كارل و دجاسون‬:
l-garsun: b ṣ
ṣннa u rraнa. ‫حة و الراحة‬ ّ ‫ب الص‬. ‫الگارسون‬:
Karla/Jason: lla y-‫ع‬ṭik ṣ
ṣннa. ‫حة‬
ّ ‫الص‬ ‫يعطيك‬ ‫الله‬. ‫كارل و دجاسون‬:
1. fin mšau Karla u Jason? 1. ‫فين مشاو كارل و دجاسون؟‬

2. šnu klau? 2. ‫شنو كلو؟‬
3. weš šrbu ši нaja? šnu šrbu? 3. ‫واش شربو شي حاجة؟ شنو شربو؟‬
4. šнal xlṣ
u? 4. ‫شحال خلصو؟‬
5. kif jathum lmakla? 5. ‫كيف جاتُهم الماكلة؟‬
The Reflexive verb “to please / to like”

In Darija, it is not common to say, literally, “I like something.” Rather, we use the construction,
“Something pleases me.” In reality, this phrase would translate into the English “I like something,” but
what is important is that you understand that the “person who likes” is actually the object of the
sentence, and the “thing liked” is the subject. At first, it will seem backward; in fact, it is (from an
English speaker’s perspective). In time you will use this construction naturally.
How to Conjugate “to please”
The verb “to please” is ‫ع‬jb. It can be tricky to conjugate because, as we said, the subject of the verb is
actually the object that is “liked,” and the object is the person who “likes.” Thus, if I want to say, “He
likes them,” I literally need to say, “They please him.” Also, as a result of this, the verb must always
agree in gender and number with the subject, that is, the thing “liked.” In the present tense, therefore,
the conjugation of the verb can be outlined in the following manner:
Verb For Plural Object
Introduce Present Tense
Root Form Only Pronouns
ni
kay
k
(masc. sing.)
u / h
kat
‫ع‬jb u ha
(fem. sing.)
na
kay
(masc/fem plur.) kum
hum
Some examples:
It (masc. sing.) pleases me. َ
kay ‫ع‬jbni ‫كيعجبني‬
(i.e. I like it.)
It (fem. sing.) pleases me. َ
kat ‫ع‬jbni ‫كتعجبني‬
(i.e. I like it.)
They (masc. plur.) please me. َ
kay ‫ع‬jbuni ‫كيعجبوني‬
(i.e. I like them.)
They (fem. plur.) please me. َ
kay ‫ع‬jbuni ‫كيعجبوني‬
(i.e. I like them.)
Present Tense Examples

In the following examples, we use the translation “to like.” The literal translation would be “to please.”
‫ع‬jb with masculine singular subject
I like couscous. kay ‫ع‬jbni ksksu. ‫كيعجبني كسكسو‬َ .
I like chocolate. kay ‫ع‬jbni ššklaṭ
. ‫كيعجبني الشكلط‬َ .
She likes tea. kay ‫ع‬jbha atay. َ .
‫كيعجبها أتاي‬
We like Morocco. kay ‫ع‬jbna lmġrib. ‫رب‬
ِ ‫كيعجبنا المغ‬َ .
He likes tajines. kay ‫ع‬jbu ṭ
ṭajin. َ .
‫كيعجبو الطاجين‬
‫ع‬jb with feminine singular subject

I like salad. kat ‫ع‬jbni ššlaḍ
a. َ .
‫كتعجبني الشلضة‬
Do you like coffee? weš kat ‫ع‬jbk lqhwa? َ ‫واش‬
‫كتعجبك القهوة؟‬
She does not like beer. ma-kat ‫ع‬jbha-š lbirra. َ ‫ما‬.
‫كتعجبهاش البيّرا‬
‫ع‬jb with masculine/feminine plural subject

kay ‫ع‬jbuni nnas d
I like the people of Morocco. ‫رب‬ َ .
ِ ‫كيعجبوني الناس د المغ‬
lmġrib.
He likes books. kay ‫ع‬jbuh lktub. َ .
‫كيعجبوه الكتوب‬
Do you (plur.) like kids? weš kay ‫ع‬jbukum ddrari? ُ ‫كيعجبو‬
‫كم الدراري؟‬ َ ‫واش‬
We don’t like them. ma-kay ‫ع‬jbuna-š. َ ‫ما‬.
‫كيعجبوناش‬
Past Tense Examples

The verb ‫ع‬jb can also be used in the past tense, as in “I liked it” or “It pleased me.” It is conjugated like
all regular verbs in the past tense.
‫ع‬jb with masculine singular subject
I liked dinner. ‫ع‬jbni l ‫ع‬ša. ‫عجبني العشا‬.
He liked mint tea. ‫ع‬jbu atay b nn ‫ع‬na ‫ع‬. ‫عجبو أتاي ب النعناع‬.
She didn’t like “fat bread.” ma-‫ع‬jbha-š xubz ššнma. ُ ‫ما عجبهاش‬.
‫خبز الشحمة‬
Did you like the chicken? weš ‫ع‬jbk ddjaj? ‫واش عجبك الدجاج؟‬
‫ع‬jb with feminine singular subject

I liked the soup. ‫ع‬jbatni lнrira. ‫عجباتني الحريرة‬.
He didn’t like the salad. ma-‫ع‬jbatu-š ššlaḍa. ‫ما عجباتوش الشلضة‬.

weš ‫ع‬jbatk lmdina
Did you like the old medina? lqdima?
‫واش عجباتك المدينة القديمة؟‬
‫ع‬jb with masculine/feminine plural subject

‫ع‬jbuni nnas dyal dduwar
I liked the people of my village. dyali. ‫عجبوني الناس ديال الدّوار ديالي‬.
Did you like these books? weš ‫ع‬jbuk had lktub? ‫هد الكتوب؟‬
َ ‫واش عجبوك‬
She didn’t like the colors. ma-‫ع‬jbuha-š lluwan. ‫ما عجبوهاش اللوان‬.
Followed by Another Verb

‫ع‬jb can be followed by another verb. The second verb is always conjugated in the present, according to
the same rule that you already learned regarding verbs following other verbs (see page 68). Remember
َ ) to place it after ‫ع‬jb.
that for the second verb, therefore, we remove the ka (‫كـ‬
kay ‫ع‬jbni n-n ‫ع‬s mura
I like to sleep after lunch. َ .
‫كيعجبني ننعس مورا الغدا‬
lġda.
He likes to play soccer. kay ‫ع‬jbu y-l ‫ع‬b lkura. ُ ‫كيعجبو يلعب ال‬
‫كرة‬ َ .
She doesn’t like to wake up ma-kay ‫ع‬jbha-š t-fiq َ ‫ما‬.
‫كيعجبهاش تفيق بكري‬
early. bkri.
Do you like to run early in the weš kay ‫ع‬jbk t-jri ṣ
ṣbaн َ ‫واش‬
‫كيعجبك تجري الصباح بكري؟‬
morning? bkri?
What do you like to do on the šnu kay ‫ع‬jbk t-dir f َ ‫شنو‬

‫كيعجبك تدير ف الويكاند؟‬
weekend? lweekend?
Exercise: Make correct sentences using ‫ع‬jb.

kat-‫ع‬jbk dyalk? ‫ديالك؟‬ َ
‫كتعجبك‬
weš kat-‫ع‬jbu l-xdma dyalu? ‫ديالو؟‬ ‫الخدمة‬ َ
‫كتعجبو‬ ‫واش‬
kat-‫ع‬jbha dyalha? ‫ديالها؟‬ َ

‫كتعجبها‬
kat-‫ع‬jbni َ
‫كتعجبني‬
bzzaf. ‫بّزاف‬.
iyeh kat-‫ع‬jbu َ
‫كتعجبو‬ ‫إيه‬
šwiya. ‫شوية‬.
kat-‫ع‬jbha َ
‫كتعجبها‬
Exercise: Make as many sentences (affirmative and negative) as you can with ‫ع‬jb
using these pictures.
Suzy
Ahmed
Ronny &
Nancy
Aicha
Moroccan Wisdom: ‫ما تشريش الحوت ف قاع البحر‬.

ma-šri-š l-нut f ql‫ ع‬l-bнr.
Don’t buy fish on the bottom of the sea.
English equivalent: Don’t count your chickens before they hatch.
The Verb “to need, to have to, must, should”

The verb xsṣ ̣ (‫ص‬
ّ ‫ )خ‬translates into all of the following in English: “to need” or “to have to” or “must” or
“should.” It is conjugated by adding the object pronouns (see page 55) to the end of the verb. You do
not normally conjugate it like a present tense verb; that is, you do not add kay or kat before the verb.
Like other verbs, however, xss ̣ ̣ may be followed by a second verb which is conjugated in the present
tense, but without the prefix ka (see page 68). Some examples:
xṣ
ṣni n-t ‫ع‬llm l ‫ع‬rbiya ‫صني نتعّلم العربّية مزيان‬
ّ ‫خ‬.
I have to learn Arabic well. mzyan.
You should be on time. xṣ
ṣk t-ji f lwqt. ّ ‫خ‬.
‫صك تجي ف الوقت‬
You shouldn’t stay up late. ma-xṣ
ṣk-š t-shr. ّ ‫ما خ‬.
‫صكش تسهر‬
I have to go. xṣ
ṣni n-mši. ّ ‫خ‬.
‫صني نمشي‬
The meaning in the above examples depends largely on the context. However, when xss
̣ ̣ is followed by
a noun, it only means “to need.” Some examples:
I need cigarettes. xṣ
ṣni lgarru. ‫صني الگاّرو‬ّ ‫خ‬.
She needs a notebook. xṣ
ṣha dftar. ‫صها دفَتر‬ّ ‫خ‬.
The past tense of xss
̣ ̣ is formed by adding the verb kan before it. You do not conjugate kan if xss ̣ ̣ is
followed by another verb. If xsṣ ̣ is followed by a noun, however, kan must agree in gender and number
with that noun. Examples:
I had to study yesterday. kan xṣ
ṣni n-qra lbarн. ّ ‫كان خ‬.
‫صني نقرى البارح‬
I needed a book. kan xṣ
ṣni ktab. ّ ‫كان خ‬.
‫صني كتاب‬
I needed a ticket. kant xṣ
ṣni wrqa. ّ ‫كانت خ‬.
‫صني ورقة‬
I needed books. kanu xṣ
ṣni ktub. ّ ‫كانو خ‬.
‫صني كتوب‬
Exercise: Write the expressions that go along with these signs using the verb xsṣ ̣.
Exercise: Answer the following question in Moroccan Arabic.

šnu xṣ
ṣ awwi ‫ ع‬najн?
k baš t-kun mutaṭ ِ َ ‫مت َط‬
‫وع ناجح؟‬ ُ ‫صك باش تكون‬
ّ ‫شنو خ‬
The Verb “to want, to like”

The verb bġa translates into the English “to want” and “to like.” When conjugated in the past tense, the
verb expresses “to want,” but with a present tense meaning (see page 36). When conjugated in the
present tense, the verb expresses “to like,” also with a present tense meaning. An example:
I like mint tea. kanbġi atay b nn ‫ع‬na ‫ع‬. َ .
‫كنبغي أتاي ب النعناع‬
When the verb is used with object pronouns (see page 55) in the present tense, it means “to love” or “to
like” someone. Examples:
I love you / I like you. kanbġik. َ .
‫كنبغيك‬
I love him / I like him. kanbġih. ‫كنبغيه‬َ .
I love her / I like her. kanbġiha. َ .
‫كنبغيها‬
When this verb is followed by another verb, the second verb is always conjugated in the present tense
without the prefix ka (see page 68). Some examples:
I like to drink coffee in the kanbġi n-šrb lqhwa f
َ .
‫كنبغي نشرب القهوة ف الصباح‬
morning. ṣ
ṣbaн.
He likes to read at night. kaybġi y-qra b llil. َ .
‫كيبغي يقرى ب الليل‬
Because the past tense of bġa expresses a present tense meaning of “to want,” to express a past tense
meaning of “to want,” you must first use a past tense conjugated form of the verb kan, followed by the
past tense form of bġa. Examples:
I wanted to leave early. knt bġit n-xrj bkri. ‫كنت بغيت نخرج بكري‬.
She wanted to tell him kant bġat t-gul lih ši
‫كانت بغات تگول ليه شي حاجة‬.
something. нaja.
Exercise: For each meal, write at least three sentences in which you express
Moroccan food you like or dislike for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
̣
l-ftur ‫الفطور‬ l-ġda ‫الغدا‬ l-‫ع‬ša ‫العشا‬
1. kan-bġi l-biḍf
1. 1.
l-fṭur
2. 2.
2.
3. 3.
3.
Medical & Body
18
19
1
2 24
4 3
23
5 22
20
21
6
28
7 8
10 29 26 27
25
12
9 1. wjh ‫وجه‬ 16. rjl ‫رجل‬
2. fmm ‫م‬ّ ‫ف‬ 17. b‫ع‬
ṣ ‫صبع‬
11 3. lнya ‫لحية‬ 18. š ‫ع‬r ‫شعر‬
4. ‫ع‬nq ‫عنق‬ 19. jbha ‫جبهة‬
5. ktf ‫كتف‬ 20. wdn ‫ودن‬
6. ṣ
dr ‫صدر‬ 21. нnk ‫حنك‬
7. dra ‫ع‬ ‫دراع‬ 22. nif ‫نيف‬
13 8. mrfq ‫مرفق‬ 23. ‫ع‬in ‫عين‬
9. ydd ّ ‫يد‬ 24. нjban ‫حجبان‬
10. ṣb‫ع‬ ‫صبع‬ 25. snan ‫سنان‬
11. ḍfr ‫ضفر‬ 26. lsan ‫لسان‬
14
16 12. krš ‫كرش‬ 27. šnayf ‫شنايف‬
13. fxd ‫فخد‬ 28. musṭaš ‫موسطاش‬
14. rkba ‫ركبة‬ 29. lнya ‫لحية‬
15. gdm ‫گدم‬ breast bzzula ‫بّزولة‬
• describe, in Darija, body parts and common illnesses
Body Parts 17
15
Health Problems
What’s wrong with you? šnu ‫ع‬ndk? ‫شنو عندك؟‬
What’s the matter? malek? ‫مالك؟‬
What ails you? baš mriḍ
? ‫باش مريض؟‬
What aches? šnu kayḍ
rk? َ ‫شنو‬
‫كيضرك؟‬
I have a fever fiya ssxana. ّ ‫ف‬.
‫ي السخانة‬
I have a cold. fiya rwaн / ḍ
rbni lbrd. ّ ‫ف‬.
‫ ضربني البرد‬/ ‫ي رواح‬
I have a sore throat. fiya lнlaqm. ّ ‫ف‬.
‫ي الحلقم‬
I’m constipated. ‫ع‬ndi lqbṭ/ krši qasнa. ‫ كرشي قاسحة‬/ ‫عندي القبط‬.
I’m allergic to... ‫ع‬ndi lнasasiya d . . . َ ‫ عندي ال‬. . .
‫حساسّية د‬
. . . kaydir/kat-dir
. . . ‫حساسّية‬ َ / ‫كيدير‬
َ ‫كتدير لّيا ال‬ َ .
liya lнasasiya.
I have a headache. kayḍ
rni rasi. َ .
‫كيضرني راسي‬
My ear aches. katḍ
rni wdni. َ .
‫كتضرني ودني‬
I feel dizzy. kanнs b dduxa. َ .
‫كنحس ب الدوخة‬
I’m injured. tjrнt. ‫تجرحت‬.
I’m burnt. tнrqt. ‫تحرقت‬.
I have a toothache. katḍ
rni waнd ḍ
ḍrsa. َ .
‫كتضرني واحد الضرسة‬
My ... hurts. kayḍ
rni ... َ ...
‫كيضرني‬
I vomit / throw up. kantqiya. َ .
‫كنتقّيا‬
I need to see a doctor. xṣ
ṣni n-šuf ṭ
ṭbib. ّ ‫خ‬.
‫صني نشوف الطبيب‬
Dialogue
Latifa: malek, yak labas? ‫ ياك لباس؟‬،‫َلطيفة مالك‬:
Amy: kayḍ
rni krši. ‫كيضرني كرشي‬ َ . ‫ي‬
ِِ ‫أيم‬:
ِِ
Latifa: weš fik luj ‫ع‬bzzaf? ‫لطيفة واش فيك لوجع بّزاف؟‬ ِ َ:
Amy: ay, bzzaf! ‫ بّزاف‬،‫ي !آي‬
ِِ ‫أيم‬:
Latifa: ِِ َ:
‫لطيفة‬
ṣ
bri šwya, ġadi n-ṭbx
‫ غادي نطبخ ليك واحد‬،‫صبري شوية‬
lik waнd lkas d zz ‫ع‬tr,
‫ دّقة بطلة‬،‫!الكاس د الزعتر‬
dqqa bṭ
la!
Amy:
lla lla ‫ع‬afak, ma-ymkn-š َ ّ‫لّ ل‬
‫ ما يمكنش لّيا نشرب‬،‫عفاك‬
liya n-šrb l ‫ع‬šub. ‫العشوب‬. ِِ ‫أيم‬:
‫ي‬
ِِ
Latifa:
waxxa, kifaš ymkn liya
ّ َ‫َلطيفة و‬:
‫ كيفاش يمكن لّيا نعاونك؟‬،‫خا‬
n-‫ع‬awnk?
Amy: ttaṣli ‫ع‬afak b had rraqm

‫هيئة‬
َ ‫هد الَرقم د‬
َ ‫عفاك ب‬َ ‫ّتصلي‬ ِِ ‫أيم‬:
‫ي‬
d hay'at ssalam baš y- ِِ
‫ع‬iyṭ
u ‫ع‬liya. َ ‫ال‬.
‫سلم باش يعّيطو علّية‬
Latifa: hiya lluwla, ma-y-kun
bas. ‫ ما يكون باس‬،‫ولة‬ َ ِ ‫ه‬. ‫َلطيفة‬:
ّ ‫ي الل‬
Amy: ahla y-wrrik ši bas. ‫اهل يوّريك شي باس‬. ‫ي‬
ِِ ‫أيم‬:
ِِ
1. baš mriḍ
a Amy? 1. ‫باش مريضة أيمي؟‬
2. weš ‫ع‬ṭ
atha Laṭ
ifa ši dwa? 2. ‫واش عطاتها َلطيفة شي دوا؟‬
3. ‫ع‬laš ma-bġat-š Amy t-šrb l ‫ع‬šub? 3. ‫علش ما بغاتش أيمي تشرب العشوب؟‬
4. weš mšat Amy ‫ ع‬nd ṭ
ṭbib? ‫ع‬laš? 4. ‫واش مشات أيمي عند الطبيب؟ علش؟‬
Exercise: What might you say if you were the person in each picture?
Site Visit Expressions
Here are some useful expressions you may need during your site visit.
My name is ... I am a volunteer smiti ... ana mutaṭawwi

with Peace Corps. ‫ ع‬m ‫ع‬a hay'at ssalam.
‫سلم‬
َ ‫هيئة ال‬
َ ‫ع‬ ِ َ ‫مت َط‬
َ ‫وع م‬ ُ ‫ أنا‬... ‫سميتي‬.
I will be working here for two ġadi n-xdm hna ‫ع‬amayn

years at ... f ... َ ‫ غادي نخدم هنا عا‬...
‫مين ف‬
I’m going to spend two days ġadi n-gls m ‫ع‬akum

‫مين‬ ُ َ‫غادي نگلس مع‬.
َ ‫كم يو‬
with you (to host family). yumayn.
Where is the youth center? fin kayna ḍ
ar ššbab? ‫فين كاينة دار الشباب؟‬
Where is the hospital / fin kayn ṣṣ
biṭ
ar /
‫ المندوبّية؟‬/ ‫فين كاين الصبيطار‬
delegation? lmndubiya?
What is the name of the chief šnu smit lmidsan šef

‫عفاك؟‬
َ ‫مدسان شاف‬
ِ ‫شنو سمية ال‬
doctor? ‫ع‬afak?
fin kayn mktb lfilaнa

Where is the agriculture office? ‫ع‬afak?
‫عفاك؟‬
َ ‫فلحة‬
ِ ‫فين كاين مكتب ال‬
Where is the water and forest fin kayn mktb lmiyah u

‫فين كاين مكتب المّياه و الغابات؟‬
office? lġabat?
Where is the “handicraft fin kayna lartizana / ِ ‫ ال‬/ ‫فين كاينة َلرتيزانا‬
‫صناعة التقليدّية‬
center”? ṣ
ṣina ‫ع‬a ttqlidiya ‫ع‬afak? ‫عفاك؟‬ َ
Where is the post office? fin kayna lbosṭ

a? ‫فين كاينة البوسطة؟‬
Please, I want to open a post lla y-xllik, bġit n-ftн
‫ بغيت نفتح بواط ّپوسطال‬،‫الله يخّليك‬.
box. bwaṭpposṭ
al.
What do I have to do? šnu xṣ
ṣni n-dir? ‫صني ندير؟‬
ّ ‫شنو خ‬
How much do I have to pay (a šнal xṣṣ
ni n-xlṣ
‫صني نخلص )ل العام(؟‬
ّ ‫شحال خ‬
year)? (l l ‫ع‬am)?
fin kayna lbanka ‫ع‬afak? ‫عفاك؟ )البنك‬

َ ‫فين كاينة الَبنكة‬
Where is the bank, please? (l-bnk šš ‫ع‬bi) ‫)الشعبي‬
I want to open a bank account. bġit n-ftн konṭbonkir. ‫بغيت نفتح كونط بونكير‬.
Where is the Gendarme / police fin jjondarm /

‫عفاك؟‬
َ ،‫مسارّية‬
ِ ‫ الكو‬/ ‫جندارم‬
ُ ‫فين ال‬
station, please? lkumisariya, ‫ع‬afak?
Can you please give me your weš ymkn lik t-‫ع‬ṭ

ini rqm ‫واش يمكن ليك تعطيني رقم الت ِِلفون‬
phone number, please? (at ttilifun dyalkum, ‫ع‬afak? ‫عفاك؟‬ ُ ‫ديال‬
َ ،‫كم‬
Gendarme / police station)
bġit n-ṣawb la-karṭd

I want to get a “cart de sejour.” ‫بغيت نصاوب َلكارط د سيجور‬.
sijur.
weš kayn ši frmasyan
Is there a pharmacy here? hna?
‫مسيان هنا؟‬
َ ‫واش كاين شي فر‬
weš kayn ši tilibutik
Is there a teleboutique here? hna?
‫واش كاين شي ِتليبوتيك هنا؟‬
weš katbi ‫ ع‬la-karṭd

Do you sell cell phone cards? ‫كتبيع َلكارط د لّپورطابل؟‬
َ ‫واش‬
l-pporṭ
abl?
Which service is available here: weš kayna Meditel wlla
‫واش كاينة مديتل ول ّ ماروك ِتليكوم؟‬
Meditel or Maroc Telecom? Maroc Telecom?
Is there cell phone reception / weš kayn rrizo? ‫واش كاين الريزو؟‬
coverage?
Is there CTM (the bus weš kayn ssatyam? ‫ستيام؟‬
َ ‫واش كاين ال‬
company)?
What day/time is transportation ašmn nhar/wqt kaykun َ ‫وقت‬/‫أشمن نهار‬
‫كيكون المركوب؟‬
available? lmrkub?
weš kayna l-anternet
Is there a cyber café here? hna?
‫واش كاينة لنترنيت هنا؟‬
How far is it from here? šнal b ‫ع‬ida mn hna? ‫شحال بعيدة من هنا؟‬
Which day is the souk? ašmn nhar kaykun ssuq? َ ‫أشمن نهار‬
‫كيكون السوق؟‬
weš kayna ši jm ‫ع‬iya
Is there any association here? hna?
‫واش كاينة شي جمعّية هنا؟‬
Ask your LCF for any other words or expressions you think you may need for site visit.
Moroccan Wisdom: ‫نقطة ب نقطة َكيحمل الواد‬.

̣ b nqtạ kay-нml l-wad.
nqta
Drop by drop the river rises.
English equivalent: Rome wasn’t built in a day.
Travel
• describe future activities
• identify means of transportation and use appropriate expressions for travel
Future Tense
Depending upon where you are in Morocco, people may form the future tense differently. Everyone in
Morocco, however, should understand you regardless of which way you form the future tense.
Forming the Future Tense
To form the future tense, take the present tense form, drop the prefix ka, and add ġadi. Thus:
“to travel” safr ‫سافر‬
I will travel ġadi n-safr ‫غادي نسافر‬

you will travel (masc. sing.) ġadi t-safr ‫غادي تسافر‬
you will travel (fem. sing.) ġadi t-safri ‫غادي تسافري‬
he will travel ġadi y-safr ‫غادي يسافر‬
she will travel ġadi t-safr ‫غادي تسافر‬
we will travel ġadi n-safru ‫غادي نسافرو‬
you will travel (plur.) ġadi t-safru ‫غادي تسافرو‬
they will travel ġadi y-safru ‫غادي يسافرو‬
In some places, ġadi is also used with a feminine form, ġadya, and a plural form, ġadyin. In this case,
the future tense would be as follows:
I will travel (masc.) ġadi n-safr ‫غادي نسافر‬

I will travel (fem.) ġadya n-safr ‫غادية نسافر‬
you will travel (masc. sing.) ġadi t-safr ‫غادي تسافر‬
you will travel (fem. sing.) ġadya t-safri ‫غادية تسافري‬
he will travel ġadi y-safr ‫غادي يسافر‬
she will travel ġadya t-safr ‫غادية تسافر‬
we will travel ġadyin n-safru ‫غاديين نسافرو‬
you will travel (plur.) ġadyin t-safru ‫غاديين تسافرو‬
they will travel ġadyin y-safru ‫غاديين يسافرو‬
Sometimes, ġadi is contracted to ġa. The future tense in this case:
I will travel ġan-safr َ

‫غنسافر‬
you will travel (masc. sing.) ġat-safr َ
‫غتسافر‬
you will travel (fem. sing.) ġat-safri َ
‫غتسافري‬
he will travel ġay-safr َ
‫غيسافر‬
she will travel ġat-safr َ

‫غتسافر‬
we will travel ġan-safru َ
‫غنسافرو‬
you will travel (plur.) ġat-safru َ
‫غتسافرو‬
they will travel ġay-safru َ
‫غيسافرو‬
Negation of the Future Tense

To form the negative of the future tense, add ma...š (‫ ش‬... ‫ )ما‬to ġadi, ġadya, or ġadyin.
Will you travel? weš ġadi t-safr? ‫واش غادي تسافر؟‬
No, I will not travel. lla, ma-ġadi-š n-safr. ّ .
‫ ما غاديش نسافر‬،‫ل‬
To express “will never,” we do not use the future tense, but rather ma ‫ع‬mmr (‫مر‬
ّ ‫ )ما ع‬and the present
tense of a verb without the prefix ka.
I will never smoke. ma ‫ع‬mmri n-kmi. ّ ‫ما ع‬.
‫مري نكمي‬
ma ‫ع‬mmrna n-safru b
We will never travel at night. llil. ّ ‫ما ع‬.
‫مرنا نسافرو ب الليل‬
To express “not yet” when speaking about the future, use mazal ma (‫ )مازال ما‬or baqi ma (‫ )باقي ما‬with
the future tense.
We will not go to bed yet. mazal ma ġadyin n-n ‫ع‬su. ‫مازال ما غاديين ّنعسو‬.
I will not get married yet. baqi ma ġadi n-tzuwj. ‫باقي ما غادي نتزّوج‬.
For the remainder of the book, all of the different forms of the future tense will be used in order for you
to become familiar with all of them.
Using the Participle ġadi to Mean “Going”
In English, we have two ways of expressing the future.
I will speak to him tomorrow.
I am going to speak to him tomorrow.
Both of these ways of expressing the future are expressed by the future tense in Moroccan Arabic. In
the following examples, therefore, both English translations can be given for the Arabic expressions.
What will I wear?
šnu ġadi n-lbs? ‫شنو غادي نلبس؟‬
What am I going to wear?
I will sleep.
ġadi n-n ‫ع‬s. ‫غادي ّنعس‬.
I am going to sleep.
When the word ġadi is preceded by the conjugated past tense of the verb kan, “to be,” it indicates a
past intention or a past future. Some examples:
He was going to travel to kan ġadi y-safr l

mirikan welakin ِ َ ‫مريكان وَل‬
‫كن ما‬ ِ ‫كان غادي يسافر ل‬
America, but he didn’t have a
‫كانش عندو الڤيزا‬.
visa. (i.e. he had intended...) ma-kan-š ‫ع‬ndu lviza.
She was going to marry last kant ġadya t-tzuwj l ‫ع‬am

‫كانت غادية تتزّوج العام اللي فات‬.
year. (i.e. she had planned...) lli fat.
The use of ġadi to indicate future or past future should be distinguished from its use as a participle to
indicating that someone is literally “going” somewhere at the present moment (or “was going” at a past
moment). In other words, besides its role as an “auxiliary verb” to indicate future, ġadi also acts as the
active participle of the verb mša, “to go.” Thus, mša is used only to express a habitual action when it is
conjugated in the present tense. To express a current action, the participle ġadi is used.
I go to souk on Tuesdays. kanmši l ssuq nhar
َ .
‫كنمشي ل السوق نهار التلت‬
(habitual) ttlat.
I am going to souk. (now) ana ġadi l ssuq. ‫أنا غادي ل السوق‬.
Where do you go every fin katmši kul weekend? ُ ‫كتمشي‬
َ ‫فين‬
‫كل ويكاند؟‬
weekend? (habitual)
Where are you going? (now) fin ġadi? ‫فين غادي؟‬
This idea of a current, progressive action may also be expressed in the past, and should be
distinguished, again, from the idea of past intention or past future that was discussed above.
He was going to travel to kan ġadi y-safr l

mirikan welakin ِ َ ‫مريكان وَل‬
‫كن ما‬ ِ ‫كان غادي يسافر ل‬
America, but he didn’t have a
‫كانش عندو الڤيزا‬.
visa. (past intention) ma-kan-š ‫ع‬ndu lviza.
He was going to souk when he kan ġadi l ssuq mlli šaf ‫كان غادي ل السوق مّلي شاف‬
saw his friend. (past progressive ṣ
aнbu. ‫صاحبو‬.
action)
I was not going to lie to you! ma-knt-š ġadi n-kdb
‫!ما كنتش غادي نكدب عليك‬
(negative past intention) ‫ع‬lik!
I was not going to souk!
(negative past progressive ma-knt-š ġadi l ssuq! ‫!ما كنتش غادي ل السوق‬
action)
Time Expressions
tomorrow ġdda ‫دا‬
ّ ‫غ‬
day after tomorrow b ‫ع‬d ġdda ‫دا‬
ّ ‫بعد غ‬
tomorrow morning ġdda f ṣ
ṣbaн ‫دا ف الصباح‬
ّ ‫غ‬
tomorrow afternoon/evening ġdda f l ‫ع‬šiya ‫دا ف العشّية‬
ّ ‫غ‬
next Saturday ssbt jjay / lmaji ‫ الماجي‬/ ‫السبت الجاي‬
next week ssimana jjaya / lmajya ‫ الماجية‬/ ‫السيمانة الجاية‬
next month ššhr jjay / lmaji ‫ الماجي‬/ ‫الشهر الجاي‬
next year l ‫ع‬am jjay / lmaji ‫ الماجي‬/ ‫العام الجاي‬
next summer ṣ
ṣif jjay / lmaji ‫ الماجي‬/ ‫الصيف الجاي‬
mn hna simana / šhr /

in a week / month / year ‫ع‬am
‫ عام‬/ ‫ شهر‬/ ‫من هنا سيمانة‬
one day / some day waнd nhar / ši nhar ‫ شي نهار‬/ ‫واحد نهار‬
after lunch / dinner mn b ‫ع‬d lġda / l ‫ع‬ša ‫ العشا‬/ ‫من بعد الغدا‬
Some examples of the future tense using time expressions:

Are you going to go to the weš ġadi t-mši l ‫واش غادي تمشي ل السيِنما ف‬
cinema in the evening? ssinima f l ‫ع‬šiya? ‫العشّية؟‬
No, I’m not going to go. I’m lla, ma-ġadi-š n-mši. ّ

‫ غادي ّنعس‬.‫ ما غاديش نمشي‬،‫ل‬
going to sleep a little bit. ġadi n-n ‫ع‬s šwiya. ‫شوّية‬.
mn b ‫ع‬d l ‫ع‬ša, ġadi n-qra ‫ غادي نقرى الكتاب‬،‫من بعد العشا‬

After dinner, I’ll read my book. lktab dyali. ‫ديالي‬.
Someday, I (fem.) will speak ši nhar, ġadya n-tkllm l ‫ غادية نتكّلم العربّية‬،‫شي نهار‬
Arabic well. ‫ع‬rbiya mzyan. ‫مزيان‬.
Exercise: Put the verbs in parentheses in the future tense.

Zahra: fuqaš (naḍ
) ġdda? ّ ‫زهرة فوقاش )ناض( غ‬:
‫دا؟‬
Chad: (faq) f 7:00. (7:00 ‫فاق( ف‬. ‫تشاد‬:
Zahra: šnu (dar) mn b ‫ع‬d? ‫زهرة شنو )دار( من بعد؟‬:
Chad: (fṭ
r) u (xrj). (‫)فطر( و )خرج‬. ‫تشاد‬:
Zahra: fin (mša) mn b ‫ع‬d? ‫زهرة فين )مشى( من بعد؟‬:
Chad: (.12:00 ‫تشاد مشى( ل الخدمة ديالي ف‬:

‫ع صاحبي طوم ف مطعم‬ َ ‫دى( م‬
ّ ‫)تغ‬
(mša) l lxdma dyali f ‫ ف‬.‫ من بعد )رجع( ل الدار‬.‫سلم‬ َ ‫ال‬
12:00. (tġdda) m ‫ع‬a ُ ‫عا‬
‫لستاد ديالي‬ َ ‫ شوّية العربّية م‬3:00.
ṣ
aнbi Tom f mṭ ‫ع‬m ssalam.
mn b ‫ع‬d (rj ‫ )ع‬l ḍ-ḍ
ar. f
3:00 šwiya l ‫ع‬rbiya m ‫ع‬a
lustad dyali.
Zahra:
weš (ja) (t ‫ع‬šša) m ‫ع‬ana
‫دا إنشا الله؟‬ ّ ‫زهرة واش )جا( )تع‬:
ّ ‫شى( مَعنا غ‬
ġdda inšallah?
Chad: waxxa! n-šufkum ġdda

‫دا إنشا الله‬ ُ ‫خا! نشوف‬
ّ ‫كم غ‬ ّ َ‫و‬. ‫تشاد‬:
inšallah.
Dialogue
Mohamed: fuqaš ġadya t-mši l
‫محمد فوقاش غادية تمشي ل الحفلة؟‬:
lнfla?
Karla: ltnin f ttmnya u nṣ . ‫لتنين ف التمنية و نص‬. ‫كارل‬:
Mohamed: ašmn wqt ġadya t-tlaqay ُ
‫أشمن وقت غادية ّتلقاي الستاد‬
‫محمد‬:
lustad dyalk? ‫ديالك؟‬
Karla: ttlat f jjuj u tulut. ‫التلت ف الجوج و ت ُُلت‬. ‫كارل‬:
Mohamed: fuqaš ġadia t-šufi
‫محمد فوقاش غادية تشوفي الفيلم؟‬:
lfilm?
Karla: larb ‫ ع‬f t-ts ‫ع‬ud u rb ‫ع‬. ‫لربع ف التسعود و ربع‬. ‫كارل‬:
Mohamed:
fuqaš ġadya t-l ‫ع‬bi
‫محمد فوقاش غادية تلعبي الت ِِنس؟‬:
ttinis?
Karla: lxmis f rrb ‫ع‬a lla rub. ‫الخميس ف الربعة ل ّ روب‬. ‫كارل‬:
Mohamed: imta ġadya t-šufi ṭṭ
bib? ‫محمد إمتى غادية تشوفي الطبيب؟‬:
Karla: jjm ‫ع‬a f lнḍ
aš nišan. ‫الجمعة ف الحضاش نيشان‬. ‫كارل‬:
Mohamed: imta ġadya t-tqday? ‫محمد إمتى غادية ّتقداي؟‬:
Karla: ssbt f lxmsa ql xmsa. ‫السبت ف الخمسة قل خمسة‬. ‫كارل‬:
Mohamed: ašmn wqt ġadi y-xrj ‫محمد أشمن وقت غادي يخرج التران فاش‬:
ttran faš ġadya t-rkbi? ‫غادية تركبي؟‬
Karla: lнdd f l ‫ع‬šra ql qsmayn. َ ‫الحد ّ ف العشرة قل قس‬. ‫كارل‬:
‫مين‬
Exercise: Read the dialogue again quickly and write down Karla’s plan for the
week (write down the times using numbers, not words). Then, write your
own schedule for the upcoming week. What will you be doing each day?
At what time?
Travel
General Travel Information
Public transport in Morocco is both inexpensive and easy to use. Between major cities, trains are the
quickest and most comfortable means of travel, although they can be crowded at certain times of year.
Buses are the cheapest choice and can vary in terms of speed and comfort.
Traveling Between Cities
CTM: This is the national bus line, very comfortable, on schedule, seats are reserved and can be
purchased in advance in most places. Unaccompanied baggage can be sent via CTM.
Souk buses: In each large town there is a bus station, such as Quamra in Rabat. One can buy a ticket
one day in advance and fares are set. Sometimes the ticket is for a reserved seat, other times it is for
whatever seat is open when the bus goes through town. A ticket does not necessarily mean there is a
real seat either. Sometimes there are additional places setup in the aisle. You have to bargain for the
price you pay for your luggage if this gets stored on top of the bus. The price depends upon the size of
the piece. It is advisable to carry smaller pieces of luggage you can store in the bus itself. Souk buses
do not always leave or arrive on time. They may stop in the middle of nowhere. They may also stop in
towns along the way looking for additional passengers.
Train: There are two classes: first and second. The price of any train car with air conditioning will be
higher. Sometimes there are schedule changes, but no available printed timetables. Check to be sure
that the time you wish to travel is still accurate. Train tickets can be bought in advance, and this is the
only form of local transportation on which you can buy a roundtrip ticket.
Grand taxis: This is for travel between large towns and cities. They carry 6 passengers and since the
fare is per seat, if you want you can pay for empty seats so that the taxi leaves earlier. Ask the other
passengers in the car what the regular fare should be, do not ask the driver first. If you want to take the
entire taxi for yourself, ask for a taxi “coursa.” Baggage does not cost extra in a taxi.
Pickup truck (camio): In some areas where no public transportation is available, people use their
personal trucks to carry supplies to their douars, they also take passengers at a rate that they determine
themselves.
Airport transportation: There are airport buses and trains which run from Rabat Ville to the Casablanca
airport. There are also airport buses which connect the airport to Casablanca but from Rabat/Sale
airport there are only taxis.
Travel Within Cities
Petit taxis: Every city has petit taxis which can carry up to three passengers. The fare is calculated by
meter. When you get in the taxi, ask that the meter be turned on. If there is no meter, or if it does not
work, ask the price before you begin. Since the taxi can take 3 passengers, if you are the only one
getting in, he can pick up other passengers. If you are the second or third person entering the taxi, ask
the price for your trip. At night (usually by 8 pm) until sunrise, the fare is 50% more than the daytime
fare.
Chariots: In very small villages, the chariots are used to get people to the weekly souk or to towns on the
main road, where larger transportation is available for farther distances.
Travel Expressions
taxi ṭ
ṭaxi ‫الطاكسي‬
Where is the taxi stand? fin blaṣ
a ṭ
ṭaxiyat? ‫فين بلصة الطاكسيات؟‬
Please take me to... wṣ
ṣlni ‫ع‬afak l... ‫عفاك ل‬ ّ ‫و‬...
َ ‫صلني‬
bġit n-mši l had l

I want to go to this address. ‫ع‬unwan. َ ‫بغيت نمشي ل‬.
‫هد الُعنوان‬
Please wait a minute for me. tsnnani ‫ع‬afak šwiya. َ ‫تسّناني‬.

‫عفاك شوّية‬
How much, please? šнal ‫ع‬afak? ‫عفاك؟‬
َ ‫شحال‬
Turn on the meter, please. xddm lkuntur ‫ع‬afak. ‫عفاك‬ ُ ‫دم ال‬
َ ‫كنتور‬ ّ ‫خ‬.
Stop here, please. wqf hna ‫ع‬afak. َ ‫وقف هنا‬.
‫عفاك‬
small taxi (petit taxi, inside city) ṭ
axi ṣ
ġir ‫طاكسي صغير‬
large taxi (grand taxi, b/w cities) ṭ
axi kbir ‫طاكسي كبير‬
Is there a seat to ... weš kayna ši blaṣ
a l... ‫واش كاينة شي بلصة ل‬...
Yes, there is. iyeh, kayna. ‫ كاينة‬،‫إيه‬.
How many seats are reserved šнal mn blaṣ

a kayna
‫شحال من بلصة كاينة َدبا؟‬
so far? deba?
Four and you are the fifth. rb ‫ع‬a u nti lxamsa. ِ ‫ربعة و ن‬.
‫ت الخامسة‬
I want to pay for 2 seats. bġit n-xllṣjuj blayṣ
. ‫بغيت نخّلص جوج بليص‬.
taxi driver mul ṭ
axi ‫مول طاكسي‬
taxi driver ššifur d ṭ
axi ‫الشيفور د طاكسي‬
baggage lbagaj ‫الباگاج‬
trunk lkufr ‫الكوفر‬
city bus ṭ
ṭobis ‫الطوبيس‬
city bus depot / stop maнṭ
ṭat ṭ
ṭobisat ّ ‫مح‬
‫طة الطوبيسات‬ َ
fin kaywqf ṭ
ṭobis َ ‫فين‬
Where does bus #... stop? rqm...?
‫؟‬...‫كيوقف الطوبيس رقم‬
weš kaywqf ṭ
tọbis rqm... َ ‫واش‬
Does bus #... stop here? hna?
‫ هنا؟‬...‫كيوقف الطوبيس رقم‬
weš had ṭ
ṭobis kayduz َ ‫هد الطوبيس‬
Does this bus go by ... ? ‫ع‬la...?
‫؟‬...‫كيدوز على‬ َ ‫واش‬
Which bus do I need to take if I ašmn ṭ

obis xṣ
ṣni n-axud ‫خد إل بغيت‬
ُ ‫صني نا‬
ّ ‫أشمن طوبيس خ‬
want to go to ... ? ila bġit n-mši l...? ‫؟‬...‫نمشي ل‬
Can you stop here? weš ymkn lik t-wqf hna? ‫واش يمكن ليك توقف هنا؟‬
last stop / terminus ttirminus ‫منوس‬
ِ ‫الِتر‬
driver ššifur ‫الشيفور‬
ticket taker rrusuvur ‫الروسوڤور‬
bus (between cities) lkar ‫الكار‬

bus station maнṭ
ṭat lkiran ّ ‫مح‬
‫طة الكيران‬ َ
Which bus is going to ... ? ašmn kar ġadi l...? ‫؟‬...‫أشمن كار غادي ل‬
When does the bus leave to ... ? fuqaš kayxrj lkar l...? َ ‫فوقاش‬
‫؟‬...‫كيخرج الكار ل‬
When does the bus arrive to ...? fuqaš kaywṣ

l lkar l...? َ ‫فوقاش‬
‫؟‬...‫كيوصل الكار ل‬
I want a ticket to ... bġit waнd lwrqa l...? ‫؟‬...‫بغيت واحد الورقة ل‬
How much is the ticket to ... ? bšнal lwrqa l...? ‫؟‬...‫بشحال الورقة ل‬
bġit n-dir ṣ
ṣak dyali
I want to keep my bag with me. нdaya. ‫بغيت ندير الصاك ديالي حدايا‬.
‫ع‬afak ila wṣ

lna l...
Tell me when we arrive to ... gulha liya. َ .
‫ گولها لّيا‬...‫عفاك إلى وصلنا ل‬
driver ššifur ‫الشيفور‬

driver’s assistant lgrisun ‫الگريسون‬
How long will you stop here? šнal ġadi t-bqa hna? ‫شحال غادي تبقى هنا؟‬
Is this seat empty? weš had lblaṣ
a xawya? ‫هد البلصة خاوية؟‬
َ ‫واش‬
train ttran / lqiṭ
ar ‫قطار‬
ِ ‫ ال‬/ ‫التران‬
train station lagar / maнṭ

ṭat lqiṭ
ar ‫قطار‬ ّ ‫مح‬
ِ ‫طة ال‬ َ / ‫لگار‬
Is there a train to ... weš kayn ši tran l...? ‫؟‬...‫واش كاين شي تران ل‬
Where do they sell the tickets, ‫ع‬u lwraq ‫ع‬afak?
fin kayqṭ َ ‫فين‬
‫عفاك؟‬
َ ‫كيقطعو الوراق‬
please?
Can I reserve a sleeper car to weš ymkn liya n-rizirvi ‫واش يمكن لّيا نرِِزرڤي كوشيط ل‬
Oujda? kušiṭl wjda? ‫وجدة؟‬
I want to keep the ticket. bġit n-нtafḍb lwrqa. ‫بغيت نحَتفض ب الورقة‬.
Dialogue
šnu ġadya t-diri? ‫شنو غادية تديري؟‬
Doha: šnu ġadya t-diri
ssimana jjaya? ُ :
‫ضحى شنو غادية تديري السيمانة الجاية؟‬
Jill: ġadya n-safr l
‫غادية نسافر ل مراكش‬. ‫دجيل‬:
Marrakech.
Doha: faš ġadya t-mši? ُ :
‫ضحى فاش غادية تمشي؟‬
Jill: f ttran wlla f ssatyam
(CTM). َ ‫ف التران ول ّ ف ال‬. ‫دجيل‬:
‫ستيام‬
Doha: fuqaš ġadya t-xrji mn
Rabat? ُ :
‫ضحى فوقاش غادية تخرجي من الرباط؟‬
Jill: ġadya n-xrj f ttmnya u ‫غادية نخرج ف التمنية و نص د‬
‫دجيل‬:
nṣd ṣṣ
baн. ‫الصباح‬.
Doha: fin ġadya t-glsi f
Marrakech? ُ :
‫ضحى فين غادية تگلسي ف مراكش؟‬
Jill: f loṭ
il. ‫ف لوطيل‬. ‫دجيل‬:
Doha: šnu ġadya t-diri tmma? ‫ما؟‬
ّ ‫ضحى شنو غادية تديري ت‬ُ :
Jill: ‫دجيل‬:
ġadya n-tsara: ġadya
‫ غادية نمشي ل جامع‬:‫غادية نتسارى‬
n-mši l jam ‫ ع‬lfna u qṣ
r
‫الفنا و قصر البديع‬...
lbdi ‫ع‬...
Doha: iwa, ṭ
riq sslama. ‫ طريق السلمة‬،‫إوا‬. ‫ضحى‬
ُ :
Jill: lla y-slmk. ‫الله يسلمك‬. ‫دجيل‬:
1. šnu bġat t-dir djil? 1. ‫شنو بغات تدير دجيل؟‬

2. weš ġadya t-mši l Fes? 2. ‫واش غادية تمشي ل فاس؟‬
3. weš ġadya t-mši f lkar? 3. ‫واش غادية تمشي ف الكار؟‬
4. fin ġadya t-gls? 4. ‫فين غادية تگلس؟‬
5. fin kayna jam ‫ ع‬lfna? 5. ‫فين كاينة جامع الفنا؟‬
At the Hotel
• look for and use hotel accommodation
• use conditional sentences to express possible and impossible conditions
Hotel Accommodation
Hotels are classified into categories from 0 (non-classified) to 5-star hotels. There is a reduction of
25% on the second day for Moroccans and foreign residents in Morocco, but only in classified hotels.
the hotel loṭ
il ‫لوطيل‬
the reception desk larisipsyun ِ ِ‫ل َر‬
‫سپسيون‬
room bit / šambr ‫ شامبر‬/ ‫بيت‬
Is there an inexpensive hotel ‫واش كاين شي ُأوطيل رخيص‬
weš kayn ši oṭ
il rxiṣhna?
around here? ‫هنا؟‬
Where is a nice hotel? fin kayn ši oṭ
il mzyan? ‫فين كاين شي ُأوطيل مزيان؟‬
Please take me to a hotel (to a wṣ
ṣ il ‫ع‬afak.
lni l ši oṭ َ ‫صلني ل شي ُأوطيل‬
‫عفاك‬ ّ ‫و‬.
taxi driver).
A room for one person (a bit dyal fraš waнd. ‫بيت ديال فراش واحد‬.
single).
A room for two people. bit dyal juj d nnas. ‫بيت ديال جوج د الناس‬.
Do you have a room available? weš ‫ع‬ndkum ši bit xawi? ُ ‫واش عند‬
‫كم شي بيت خاوي؟‬
Is there a shower with hot weš kayn dduš b lma ssxun? ‫واش كاين الدوش ب الما‬
water? ‫السخون؟‬
What’s the price for the room? šнal ttaman dyal lbit? ‫من ديال البيت؟‬
َ َ ‫شحال الت‬
Can I see the room? weš ymkn liya n-šuf lbit? ‫واش يمكن لّيا نشوف البيت؟‬
Which floor? ašmn ṭ
bqa? ‫أشمن طبقة؟‬
Is breakfast included? ur mнsub m ‫ع‬a lbit?
weš lfṭ ‫ع البيت؟‬
َ ‫واش الفطور محسوب م‬
I’ll stay for 2 nights. ġadi n-gls juj lilat. ‫غادي نگلس جوج ليلت‬.
Wake me up at ... please. fiyqni f ... ‫ع‬afak ‫عفاك‬
َ ... ‫فّيقني ف‬
Dialogue
Jack u Amanda f loṭil ‫دجاك و أماندا ف لوطيل‬
Jack u
ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum ُ ‫م ع ََلي‬
‫كم‬ َ ‫دجاك و أماندا ال‬:
ُ ‫سل‬
Amanda:
il: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam
mul loṭ ‫سلم‬ ُ ‫مول لوطيل َو ع ََلي‬:
َ ‫كم ال‬
Jack: weš kayn ši šambr? ‫دجاك واش كاين شي شامبر؟‬:
mul loṭ
il: iyeh, kayn dyal fraš ‫مول لوطيل‬:
‫ كاين ديال فراش واحد كبير و‬،‫إيه‬
waнd kbir u kayn dyal
‫كاين ديال جوج فراشات‬.
juj frašat.
Jack: bġina dyal fraš waнd u
fih lнmmam. ّ ‫بغينا ديال فراش واحد و فيه الح‬. ‫دجاك‬:
‫مام‬
mul loṭ
il: mrнba. ‫مرحبا‬. ‫مول لوطيل‬:
Jack: bšнal lila wнda? ‫دجاك بشحال ليلة وحدة؟‬:
mul loṭ
il: 140 drhm. 140 ‫درهم‬. ‫مول لوطيل‬:
Amanda: weš lma sxun? ‫أماندا واش الما سخون؟‬:
mul loṭ
il: iyeh a lalla. ّ ‫إيه أ ل َل‬. ‫مول لوطيل‬:
Amanda: waxxa. ‫ع‬ṭina šambr. ‫ عطينا شامبر‬.‫خا‬ ّ َ‫و‬. ‫أماندا‬:
mul loṭ
il: ‫ع‬mmru had lwraq, ُ ‫عفا‬
‫ كتبو عليها‬.‫كم‬ َ ،‫هد الوراق‬ َ ‫مرو‬ ّ ‫مول لوطيل ع‬:
‫ع‬afakum. ktbu ‫ع‬liha ‫ و رقم الپاسپور‬،‫ الُعنوان‬،‫السمية‬.
ssmya, l ‫ع‬unwan, u rqm
lpaspor.
Jack: tfḍ
l a sidi. ‫تفضل أ سيدي‬. ‫دجاك‬:
mul loṭ
il: šukran, ha ssarut dyal
156 .‫ ها الساروت ديال البيت‬،‫شكرًا‬ُ ‫مول لوطيل‬:
lbit. 156 f ṭ ṭ
bqa
lluwla. ّ ‫ف الطبقة الل‬.
‫ولة‬
1. fin mša Jack u Amanda? 1. ‫فين مشى دجاك و أماندا؟‬

2. šнal mn bit bġau? 2. ‫شحال من بيت بغاو؟‬
3. šнal ttaman dyal lbit? 3. ‫من ديال البيت؟‬َ َ ‫شحال الت‬
4. weš rxiṣhad loṭil? 4. ‫واش رخيص َهد لوطيل؟‬
5. šnu xṣ
ṣhum y-diru baš y-glsu
f had loṭil? 5. ‫صُهم يديرو باش يگلسو ف َهد لوطيل؟‬
ّ ‫شنو خ‬
The Conditional
There are two basic types of conditional sentences in Moroccan Arabic depending on whether the “if
clause” represents a possible condition or a contrary-to-fact/impossible condition.
Type I Conditional: A Possible Condition in the Present/Future
The word ila (‫ )إل‬is equivalent to the English “if.” It introduces a possible condition only. This type of
conditional sentence is composed of the simple past plus the future, or sometimes the simple past plus
the imperative. This is used in the same context as English to express a future probable condition.
If he comes tomorrow, tell him to ila ja ġdda, gul lih y

‫ع‬iyṭliya. ّ ‫إل جا غ‬.
‫ گول ليه يعّيط لّيا‬،‫دا‬
call me.
If I don’t come on time, go ila ma-jit-š f lwqt,
‫ سير‬،‫إل ما جيتش ف الوقت‬.
without me. sir.
ila šftu, ġadi n-gulha
If I see him, I’ll tell (it to) him. lih. ‫ غادي نگولها ليه‬،‫إل شفتو‬.
If she finishes the work on time, ila kmmlat lxdma f lwqt, ‫ غادي‬،‫ملت الخدمة ف الوقت‬ّ ‫إل ك‬
we’ll give her some money. ġadi n-‫ع‬ṭ
iuha lflus. ‫نعطيوها الفلوس‬.
If you ask her for it, she’ll give it ila ṭlbtiha mnha (ġadi)
‫إل طلبتيها منها )غادي( تعطيها ليك‬.
to you. t-‫ع‬ṭ
iha lik.
If you go to the post office bring ila mšiti l lbosṭ

a, jib ‫ جيب لّيا جوج‬،‫إل مشيتي ل البوسطة‬
me two stamps. liya juj tnabr. ‫تنابر‬.

1. ila huma (ṭlb) mnk lflus,
(mša) m ‫ع‬ahum l lbanka. 1. ‫ )مشى( معَُهم ل الَبنكة‬،‫إل ُهما )طلب( منك الفلوس‬.
2. ila ana (safr), (jab) kadu. 2. ‫ )جاب( كادو‬،(‫إل أنا )سافر‬.
3. ila nta ma (lqa) {huma} f ḍ

-ḍar,
(‫ع‬iyṭ
) liya. 3. ‫ )عّيط( لّيا‬،‫ت ما )لقى ( ُ}هما{ ف الدار‬
َ ‫إل ن‬.
4. ila ana (xsr), ma-ymkn-š liya
(ṣ
ifṭ
) liha lflus. 4. ‫ ما يمكنش لّيا )صيفط( ليها الفلوس‬،(‫إل أنا )خسر‬.
5. ila nta (ja) ‫ع‬ndi,
ana (‫ع‬ṭ
a) {nta} ttṣ
awr. 5. ‫ت{ التصاور‬ َ ‫إل ن‬.
َ ‫ أنا )عطى( }ن‬،‫ت )جا( عندي‬
Type II Conditional: An Impossible Condition in the Past/Present

The word kun (‫ )كون‬is used in the second type of conditional. It also is equivalent to the English “if.”
This word introduces two different types of contrary-to-fact conditionals. The first kind refers to past
circumstances which did not occur. For example, “if we had worked,” which implies that we did not
work. The second refers to present but unreal circumstances. For example, “if I were rich,” which
implies that I am not rich. General context is the decisive factor in determining whether present or
past contrary-to-fact conditions are referred to.
If I had the money, I’d go with kun kanu ‫ع‬ndi lflus, kun ‫ كون مشيت‬،‫كون كانو عندي الفلوس‬
you. mšit m ‫ع‬akum. ُ َ‫مع‬.
‫كم‬
If someone had told me, I would kun ši waнd galha liya, ‫ كون جيت‬،‫كون شي واحد گالها لّيا‬
have come to see you. kun jit n-šufk. ‫نشوفك‬.
If he were working here, I would kun kan kayxdm hna,
َ ‫كون كان‬.
‫ كون گلتها ليك‬،‫كيخدم هنا‬
have told you. kun gltha lik.
If it hadn’t been for me, he would kun ma-knt-š ana,
‫ كون غرق‬،‫كون ما كنتش أنا‬.
have drowned. kun ġrq.
If it were not for her, we wouldn’t kun ma-kant-š hiya, ‫ كون ما كّناش‬،‫ي‬
َ ِ ‫كون ما كانتش ه‬
be eating. kun ma-knna-š n-aklu. ‫ناكلو‬.
Exercise: Substitute ila with kun and make the necessary changes.
1. ila safrt, ġadi n-gls f loṭ il. 1. ‫ غادي نگلس ف لوطيل‬،‫إل سافرت‬.
2. ila mšiti l Marrakech,
zur jam ‫ ع‬lfna. 2. ‫ زور جامع الفنا‬،‫إل مشيتي ل مراكش‬.
3. ila nsiti, ġan-fkkrk. ّ ‫غنف‬
3. ‫كرك‬ َ ،‫إل نسيتي‬.
4. ila kant šms nhar lнdd jjay,
ġan-mšiu l lbнr. 4. ‫ َغنمشيو ل البحر‬،‫إل كانت شمس نهار الحد ّ الجاي‬.
5. ila t ‫ع‬lmti l ‫ع‬rbiya mzyan,
ġadi t-kun mutaṭ awwi ‫ ع‬najн. 5. ‫ غادي تكون ُمت َط َّوع ناجح‬،‫إل تعلمتي العربّية مزيان‬.
6. ila ma-нtarmti-š qanun ssayr,
ġadi t-jibha f rask. 6. ‫ غادي تجيبها ف راسك‬،‫سير‬
َ ‫إل ما حَترمتيش قانون ال‬.
At the Post Office
• buy stamps and send letters and parcels
• use prepositions correctly with verbs
The Post Office

Stamps are available at tobacco stores in addition to the post office. It is best to mail your letters at the
mail slot outside the post office since pick-ups can be infrequent at other mail boxes. When sending
packages out of the country, you are required to fill out a customs declaration form. Be sure to leave
the package open because an official is required to see the contents before it is sealed.
Vocabulary
post office lbosṭ
a ‫البوسطة‬ ladrisa ‫َلدريسة‬
address
envelope jwa ‫جوا‬ l ‫ع‬unwan ‫الُعنوان‬
letter bra ‫برا‬ post card karṭpposṭ
al ‫كارط ّپوسطال‬
stamp tanbr ‫َتنبر‬ money order lmanḍ

a ‫المانضة‬
stamps tnabr ‫تنابر‬ package kulya ‫كولية‬

registered bra rikomandi ‫ع‬adi
‫برا ِركوماندي‬ normal ‫عادي‬
letter
postman lfaktur ‫الفاكتور‬ express ixpres ‫إكسپريس‬
post box bwaṭpposṭ
al ‫بواط ّپوسطال‬ customs ddiwana ‫الديوانة‬
box (for a karṭ
ona sskotš
‫كارطونة‬ tape ‫السكوتش‬
package)
glue lṣ
aq ‫لصاق‬
Verbs
to send ṣ
ifṭ ‫صيفط‬ to close / seal šdd ّ ‫شد‬
to paste lṣ
ṣq ‫صق‬
ّ ‫ل‬ to receive twṣ
ṣl b ‫صل ب‬
ّ ‫تو‬
to fill in (a form) ‫ع‬mmr ‫مر‬
ّ ‫ع‬
Expressions
I want a stamp for the US / bġit waнd ttanbr dyal / ‫مريكان‬

ِ ‫بغيت واحد الَتنبر ديال‬
Morocco please. mirikan / lmġrib ‫ع‬afak. ‫عفاك‬ َ ‫رب‬ِ ‫المغ‬.
I want to send this letter / this bġit n-ṣ

ifṭhad lbra /
had lkulya. ‫هد الكولية‬ َ ‫بغيت نصيفط‬.
َ / ‫هد البرا‬
package.
How much will I pay to send bšнal ġadi n-ṣ
ifṭ
‫؟‬... ‫هد‬
َ ‫بشحال غادي نصيفط‬
this...? had ... ?
How much time will it take for it šнal d lwqt kayxṣbaš t- َ ‫شحال د الوقت‬
‫كيخص باش توصل ل‬
to arrive to ... ? wṣ
l l ... ? ‫؟‬...
‫ع‬laš lbrawat makaywṣ
lu-š
Why don’t letters arrive quickly? َ ‫علش البَروات ما‬.
‫كيوصلوش دغّية‬
dġiya.
Dialogue
f lbosṭ
a ‫ف البوسطة‬
Judy: bġit ttnabr, lla
‫ الله يخّليك‬،‫بغيت التنابر‬. ‫دجودي‬:
yxllik.
l-muwḍ
ḍaf: fin ġadya t-ṣifṭ
i
lbrawat? ّ ّ‫المو‬:
‫ضف فين غادية تصيفطي البَروات؟‬
Judy: ‫مريكان‬
ِ ‫دجودي بغيت نصيفط وحدة عادّية ل‬:
bġit n-ṣifṭwнda ‫ع‬adiya ‫رب‬ِ ‫و وحدة ِركوماندي هنا ف المغ‬.
l mirikan u wнda
rikumandi hna f lmġrib.
l-muwḍ
ḍaf:
waxxa a lalla, ‫ع‬ndk
ّ َ ‫خا أ ل‬
‫ درهم‬22.50 ‫ عندك‬،‫ل‬ ّ َ‫و‬. ‫ضف‬
ّ ّ‫المو‬:
22.50 drhm.
Paul: ana bġit n-ṣifṭkulya l
mirikan. ِ ‫أنا بغيت نصيفط كولية ل‬. ‫پول‬:
‫مريكان‬
l-muwḍ
ḍaf: ara n-šuf šnu fiha. ‫أرا نشوف شنو فيها‬. ‫ضف‬ّ ّ‫المو‬:
Paul: hak a sidi. ‫هاك أ سيدي‬. ‫پول‬:
l-muwḍ
ḍaf: ‫ع‬mmr had lmṭ
bu ‫ع ع‬afak. ‫عفاك‬
َ ‫هد المطبوع‬ ّ ‫ع‬. ‫ضف‬
َ ‫مر‬ ّ ّ‫المو‬:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
l-muwḍ
ḍaf:
weš t-ṣ ha ‫ع‬adi wlla
ifṭ
‫ضف واش تصيفطها عادي ول ّ إكسپريس؟‬
ixpres?
Paul: ġir ‫ع‬adi ‫ع‬afak. َ ‫غير عادي‬. ‫پول‬:

‫عفاك‬
l-muwḍ
ḍaf:
waxxa a sidi, ‫ع‬ndk 250
ّ َ‫و‬. ‫ضف‬
‫ درهم‬250 ‫ عندك‬،‫خا أ سيدي‬ ّ ّ‫المو‬:
drhm.
Paul & Judy: šukran, bslama. ‫ ب السلمة‬،‫شكرًا‬
ُ . ‫پول و دجودي‬:
l-muwḍ
ḍaf: lla y-‫ع‬awn. ‫الله يعاون‬. ‫ضف‬
1. šnu katdir Judy f lbosṭ

a? َ ‫شنو‬
1. ‫كتدير دجودي ف البوسطة؟‬
2. weš bġat t-ṣ
ifṭlbrawat ixpres? 2. ‫واش بغات تصيفط البَروات إكسپريس؟‬
3. šnu bġa y-ṣ
ifṭPaul? 3. ‫شنو بغى يصيفط پول؟‬
4. šnu xṣ
ṣu y-dir? 4. ‫صو يدير؟‬
ّ ‫شنو خ‬
Exercise: Make as many sentences as you can using the following words. You
may need to add some of your own words.
‫مشي‬
mšit bġau ‫بغاو‬ šra ‫شرى‬ manḍ
a ‫مانضة‬
‫ت‬
‫مش‬
mša bġina ‫بغينا‬ šaf ‫شاف‬ kulya ‫كولية‬
‫ى‬
‫مشا‬
mšat a ‫ع‬la нqqaš bġit
l l-bosṭ ‫بغيت‬ xda ‫خدى‬ tnabr ‫تنابر‬
‫ت‬
‫مشين‬
mšina ‫ل البوسطة‬ ‫قاش‬
ّ ‫على ح‬ bġat ‫بغات‬ ṣ
ifṭ ‫صيفط‬ mirikan ‫مريكان‬
ِ
‫ا‬
mšau ‫مشا‬ bġa ‫بغى‬ ṣ
rf ‫صرف‬ bwaṭ ‫بواط‬
‫و‬ pposṭal ‫ّپوسطال‬
‫مشيت‬
mšitu bġitu ‫بغيتو‬
‫و‬
Using Prepositions with Pronoun Endings & Verbs

Learning how to use prepositions correctly can sometimes be tricky. First, the prepositions don’t
always correspond directly to English prepositions . Thus, at different times in Moroccan Arabic we
will use different prepositions for what would be the same preposition in English. Second, prepositions
sometimes change in meaning depending upon the verb they are used with. This is true in English, too:
She spoke on the rights of homeless people. (on means “on the subject of”)
I put the book on the table. (on means “on top of”)
With these challenges, it may take awhile for you to be a master of Darija prepositions. But with
continued use and exposure, they will become natural for you, just as greetings are now natural for you.
In this section, we will look at two aspects of prepositions: 1. how to connect prepositions with pronoun
endings, and 2. which verbs use certain prepositions.
Some prepositions you have already learned (such as dyal) simply add the normal pronoun endings
(ex. dyali, dyalk, etc.). The following prepositions, however, change slightly when pronoun endings
are added:
to / for l ‫ل‬
on / about ‫ع‬la ‫على‬
with m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫م‬
in / at / about f ‫ف‬
with / by b ‫ب‬
The Preposition “l”

The preposition l (‫ )ل‬often means “to” (ex. I gave something to you) or “for” (ex. I did something for
you). It may also be used with certain verbs simply to express the meaning of the verb; in these cases, it
doesn’t translate into anything in English. To add the pronoun endings:
to / for l ‫ل‬
to / for me liya / li ‫ لي‬/ ‫لّيا‬

to / for you (sing.) lik ‫ليك‬
to / for him lih / lu ‫ لو‬/ ‫ليه‬
to / for her liha ‫ليها‬
to / for us lina ‫لينا‬
to / for you (plur.) likum ُ ‫لي‬
‫كم‬
to / for them lihum ‫ليُهم‬
Some verbs that go with this preposition:
excuse smн l ‫سمح ل‬ send (to) ṣ

ifṭ(l) ‫)صيفط )ل‬
explain (to) fssr (l) ّ ‫)ف‬
‫سر )ل‬ bring (to) jab (l) ‫)جاب )ل‬
gal (l) to be possible ymkn (l)

say (to) ‫)گال )ل‬ ‫)يمكن )ل‬
(for...)
Some examples:
Kristin ṣ
ifṭ
at bra
Kristin sent a letter to Chad. l Chad. ‫كرستن صيفطات برا ل تشاد‬.
Kristin sent a letter to him. Kristin ṣ

ifṭ
at bra lih. ‫كرستن صيفطات برا ليه‬.
Thomas šra waнd lkadu

Thomas bought a present for l Jessica f ‫ع‬id lmilad
‫سكا‬
ِ ‫طوماس شرى واحد الكادو ل دج‬
Jessica on her birthday. ‫ف عيد الميلد ديالها‬.
dyalha.
Thomas bought it for her. Thomas šrah liha. ‫طوماس شراه ليها‬.
Excuse me. smн liya. ‫سمح لّيا‬.
Can I (i.e. is it possible for me) talk weš ymkn liya n-hḍ
r m
‫واش يمكن لّيا نهضر معاك؟‬
with you? ‫ع‬ak?
I can’t (i.e. it is not possible for me) ma-ymkn-š liya n-xrj
‫ما يمكنش لّيا نخرج َدبا‬.
go out now. deba.
As you can see in the example “Excuse me” above, sometimes the Arabic verb requires the preposition
in order to be equivalent to the English verb. In these cases, the English translation doesn’t have a
preposition, but the Arabic still requires it.
The Preposition “‫ع‬la”
The preposition ‫ع‬la is used with many verbs and expressions, and as a result it translates into many
English prepositions, including: “on,” “about,” “to,” “at,” and others. With pronoun endings:
on (and others) ‫ع‬la ‫على‬
on me ‫ع‬liya ‫علّيا‬
on you (sing.) ‫ع‬lik ‫عليك‬
on him ‫ع‬lih ‫عليه‬
on her ‫ع‬liha ‫عليها‬
on us ‫ع‬lina ‫علينا‬
on you (plur.) ‫ع‬likum ُ ‫علي‬
‫كم‬
on them ‫ع‬lihum ‫عليُهم‬
defend daf ‫ع ع‬la ‫دافع على‬ lie (to) kdb (‫ع‬la) ‫)كدب )على‬
look/search qllb (‫ع‬la) ‫)قّلب )على‬ laugh (at) нk (‫ع‬la)
ḍ ‫)ضحك )على‬
(for)
to love (i.e. to
speak (about) tkllm (‫ع‬la) ‫)تكّلم )على‬ mat (‫ع‬la) ‫)مات )على‬
be dying for)
In the first verb, “defend,” the preposition ‫ع‬la does not have an English translation since it is required
in order to translate the Arabic verb into “defend.” In the second verb, “look/search,” however, the
preposition ‫ع‬la is basically equivalent to the English “for.” Some examples:
weš tkllmna ‫ع‬la ddawr

Did we talk about the role of dyal hay'at ssalam f ‫هيئة‬ َ ‫واش تكّلمنا على ال‬
َ ‫دور ديال‬
Peace Corps in Morocco? ‫رب؟‬ ِ ‫سلم ف المغ‬َ ‫ال‬
lmġrib?
Yes, we talked about it. iyeh, tkllmna ‫ع‬lih. ‫ تكّلمنا عليه‬،‫إيه‬.
Are you looking for a house to weš katqllb ‫ع‬la ḍ

ar l
‫كتقّلب على دار ل الكرا؟‬
َ ‫واش‬
rent? lkra?
Yes, I’m looking for one. iyeh, kanqllb ‫ع‬liha. ‫كنقّلب عليها‬
َ ،‫إيه‬.
I love (am dying for) pizza. kanmut ‫ع‬la lpitza. ‫كنموت على الپيتزا‬َ .
I love it. kanmut ‫ع‬liha َ
‫كنموت عليها‬
Don’t lie to me. ma-tkdb-š ‫ع‬liya. ‫ما تكدبش علّيا‬.
He’s laughing at me. нk ‫ع‬liya.
kayḍ َ .
‫كيضحك علّيا‬
The Preposition “m ‫ع‬a”

The preposition m ‫ع‬a almost always translates into the English “with.” With pronouns:
with m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬

َ ‫م‬
with me m ‫ع‬aya ‫معايا‬
with you (sing.) m ‫ع‬ak ‫معاك‬
with him m ‫ع‬ah ‫معاه‬
with her m ‫ع‬aha ‫معاها‬
with us m ‫ع‬ana ‫معانا‬
with you (plur.) m ‫ع‬akum ُ ‫معا‬
‫كم‬
with them m ‫ع‬ahum ‫هم‬
ُ ‫معا‬
laugh (with) нk (m ‫ع‬a)

ḍ َ ‫)ضحك )م‬
‫ع‬ meet (with) tlaqa (m ‫ع‬a) َ ‫)تلقى )م‬
‫ع‬
be helpful t ‫ع‬awn (m ‫ع‬a) bqa (m ‫ع‬a)
َ ‫)تعاون )م‬
‫ع‬ stay (with) َ ‫)بقى )م‬
‫ع‬
(with)
shake hands tsalm (m ‫ع‬a) m (m ‫ع‬a)
txaṣ
َ ‫)تسالم )م‬
‫ع‬ argue (with) َ ‫)تخاصم )م‬
‫ع‬
(with)
Some examples:
I met (with) Samir in the post tlaqit m ‫ع‬a Samir f

lbosṭ
a. ‫سمير ف البوسطة‬ َ ‫تلقيت م‬.
َ ‫ع‬
office.
I met (with) him in the post tlaqit m ‫ع‬ah f lbosṭ
a. ‫تلقيت معاه ف البوسطة‬.
office.
I’m just kidding! (with you) нk m ‫ع‬ak!
ġir kanḍ َ ‫!غير‬
‫كنضحك معاك‬
Would you like to come to the bġiti t-mši l ssinima m

‫سنيما معايا؟‬
ِ ‫بغيتي تمشي ل ال‬
movies with me? ‫ع‬aya?
The Preposition “f”

Like ‫ع‬la, the preposition f has many different English translations, including: “in,” “about,” “at,” “on,”
and others. When used with pronouns:
in f ‫ف‬
in me fiya ‫فّيا‬
in you (sing.) fik ‫فيك‬
in him fih ‫فيه‬
in her fiha ‫فيها‬
in us fina ‫فينا‬
in you (plur.) fikum ُ ‫في‬
‫كم‬
in them fihum ‫فيُهم‬
ask (about) suwl (f) ّ ‫)س‬

‫ول )ف‬ participate (in) šark (f) ‫)شارك )ف‬
think (about) fkkr (f) ّ ‫)ف‬
‫كر )ف‬ take care (of) thlla (f) ‫)تهّلى )ف‬
talk (about) a hḍ
r (f) taq (f)
‫)هضر )ف‬ trust (in) ‫)تاق )ف‬
person
Some examples:
I came over (asked about you) suwlt fik lbarн, welakin
ma-lqitk-š. ِ َ ‫ وَل‬،‫ولت فيك البارح‬
‫كن ما لقيتكش‬ ّ ‫س‬.
yesterday, but I didn’t find you.
We trusted (in) him, but he tqna fih, u ġdr bina. ‫ و غدر بينا‬،‫تقنا فيه‬.
betrayed us.
Take care of yourself. thlla f rask. ‫تهّلى ف راسك‬.
This preposition, with pronouns, can also have the meaning of the verb “to be.”
I am hungry. fiya jju ‫ع‬. ‫فّيا الجوع‬.
I am thirsty. fiya l ‫ع‬ṭ
š. ‫فّيا العطش‬.
He has a fever. fih ssxana. ‫فيه السخانة‬.
And sometimes it takes the meaning of “to have” in the expression “to have in it/them.”
had ḍ
-ḍ
ar fiha xmsa d
This house has five rooms. lbyut. َ .
‫هد الدار فيها خمسة د البيوت‬
The Preposition “b”

The preposition b usually has the meaning of “with” (I eat with my hands), but can also be used for:
“by,” “in,” “about,” “for,” and others. With pronouns:
with b ‫ب‬
with me biya ‫بّيا‬
with you (sing.) bik ‫بيك‬

with him bih ‫بيه‬
with her biha ‫بيها‬
with us bina ‫بينا‬
with you (plur.) bikum ُ ‫بي‬

‫كم‬
with them bihum ‫بيُهم‬

believe (in) amn (b) ‫)آمن )ب‬ marry (with) tzuwj (b) ‫)تزّوج )ب‬
dream (about) нlm (b) ‫)حلم )ب‬ welcome rннb b ‫حب ب‬
ّ ‫ر‬
want to be
be responsible tkllf (b) ‫)تكّلف )ب‬ separated sxa (b) ‫)سخى )ب‬
(for)
(from)
Some examples:
‫تزّوجات بيه العام اللي‬
She married (with) him last year. tzuwjat bih l ‫ع‬am lli fat.
‫فات‬.
They welcomed me into their house. rннbu biya f ḍ
arhum. ‫هم‬ ّ ‫ر‬.
ُ ‫حبو بّيا ف دار‬
I dreamed about him. нlmt bih. ‫حلمت بيه‬.
Exercise: Replace the underlined nouns with the corresponding pronouns.

Sometimes you will need to use a preposition and pronoun together.
Example: l-qṭ kla l-нut.  l-qṭ klah.
1. Tony šrb lнlib. 1. ‫طوني شرب الحليب‬.
2. Ahmed šra ṭumubil. 2. ‫أحمد شرى طوموبيل‬.
awwi ‫ع‬in mšau l ssuq.
3. lmutaṭ 3. ‫مت َط َّوعين مشاو ل السوق‬ ُ ‫ال‬.
4. Laṭ
ifa ddat ddrari l lmdrasa. 4. ‫َلطيفة ّدات الدراري ل المدَرسة‬.
5. weš nsiti lmagana f ḍ -ḍ
ar? 5. ‫مگانة ف الدار؟‬َ ‫واش نسيتي ال‬
6. Greg ‫ع‬ṭ
a lflus l Amy. 6. ‫گريگ عطى الفلوس ل أيمي‬.
7. ddrari safru m ‫ع‬a ṣнabhum. 7. ‫الدراري سافرو مَع صحابُهم‬.
8. Sara ma-katakul-š llнm. 8. ‫كلش اللحم‬ ُ ‫كتا‬
َ ‫سارة ما‬.
9. sllm ‫ع‬la mwalin ḍ-ḍar. 9. ‫سّلم على موالين الدار‬.
10. Jerry kayxaf mn Tom. 10. ‫كيخاف من طوم‬ َ ‫دجيري‬.
Exercise: Make all of the above verb forms negative.

Describing the Peace Corps Mission
• talk about the three goals of Peace Corps
• describe your job in Morocco
Peace Corps
Text
šnu hiya hay'at ssalam?
hay'at ssalam munḍ ḍ
ama amrikiya ‫سلم؟‬َ ‫هيئة ال‬َ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ه‬ ِ ‫شنو‬
katṣ
ifṭmutaṭawwi ‫ع‬in l dduwal ‫وعين ل الدّول‬ َ َ
ّ ‫مت َط‬
ُ ‫ضمة أمريكّية كتصيفط‬ ّ ‫من‬
ُ ‫سلم‬ َ ‫هيئة ال‬ َ
nnamiya u lahdaf dyalha hiya: ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ديالها‬ ‫الهداف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ية‬ ‫النام‬ :
َ ِ ّ
1. tt ‫ع‬awn ttiqni
1. ‫التعاون الِتقني‬
2. lmirikanin y-fhmu mzyan ššu ‫ع‬ub
lli staḍfathum u y-‫ع‬rrfu b dik 2. ‫شعوب اللي سَتضفاتُهم و‬ ُ ‫مريكانين يفهمو مزيان ال‬ ِ ‫ال‬
ššu ‫ع‬ub f mirikan ‫مريكان‬ ِ ‫شعوب ف‬ ُ ‫يعّرفو ب ديك ال‬
3. ššu ‫ع‬ub lmustaḍifa нtta hiya 3. ‫مريكانيين‬
ِ ‫ي تتعّرف على ال‬ َ ِ‫مسَتضيفة حّتى ه‬ ُ ‫شعوب ال‬ ُ ‫ال‬.
t-t ‫ع‬rrf ‫ع‬la lmirikaniyin.

organization munḍ
ḍama ‫ضمة‬
ّ ‫من‬
ُ
developing nations dduwal nnamiya ‫الدّول النامّية‬
goals ahdaf ‫أهداف‬
technical help tt ‫ع‬awn ttiqni ‫التعاون الِتقني‬
peoples ššu ‫ع‬ub ُ ‫ال‬
‫شعوب‬
to host staḍ
f ‫سَتضف‬
to inform ‫ع‬rrf ‫عّرف‬
host (adjective) mustaḍ
if(a) ُ )
‫مسَتضيف)ة‬
The Three Goals Of The Peace Corps

To help people of interested countries and
areas in meeting their needs for trained
men and women;
To help promote a better understanding of
the American people on the part of the
peoples served;
To help promote a better understanding of
other peoples on the part of the American
people.
Youth Development
Dialogue
Susan: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ُ ‫م عََلي‬
‫كم‬ َ ‫ال‬. ‫سوزان‬:
ُ ‫سل‬
ُ ‫جميلة َو ع ََلي‬
Jamila: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. šнal ‫ت ف‬
ِ ‫هدي و ن‬
َ ‫ شحال‬.‫سلم‬
َ ‫كم ال‬ َ :
hadi u nti f lmġrib? ‫رب؟‬ ِ ‫المغ‬
ّ ‫مين ول‬
َ ‫مين و غادية نگلس هنا عا‬
َ ‫سوزان عا‬:
Susan: ‫ع‬amayn u ġadya n-gls hna
‫ع‬amayn wlla tlt snin ‫تلت سنين إنشا الله‬.
inšallah.
Jamila: šnu katdiri? ‫كتديري؟‬ َ ‫جميلة شنو‬ َ :
َ
‫سلم و غنخدم‬
َ ‫هيئة ال‬
َ ‫ع‬
َ ‫وعة م‬ َ
ّ ‫مت َط‬
ُ ‫سوزان أنا‬:
Susan: ana mutaṭ
awwi ‫ع‬a m ‫ع‬a
hay'at ssalam u ġan-xdm ‫ف دار الشباب‬.
f ḍ
ar ššbab.
Jamila: šnu ġat-diri b ḍ

ḍbṭ
? َ ‫جميلة شنو‬
‫غتديري ب الضبط؟‬ َ :
Susan: ġadya n-qrri nngliziya u ‫سوزان غادية نقّري النگليزّية و غادية ندير‬:
ġadya n-dir mašari ‫ ع‬m ‫ع‬a ‫اللي‬ ‫ع الجمعّيات و أي حاجة‬ َ ‫مشاريع م‬َ
‫ع تنمّية الشباب‬َ ‫علقة م‬ َ ‫عندها‬.
jjm ‫ع‬iyat u ay нaja lli
‫ع‬ndha ‫ع‬alaqa m ‫ع‬a tnmiyat
ššbab.
Jamila: iwa tbark lla ‫ع‬lik
ّ ‫إَو تبارك الله عليك أ ل َل‬. ‫جميلة‬
َ :
a lalla.
Susan: lla y-bark fik. ‫الله يبارك فيك‬. ‫سوزان‬:

youth development tnmiyat ššbab ‫تنمّية الشباب‬
youth center ḍ
ar ššbab ‫دار الشباب‬
exactly b ḍ
ḍbṭ ‫ب الضبط‬ relationship ‫ع‬alaqa ‫علقة‬
َ
project* mšru ‫ع‬ ‫مشروع‬ association jam ‫ع‬iya ‫جمعّية‬
َ
projects mašari ‫ع‬ ‫مشاريع‬
َ associations jam ‫ع‬iyat ‫جمعّيات‬
َ
activity* našaṭ ‫َنشاط‬ director mudir ‫مدير‬
ُ
activities anšiṭ
a ‫شطة‬
ِ ‫أن‬ anything ay нaja ‫أي حاجة‬
* In Morocco, the word for “project” suggests to some Moroccans an undertaking that requires money.
The word for “activity” does not have this connotation. You will often be safer, therefore, using the
word for “activity,” since most of what you do will not based upon major grants or fundraising.
Environment
Text
smiti Judy. ana kanxdm m ‫ع‬a brnamaj

lbi'a d hay'at ssalam. lmuhima dyali
hiya n-šuf kifaš nnas kayt ‫ع‬amlu m ‫ع‬a
.‫سلم‬ َ ‫هيئة ال‬ َ ‫مج البيئة د‬َ ‫ع برنا‬ َ ‫ أنا‬.‫سميتي دجودي‬
َ ‫كنخدم م‬
ṭ
ṭabi ‫ع‬a. kangul l nnas u tturis lli
‫ع‬ َ
َ ‫ي نشوف كيفاش الناس كيتعاملو م‬ َ ِ ‫مِهمة ديالي ه‬ ُ ‫ال‬
kayzuru lipark baš ma-y-luнu-š zzbl َ ‫كنگول ل الناس و التوريس اللي‬ َ . ‫طبيعة‬ َ ‫ال‬
‫كيزورو ِلپارك‬
f ay blaṣ u ‫ع‬la lbi'a mn
a. u y-нafḍ
‫ و يحافضو على البيئة‬.‫باش ما يلوحوش الزبل ف أي بلصة‬
ttalawut.
u baš nnas ma-y-qṭ ‫ع‬u-š ššjr u yнafḍ
u
‫وت‬ ُ َ ‫من الت َل‬.
.‫و باش الناس ما يقطعوش الشجر و يحافضو على الغابة‬
‫ع‬la lġaba. kanнawl n-šuf m ‫ع‬ahum ši
‫خرى باش يطّيبو و ما‬ ُ ‫هم شي ط ُُرق‬ ُ ‫كنحاول نشوف معا‬ َ
ṭ
uruq xora baš y-ṭ iybu u ma-y- ‫جمعّيات‬ َ ‫يستهلكوش بّزاف د الحطب و‬
َ ‫ع ال‬
َ ‫مشاريع م‬ َ ‫كندير‬
sthlku-š bzzaf d lнṭ b u kandir ‫ضة عل البيئة و التنمّية عل الُعموم‬ َ َ‫محاف‬ ُ ‫مجال ال‬ َ ‫ف‬.
mašari ‫ ع‬m ‫ع‬a jjam ‫ع‬iyat f majal
lmuнafaḍ a ‫ع‬l lbi'a u ttnmiyat ‫ع‬l l
‫ع‬umum.

environment lbi'a ‫البيئة‬
program brnamj ‫برنامج‬ forest ġaba ‫غابة‬
to deal (with) t ‫ع‬aml (m ‫ع‬a) َ ‫)تعامل )م‬
‫ع‬ ways ṭ
uruq ‫ط ُُرق‬
nature abi ‫ع‬a
ṭ َ
‫طبيعة‬ firewood lнṭ
b ‫الحطب‬
trash zzbl ‫الزبل‬ field / domain majal ‫مجال‬
َ
to protect нafḍ‫ع‬la ‫حافض على‬ in general ‫ع‬l l ‫ع‬umum ‫عل الُعموم‬
pollution ttulwut ‫وت‬
ُ ‫الُتل‬ to cut ‫ع‬
qṭ ‫قطع‬
trees ššjr ‫الشجر‬ to consume sthlk ‫ستهلك‬
Health
Dialogue
Sumiya: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ‫كم‬ُ ‫م عََلي‬ُ ‫سل‬َ ‫ال‬. ‫سمّية‬
ُ :
Christine: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ‫سلم‬
َ ‫كم ال‬ ُ ‫َو عََلي‬. ‫كريستين‬:
‫ واش‬.‫سمّية شفتك البارح ف الصبيطار‬ ُ :
Sumiya: šftk lbarн f ṣ
ṣbiṭ
ar. weš
‫ت فرملّية؟‬ ِ ‫ن‬
nti frmliya?
Christine: lla maši frmliya u maši
‫ل ّ ماشي فرملّية و ماشي طبيبة‬. ‫كريستين‬:
ṭ
biba.
Sumiya: šnu xdmtk? ُ :
‫سمّية شنو خدمتك؟‬
Christine: kantkllm m ‫ع‬a nnas ‫ع‬la ‫كريستين‬:
ṣ
ннthum u ṣннt wladhum. ‫حتُهم و‬ َ ‫كنتكّلم م‬
ّ ‫ع الناس على ص‬ َ
‫هم‬
ُ ‫حت ولد‬ ّ ‫ص‬.
Sumiya: weš kat ‫ع‬ṭ

ihum ddwa? ‫كتعطيُهم الدوا؟‬ َ ‫سمّية واش‬ ُ :
Christine: َ
‫كريستين ما كنعطيُهمش الدوا و ما‬:
‫كنگول ل الناس‬ َ . ‫كنديرش ِلبرة‬ َ
ma-kan ‫ع‬ṭ
ihum-š ddwa u ma- ‫صُهم يديرو باش ما‬ ّ ‫خ‬ ‫شنو‬
kandir-š libra. kangul l ‫ و‬.‫هم‬ ُ ‫هما ول ّ ولد‬ ُ ‫يمرضوش‬
nnas šnu xṣṣ
hum y-diru baš ‫مّية ديال‬ّ َ‫هم على اله‬ ُ ‫كنهضر معا‬ َ
maymrḍ
u-š huma wlla ‫ و بيت الما و غسيل‬،‫الدوا د البير‬
wladhum. u kanhḍr m ‫ع‬ahum ‫دين و الدوا د الكرش‬ ّ ‫الي‬.
‫ع‬la l'ahammiya dyal ddwa d
lbir, u bit lma u ġsil
lyddin u d-dwa d lkrš.
Sumiya: mzyan. had šši muhim. u ‫ و صاحبتك‬.‫مِهم‬ُ ‫هد الشي‬ ُ :

َ . ‫سمّية مزيان‬
ṣ
aнbtk šnu katdir? َ
‫شنو كتدير؟‬
Christine: ‫هم باش‬ ُ ‫ولد‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يجلبو‬ ‫كتگول ليُهم‬َ ‫كريستين‬:
katgul lihum y-jlbu l ‫كتشرح ليُهم شنو‬ َ ‫ما يمرضوش و‬
wladhum baš maymrḍuš u ‫صُهم يديرو إل ما بغاوش يولدو‬ ّ ‫خ‬
katšrн lihum šnu xṣṣ
hum y- ‫كتنصح العيالت الحاملت‬ َ ‫بّزاف و‬
diru ila ma-bġau-š ywldu ‫باش يمشيو ل الصبيطار‬.
н l ‫ع‬yalat
bzzaf u katnṣ
lнamlat baš ymšiu l
ṣ
ṣbiṭ
ar.
Sumiya:
had šši mzyan. tbark lla ‫ تبارك الله‬.‫هد الشي مزيان‬َ
‫ع‬likum. ‫كم‬ ُ :
ُ ‫علي‬. ‫سمّية‬
Christine: lla y-bark fik. ‫الله يبارك فيك‬. ‫كريستين‬:


health ṣ
ṣннa ‫حة‬
ّ ‫الص‬
health clinic ṣ
ṣbiṭ
ar ‫الصبيطار‬ the importance l'ahammiya ‫مّية‬
ّ َ‫اله‬
nurse lfrmli(ya) ‫)الفرملي)ة‬ the (water) well lbir ‫البير‬
doctor ṭ
ṭbib(a) ‫)الطبيب)ة‬ diarrhea lkrš ‫الكرش‬
to be sick mrḍ ‫مرض‬ to immunize jlb ‫جلب‬
medicines ddwa ‫الدوا‬ to give birth wld ‫ولد‬
the shot libra ‫ِلبرة‬ pregnant нamla ‫حاملة‬
Small Business Development

Dialogue
Chris: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ‫كم‬ُ ‫م عََلي‬ُ ‫سل‬َ ‫ال‬. ‫كريس‬:
l-m ‫ع‬llm: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ‫سلم‬
َ ‫كم ال‬ ُ ‫َو عََلي‬. ‫لمعّلم‬:
Chris: smн li n-qddm lik rasi. ّ ‫سمح لي نق‬. ‫كريس‬:
‫دم ليك راسي‬
l-m ‫ع‬llm: iyeh, tfḍ
ḍl a sidi. ‫ضل أ سيدي‬ ّ ‫ تف‬،‫إيه‬. ‫لمعّلم‬:
Chris: ‫هيئة‬
َ ‫ع‬ ّ َ ‫مت َط‬
َ ‫وع م‬ ُ ‫ أنا‬،‫كريس سميتي كريس‬:
smiti Chris, ana ‫سلم و جيت هنا باش نعاون‬ َ ‫ال‬
awwi ‫ ع‬m ‫ع‬a hay'at
mutaṭ ُ ‫ال‬.
‫مقاَولت الصغيرة‬
ssalam u jit hna baš n
‫ع‬awn lmuqawalat ṣ ṣ
ġira.
l-m ‫ع‬llm: u kifaš ġat-‫ع‬awnha? َ ‫لمعّلم و كيفاش‬:

‫غتعاونها؟‬
Chris: ‫حسابات و‬ِ ‫ بحال ال‬،‫كريس ف بّزاف د الحوايج‬:
‫كنصاوبو‬ َ ً ‫مت َل‬
َ . ‫الشهار و التسويق‬
f bzzaf d lнwayj, bнal ‫و‬ ‫ولة‬َ ُ ‫لكارت د ِڤزيت ل ال‬
‫مقا‬
‫المنتوج‬ ‫هرو‬ ّ ‫كنش‬ َ ‫كنعطيوها سمّية و‬َ
lнisabat u l'išhar u
ttswiq. matalan kanṣawbu ‫لنترنت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ديالها‬ .
lakart d vizit l
lmuqawala u kan ‫ع‬ṭ
iuha
smiya u kanšhhru lmntuj
dyalha f l-internet.
l-m ‫ع‬llm: had šši mumtaz welakin ِ َ ‫ممتاز وَل‬

َ ‫كن باش‬
‫غتستافد‬ ُ ‫هد الشي‬ َ ‫لمعّلم‬:
baš ġat-stafd had ‫مقاَولة؟‬
ُ ‫هد ال‬َ
lmuqawala?
Chris: ġat-stafd нit ġat-bi ‫ع‬ َ ‫غتستافد حيت‬
‫غتبيع السلعة ديالها ف‬ َ ‫كريس‬:
ssl ‫ع‬a dyalha f lmġrib u ‫رب و ف الخاِرج‬ِ ‫المغ‬.
f lxarij.
l-m ‫ع‬llm: mzyan. lla y-‫ع‬awnk. ‫ الله يعاونك‬.‫مزيان‬. ‫لمعّلم‬:

Chris: šukran a sidi. ‫شكرا ً أ سيدي‬ ُ . ‫كريس‬:

tnmiyat lmuqawalat
small business development ṣ
ṣġira
‫مقاَولت الصغيرة‬
ُ ‫تنمّية ال‬
enterprise / lmuqawala lmntuj

‫مقاَولة‬
ُ ‫ال‬ products ‫المنتوج‬
firm
accountancy lнisabat ‫حسابات‬
ِ ‫ال‬ merchandise ssl ‫ع‬a ‫السلعة‬
lakart d
advertisement l'išhar ‫الشهار‬ business card ‫لكارت د ِڤزيت‬
vizit
to advertise šhhr ‫شّهر‬ abroad lxarij ‫الخاِرج‬
ttswiq to advertise the šhhr b

marketing ‫التسويق‬
lmntuj
‫شّهر ب المنتوج‬
products
Renting a House
• speak about renting and furnishing houses
Finding a House
Vocabulary
building /
‫ع‬imara ‫عمارة‬
ِ
block of flats
floor ṭ
bqa ‫طبقة‬
apartment brṭ
ma ‫برطمة‬
house ḍ
ar ‫دار‬
stairs druj ‫دروج‬
elevator sansur ‫سانسور‬
balcony balkun ‫بالكون‬ bath lнmmam ‫مام‬
ّ ‫الح‬
rental agent
ssmṣ
ar ‫السمصار‬ shower dduš ‫الدوش‬
(in cities)
living room ṣ
alun ‫صالون‬ kitchen lkuzina ‫الكوزينة‬
bedroom bit nn ‫ع‬as ‫بيت النعاس‬ neighbor jar(a) ‫)جار)ة‬
bit lma / / ‫بيت الما‬
bathroom neighbors jiran ‫جيران‬
ṭ
waleṭ ‫طواليط‬
Expressions
kanqllb ‫ع‬la ši ḍ
ar l
I’m looking for a house to rent. ‫كنقّلب على شي دار ل الكرا‬
َ .
lkra.
weš ymkn lik t-wrriha

Can you show it to me? liya?
‫واش يمكن ليك توّريها لّيا؟‬
Where is it located? ašmn blaṣ

a? ‫أشمن بلصة؟‬
Give me directions to it. n ‫ع ع‬t liya fin jat. ‫نّعت لّيا فين جات‬.
Can I see it? weš ymkn liya n-šufha? ‫واش يمكن لّيا نشوفها؟‬
How many rooms does it have? šнal fiha mn bit? ‫شحال فيها من بيت؟‬
Is the roof for common use? weš ssṭ
н mšruk? ‫واش السطح مشروك؟‬
Dialogue
Mark: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum ُ ‫م ع ََلي‬
‫كم‬ َ ‫مارك ال‬:
ُ ‫سل‬
l-нaj: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam ‫سلم‬ ُ ‫الحاج َو ع ََلي‬:
َ ‫كم ال‬
Mark: weš kayna ši ḍ
ar l lkra? ‫مارك واش كاينة شي دار ل الكرا؟‬:
l-нaj: weš bġiti maнal kbir ‫حل كبير ول ّ صغير؟‬ َ ‫الحاج واش بغيتي‬:
َ ‫م‬
wlla ṣ
ġir?
Mark: ‫ يكون فيها صالون‬،‫سطة‬ّ ‫مارك بغيت دار متو‬:
‫و بيت النعاس و الدوش و كوزينة و‬
bġit ḍ
ar mtwssṭ
a, y-kun ‫كتدخل ليها الشمس و يكون السطح‬ َ
alun u bit nn ‫ع‬as
fiha ṣ ‫ديالي بوحدي‬.
u dduš u kuzina u katdxl
liha ššms u ykun ssṭн
dyali bwнdi.
l-нaj: kayna wнda welakin 20.000 ‫من ديالها‬ ِ َ ‫الحاج كاينة وحدة وَل‬:
َ َ ‫كن الت‬
ttaman dyalha 20.000 ‫ريال‬.
ryal.
Mark: lla bzzaf ‫ع‬liya, ‫قاش أنا غير بوحدي‬ ّ ‫ عَلح‬،‫مارك ل ّ بّزاف علّيا‬:
‫من‬
َ َ ‫ت‬‫ال‬ ‫هد‬
َ ّ
‫لص‬ ‫نخ‬ ‫و ما غاديش نقدر‬.
‫ع‬laнqqaš ana ġir bwнdi u
ma-ġadi-š n-qdr nxllṣ
had ttaman.
l-нaj: šнal bġiti t-xllṣ
? ‫الحاج شحال بغيتي تخّلص؟‬:
Mark: 10.000 ryal. 10.000 ‫ريال‬. ‫مارك‬:

l-нaj: ‫هد الساعة ما موجوداش شي‬ َ ‫الحاج إَو ف‬:
ِ َ ‫وَل‬. ‫من‬
‫كن مّرة مّرة‬ ََ ‫حاجة ب داك الت‬
‫ إل لقيت شي حاجة غادي‬،‫رجع عندي‬
iwa f had ssa ‫ع‬a ‫نعلمك‬.
mamujuda-š ši нaja b dak
ttaman. welakin mrra
mrra rj ‫ع ع‬ndi, ila lqit
ši нaja ġadi n ‫ع‬lmk.
Mark: waxxa a sidi, barak lla ّ َ‫و‬. ‫مارك‬:

‫ باَرك الله و فيك‬،‫خا أ سيدي‬
u fik.
l-нaj: lla y-bark fik. ‫الله يبارك فيك‬. ‫الحاج‬:
1. ‫ع‬laš mša Mark ‫ع‬nd lнaj? 1. ‫علش مشى مارك عند الحاج؟‬
2. weš bġa ḍ
ar kbira wlla ḍ
ar ṣ
ġira? 2. ‫واش بغى دار كبيرة ول ّ دار صغيرة؟‬
3. šnu bġa y-kun f had ḍ-ḍ
ar? 3. ‫شنو بغى يكون ف َهد الدار؟‬
4. weš šaf Mark ḍ
-ḍar lli hḍ
r
‫ع‬liha lнaj?
4. ‫واش شاف مارك الدار اللي هضر عليها الحاج؟‬
5. ‫ع‬laš ma-kraha-š? 5. ‫علش ما كراهاش؟‬
6. weš kayna ši ḍ
ar xora rxṣ
mn hadi? 6. ‫خرى رخص من هادي؟‬
ُ ‫واش كاينة شي دار‬
7. fuqaš ġadi y-rj ‫ ع‬Mark ‫ع‬nd lнaj? 7. ‫فوقاش غادي يرجع مارك عند الحاج؟‬
Furnishing a House
House Furniture
ṭ
bla radio / tape musjjala
table ‫طبلة‬ ‫جلة‬
ّ ‫مس‬
ُ
recorder
chair kursi ُ
‫كرسي‬ television tlfaza ‫فزة‬
َ ‫تل‬
bed namusiya ‫ناموسّية‬ electric outlet priz ‫پريز‬
mxdda /
pillow ‫ وسادة‬/ ‫دة‬
ّ ‫مخ‬ light bulb bola ‫بولة‬
usada
floor mat нṣ
ira ‫حصيرة‬ electric cord xiṭd ḍ
ḍow ‫خيط د الضو‬
rug zrbiya ‫زربّية‬ candle šm ‫ع‬a ‫شمعة‬
mṣ
luн /
carpet mukiṭ ‫موكيط‬ iron ‫ حديدة‬/ ‫مصلوح‬
нdida
manṭa /
blanket ‫ كاشة‬/ ‫مانطة‬ key / switch sarut ‫ساروت‬
kaša
curtain xamiya ‫خامّية‬ broom šṭ
aba ‫شطابة‬
jbbada /
sheet izar ‫إزار‬ squeegee ‫ جفافة‬/ ‫جّبادة‬
jfafa
Moroccan sofa ponj ‫پونج‬ water heater ššufu ّ
‫شوفو‬
couch sdari ‫سداري‬ heater šofaj ‫شوفاج‬
Kitchenware
refrigerator tllaja ّ ‫ت‬
‫لجة‬ spoon m ‫ع‬lqa ‫معلقة‬
oven frran ‫فّران‬ knife mus ‫موس‬
blender ṭ
ннana ‫حانة‬
ّ ‫ط‬ fork fršiṭ
a ‫فرشيطة‬
saucepan gamila َ
‫گميلة‬ glass kas ‫كاس‬
cooking pot ṭ
awa ‫طاوة‬ teapot brrad ‫بّراد‬
plate ṭ
bsil ‫طبسيل‬ coffee pot briq ‫بريق‬
brazier mjmr ‫مجمر‬ tray ṣ
iniya ‫صينّية‬
grill šuwaya ‫واية‬
ّ ‫ش‬ bowl zlafa ‫زلفة‬
strainer ṣ
ffaya ‫فاية‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kettle mqraj ‫مقراج‬
pressure kokot ‫كوكوت‬ ġrraf ‫غّراف‬
pitcher
cooker
sifter ġrbal ‫غربال‬ couscous pot brma ‫برمة‬
frying pan mqla ‫مقلة‬ ladle mġrfa ‫مغرفة‬
faucet robini ‫روبيني‬
Exercise: Put the household items in the correct “room.”

buṭ
agaz ‫بوطاگاز‬ kuzina
ُ ‫كوزينا‬
kursi ‫كرسي‬
namusiya ‫ناموسّية‬
ṭ
bla ‫طبلة‬
ṣ
abun ‫صابون‬ mus ‫موس‬
m ‫ع‬lqa ‫معلقة‬
mus ‫موس‬
bit n-n ‫ع‬as
ṭ
awa ‫طاوة‬
‫بيت النعاس‬
ktab ‫كتاب‬
lma ‫الما‬
ḍ
ḍu ‫الضو‬
ṭ
bsil ‫طبسيل‬
bit l-ma
usada ‫وسادة‬
‫بيت الما‬
ṣ
ffaya ‫فاية‬
ّ ‫ص‬
robini ‫روبيني‬
Exercise: Describe in Darija the house you want to rent.
Moroccan Wisdom: ‫يدّ وحدة ما َكتصّفقش‬.

̣
ydd wнda ma-kat-sffq-š.
One hand can’t clap.
Safety and Security
• list some safety and security problems you may face during your service
• describe some strategies for dealing with these issues
• use Moroccan Arabic to implement these strategies
Sexual Harassment
Vocabulary
gazelle* lġzala ‫الغزالة‬ to follow someone tb ‫ع‬ ‫تبع‬
zzwina to get in someone's t ‫ع‬rrḍ

the beautiful* ‫الزوينة‬ ‫تعّرض‬
way
the beauty* zzin ‫الزين‬ to harass ngg ّ ‫ن‬
‫گ‬
a strawberry (girl)* ttuta ‫التوتة‬
*These words are used by men to harass women.
Expressions
sexual harassment taнrruš jinsi ‫جنسي‬
ِ ‫َتحّرش‬
He followed me. tb ‫ع‬ni. ‫تبعني‬.
What do you want? šnu bġiti? ‫شنو بغيتي؟‬
Go away. sir f нalk. ‫سير ف حالك‬.
Get away (far) from me. b ‫ع ع‬d mnni. ‫بّعد مّني‬.
Let go of me. ṭ
lq mnni. ‫طلق مّني‬.
Don’t touch me. ma-t-qisni-š. ‫ما تقيسنيش‬.
Don’t follow me again. ma-t-‫ع‬awd-š t-tb ‫ع‬ni. ‫ما تعاودش ّتبعني‬.
Give me some space. (go away) ‫ع‬ṭ

ini ttisa ‫ع‬. ‫عطيني الِتساع‬.
Go or you will regret it. sir wlla ġadi t-ndm. ‫سير ول ّ غادي تندم‬.
I will tell the police. ġadi n-bllġ lbulis. ‫غادي نبّلغ البوليس‬.
ġadi n-‫ع‬iyṭ‫ع‬la
I will call the gendarmes. jjadarmiya. َ ‫غادي نعّيط على ال‬.
‫جدارمّية‬
Respect yourself. нtarm rask. ‫حَترم راسك‬.

He doesn’t want to get away ma-bġa-š y-b ‫ع ع‬d mnni. ‫ما بغاش يبّعد مّني‬.
(far) from me.
I told you: get away (far) from glt lik: b ‫ع ع‬d mnni. ‫ بّعد مّني‬:‫گلت ليك‬.
me.
I told you: go away. glt lik: sir f нalk. ‫ سير ف حالك‬:‫گلت ليك‬.
Text - Arabic
‫كاتي خارجة من دار الشباب‬
‫ منين وصلت كاتي‬.‫ كان واحد مول الطوموبيل واقف ف الجنب ديال الطريق‬،‫مّلي كاتي خارجة من دار الشباب‬
‫ واش بغيتي شي واحد يتبع ختك؟" بقات كاتي‬.‫ "سير ف حالك‬:‫" كاتي گالت ليه‬.‫صلك‬ ّ ‫ "طلعي أ الغزالة نو‬:‫ گال ليها‬،‫حداه‬
‫ ف نهار التاني‬.‫ملت طريقها‬ ّ ‫ حنات راسها و ك‬.‫خرى‬ ُ ‫جها ال‬ِ ‫ قطعات كاتي الطريق ل ال‬.‫غادية و بقى مول الطوموبيل تبعها‬
‫ "إل عاودتي تبعني غادي نبّلغ‬:‫ ف نهار التالت گالت كاتي ل مول الطوموبيل‬.‫ع مول الطوموبيل‬ َ ‫عاود نفس الشي م‬
‫دو مول الطوموبيل و‬ ّ ‫ش‬ ‫البوليس‬ .‫الطوموبيل‬ ‫رقم‬ ‫هم‬ُ ‫ت‬ ‫عطا‬ ‫و‬ ّ
‫لغات‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫البوليس‬ ‫ل‬ ‫مشات‬ ‫و‬ ‫تبعها‬ ‫عاود‬ ‫فعل‬
ِ ‫" ب ال‬.‫البوليس‬
‫خرى‬ ُ ‫ طلب مول الطوموبيل السماحة من كاتي و لَتزم باش ما بقيش يتعّرض ليها مّرة‬.‫عّيطو على كاتي‬.
Text - Transcription
̣
Cathy xarja mn dar ššbab
mlli Cathy xarja mn ḍar ššbab, kan waнd mul ṭ ṭ
umubil waqf f jjnb dyal
ṭ
ṭriq. mnin wṣlat Cathy нdah, gal liha: "ṭ l ‫ع‬i a lġzala n-wṣ ṣ
lk." Cathy
galt lih: "sir f нalk. weš bġiti ši waнd y-tb ‫ ع‬xtk?" bqat Cathy ġadya u
bqa mul ṭ umubil tb ‫ع‬ha. qṭ
ṭ ‫ع‬at Cathy ṭṭ
riq l jjiha lxura. нnat rasha u
kmmlat ṭriqha. f nhar ttani ‫ع‬awd nfs šši m ‫ع‬a mul ṭ ṭ
umubil. f nhar ttalt
galt Cathy l mul ṭ umubil: "ila ‫ع‬awdti tb ‫ع‬ni ġadi n-bllġ lbulis." b lfi ‫ع‬l
ṭ
‫ع‬awd tb ‫ع‬ha u mšat l lbulis u bllġat u ‫ع‬ṭ athum rqm ṭ ṭumubil. lbulis šddu
mul ṭ umubil u ‫ع‬iyṭ
ṭ u ‫ع‬la Cathy. ṭlb mul ṭ ṭ
umubil ssmaнa mn Cathy u ltazm
baš ma-bqi-š y-t ‫ع‬rrḍliha mrra xora.
Questions
1. fin kant Cathy? 1. ‫فين كانت كاتي؟‬
2. fin kan mul ṭ
ṭumubil? 2. ‫فين كان مول الطوموبيل؟‬
3. šnu gal mul ṭ
ṭumubil l Cathy? 3. ‫شنو گال مول الطوموبيل ل كاتي؟‬
4. weš mšat Cathy m ‫ع‬a mul ṭṭ
umubil? 4. ‫واش مشات كاتي مَع مول الطوموبيل؟‬
5. šnu dart Cathy mlli ‫ع‬awd tb ‫ع‬ha
mul ṭ
ṭumubil? 5. ‫شنو دارت كاتي مّلي عاود تبعها مول الطوموبيل؟‬
6. šnu dar mul ṭ ṭ
umubil mlli šdduh
lbulis? ّ ‫شنو دار مول الطوموبيل مّلي ش‬
6. ‫دوه البوليس؟‬
Text - English Translation

Cathy coming out of the youth center
When Cathy was coming out of the youth center, there was a man in his car by the side of the
road. As she passed by him, he told her: “Get in gazelle, I will take you home.” Cathy said: “Go
away. Is it okay with you if someone harasses your sister?” Cathy kept walking and the man was
following her with his car. She crossed the road, ignoring him, and continued on her way. The next
day, the same thing happened with that man. The following day Cathy told the man: “If you follow
me again I will tell the police.” In fact, he did follow her again and so she went to the police station.
She told them what happened and gave them the license plate number. The police arrested the
man and called Cathy. The man apologized to Cathy and promised not to get in her way again.
At the Taxi Stand

Vocabulary
seat blaṣ
a ‫بلصة‬ windshield jjaja ‫الجاجة‬
tire rwiḍ
a ‫رويضة‬ cracked mšquqa ‫مشقوقة‬
smooth memsuнa ‫ممسوحة‬ to be afraid xaf ‫خاف‬
to happen wq ‫ع‬ ‫وقع‬
Expressions
Drive slowly please. ug b ššwiya ‫ع‬afak.
ṣ َ ‫صوگ ب الشوّية‬.
‫عفاك‬
llahumma slama wala
Better safe than sorry. ndama. َ ُ‫الله‬.
‫م سلمة َول ندامة‬
Dialogue
f maнṭ
ṭa d ṭ
ṭaxiyat ّ ‫مح‬
‫طة د الطاكسّيات‬ َ ‫ف‬
l-kurti: blaṣ
a Akka, blaṣ
a Akka. ‫ بلصة أّقا‬،‫بلصة أّقا‬. ‫الكورتي‬:
Max: ana ġadi l Akka. ‫أنا غادي ل أّقا‬. ‫ماكس‬:
l ‫ع‬.
l-kurti: ṭ ‫طلع‬. ‫الكورتي‬:
Max: bllati, xllini n-šuf

.‫ خّليني نشوف الطاكسي بعدا‬،‫لتي‬
ّ ‫ب‬
ṭ
ṭaksi b ‫ع‬da. ma-bġit-š ‫ماكس‬:
‫هد الطاكسي‬
َ ‫ف‬ ‫نمشي‬ ‫بغيتش‬ ‫ما‬.
n-mši f had ṭ ṭ
aksi.
l-kurti: ‫ع‬laš? ‫الكورتي علش؟‬:
Max: rrwayḍmmsuнin u jjaja ‫الروايض ممسوحين و الجاجة‬

‫ماكس‬:
lqddamiya mšquqa. ّ ‫الق‬.
‫دامّية مشقوقة‬
l-kurti:
ġir zid ma-t-xaf-š, ma ‫ ما غادي يوقع‬،‫غير زيد ما تخافش‬
‫الكورتي‬:
ġadi y-wq ‫ ع‬walu. ‫والو‬.
Max: šuf liya ši ṭ

axi mzyan َ ‫شوف لّيا شي طاكسي مزيان‬. ‫ماكس‬:
‫عفاك‬
‫ع‬afak.
l-kurti: xṣ
ṣk t-tsnna šwiya. ّ ‫خ‬. ‫الكورتي‬:
‫صك ّتسّنى شوّية‬
Max: lwqt maši muškil. ‫م سلمة َول‬

َ ُ‫ الله‬.‫كل‬
ِ ‫مش‬
ُ ‫ماكس الوقت ماشي‬:
llahumma slama wala ‫ندامة‬.
ndama.
Questions
1. fin kayn Max? 1. ‫فين كاين ماكس؟‬
2. fin ġadi Max? 2. ‫فين غادي ماكس؟‬
3. ‫ع‬laš ma-mša-š f ṭ
ṭaxi lli šaf? 3. ‫علش ما مشاش ف الطاكسي اللي شاف؟‬
4. šnu ṭ
lb mn lkurti? 4. ‫شنو طلب من الكورتي؟‬
English Translation
At the taxi stand
l-kurti: A seat to Aqqa, a seat to Aqqa.
Max: I am going to Aqqa.

l-kurti: Get in.
Max: Wait. Let me see the taxi first. . . . I don’t want to go in this taxi.
l-kurti: Why?
Max: The tires are smooth and the windshield is cracked.
l-kurti: Come on, don’t worry. Nothing is going to happen.
Max: Find me a good taxi.
l-kurti: You have to wait a little bit.
Max: Time is not a problem. Better safe than sorry.
At Work
Vocabulary
to bring in dxxl ‫خل‬
ّ ‫د‬ to lock to šdd m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫شد ّ م‬
to take out xrrj ‫خّرج‬ (something)
to steal srq ‫سرق‬ a lock qfl ‫قفل‬

to be stolen tsrq ‫تسرق‬
Dialogue
f lxdma ‫ف الخدمة‬
lomolog:
ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. jiti
ُ ‫م ع ََلي‬
‫ جيتي بكري اليوم‬.‫كم‬ َ ‫ال‬. ‫لومولوگ‬:
ُ ‫سل‬
bkri lyum.
Patrick: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ši

‫ شي شوّية‬.‫سلم‬ ُ ‫َو عََلي‬. ‫پاتريك‬:
َ ‫كم ال‬
šwiya.
lomolog:
aš hada? ‫ع‬laš dxxlti ‫خلتي الِبسكليت ل‬
ّ ‫هدا؟ علش د‬
َ ‫أش‬
‫لومولوگ‬:
lbisklit l lbiru. ‫البيرو‬.
Patrick: ah, ġadi y-tsrq ila

‫ غادي يتسرق إل خّليتو بّرا‬،‫آه‬. ‫پاتريك‬:
xllitu brra.
lomolog: welakin hadi maši blaṣ
a d
‫هدي ماشي بلصة د الِبسكليت‬ ِ َ ‫وَل‬. ‫لومولوگ‬:
َ ‫كن‬
lbisklit.
Patrick: iyeh, welakin aš ġadi
ِ َ ‫ وَل‬،‫پاتريك إيه‬:
‫كن أش غادي ندير؟‬
ndir?
lomolog: dir qfl l lbisklit u šddu ‫ع الباب‬ ّ ‫لومولوگ دير قفل ل الِبسكليت و ش‬:
َ ‫دو م‬
m ‫ع‬a lbab dyal brra. ‫ديال بّرا‬.
Patrick: fikra mzyana. ma-fkkrt-š ّ ‫ ما ف‬.‫ِفكرة مزيانة‬. ‫پاتريك‬:

‫كرتش فيها‬
fiha.
lomolog: weš ‫ع‬ndk qfl? ‫لومولوگ واش عندك قفل؟‬:
Patrick:
iyeh, ‫ع‬ndi. n-xrrju daba
‫ع الباب‬ ّ ‫ نخّرجو َدبا و نش‬.‫ عندي‬،‫إيه‬. ‫پاتريك‬:
َ ‫دو م‬
u n-šddu m ‫ع‬a lbab.
lomolog: sdd t-lqa ma-t-нll. ّ ‫سد ّ تلقى ما تح‬. ‫لومولوگ‬:

‫ل‬
Questions
1. ‫ع‬laš dxxl Patrick lbisklit l
lbiru? 1. ‫خل پاتريك الِبسكليت ل البيرو؟‬
ّ ‫علش د‬
2. šnu gal lomolog l Patrick? 2. ‫شنو گال لومولوگ ل پاتريك؟‬
3. šnu dar Patrick f ttali? 3. ‫شنو دار پاتريك ف التالي؟‬
English Translation
At work
counterpart: Peace be upon you. You came in early today.
Patrick: Peace be upon you too. A little bit.
counterpart: What’s this? Why did you bring your bicycle into the office?
Patrick: Oh. It will be stolen if I leave it outside.
counterpart: But this is not the place for bicycles.
Patrick: Yes, but what should I do?
counterpart: Use a lock with the bicycle, and lock it to the gate.
Patrick: Good idea. I didn’t think about that.
counterpart: Do you have a lock?
Patrick: Yes, I have one. I’ll take it outside now and lock it to the gate.
counterpart: Lock now what you will find later.
Forgetting a Wallet in a Taxi / Filing a Report

Vocabulary
police bulis ‫بوليس‬ to lose wḍ
ḍr ‫ضر‬
ّ ‫و‬
police station kumisariya ‫كوميسارّية‬ to forget nsa ‫نسى‬
bzṭ
am to save ‫ع‬tq
wallet ‫بزطام‬ ‫عتق‬
(someone)
Expressions
Help me. ‫ع‬awnni. ‫عاوّني‬.
I lost my passport. wḍ
ḍrt lppasppor. ّ ‫و‬.
‫ضرت الّپاسپور‬
I forgot my wallet in... nsit lbzṭ
am dyali f... ‫ نسيت البزطام ديالي ف‬...
Where’s the police station? fin lkumisariya? ‫فين الكوميسارّية؟‬
Help me! (use only in extreme ‫ع‬tqu rruн. ‫عتقو الروح‬.
danger)
Dialogue
Brian: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ‫كم‬ُ ‫م ع ََلي‬ُ ‫سل‬َ ‫ال‬. ‫برايان‬:
bulis: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ‫سلم‬
َ ‫كم ال‬ ُ ‫َو ع ََلي‬. ‫بوليس‬:
Brian: smн li, nsit lbzṭam ‫ نسيت البزطام ديالي ف واحد‬،‫سمح لي‬
‫برايان‬:
dyali f waнd ṭ
ṭaksi. ‫الطاكسي‬.
bulis: waxxa, šnu smitk? ّ َ‫بوليس و‬:
‫ شنو سميتك؟‬،‫خا‬
Brian: smiti Brian .... ‫سميتي برايان‬. ‫برايان‬:

bulis: šnu kayn f lbzṭ
am? ‫بوليس شنو كاين ف البزطام؟‬:
Brian: fih lppasppor dyali u
500 ‫فيه الّپاسپور ديالي و واحد لكارط ڤيزا و‬
waнd lakarṭviza u 500 ‫برايان‬:
‫درهم‬.
drhm.
bulis:
weš ‫ع‬qlti ‫ع‬la nnmra dyal
‫بوليس واش عقلتي على النمرة ديال الطاكسي؟‬:
ṭ
ṭaksi?
Brian: 45. 45. ‫برايان‬:

bulis: waxxa, xlli liya rrqm d
ttilifun dyalk, ġadi
‫ غادي‬،‫ خّلي لّيا الرقم د الت ِِلفون ديالك‬،‫خا‬
ّ َ‫و‬
lu bik mn b ‫ع‬d.
nttaṣ ‫بوليس‬:
‫نّتصلو بيك من بعد‬.
Brian: šukran. ً ‫شكرا‬

ُ . ‫برايان‬:
bulis: lla šukran ‫ع‬ala wajib. ‫جب‬ َ ً ‫شكرا‬
ِ ‫على وا‬ ُ ّ ‫ل‬. ‫بوليس‬:
Questions
1. fin mša Brian? ‫ع‬laš? 1. ‫فين مشى برايان؟ علش؟‬
2. weš tsrq lih lbzṭ
am? 2. ‫واش تسرق ليه البزطام؟‬
English Translation
Brian: Peace be upon you.
police: Peace be upon you too.
Brian: Excuse me, I forgot my wallet in a taxi.
police: Okay, what’s your name?
Brian: My name is Brian ...
police: What was in the wallet?
Brian: My passport, a Visa card, and 500 dirham.
police: Do you remember the taxi’s number?
Brian: 45.
police: Okay, leave me your phone number, we’ll call you later.
Brian: Thanks.
police: It’s my duty.
Butagas
Vocabulary
metal regulator
butane gas lbuṭ
a between gas lmagana
‫البوطا‬ ‫مگانة‬
َ ‫ال‬
tank tank and hose
gas lgaz ‫الگاز‬ to test jrrb ‫جّرب‬

CO detector dditiktur ‫الد ِِتكتور‬ to close (tank) sdd ّ ‫سد‬
battery lнjra ‫الحجرة‬ to open (tank) нll ّ ‫ح‬
‫ل‬
gasket jjlda d to turn on /

‫الجلدة د البوطا‬ xddm ‫دم‬
ّ ‫خ‬
(rubber ring) lbuṭ
a to make work
torn mqṭ
ṭ‫(ع‬a) ّ ‫)مق‬
‫طع)ة‬ to change bddl ‫دل‬
ّ ‫ب‬
hose ttiyu ‫التّيو‬ to tighten ziyr ‫زّير‬
odor / smell rriнa ‫الريحة‬ to smell šmm ‫م‬
ّ ‫ش‬
ring lxatm ‫الخاتم‬
Expressions
There is a gas smell. kayna rriнa d lgaz. ‫كاينة الريحة د الگاز‬.
Turn on the detector. xddm dditiktur. ّ ‫خ‬.
‫دم الد ِِتكتور‬
Test the butagas tank with water jrrb lbuṭa b lma u
‫جّرب البوطا ب الما و الصابون‬.
and soap. ṣ
s a
̣ bun.
Change the rubber ring if it’s bddl jjlda d lbuṭ

a ila
‫ع‬at.
tqṭ ّ ‫ب‬.
‫دل الجلدة د البوطا إل تقطعات‬
torn.
Dialogue
ima ‫ع‬nd Caroline
Faṭ ‫طمة عند كارولين‬
ِ ‫فا‬
Fatima: ahlan bixir. ‫أهل ً ِبخير‬. ‫طمة‬
ِ ‫فا‬:
Caroline: bixir lнamdullah, mrнba
bik. َ ‫ِبخير ال‬.
‫ مرحبا بيك‬،‫حمد ُ الله‬ ‫كارولين‬:
Fatima: šukran. aji šmmit rriнa d
lbuṭa. ّ ‫ أجي ش‬.ً ‫شكرا‬
‫ميت الريحة د البوطا‬ ُ . ‫طمة‬
ِ ‫فا‬:
Caroline: ma-šmmit-š, rah ‫ع‬ndi ‫كارولين‬:
dditiktur d lgaz welakin ‫ راه عندي الد ِِتكتور د الگاز‬،‫ميتش‬
ّ ‫ما ش‬
ma-fih-š lнjra. ‫كن ما فيهش الحجرة‬ ِ َ ‫وَل‬.
Fatima: ِ ‫فا‬:
‫طمة‬
xṣ
ṣk t-xddmih dima, had ‫هد الشي ماشي‬ َ ،‫دميه ديما‬
ّ ‫صك تخ‬ّ ‫خ‬
šši maši l ‫ع‬b. aji nšufu ‫ أجي نشوفو الجلدة د البوطا‬.‫لعب‬
jjlda d lbuṭa b ‫ع‬da. ‫بعدا‬.
Caroline: waxxa. ّ َ‫و‬. ‫كارولين‬:

‫خا‬
Fatima: jjlda mqṭṭ‫ع‬a. had šši ‫صنا‬ َ
ّ ‫ خ‬.‫خطر‬ َ ‫هد الشي‬ ّ
َ . ‫طمة الجلدة مقطعة‬ ِ ‫فا‬:
xaṭar. xṣ
ṣna n-bddluha u ‫دلوها و من بعد نجّربو ب الما و‬
ّ ‫نب‬
mn b ‫ع‬d n-jrrbu b lma u ‫الصابون‬.
ṣ
ṣabun.
Caroline: fikra mzyana. ‫ِفكرة مزيانة‬. ‫كارولين‬:
Questions
1. ‫ع‬laš ma-xddmat-š Caroline
dditiktur d lgaz? 1. ‫دماتش كارولين الدِِتكتور د الگاز؟‬
ّ ‫علش ما خ‬
2. šnu lmuškil f lbuṭ
a dyal
Caroline? 2. ‫كل ف البوطا ديال كارولين؟‬
ِ ‫مش‬
ُ ‫شنو ال‬
3. šnu xṣ
ṣCaroline u Faṭ
ima y-diru? 3. ‫طمة يديرو؟‬
ِ ‫ص كارولين و فا‬
ّ ‫شنو خ‬
English Translation
Fatima: Hello, how are you?
Caroline: Fine, thanks be to God. Welcome.
Fatima: Thanks. Come here . . . I smell gas.

Caroline: I don’t smell it. I have a gas detector but it ran out of batteries.
Fatima: You should always have it on. This is no game. Let’s look at the
rubber gasket ring first.
Caroline: Okay.
Fatima: You see, the rubber ring is torn. This is dangerous. We have to
change it, then test it with water and soap.
Caroline: Good idea.
Hash
Vocabulary
hashish lнšiš ‫الحشيش‬ to use st ‫ع‬ml ‫ستعمل‬
quality kaliti / nu ‫ع‬ ‫ نوع‬/ ‫كاليتي‬ sticking to /
bothering laṣ
q ‫لصق‬
to smoke kma ‫كمى‬ someone
Dialogue
Jalil:
aji axay, weš katqllb ‫ع‬la ‫كتقّلب على‬
َ ‫ واش‬،‫أجي أخاي‬
‫الحشيش؟‬ َ :
‫جليل‬
lнšiš?
Scott:
lla, sir f нalk. ana ‫ أنا ما‬.‫ سير ف حالك‬،‫ل‬ّ
َ ‫سكوت‬:
makanst ‫ع‬mlu-š. ‫كنستعملوش‬.
Jalil: aji, rah ‫ع‬ndi kaliti zwina ‫ راه عندي كاليتي زوينة من‬،‫أجي‬
‫كتامة‬. َ :
‫جليل‬
mn ktama.
Scott: glt lik sir f нalk. b ‫ع ع‬d ‫ أنا‬.‫ بّعد مّني‬.‫سكوت گلت ليك سير ف حالك‬:
mnni. ana ma-kankmi-š. ‫كنكميش‬َ ‫ما‬.
Jalil:
šuf, n-dir m ‫ع‬ak taman
mzyan. َ َ ‫ ندير معاك ت‬،‫شوف‬. ‫جليل‬
‫من مزيان‬ َ :
Scott: šuf nta, ila bqiti laṣ

qni ‫سكوت‬:
‫ إل بقيتي لصقني غادي‬،‫ت‬ َ ‫شوف ن‬
ġadi n-gulha l lbulis. ana ‫كنكميش‬َ ‫ أنا ما‬.‫نگولها ل البوليس‬.
ma-kankmi-š.
Jalil: lbulis! ṣ
afi lla y-‫ع‬awnk. ‫البوليس! صافي الله يعاونك‬. ‫جليل‬
َ :
Questions
1. m ‫ع‬a mn tlaqa Scott? 1. ‫مَع من تلقى سكوت؟‬
2. šnu bġa mnnu Jalil? 2. ‫جليل؟‬
َ ‫شنو بغى مّنو‬
3. weš šra Scott lнšiš? 3. ‫واش شرى سكوت الحشيش؟‬
4. ‫ع‬laš xaf Jalil u mša b нalu? 4. ‫جليل و مشى ب حالو؟‬
َ ‫علش خاف‬
English Translation
Jalil: Come here (brother), are you looking for hash?
Scott: No, go away. I don’t use it.
Jalil: Come on, it’s good stuff from Ktama.
Scott: I said go away. I don’t smoke.
Jalil: Look, I’ll give you a good price.
Scott: You look, if you keep bothering me I’ll call the police. I don’t smoke.
Jalil: Police! Okay, may God help you.
Theft
Vocabulary
šffar /
theft ssrqa ‫السرقة‬ thief ‫ سّراق‬/ ‫فار‬
ّ ‫ش‬
srraq
danger xaṭ
ar َ ‫خ‬
‫طر‬ َ to touch qas ‫قاس‬
dangerous xaṭ
ir ‫خطير‬
َ to forgive smн l... ‫سمح ل‬...
make a statement /
sjjl d ‫ع‬wa ‫جل دعوة‬
ّ ‫س‬ he attacked me t ‫ع‬dda ‫ع‬liya ‫دى علّيا‬
ّ ‫تع‬
file a report
summons stid ‫ع‬a ‫سِتدعاء‬ he snatched my... xṭ

f liya... ‫ خطف لّيا‬...
witness šahd ‫شاهد‬ he slapped me ṣ

rfqni ‫صرفقني‬
testimony šahada َ
‫شهادة‬ he hit me ḍ
rbni ‫ضربني‬
police lbulis ‫البوليس‬ he spit on me dfl ‫ع‬liya ‫دفل علّيا‬
l-inspiktur he grabbed me šddni mn...

police inspector ‫لنسّپيكتور‬ ّ ‫ش‬...
‫دني من‬
from...
police car farguniṭ ‫َفرگونيط‬ he cursed me sbbni ‫سّبني‬
report rappur ‫راّپور‬ he stole my... srq liya... ‫ سرق لّيا‬...
law lqanun ‫القانون‬ he insulted me ‫ع‬ayrni ‫عايرني‬

нuquq ‫حقوق‬
ُ
human rights to call (the police) ‫ع‬iyṭl ‫عّيط ل‬
l'insan ‫النسان‬
lawyer muнami ِ ‫محام‬
ُ court mнkama َ ‫مح‬
‫كمة‬
medical certificate / šahada
َ
‫شهادة ط ِب ّّية‬
report ṭ
ibbiya
Expressions
fin 'aqrab kumisariya /
Where’s the closest police / brigad d jjundarm, ‫ بريگاد د‬/ ‫فين أقَرب كوميسارّية‬
gendarme station, please. ‫عفاك؟‬
َ ،‫الجوندارم‬
‫ع‬afak?
I want to make a statement bġit n-bllġ ‫ع‬la ssrqa /

/ ‫ إعِتداء‬/ ‫رقة‬ َ ‫بغيت نبّلغ على ال‬
ِ ‫س‬
about a theft / an attack / sexual i ‫ع‬tida' / taнrruš
jinsi.
‫جنسي‬ِ ‫َتحّرش‬.
harassment.
What police station should I go lašmn kumisariya xṣ

ṣni
‫صني نمشي؟‬
ّ ‫لشمن كوميسارّية خ‬
to? n-mši?
Take me to the closest police ddini l 'aqrab

َ ،‫ّديني ل أقَرب كوميسارّية‬.
‫عفاك‬
station, please. kumisariya, ‫ع‬afak.
Be careful! нḍ
i rask! ‫!حضي راسك‬
Pay attention. rdd balk. ‫رد ّ بالك‬.
Come with me to the police. zid m ‫ع‬aya l lbulis. ‫زيد معايا ل البوليس‬.
Dialogue
John: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ‫كم‬ُ ‫م ع ََلي‬
ُ ‫سل‬ َ ‫ال‬. ‫دجون‬:
bulis: wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. šnu xṣ ṣ
k? ‫صك؟‬ ّ ‫ شنو خ‬.‫سلم‬ ُ َ
َ ‫بوليس َو ع َليكم ال‬:
John: bġit n-bllġ ‫ع‬la ši srqa. ‫بغيت نبّلغ على شي سرقة‬. ‫دجون‬:
bulis: weš lik nta? ‫ت؟‬ َ ‫بوليس واش ليك ن‬:
John: iyeh. ‫إّيه‬. ‫دجون‬:
bulis: waxxa, ‫ع‬ṭini lppaspor dyalk. ‫ عطيني الّپاسپور ديالك‬،‫خا‬ ّ َ‫و‬. ‫بوليس‬:
John: ‫ع‬ndi ġir la-kart d sejur, hak. ‫ هاك‬،‫عندي غير لكارت د سيجور‬. ‫دجون‬:
bulis: нtta hiya mzyana. šnu srq lik? u
fuqaš? َ ِ ‫بوليس حّتى ه‬:
‫ شنو سرق ليك؟ و فوقاش؟‬.‫ي مزيانة‬
John: ṣ
ak, f 3:00. 3:00 ‫ ف‬،‫صاك‬. ‫دجون‬:
bulis: kif dar srq lik ṣṣak? ‫بوليس كيف دار سرق ليك الصاك؟‬:
John: xṭfu liya mn ktfi. ‫خطفو لّيا من كتفي‬. ‫دجون‬:
bulis: kif dayr had ššffar? wṣ fu liya. ‫فار؟ وصفو لّيا‬
ّ ‫هد الش‬َ ‫كيف داير‬. ‫بوليس‬:
John: ṭ
wil u labs djin u tšurt нmr. ‫طويل و لبس دجين و تيشورت حمر‬. ‫دجون‬:
bulis: šnu kayn f had ṣṣ
ak b ḍḍ
bt? ‫هد الصاك ب الضبط؟‬ َ ‫بوليس شنو كاين ف‬:
John: ‫ع‬ndi fih tilifun u fuṭ a u ktab u ‫جلة‬
ّ ‫مس‬
ُ ‫و‬ ‫كتاب‬ ‫و‬ ‫فوطة‬ ‫و‬ ‫لفون‬ ِ ِ ‫دجون عندي فيه ت‬:
musjjala ṣġira (walkman) u 200 ‫ درهم‬200 ‫صغيرة )والكمان( و‬.
drhm.
bulis: waxxa, a sidi. ġadi ndiru lbнt ‫بوليس‬:
lu bik mn b ‫ع‬d.
dyalna u ntaṣ ‫ غادي نديرو البحت ديالنا و‬.‫ أ سيدي‬،‫خا‬
ّ َ‫و‬
‫نتاصلو بيك من بعد‬.
John: ṣ
afi, weš n-mši? ‫ واش نمشي؟‬،‫دجون صافي‬:
bulis:
lla, tsnna нtta taxud m ‫ع‬ak nsxa
‫خد معاك نسخة من الراّپور‬ ّ . ‫بوليس‬:
ُ ‫ تسّنى حّتى تا‬،‫ل‬
mn rrappur.
John: waxxa šukran. ً ‫شكرا‬ ّ َ‫و‬. ‫دجون‬:

ُ ‫خا‬
bulis: hak, daba ntaṣ
lu bik. нḍ
i rask
ُ ‫ حضي راسك مّرة‬.‫ َدبا نتاصلو بيك‬،‫هاك‬. ‫بوليس‬:
‫خرى‬
mrra xura.
English Translation
John: Peace be upon you.
police officer: Peace be upon you too. Can I help you?
John: I want to report a theft.
police officer: Are you the victim?
John: Yes.
police officer: Okay, your passport, please.

John: I have only my “carte de sejour.” Here you are.
police officer: That’s okay. What was stolen from you and
when?
John: A bag at 3:00.
police officer: How was it stolen?
John: A man snatched it from my shoulder.
police officer: Can you describe the thief?
John: He’s tall, wearing jeans and a red T-shirt.
police officer: What exactly did you have in the bag?
John: A cell phone, a towel, a book, a walkman, and
200 dirham.
police officer: Okay, sir, we’ll do our investigation and we’ll get
in touch with you later.
John: That’s it? Can I leave?
police officer: Wait a minute, you’ve got to take a photocopy of
the report.
John: Okay, thanks.
police officer: Here you are. We’ll get in touch with you. Be
careful in the future.
House Security / Doors and Windows

Vocabulary
sliding metal bolt
lock qfl ‫قفل‬ zzkrum ‫الزكروم‬
for locking doors
sudur /
welder ‫داد‬
ّ ‫ ح‬/ ‫سدور‬
ُ iron bars barrat ‫باّرات‬
нddad
latch / bolt ssaqṭ
a ‫الساقطة‬ hardware store ddrogri ‫الدروگري‬
Dialogue
Jamal: ssalamu ‫ع‬alaykum. ُ ‫م عََلي‬
‫كم‬ َ ‫ال‬. ‫جمال‬
ُ ‫سل‬ َ :
Carlos:
wa ‫ع‬alaykum ssalam. ُ ‫َو عََلي‬. ‫كارلوس‬:
‫ مرحبا بيك‬.‫سلم‬
َ ‫كم ال‬
mrнba bik.
Jamal: aš katdir f ḍ-ḍ

ar? ‫كتدير ف الدار؟‬ َ ‫أش‬ َ :
‫جمال‬
Carlos: walu, ġir gals. ‫ غير گالس‬،‫والو‬. ‫كارلوس‬:
Jamal: yallah n-xrju. ‫يالله نخرجو‬. َ :
‫جمال‬
Carlos: waxxa. ّ َ‫و‬.
‫خا‬ ‫كارلوس‬:
Jamal: šnu hada? had lqfl ‫واحد‬ ‫صك‬
ّ ‫خ‬ .‫يان‬
ّ ‫ع‬ ‫القفل‬ ‫هد‬
َ ‫هدا؟‬
َ ‫شنو‬ ‫جمال‬َ :
‫ع‬iyan. xṣṣ
k waнd ṣ
нiн. u ّ ‫صك ساقطة باش تسد‬ ّ ‫ و خ‬.‫صحيح‬
xṣ
ṣk saqṭ
a baš t-sdd ‫لداخل‬.
ldaxl.
Carlos: fikra mzyana. mnin ġadi ‫ منين غادي نشريُهم؟‬.‫كارلوس ِفكرة مزيانة‬:
n-šrihum?
Jamal: ّ ‫جمال من الدروگري ول ّ من السوق غ‬
‫ و‬.‫دا‬ َ :
‫صو باّرات ديال‬ ّ ‫هد السرجم خ‬ َ ‫حّتى‬
‫ أجي نمشيو عند‬.‫الحديد باش تهّنى‬
mn ddrugri wlla mn ssuq .‫هد السرجم َدبا‬ َ ‫سدور نصاوبو‬ ُ ‫ال‬
ġdda. u нtta had ssrjm ‫صك غير تشد ّ العبار ديالو‬ّ ‫خ‬.
xṣ
ṣu barrat dyal lнdid
baš thnna. aji nmšiu ‫ع‬nd
ssudur nṣawbu had ssrjm
daba. xṣ ṣ
k ġir tšdd l
‫ع‬bar dyalu.
Carlos: hadi fikra mu ‫ع‬tabara. ‫معت ََبرة‬ َ . ‫كارلوس‬:

ُ ‫هدي ِفكرة‬
Jamal: iyeh, llahumma slama
َ ُ‫ الله‬،‫إّيه‬. ‫جمال‬
‫م سلمة َول ندامة‬ َ :
wala ndama.
Questions
1. šnu kan Carlos kaydir? َ ‫شنو كان كارلوس‬
1. ‫كيدير؟‬
2. šnu lmuškil dyal Carlos? 2. ‫كل ديال كارلوس؟‬ِ ‫مش‬ُ ‫شنو ال‬
3. šnu xṣ
ṣCarlos ydir? 3. ‫ص كارلوس يدير؟‬
ّ ‫شنو خ‬
4. mnin ġadi y-šri lqfl u ssaqṭ
a? 4. ‫منين غادي يشري القفل و الساقطة؟‬
5. ‫ع‬nd mn ġadi y-ṣ
awb lbarrat? 5. ‫عند من غادي يصاوب الباّرات؟‬
English Translation
Jamal: Peace be upon you.
Carlos: And peace be upon you too. Welcome.
Jamal: What are you doing at home?
Carlos: Nothing, just sitting around.
Jamal: Let’s go out.
Carlos: Okay.
Jamal: What is this? This lock is not strong. You need a strong one. You also need a
sliding metal bolt in order to lock the door from the inside.
Carlos: Good idea. Where can I get these from?
Jamal: From the hardware store or from souk tomorrow. Also this window needs iron bars
for you to feel safe. Let’s go to the welder’s to fix this window now. You need to
measure it.
Carlos: Excellent idea.
Jamal: It’s better to be safe than sorry.
Political Harassment
Vocabulary
to end wqf ‫وقف‬ population, šš ‫ع‬b ‫الشعب‬
war lнrb ‫الحرب‬ people
citizen muwaṭ
in ‫طن‬
ِ ‫موا‬
ُ for m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫م‬
normal ‫ع‬adi ‫عادي‬ against ḍ
edd ّ ‫ضد‬
freedom lнuriya ‫حرّية‬
ُ ‫ال‬ to convince qn ‫ع‬ ‫قنع‬
ddimuqraṭ
iya ّ ‫الديموقراطي‬ lqtila
democracy ‫ة‬
killing ‫القتيلة‬
subject u‫ع‬
muḍ ‫موضوع‬ to kill qtl ‫قتل‬
Dialogue
kan John gals f lqhwa kayqra َ ‫كان دجون گالس ف القهوة‬
‫كيقرى "نيوزويك" و كانو‬
"Newsweek" u kanu nnas kaytfrrju f ‫" واحد من الناس گال ل‬.‫جزيرة‬ َ ‫الناس‬
َ ‫كيتفّرجو ف "ال‬
"Al-Jazira." waнd mn nnas gal l John: ‫دجون‬:
muwaṭ
in: hḍ
r m ‫ع‬a Bush y-wqqf had
َ ‫هضر م‬. ‫طن‬
َ ‫ع بوش يوّقف‬
‫هد الحرب‬ ُ :
ِ ‫موا‬
lнrb.
John: ana ġir muwaṭin ‫ع‬adi mn ‫دجون‬:
mirikan. xdmti hiya n ‫ع‬awn ‫ خدمتي‬.‫طن عادي من ِمريكان‬ ِ ‫موا‬
ُ ‫أنا غير‬
nnas f lmġrib. had šši lli ‫هد الشي‬َ . ‫رب‬ِ ‫ي نعاون الناس ف المغ‬َ ِ‫ه‬
‫صافي‬ .‫كنعرف‬ َ ‫اللي‬.
kan ‫ع‬rf. ṣ
afi.
muwaṭ
in: welakin katgulu ‫ع‬ndkum ‫طن‬ ُ :
ِ ‫موا‬
lнuriya u ddimuqraṭ
iya. ‫حرّية و‬ ُ ‫كتگولو عند‬
ُ ‫كم ال‬ ِ َ ‫وَل‬
َ ‫كن‬
‫الديموقراطّية‬.
John: had šši bṣ

ṣн welakin ana ‫دجون‬:
ġir mirikani ‫ع‬adi mn šš ‫ع‬b. ‫مريكاني‬ ِ َ ‫صح وَل‬
ِ ‫كن أنا غير‬ ّ ‫هد الشي ب‬
َ
‫عادي من الشعب‬.
muwaṭ
in: kulkum bнal bнal, katbġiu ‫ ف‬.‫كتبغيو الحرب‬ َ ،‫كم بحال بحال‬ ُ ‫كل‬
ُ ‫طن‬ ُ :
ِ ‫موا‬
lнrb. f mirikan ktr mn 50% .‫الحرب‬ ‫ع‬
َ ‫م‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫د‬ % 50 ‫من‬ ‫كتر‬ ‫مريكان‬ ِ
d nnas m ‫ع‬a lнrb. нtta ‫ت منُهم‬َ ‫حّتى ن‬.
nta mnhum.
John:
lla. ana m ‫ع‬a 50% xora lli
‫خرى اللي ضد ّ الحرب‬ َ ‫ أنا م‬.ّ ‫ل‬. ‫دجون‬:
ُ % 50 ‫ع‬
ḍ
edd lнrb.
in: kifaš ġadi n-‫ع‬rfu?
muwaṭ ‫طن كيفاش غادي نعرفو؟‬ ِ ‫موا‬ُ :
John: kifaš ġadi n-qn ‫ع‬k? ‫دجون كيفاش غادي نقنعك؟‬:
muwaṭ
in: ma-n-‫ع‬rf welakin mirikan ‫طن‬ِ ‫موا‬ُ :
xṣ
ṣha t-wqqf lqtila dyal ‫صها توّقف‬
ّ ‫مريكان خ‬ ِ َ ‫ما نعرف وَل‬
ِ ‫كن‬
nnas. ‫القتيلة ديال الناس‬.
John: mttafq m ‫ع‬ak. ‫مّتافق معاك‬. ‫دجون‬:

bqat waнd lmjmu ‫ع‬a d nnas f lqhwa َ ‫كيتكّلمو على‬
‫هد‬ َ ‫بقات واحد المجموعة د الناس ف القهوة‬
kaytkllmu ‫ع‬la had lmuḍu ‫ ع‬u kayšufu f ‫ دجون خّلص قهوتو و مشى‬.‫كيشوفو ف دجون‬ َ ‫الموضوع و‬
John. John xllṣqhwtu u mša f нalu. ‫ف حالو‬.
Questions
1. fin kan John? 1. ‫فين كان دجون؟‬
2. šnu kan kaydir? َ ‫شنو كان‬
2. ‫كيدير؟‬
3. šnu kanu nnas kaydiru? َ ‫شنو كانو الناس‬
3. ‫كيديرو؟‬
4. šnu hiya lxdma dyal John f
lmġrib? 4. ‫رب؟‬
ِ ‫ي الخدمة ديال دجون ف المغ‬
َ ِ‫شنو ه‬
5. weš mirikan kulha m ‫ع‬a lнrb? ُ ‫مريكان‬
5. ‫كلها مَع الحرب؟‬ ِ ‫واش‬
6. weš John m ‫ع‬a wlla ḍ

dd lнrb? 6. ‫واش دجون مَع ول ّ ضد ّ الحرب؟‬
7. šnu dar John f ttali? 7. ‫شنو دار دجون ف التالي؟‬
English Translation
John was sitting in a café reading “Newsweek.” Some people there were watching “Al-Jazeera.”
One of the men at the café said to John:
Moroccan
Talk to Bush about stopping this war.
citizen:
John: I’m just a normal citizen from America. My job is to help people in Morocco.
That’s all I know.
Moroccan
But in America you say you have freedom and democracy.
citizen:
John: That’s true, but I am just a normal American.
Moroccan You are all the same. You all like war. In America more than 50% of the people
citizen: are for the war. You are one of them.
John: No, I am with the other Americans against the war.
Moroccan
How are we going to know?
citizen:
John: How can I convince you?
Moroccan
I don’t know but America must stop killing people.
citizen:
John: I agree.
A group of people in the café kept talking about the subject of the war. They were looking at John.
John paid for his coffee and left.
Appendices
Pronunciation of Moroccan Arabic 144
Supplementary Grammar Lessons 148
More Useful Expressions 157
Moroccan Holidays 159
Glossary of Verbs 163
Pronunciation of Moroccan Arabic
Despite what you may think at first, it is indeed possible for you to learn how to pronounce the sounds
of Moroccan Arabic. Learning to pronounce Arabic sounds correctly entails two things: first, becoming
aware of how to make the different sounds and, second, practicing with a native speaker. This chapter
will help you with the first task.
Understanding How Sounds Are Made

Before we move directly into how to pronounce Arabic sounds, let’s first understand how sounds are
made in general. Then we can use this knowledge in order to work on Arabic sounds.
Fricatives and Stops
Make the /s/ sound. Notice how air is being forced through the space between your tongue and the
gum ridge in your mouth. When a sound is produced like this, by forcing air between some small
opening, that sound is called a fricative. Make the /f/ sound. This sound is also a fricative, because in
order to make it we must force air between our teeth and our bottom lip. Some sounds in English that
are fricatives are: /s/, /z/, /sh/, /th/, /f/, /v/, and others.
Now make the /t/ sound. Here, we are not forcing air through a small opening at a constant pressure,
but rather we completely block the air flow for a moment, and then release the air stream in one big
burst. A sound that is produced by blocking the air flow, and then releasing it, is called a stop. Make
the /k/ sound. This is another “stop” because again, you will notice how we build up a lot of pressure
with air, and then release it. Some stops in English are: /t/, /k/, /g/, /b/, /p/, and others.
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
We can also categorize consonant sounds according to whether we use our voice box or not. Make
the /s/ sound. While making the sound, hold your hand over your throat. Now make the /z/ sound,
still holding your hand to your throat. You’ll notice that with /s/, we don’t use our voice box, but
with /z/, our voice box vibrates. Sounds like /s/ are called voiceless, since we don’t use our voice box.
Sounds like /z/ are called voiced, since our voice box vibrates. Make the sound /t/. Is it voiceless or
voiced? Now make the sound /d/. Voiceless or voiced?∗
Let’s look now at some of the difficult Arabic sounds, using what we know about sounds in general.
Pronunciation of Non-English Consonants

The Sound “q“ (‫)ق‬
The q sound is similar to the k sound. Both are voiceless “stops” that are made by releasing air
forcefully after completely blocking the air flow momentarily. The only difference is where in the
throat the speaker blocks the air flow. The q sound will be made further back in the throat than the k
sound. Try the following exercise.
First, take a minute to become more familiar with your throat muscles. Open your mouth and say aah,
as if you were at the doctor’s office. Your tongue should be flat in your mouth. Without raising your
tongue, pull it back so that the base of your tongue closes off air by pulling back against the throat. At
this point, you should not be able to breathe through your mouth, although it is wide open. Practice
doing this first without making a sound. After performing this exercise several times, make a sound by
releasing the air forcefully. The result will be the sound q.
The Sound “x“ (‫)خ‬

The sound x is a voiceless fricative formed around the same place as the sound q. It is found in many
European languages: the Russian x, the Scottish pronunciation of loch, and the German ch as
pronounced after a back vowel as in Bach. Some people use this sound to say yech! To pronounce x,
make the sound q and pay attention to where the back of your tongue hits the back of the roof of your
∗ The /t/ sound is voiceless and the /d/ sound is voiced. Both are “stops.”
mouth and blocks your windpipe. Instead of closing off the windpipe with the back of your tongue
completely, block it part way, and you will produce this sound.
The Sound “ġ“ (‫)غ‬
The sound ġ is the same sound as the sound x, except it is “voiced.” In other words, if you can make the
sound x, all you need to do is vibrate your voice box at the same time, and you will produce ġ. Think of
the correspondence between the sounds k (kite) and g (game): k is voiceless and g is voiced.
Pronounce k and g several times, paying attention to how your voice changes when you say g. Now say
x several times, and then “voice” it. The result is ġ.
Alternatively, you may think of ġ as similar to the sound you make when gargling. Gargle for a minute
and pay attention to the muscles you use. The sound ġ is pronounced using these same muscles in
similar fashion.
The Emphatic Sounds “ṣ“ (‫)ص‬, “ḍ“ (‫)ض‬, and “ṭ“ (‫)ط‬
The sound ṣ is the emphatic counterpart of the sound s. Pronounce the sound s aloud, and note the
position of your tongue. It should be toward the front of the mouth and high, close to the roof. Now,
starting at the back of your teeth, move your tongue back along the roof of your mouth. You will find a
bony ridge just behind the teeth, before the upward curve of the roof. Put your tongue against this
ridge. The rest of your tongue will drop lower inside your mouth. The emphatic or velarized
consonants in Arabic are pronounced by placing the tip of your tongue in this spot and dropping the
rest of the tongue as low as you can. Thus, the sounds ṣ, ḍ, and ṭ are all made with the tongue in this
position.
All the emphatic sounds are lower in pitch than their non-emphatic counterparts. They are
pronounced with greater muscular tension in the mouth and throat and with a raising of the back and
root of the tongue toward the roof of the mouth. You can notice this contraction of the throat easily by
prolonging the ‘l’ in “full.”
One important note about the emphatic sounds: they deepen the sound of surrounding vowels. Pay
attention to the sound of all vowels near these emphatic sounds, because the quality of the vowels gives
the best indication of the presence of emphatic consonants. One important example is ‫ع‬tini ̣ , “give
me” in Moroccan Arabic. Most trainees will hear the word and think it is pronounced ‫ع‬taynị , with the
middle vowel sound ay instead of i. This is because the emphatic sound ṭ affects the way the i sounds,
making it sound (to the English speaker’s ear) like an ay. It is, in fact, an i however.
The Sound “н“ (‫)ح‬

The sound н is a voiceless fricative pronounced deep in the throat. It has no equivalent in English. In
order to practice this sound, first take a few minutes to become better acquainted with some of your
throat muscles that you use often, but not to speak English. The following exercises are designed to
make you aware of what these muscles can already do, so that you can use them to speak Arabic.
Practice them for a few minutes every day, as often as you can.
1. With your mouth closed, block off your windpipe at your throat. Put your hand on your throat
at the Adam’s apple and constrict the muscles on the inside. You should be able to feel the
muscles contracting. Alternately tighten and relax them for a few minutes.
2. Repeat this with your mouth open. Try to breathe out through your mouth—if you can, you are
not closing off the windpipe entirely.
3. Constrict those same muscles so that air can just barely squeeze through your throat. Imitate
someone fogging a pair of glasses to clean them. The sound of the air coming through your
constricted throat muscles is н. By now, you should be aware of what your throat muscles are
doing.
4. Bend your head down so that your chin rests on the top of your chest, and repeat exercise 3.
This position should make it easier for you to feel what you are doing.
Pronouncing н takes practice, first to pronounce the letter alone, and then to pronounce it surrounded
by other letters in a word. You must learn to pronounce it properly to be understood, and at first, this
will take some concentration on your part. However, the more you practice now, the sooner you will be
able to say it easily.
The Sound “‫)ع“ )ع‬

We now come to one of the most distinctive sounds in Arabic: ‫ع‬. When pronounced correctly, ‫ ع‬has its
own unique beauty and can be a very expressive sound. It is not as difficult to pronounce as one may
first think, but you need to exercise your throat muscles, the same ones that you use to pronounce н.
You should continually be doing the exercises you learned above for н, in which you constricted your
throat muscles as if you were blocking off the air passage from the inside. You can feel this by putting
your hand on your throat. Say н, and feel the muscles contract. Now pronounce the same sound and
“voice” it. That is, say the say sound while vibrating your voice box, changing the breathy sound of н
into the deep, throaty sound of ‫ع‬. The sounds н and ‫ ع‬are only different because н is voiceless and ‫ ع‬is
voiced.
Some trainees think that ‫ ع‬sounds like a vowel, but it is not a vowel. Because we constrict our throat
muscles and force air through the passageway, the sound ‫ ع‬is a fricative. Vowels do not force air
through a partially blocked passageway, and thus cannot be fricatives.
The Arabic “r“ (‫)ر‬
The sound r in Arabic is not the same as the English “r.” It is not difficult, like some of the other
sounds above may seem at first. But because it is new, we include here a short description of it. The
sound is a flap, like the Spanish or Italian “r.” You already know how to make this sound: it is the
sound American English speakers make saying gotta as in gotta go. Say gotta several times in a row
very quickly and pay attention to what your tongue is doing. You should feel it flapping against the roof
of your mouth behind your teeth. Now pronounce the sound alone. Another good exercise is to
practice making a whirring sound: rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr. Do these exercises daily until you have mastered this
sound.
Pronunciation of Shedda
In Arabic, a “shedda” is a pronounced stress upon a letter in a word. In transcription, this stress is
indicated by a doubling of a consonant (see page 3). When there is shedda, it indicates that the
consonant is to be held twice as long as a normal consonant. That is, it should be pronounced for twice
the length of time. This is easy with fluid sounds like z or r. With sounds like b or d, however, you
must begin to say them and pause in the middle of pronouncing them for a second. This may take
some practice at first.
In English, this doubling of a consonant sound never occurs in the middle of words, but is very
common from the end of one word to the beginning of another. Compare the difference between the
single ‘d’ in “lay down” and the double ‘dd’ in “laid down.” Noticing the difference between the single
‘d’ and double ‘dd’ in this example will give you some idea of how a shedda affects pronunciation.
It cannot be stressed enough that shedda affects not only the pronunciation of a word, but also its
meaning, especially for verbs. Recognizing when shedda is used and learning to pronounce it correctly
yourself is an important task in your study of Moroccan Arabic.
The Definite Article

In English, the “definite article” is the word “the.” It is different from the “indefinite articles,” which
are “a” and “an.” In English, the definite article speaks about something specific: I washed the dog
today (you know which dog I’m speaking about). The indefinite the definite
articles talkarticle
about something non-
specific: I saw a dog today (you don’t know the dog I’m speaking about).
In Arabic, the definite article is not always used exactly as in English. When written in Arabic script, it
is composed of two letters, al (‫)ال‬, attached to the beginning of a noun or an adjective. Here is the
Arabic script for “the book”:
‫الكتاب‬
These two letters are always written in Arabic script for a definite article, but they are not always
pronounced. In Moroccan Arabic, the first letter, a (‫)ا‬, is never pronounced. Two possibilities exist,
therefore, for pronouncing the definite article. Sometimes, the second letter, l (‫)ل‬, is pronounced.
Other times, instead of pronouncing the l (‫)ل‬, the first letter of the word is doubled with a “shedda.”
Whether the definite article is pronounced with “ l” or by doubling the first letter with shedda is
determined by which letter is the first letter of the word. Let’s look at these two different possibilities.
The Moon Letters

In the first possibility, the Arabic definite article is pronounced with an l (‫ )ل‬at the beginning of a
word. All words that begin with the following letters follow this rule:
i/y u/w h m k q f ġ ‫ع‬ x н b a
‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬
These letters are called moon letters, because the Arabic word for moon, qamar, begins with one of the
letters in the group. Notice in the following examples that the definite article is pronounced by adding
an l to the word:
a book ktab ‫ كتاب‬a girl bnt ‫بنت‬
the book lktab ‫الكتاب‬ the girl lbnt ‫البنت‬
a boy wld ‫ولد‬ a moon qamar ‫مر‬َ َ‫ق‬
the boy lwld ‫الولد‬ the moon lqamar ‫مر‬
َ ‫ق‬
َ ‫ال‬
The Sun Letters

In the second possibility, the Arabic definite article is pronounced by doubling the first letter of a word
with a “shedda.” All words that begin with the following letters follow this rule:
n l ṭ ḍ ṣ š s z r j t
‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬
These letters are known as sun letters, because the Arabic word for sun, šms, begins with one of the
letters in the group. Notice in the following examples that the definite article is pronounced by
doubling the first letter of the word by using “shedda.”
a house ḍ
ar ‫دار‬ a street znqa ‫زنقة‬
the house ḍ-ḍ
ar ‫الدار‬ the street zznqa ‫الزنقة‬
a man rajl ‫راجل‬ a sun šms ‫شمس‬
the man rrajl ‫الراجل‬ the sun ššms ‫الشمس‬
Supplementary Grammar Lessons
These are lessons you can work on by yourself or with your tutor once you arrive at your site. It is
unlikely you will be able to complete them during stage, unless you already have some experience with
Arabic.
Making Intransitive Verbs into Transitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require a direct object such as:
to come in dxl ‫دخل‬ to be afraid xaf ‫خاف‬

to go out xrj ‫خرج‬ to drink šrb ‫شرب‬
to laugh ḍ
нk ‫ضحك‬ to understand fhm ‫فهم‬
to fall ṭ
aн ‫طاح‬ to go up l‫ع‬
ṭ ‫طلع‬
to go down hbṭ ‫هبط‬
All these verbs are trilateral (i.e. they are made up of three letters) and they can be made transitive by
doubling their middle consonant (i.e. putting a shedda on it). The new transitive verb normally has the
meaning “to make someone do something.” Look at how the meaning changes when the intransitive
verb dнk
̣ “to laugh” is changed into a transitive verb:
You are laughing / you laugh. katḍ

нk. َ .
‫كتضحك‬
You make me laugh. katḍ
ннkni. ‫حكني‬ َ .
ّ ‫كتض‬
Here is a list of verbs commonly used in their transitive form:
to make (someone or dxxl ‫خل‬

ّ ‫د‬
something) enter / to bring in
to make (someone or xrrj ‫خّرج‬
something) exit / to take out
to make (so/sth) laugh ḍ
ннk ‫حك‬
ّ ‫ض‬
to drop / to throw down (i.e. to ṭ
iyн ‫طّيح‬
make something fall)
to frighten (i.e. to make xuwf ‫وف‬
ّ ‫خ‬
someone afraid)
to water (i.e. to make something šrrb
‫شّرب‬
“drink”)
to make (someone) understand / fhhm
‫فّهم‬
to explain
to make go up / to promote / to ll ‫ع‬
ṭ ‫طّلع‬
take up
to bring down / to demote hbbṭ ‫هّبط‬
Some examples:
I brought in a dog to the house dxxlt waнd lklb l ḍ
-ḍ
ar ِ َ ‫خلت واحد الكلب ل الدار وَل‬
‫كن ّبا‬ ّ ‫د‬
but my father took it out. welakin bba xrrju. ‫خّرجو‬.
The clown makes small kids lklun kayḍ
ннk ddrari
‫حك الدراري الصغار‬ َ ‫لكلون‬.
ّ ‫كيض‬
laugh. ṣ
ṣġar.
Take this table out of here, xrrj ‫ع‬afak had ṭ

ṭbla mn
‫هد الطبلة من هنا‬ َ ‫خّرج‬.
َ ‫عفاك‬
please. hna.
Passive Verbs
Transitive verbs can be made passive by adding t (‫ )ت‬to them, as shown below:
to write ktb ‫كتب‬
to be written (masc.) tktb ‫تكتب‬
to be written (fem.) tktbat ‫تكتبات‬
to be written (plur.) tktbu ‫تكتبو‬
to understand fhm ‫فهم‬
to be understood (masc.) tfhm ‫تفهم‬
to be understood (fem.) tfhmat ‫تفهمات‬
to be understood (plur.) tfhmu ‫تفهمو‬
to buy šra ‫شرى‬
to be bought (masc.) tšra ‫تشرى‬
to be bought (fem.) tšrat ‫تشرات‬
to be bought (plur.) tšrau ‫تشراو‬
to steal srq ‫سرق‬
to be stolen (masc.) tsrq ‫تسرق‬
to be stolen (fem.) tsrqat ‫تسرقات‬
to be stolen (plur.) tsrqu ‫تسرقو‬
Some examples:
Ali ate pizza. ‫ع‬li kla lpitza. ‫علي كل الپيتزا‬.
The pizza was eaten. tklat lpitza. ‫تكلت الپيتزا‬.
The teacher wrote the lesson. lustad ktb ddrs. ‫لستاد كتب الدرس‬ُ ‫ا‬.
The lesson was written. ddrs tktb. ‫الدرس تكتب‬.

The students understood the ttlamd fhmu lluġz. ‫التلمد فهمو الُلغز‬.
riddle.
The riddle was understood. lluġz tfhm. ‫الُلغز تفهم‬.
Laila bought some clothes. layla šrat lнwayj. ‫َليلى شرات الحوايج‬.
Some clothes were bought. lнwayj tšrau. ‫الحوايج تشراو‬.
Exercise: Put the sentences below in the passive form.

1. lṣ
ṣq ttṣ
wira f lнiṭ
. 1. ‫صق التصويرة ف الحيط‬
ّ ‫ل‬.
2. ba ‫ع‬u lfllaнa lmнṣ
ul dyalhum. ّ ‫باعو الف‬.
2. ‫لحة المحصول ديالُهم‬
3. ṣ
bnat Jamila lнwayj. 3. ‫جميلة الحوايج‬
َ ‫صبنات‬.
4. hrrs Peter lkisan. 4. ‫هّرس بيتر الكيسان‬.
5. smma Aziz bntu Ibtisam. 5. ‫مى عزيز بنتو إبِتسام‬
ّ ‫س‬.
6. sm ‫ع‬t ṣ
ṣda ‫ ع‬lbarн. 6. ‫سمعت الصداع البارح‬.
7. jlat Lupe lpurṭ
abl. 7. ‫جلت لوپي الپورطابل‬.
b ‫ع‬ha b lmus.
8. jrнat Jill ṣ 8. ‫جرحات دجيل صبعها ب الموس‬.
9. ‫ع‬ṭ
at Aicha lkadu l Malika. 9. ‫عطات عيشة الكادو ل َمليكة‬.
10. kra ši waнd had ḍ
-ḍ
ar. 10. ‫كرى شي واحد َهد الدار‬.
The Past Progressive

The Moroccan Arabic equivalent for the English past progressive (was doing, were doing) is the past of
kan (‫“ )كان‬to be” followed by the present tense. For example:
He was talking. kan kaytkllm. ‫كيتكّلم‬

َ ‫كان‬.
He wasn’t talking. ma-kan-š kaytkllm. ‫كيتكّلم‬
َ ‫ما كانش‬.
You were talking. knti kattkllm. ‫كتتكّلم‬
َ ‫كنتي‬.
I wasn’t working ma-knt-š kanxdm. َ ‫ما كنتش‬.
‫كنخدم‬
She was writing. kant katktb. َ ‫كانت‬.
‫كتكتب‬
This construction can also be translated as “used to.” For example:

I used to sell cars. knt kanbi ‫ ع‬ṭ
ṭumubilat. َ ‫كنت‬.
‫كنبيع الطوموبيلت‬
Whether a given occurrence of this construction is to be translated as past progressive or “used to”
depends upon the context.
I used to travel a lot. knt kansafr bzzaf. َ ‫كنت‬.
‫كنسافر بّزاف‬
When I was in Essaouira, I used mlli knt f ṣ ṣ
wira, knt ‫كل‬ َ ‫ كنت‬،‫مّلي كنت ف الصويرة‬
ُ ‫كنا‬
to eat fish every day. kanakul lнut kul nhar. ُ ‫الحوت‬.
‫كل نهار‬
knt kantfrrj f ttlfaza
I was watching TV when ّ ‫فزة مّلي د‬
‫ق شي‬ َ ‫كنت‬
َ ‫كنتفّرج ف التل‬
mlli dqq ši waнd f
someone knocked at the door. ‫واحد ف الباب‬.
lbab.
knt kanxdm f had
I used to work in this school. ‫هد المدَرسة‬ َ ‫كنت‬.
َ ‫كنخدم ف‬
lmdrasa.
I used to run every morning. knt kanjri kul ṣ baн. ُ ‫كنجري‬
‫كل صباح‬ َ ‫كنت‬.
knt kankmi bzzaf,
I used to smoke a lot but I quit ِ َ ‫ وَل‬،‫كنكمي بّزاف‬
‫كن ما بقيتش‬ َ ‫كنت‬
welakin ma-bqit-š َ .
smoking (don’t smoke anymore). kankmi. ‫كنكمي‬
mlli ana (kan / qra) f jjami ‫ع‬a f

mirikan, (kan / skn) m ‫ع‬a waнd l
‫ع‬a'ila mirikaniya. l ‫ع‬a'ila m ‫ع‬a mn (‫ سكن‬/ ‫ )كان‬،‫مريكان‬ ِ ‫معة ف‬ ِ ‫ قرى( ف الجا‬/ ‫مّلي أنا )كان‬
(kan / skn), ‫ع‬ndha juj d lbnat ،(‫ سكن‬/ ‫ع من )كان‬ َ ‫م‬ ‫ئلة‬
ِ ‫العا‬ .‫مريكانّية‬ِ ‫ع واحد العاِئلة‬ َ ‫م‬
(kan / qra) m ‫ع‬aya f jjami ‫ع‬a. wнda ‫ وحدة‬.‫معة‬ ِ ‫ قرى( معايا ف الجا‬/ ‫عندها جوج د البنات )كان‬
mnhum (kan / t ‫ع‬llm) l ‫ع‬rbiya lfuṣ
нa, (‫ راجع‬/ ‫ و أنا )كان‬،‫ تعّلم( العربّية الفوصحة‬/ ‫منُهم )كان‬
‫ قّرى( العربّية‬/ ‫لستاد اللي )كان‬ ُ ‫ ا‬.‫دروس ديالها‬ ُ ‫معاها ال‬
u ana (kan / raj ‫ )ع‬m ‫ع‬aha ddurus
dyalha. lustad lli (kan / qrra) l ‫و مصري‬ َ ُ‫ه‬. ‫جواد‬َ ‫دكتور‬
ُ ‫معة سميتو ال‬ ِ ‫الفوصحة ف ديك الجا‬
‫ع‬rbiya lfuṣ
нa f dik jjami ‫ع‬a smitu ‫مريكانّية‬ِ ‫جنسّية‬ ِ ‫كن دار‬ ِ َ ‫وَل‬.
dduktur Jawad. huwa mṣ ri welakin dar
jinsiya mirikaniya.
The Verb “to remain”

The verb bqa (‫“ )بقى‬to remain” is followed by the present tense or by the active participle (see section
below) when it corresponds to the English “kept doing something.” Some examples:
She kept waiting for them. bqat kattsnnahum. ‫هم‬ َ ‫بقات‬.
ُ ‫كتتسّنا‬
He kept on searching in the well bqa kayqllb f lbir нtta

‫كيقّلب ف البير حّتى عيى‬
َ ‫بقى‬.
until he got tired. ‫ع‬ya.
He kept going (habitually). bqa kaymši. َ ‫بقى‬.

‫كيمشي‬
He kept going (continued on his bqa maši. ‫بقى ماشي‬.
way, on one occasion).
When negated, bqa (‫ )بقى‬in verb phrases is equivalent to “no longer, not anymore,” with either past or
present meaning. For example:
He didn’t (doesn’t) laugh at them ma-bqa-š kayḍ
нk ‫ع‬lihum. َ ‫ما بقاش‬.
‫كيضحك عليُهم‬
anymore.
The active participle baqi preceding the present tense is equivalent to the English “still.”
He’s still working with us. huwa baqi kayxdm m ‫ع‬ana. َ ‫و باقي‬
‫كيخدم معانا‬ َ ُ‫ه‬.
Verb Participles
Verb participles are adjectives derived from verbs. They agree in gender and number, like all
adjectives, but not in person (I, you, he) or tense (past, present). Transitive verbs have two participles,
an active and a passive participle. Intransitive verbs have only an active participle.
The Active Participle
Verb Stem Active Participle
to write ktb ‫كتب‬ having written katb(a) ‫)كاتب)ة‬
to open нll ّ ‫ح‬
‫ل‬ having opened нall(a) ّ ‫)حا‬
‫ل)ة‬
to sell ba ‫ع‬ ‫باع‬ having sold bay ‫(ع‬a) ‫)بايع)ة‬

to buy šra ‫شرى‬ having bought šari(a) ‫)شاري)ة‬
Some examples:
He had written he lessons. kan katb ddurus dyalu. ُ ‫كان كاتب ال‬.
‫دروس ديالو‬
kant bay ‫ع‬a ḍ
-ḍ
ar
She had sold her house. dyalha. ‫كانت بايعة الدار ديالها‬.
I found him standing at the door. lqitu waqf f lbab. ‫لقيتو واقف ف الباب‬.
He is wearing a new shirt today. huwa labs qamija jdida. َ ُ‫ه‬.
‫و لبس َقميجة جديدة‬
I saw her wearing a green coat. šftha labsa kbbuṭxḍ
r. ‫شفتها لبسة كّبوط خضر‬.
Everyday I see him walking on kul nhar kanšufu maši f
‫هد الزنقة‬ َ ‫كل نهار‬
َ ‫كنشوفو ماشي ف‬ ُ .
this street. had zznqa.
For a small group of verbs, the active participle must be used in order to express a current (i.e.
progressive) activity. For these verbs, the present tense expresses only a habitual activity
Verb Stem Active Participle

to sit / stay gls ‫گلس‬ sitting gals ‫گالس‬
to wear lbs ‫لبس‬ wearing labs ‫لبس‬
to sleep n ‫ع‬s ‫نعس‬ sleeping na ‫ع‬s ‫ناعس‬
to leave / exit xrj ‫خرج‬ leaving xarj ‫خارج‬
to enter dxl ‫دخل‬ entering daxl ‫داخل‬
to return rj ‫ع‬ ‫رجع‬ returning raj ‫ع‬ ‫راجع‬
to stand wqf ‫وقف‬ standing waqf ‫واقف‬
to travel safr ‫سافر‬ traveling msafr ‫مسافر‬
to rent kra ‫كرى‬ renting kari ‫كاري‬
to regret ndm ‫ندم‬ regretting nadm ‫نادم‬
to be quiet skt ‫سكت‬ being quiet sakt ‫ساكت‬
to be afraid xaf ‫خاف‬ being afraid xayf ‫خايف‬
to spend the bat spending the bayt
‫بات‬ ‫بايت‬
night night
Some examples:
He wears a green shirt every kaylbs qamija xḍ
ra kul
ُ ‫كيلبس َقميجة خضرة‬
‫كل نهار‬ َ .
day. (habitual → present tense) nhar.
He is wearing a green shirt. huwa labs qamija xḍ
ra.
(now→ participle) َ ُ‫ه‬.
‫و لبس َقميجة خضرة‬
She goes to sleep at 10:00.

katn ‫ع‬s f 10:00. َ .
10:00 ‫كتنعس ف‬
(habitual → present tense)
She is sleeping.
hiya na ‫ع‬sa. َ ِ ‫ه‬.
‫ي ناعسة‬
(now→ participle)
Passive Participle
Verb Stem Passive Participle
ktb (having been) mktub(a)

to write ‫كتب‬ ‫)مكتوب)ة‬
written
нll (having been) mнlul(a)

to open ّ ‫ح‬
‫ل‬ ‫)محلول)ة‬
opened
ba ‫ع‬ (having been) mbiu ‫(ع‬a)

to sell ‫باع‬ ‫)مبيوع)ة‬
sold
šra (having been) mšri(a)

to buy ‫شرى‬ ‫)مشري)ة‬
bought
(having been)
to make n‫ع‬
ṣ nu ‫(ع‬a)
mṣ
‫صنع‬ made / ‫)مصنوع)ة‬
(manufacture)
manufactured
Some examples:
had ṣṣ nu ‫ع‬a mn

iniya mṣ
This tray is made of silver. lfḍ
ḍa. ‫ضة‬ َ .
ّ ‫هد الصينّية مصنوعة من الف‬
These boxes have something nadq mktub ‫ع‬lihum ši

had ṣ ‫هد صنادق مكتوب عليُهم شي‬
َ
written on them. lнaja. ‫الحاجة‬.
This letter is written; I need only had lbra mktuba, xṣ

ṣni ‫صني غير التانبر‬
ّ ‫ خ‬،‫هد البرا مكتوبة‬
َ
a stamp to send it. ġir t-tanbr baš n-ṣ
ifṭ ha. ‫باش نصيفطها‬.
Go to my room, the door is sir l lbit dyali rah lbab ‫سير ل البيت ديالي راه الباب‬
open. mнlul. ‫محلول‬.
Intransitive Verbs with Only One Participle

Verb Stem Participle
having garnished
xḍ
ḍr ‫ضر‬
ّ ‫خ‬ mxḍ
ḍr(a) ّ ‫)مخ‬
‫ضر)ة‬
to garnish having been garnished
ّ ‫غ‬ having covered ّ ‫)مغ‬

to cover ġṭ
ṭa ‫طى‬ mġṭ
ṭi(a) ‫طي)ة‬
having been covered
having traveled
to travel safr ‫سافر‬ msafr(a) ‫)مسافر)ة‬
having been traveled
having rested
to rest rtaн ‫رتاح‬ mrtaн(a) ‫)مرتاح)ة‬
having been rested
having gone flat
to go flat tfš ‫تفش‬ mfšuš(a) ‫)مفشوش)ة‬
having been gone flat
having hidden
to hide xbba ‫خّبى‬ mxbbi(a) ‫)مخّبي)ة‬
having been hidden
Some examples:
She is traveling now because hiya msafra daba нit

she is on vacation. ‫ع‬ndha ‫ع‬uṭ
la. ‫عطلة‬ َ ِ ‫ه‬.
ُ ‫ي مسافرة َدبا حيت عندها‬
I’m relaxed since I finished my ana mrtaн mlli kmmlt

work. lxdma dyali. ّ ‫أنا مرتاح مّلي ك‬.
‫ملت الخدمة ديالي‬
The tajine is garnished with ṭ

ṭajin mxḍ
ḍr b lbrquq u
lluz. ّ ‫الطاجين مخ‬.
‫ضر ب البرقوق و اللوز‬
prunes and almonds.
He is covered with a blanket huwa mġṭ
ṭi b lkaša нit ّ ‫و مغ‬
َ ‫طي ب ال‬
‫كشة حيت جاه البرد‬ َ ُ‫ه‬.
because he is cold. jah lbrd.
She was hidden behind the door. kant mxbbya mur lbab. ‫كانت مخّبية مور الباب‬.
Exercise: In the sentences below, supply the proper form of the participle of the
verb written in parentheses.
1. Aicha (safr) l fransa. 1. ‫عيشة )سافر( ل فَرنسا‬.
2. kant Sara (нll) lbab. 2. ‫ل( الباب‬
ّ ‫كانت سارة )ح‬.
3. ḍ ar dyal нsn (ba ‫)ع‬
-ḍ 3. ‫)الدار ديال حسن )باع‬
4. kant Layla (mša) ssuq. 4. ‫كانت َليلى )مشى( السوق‬.
5. ‫ع‬laš xlliti ssrjm (нll). ّ ‫)علش خّليتي السرجم )ح‬.
5. ‫ل‬
6. lbarн mlli jit kant xti (n ‫ع‬s). 6. ‫)البارح مّلي جيت كانت ختي )نعس‬.
7. lqamija dyali (wssx). 7. ‫سخ‬ َ ‫)ال‬.
ّ ‫قميجة ديالي )و‬
8. weš (sdd) lbab dyal lkuzina? 8. ‫واش )سد ّ( الباب ديال الكوزينة؟‬
9. kant Su ‫ع‬ad (ġab) lbarн. 9. ‫سعاد )غاب( البارح‬
ُ ‫كانت‬.
iybt ddjaj (‫ع‬mmr) b lluz.
10. ṭ 10. ‫مر( ب اللوز‬
ّ ‫طّيبت الدجاج )ع‬.
n ‫ )ع‬f fransa.
11. had lkas (ṣ 11. ‫َهد الكاس )صنع( ف فَرنسا‬.
12. weš kant Erika (gls) f ḍ-ḍ
ar? 12. ‫واش كانت إريكا )گلس( ف الدار؟‬
13. had lktab (trjm) mn l ‫ع‬rbiya l
nngliziya. 13. ‫َهد الكتاب )ترجم( من العربّية ل النگليزّية‬.
14. ana (‫ع‬rf) blli djun (rj ‫)ع‬
lmġrib. ِ ‫أنا )عرف( بّلي دجون )رجع( المغ‬.
14. ‫رب‬
Conjunctions
either ... or imma ... wlla ّ ‫ ول‬... ‫ما‬
ّ ‫إ‬
imma ṣ
ifṭliya bra wlla ‫ما صيفط لّيا برا ول ّ عّيط لّيا ف‬ ّ ‫إ‬
Either send a letter or call me. ‫ع‬iyṭliya f ttilifun. ‫الت ِِلفون‬.
in order to baš ‫باش‬
I am learning Arabic in order to kant ‫ع‬llm l ‫ع‬rbiya baš

ntkllm m ‫ع‬a nnas. َ ‫كنتعّلم العربّية باش نتكّلم م‬
‫ع الناس‬ َ .
talk to people.
if weš ‫واش‬
I want to know if you read this bġit n-‫ع‬rf weš qriti had
lktab. َ ‫بغيت نعرف واش قريتي‬.
‫هد الكتاب‬
book.
when / since mlli / mnin ‫ منين‬/ ‫مّلي‬

When I came to Rabat I took the mlli / mnin jit l rrbaṭ ّ ‫ منين جيت ل الرباط ش‬/ ‫مّلي‬
‫ديت‬
train. šddit ttran. ‫التران‬.
I have been sick since I came to mlli jit l rrbaṭu ana
‫مّلي جيت ل الرباط و أنا مريضة‬.
Rabat. mriḍ
a.
who / whom / which / that lli ‫اللي‬
The man who is sitting at that rrajl lli gals f dik ‫الراجل اللي گالس ف ديك الطبلة‬
table is my friend. ṭ
ṭbla ṣ
aнbi. ‫صاحبي‬.
The book that I read is lktab lli qrit muhimm.
important.
‫م‬ ُ ‫الكتاب اللي قريت‬.
ّ ِ‫مه‬
until нtta ‫حّتى‬
I won’t sleep until I finish this ma-ġadi-š n-n ‫ع‬s нtta ‫هد‬
َ ‫مل‬
ّ ‫ما غاديش ّنعس حّتى نك‬
book. nkmml had lktab. ‫الكتاب‬.
as soon as ġir ‫غير‬

As soon as I finished my work I ġir kmmlt lxdma dyali u
went out. xrjt. ّ ‫غير ك‬.
‫ملت الخدمة ديالي و خرجت‬
whenever wqt mma ‫ما‬

ّ ‫وقت‬
Whenever I am upset I cry. wqt mma tqllqt kanbki. َ ‫ما تقّلقت‬
‫كنبكي‬ ّ ‫وقت‬.
although / even though waxxa ‫خا‬
ّ َ‫و‬
Although John is not a Muslim waxxa John maši muslim
َ ‫مسِلم‬
‫كيصوم‬ ّ َ‫و‬.
ُ ‫خا دجون ماشي‬
he fasts. kayṣ
um.
but welakin ِ َ ‫وَل‬
‫كن‬
bġit n-‫ع‬awnk welakin

I want to help you but I can’t. maqddit-š. ‫ديتش‬ ِ َ ‫بغيت نعاونك وَل‬.
ّ ‫كن ما ق‬
before qbl ma ‫قبل ما‬
َ ), even if the past is referred to.

This conjunction requires the present tense without the prefix ka (‫كـ‬
dima kanqra qbl ma nn
I always read before I sleep. َ ‫ديما‬.
‫كنقرى قبل ما ّنعس‬
‫ع‬s.
after b ‫ع‬d ma ‫بعد ما‬
In sentences having this conjunction, the verb of the subsequent phrase has to be in the same tense as
the first one.
b ‫ع‬d ma mšit l ḍ
-ḍ
ar,
After I went home, I showered. duwšt. ‫ دّوشت‬،‫بعد ما مشيت ل الدار‬.
that blli ‫بّلي‬

I knew that you weren’t there. ‫ع‬rft blli ma-knti-š. ‫عرفت بّلي ما كنتيش‬.
since / when / because нit ‫حيت‬
Since you had a lot of work, why нit ‫ع‬ndk lxdma bzzaf ‫حيت عندك الخدمة بّزاف علش‬
did you go to the cinema? ‫ع‬laš mšiti l ssinima? ‫مشيتي ل السيِنما؟‬
When I was in Marrakech I went нit knt f Marrakech ‫حيت كنت ف مراكش مشيت ل‬
to the Menara. mšit l lMenara. ‫المنارة‬.
I went to the doctor because I mšit l ṭ
ṭbib нit knt
‫مشيت ل الطبيب حيت كنت مريض‬.
was sick. mriḍ
.
because ‫ع‬laнqqaš ّ ‫عَلح‬
‫قاش‬
He didn’t go to school because ma-mša-š l lmdrasa ّ ‫ما مشاش ل المدَرسة عَلح‬

‫قاش ما‬
he didn’t wake up early. ‫ع‬laнqqaš ma-faq-š bkri. ‫فاقش بكري‬.
without bla ma ‫بل ما‬

They talked without thinking. hḍ
ru bla ma y-fkru. ‫هضرو بل ما يفكرو‬.
wherever fin mma ‫ما‬
ّ ‫فين‬
Wherever there is water there is fin mma kayn lma, kayna
life. lнayat. ‫حياة‬ ّ ‫فين‬.
َ ‫ كاينة ال‬،‫ما كاين الما‬
then ‫ع‬ad ‫عاد‬

I ate then slept. klit ‫ع‬ad n ‫ع‬st. ‫كليت عاد نعست‬.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunction from the list.
baš нit mlli ‫ع‬laнqqaš ‫ع‬ad нtta blli weš bla ma l-li welakin qbl
‫باش‬ ‫حيت‬ ‫مّلي‬ ‫قاش‬ّ ‫عَلح‬ ‫عاد‬ ‫حّتى‬ ‫بّلي‬ ‫واش‬ ‫بل ما‬ ‫اللي‬ ِ َ ‫وَل‬
‫كن‬ ‫قبل‬
1. ma-ġadi-š n-safr ____ t-ji. 1. ‫ما غاديش نسافر ____ تجي‬.

2. xṣ
ṣk t-‫ع‬rfi ____ нtta ši нaja maṣ‫ع‬iba. 2. ‫صك تعرفي ____ حّتى شي حاجة ماصعيبة‬ ّ ‫خ‬.
3. bġit n-duwš ____ n-rtaн. 3. ‫بغيت ندّوش ____ نرتاح‬.
4. bġau y-‫ع‬rfu ____ kayna ši mdrasa hna. 4. ‫بغاو يعرفو ____ كاينة شي مدَرسة هنا‬.
5. ddwa ____ st ‫ع‬mlt mzyan. 5. ‫الدوا ____ ستعملت مزيان‬.
6. ____ kant mriḍa mšat l ‫ع‬nd ṭ
ṭbib. 6. ____ ‫كانت مريضة مشات ل عند الطبيب‬.
7. bġat t-šufu ____ ma-‫ع‬ndha-š lwqt. 7. ‫بغات تشوفو ____ ما عندهاش الوقت‬.
8. fkkr ____ jawb. 8. ‫كر ____ جاوب‬ّ ‫ف‬.
9. lmdina ____ knt sakn fiha kbira. 9. ‫المدينة ____ كنت ساكن فيها كبيرة‬.
10. ktbt bra ____ n ‫ع‬st. 10. ‫كتبت برا ____ نعست‬.
11. kayakul ____ y-ġsl yddih ____ ُ َ
11. ‫ديه ____كياكل ب‬ ّ ‫كل ____ يغسل ي‬ُ ‫كيا‬
َ
kayakul b lfršiṭa. ‫الفرشيطة‬.
12. ma-safrat-š ____ ma-‫ع‬ndha-š lflus. 12. ‫ما سافراتش ____ ما عندهاش الفلوس‬.
More Useful Expressions
You were given some useful expressions on pages 19 to 21. Here are more expressions, including many
“God phrases.”
God Phrases
May God bless your parents.
(used often when asking for a service / lla y-rнm lwalidin. ‫الله يرحم الواِلدين‬.
information or to express gratitude to
someone)
Our parents and yours. (a walidina u walidik. ‫واِلدينا و واِلديك‬.

response to the above)
May God cure you. (used to show lla y-šafi. ‫الله يشافي‬.
sympathy toward a sick person)
May God not show you any lhla y-wrrik bas. ‫لهل يوّريك باس‬.
harm. (a response to the above)
May God magnify the good
deeds. (used to offer condolences for ajarakum llah. ُ ‫جَر‬
‫كم الله‬ َ ‫أ‬.
someone’s death)
May God make your child a

good person. (used to complement a lla y-ṣ
lн. ‫الله يصلح‬.
parent on his/her child)
May God grant you grace. (used

when saying goodbye to a friend or tbark llah ‫ع‬lik. ‫تبارك الله عليك‬.
congratulating him/her on a job well
done)
May God grant you grace. lla y-bark fik. ‫الله يبارك فيك‬.
I swear to God. (expresses that ullah. ‫والله‬.

what you said was true)
Used to express “excuse me” when
someone does something for you, such
as: hands you socks or shoes, pours
нašak. َ .
‫حشاك‬
water over your hands to wash them,
etc. It is also used when the speaker
mentions words like “donkey” or “trash.”
May God grant you pride and

honor. (used as a response to the ‫ع‬zzk llah. ‫عّزك الله‬.
above)
Used on the arrival of somebody ‫ع‬la slamtk.

‫على سلمتك‬.
after a trip.
Response to the above. lla y-sllmk. ‫الله يسّلمك‬.
May God make your life easier. lla y-shl. ‫الله يسهل‬.
(said to beggars)
Other Expressions
Would you please help me? weš ymkn lik t-‫ع‬awnni? ‫واش يمكن ليك تعاوّني؟‬
If you don’t mind. ila jat ‫ع‬la xaṭ
rk. ‫إل جات على خاطرك‬.
It is my pleasure. ‫ع‬la rras u l ‫ع‬in. ‫على الراس و العين‬.
You’re welcome. la šukran ‫ع‬la wajib. ِ ‫شكرا ً على وا‬

‫جب‬ ُ ‫ل‬.
God forgives. lla y-samн. ‫الله يسامح‬.
It is all right. (no harm done) ši bas ma kayn. ‫شي باس ما كاين‬.
There is no harm. (response to ma fiha bas. ‫ما فيها باس‬.
apology)
That’s fine. ddnya hanya. ‫الدنيا هانية‬.
I’m going on ... ġadi n-mši nhar... ‫غادي نمشي نهار‬...
and I’ll be back on ... u ġadi n-rj ‫ ع‬nhar... ‫و غادي نرجع نهار‬...
Really ?/! bṣ
ṣн ?/! ّ ‫ب‬/!
‫صح ؟‬
It’s shameful. нšuma ‫حشومة‬
Shame on you. нšuma ‫ع‬lik. ‫حشومة عليك‬.
It’s none of your business. maši šġlk. ‫ماشي شغلك‬.
Hurry up. srbi / dġya / ṭ
lq rask. ‫ طلق راسك‬/ ‫ دغية‬/ ‫سربي‬.
You are right. ‫ع‬ndk lнqq. ّ ‫عندك الح‬.
‫ق‬
I agree with you. ana mttafq m ‫ع‬ak. ‫أنا مّتافق معاك‬.
Watch out! ‫ع‬ndak! ‫!عنداك‬
Move aside. balak. ‫َبلك‬.
kifaš kangulu ... b l

How do we say ... in Arabic? َ ‫كيفاش‬.
‫ ب العربّية‬... ‫كنگولو‬
‫ع‬rbiya.
Is there another word? weš kayna ši klma xura? ‫خرى؟‬

ُ ‫واش كاينة شي كلمة‬
weš kayna ši klma
Is there an easy word? sahla?
‫واش كاينة شي كلمة ساهلة؟‬
Moroccan Holidays
Holidays in Morocco are extremely important and festive occasions. Women and girls have henna
parties and come out of their houses to celebrate. Visitors are entertained and gifts are exchanged
among friends. Particular religious rites are performed. Special sweets and foods are washed down by
glass after glass of mint tea as everyone gets caught up in the socializing and celebrating.
Religious Holidays
There are both religious and civil holidays in Morocco. The Gregorian calendar, based on solar
computation, is used for civil purposes. This is the calendar Westerners generally use.
The Islamic calendar, based on lunar computation, divides the year into twelve months which
reoccur in varying relationship to the Gregorian year and complete their cycle every thirty years of 355
days. These thirtyyear cycles consist of nineteen years of 354 days and eleven years of 355 days. Thus,
the Islamic calendar gains 10 to 11 days a year on the Gregorian year.
This calendar is called the Hegiran calendar because its starting point was the hegira, when
Mohamed fled from Mecca in 622 of the Gregorian calendar. This calendar is used for religious
purposes in Morocco.
Transcription
Month Arabic Festivals
Name
1st muнarram ‫حّرم‬َ ‫م‬ ُ 10th of the month: ‫ع‬ašura
2nd ̣
safar ‫فر‬َ ‫ص‬َ
3rd rabi ‫ ع‬lluwl ‫ول‬
ّ ‫َربيع الل‬ 12th of the month: ‫ع‬id l-mulud
4th rabi ‫ ع‬ttani ‫َربيع التاني‬
5th jumada lluwla ‫ولة‬
ّ ‫جمادى الل‬
ُ
6 th
jumada ttanya ‫جمادى التانية‬ ُ
7th rajab ‫جب‬
َ ‫َر‬
8th ša ‫ع‬ban َ
‫شعبان‬ 15th of the month: š ‫ع‬bana
9th ̣
ramadan ‫مضان‬ َ ‫َر‬
10 th
šuwal ‫وال‬
ّ ‫ش‬ 1st of the month: l-‫ع‬id s-sġir
̣ ̣
11th du lqi ‫ع‬da ‫دو القيعدة‬
12th
du lнijja ‫جة‬
ّ ‫ح‬
ِ ‫دو ال‬ 10th of the month: l-‫ع‬id l-kbir
Here are descriptions of the major festivals:
‫ع‬ašura ‫عاشورا‬
muнarram, the first month of the Islamic year, is in Morocco called šhr ‫ع‬ašura, the month of the
‫ع‬ašura. It has derived this name from the feast on the tenth day of the month. This day, called nhar
‫ع‬ašura is the Islamic New Year’s Day. It is said that Allah created Adam and Eve, heaven and hell, and
life and death on the 10th.
The month of ‫ع‬ašura is rich in magical qualities. The ninth and particularly the tenth day are
blessed days, and on the latter, many sacred or wonderful events are said to have taken place in the
past. In Morocco, baraka is also generally ascribed to those days. Magic, good, or evil is extensively
practiced on the ‫ع‬ašura day and on the preceding night which is said to favor witches. People gather
and many wear masks and costumes and speak in disguised voices on the night before the ‫ع‬ašura. It is
believed that magic practiced at this time of year will produce an effect which lasts for the whole year.
Good food has a place in the rejoicing of ‫ع‬ašura, in accordance with the traditional saying of the
Prophet, “Who give the plenty to his household on the ‫ع‬ašura day, God will bestow plenty upon him
throughout the remainder of the year.” Cow, bullock, goat, sheep, dried dates, and eggs are fixed
according to local custom. Visits to the graves of relatives and almsgiving are common at this time.
Of great interest are the fire and water rites practiced at ‫ع‬ašura, to which purificatory and other
beneficial effects are ascribed. On ‫ع‬ašura eve, “the bonfire night” fires are built throughout the town
and the people sing and dance around them. The chief object of the rite is to purify men and animals or
to protect them from evil influences, since there is “baraka” (blessings) from those fires.
Similar effects are attributed to the water rites which even more frequently are practiced on the
following morning. It is a general belief that there is baraka in all water on this morning. To take a bath
on the morning of the ‫ع‬ašura day is a very widespread custom, and in many cases it was expressly said
that it must be done before sunrise. Children are traditionally involved in this festival. They dressup,
play small drums, and are given gifts during this holiday.
‫ع‬id lmulud ‫عيد المولود‬
In Morocco, the third month of the Islamic year is called šhr lmulud, the month of the mulud.
These names are given because of the feast celebrating the birth of the Prophet which commences on
the twelfth day of the month and lasts for several days. The mulud is a particularly blessed month and
all children born during it are considered fortunate.
The Prophet’s Birthday has more significance in Morocco because Morocco is a Kingdom rather
than a republic, and King Mohamed VI is a descendant of the Prophet. The anniversary is brilliantly
celebrated at the Imperial Palace in Rabat and in the evening in Sale a great procession of candles takes
place.
In Meknes the Aissaoua brotherhood has its own unique celebration worth seeing. Followers of the
holy man, lhadi Ben Aissa throng to Meknes and play music, dance, celebrate and make what is called
“the small pilgrimage” to nearby saints’ tombs.
š ‫ع‬bana ‫شعبانة‬
The eighth month of the Moroccan year is called š ‫ع‬ban. On the fifteenth day a festival known as š
‫ع‬bana takes place. According to legend, this is the day that Allah “registers all the actions of mankind
which they are to perform during the year and all the children of men who are to be born and die in the
year.”
Traditionally, barren women gather in homes in the neighborhood and cook a couscous meal with
special spices. This meal is eaten by the women and children at home or in the mosque. The barren
women in the group hope this will help them to give birth during the upcoming year.
š ‫ع‬bana is also the month before the month of fasting, Ramadan. People think of the difficult
month ahead and have a feast. Craftsmen guilds often have parties on this night involving music and
feasting.
laylatu lqadr ُ َ ‫َليل‬
َ ‫ة ال‬
‫قدر‬
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic year. The most important feature of Ramadan is the
complete abstinence from food, drink and sexual activity from daybreak to sunset. Every Muslim who
has reached the age of puberty must fast. Pregnant women, menstruating women, travelers, and those
who are ill are exempt from fasting, but should make it up at a later date.
According Islam, there is one night in Ramadan which is more important than any other, namely,
laylatu lqadr, “the night of power.” The Koran is said to have been sent down to the Prophet on that
night. This night is one of the last ten nights of Ramadan, but its exact date has not been discovered by
anyone but the Prophet himself. Tradition fixes it to be one of the odd nights—the 21 st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, or
29th—and in Morocco it is celebrated on the 27th day.
On the night of the 27th, the men go to the mosque to pray. From sundown to daybreak, the imam
(the prayer leader) reads the Koran. The complete Koran is read before the sun rises. It is believed by
some that the sky will open up during this night and wishes will ascend directly to Allah and be
granted. During the night, special meals of couscous are prepared and brought to the mosques. Those
unable to go to the mosque eat specially prepared meals at home. Each family gives part of the meal to
the poor.
̣ ̣
l ‫ع‬id ssġir ‫العيد الصغير‬
Immediately following Ramadan is l ‫ع‬id ssġir ̣ ̣ , or “the little feast.” Everyone stays up very late
hoping to hear the announcement that the new moon has been sighted and Ramadan and fasting are
over. When it has officially been sighted, a threeday festival ensues in which almsgiving plays a major
role. The alms usually consist of food items like wheat or barley, and each family does the best it can.
The chief religious rite of the feast is a prayer service at the mosque.
l ‫ع‬id lkbir ‫العيد الكبير‬
On the tenth day of the month du lнijja, the last month of the year, the Islamic world celebrates
its yearly sacrificial feast. In Morocco it is known as l ‫ع‬id lkbir or “the great feast.” This is the central
feast in Islam, comparable to and derived from the feast of the atonement, Abraham’s substitute
sacrifice, for the remission of sins. Hence, the animal sacrificed must be mature and without blemish.
Every family must have its own sheep just as Americans need turkeys for the proper celebration of
Thanksgiving. Those who cannot afford a sheep buy a lamb or another less expensive animal. In
Morocco, the animal cannot be slain until the King has killed his sheep. Then in each household, the
head of the family kills the sheep (sometimes a butcher is asked to come to the house and perform the
ritual). The sheep is eaten in an orderly fashion determined by local custom. For example, on the first
day, the liver, heart, stomach, and lungs are eaten. On the second day, normally the head and feet are
eaten. However, the head and feet can be eaten on the first day if that is the local custom. There are
purification and sanctification customs and rites that prepare the people for the holy feast and its
principal feature, the sacrifice. People must purify and sanctify themselves in order to benefit from the
holy feast and its sacrifice. Personal cleanliness should be observed. Men and boys visit the barber and
often make a trip to the hammam as well.
Henna is used not merely as a cosmetic, but as a means of protection against evil influences.
Women paint their hands with it and, in many cases, also their feet. Among some ethnic groups, henna
is also applied to domestic animals.
Almsgiving and prayer are two other purification rites practiced during the great feast. Gifts are
exchanged between family members and a portion of the meal is given to the poor. The day begins with
prayer. The chief praying ceremony takes place in the morning at the mosque.
Moussems
Many Moroccan communities commemorate local saints, or “marabous,” in a yearly festival or
“moussem.” Most moussems are held near the tomb of the marabou and involve music, dancing and
fantasia. For a very famous marabou’s moussem, people will come from very far away. Some very
famous moussems celebrate Moulay Bouchaib (near El Jadida), Moulay Brahim (near Marrakech),
Moulay Ya ‫ع‬qub (Fes), and Moulay Idriss (Moulay Idriss). Many towns have their own moussems
known only to those in the region.
National Holidays
In addition to the religious holidays, some important civil holidays commemorating significant
events in Morocco’s recent history are celebrated. The most important of these are Independence Day,
the Throne feast, Green March Day, and King Mohamed’s birthday.
The Festival of the Throne, or ‫ع‬id l-‫ع‬rš, is the biggest of the civil holidays. This festival
commemorates the coming to power of the King on July 30, 1999. Celebrations including parades with
nationalistic anthems, usually occur in the cities with local government officials, like the governor,
making appearances. Traditionally during this holiday, country people come to visit their city relatives,
who are expected to feed and house them for the duration of the festival. There is often a special
emphasis on improving the appearance of the town prior to this holiday. City employees clean streets
and paint walls, and townspeople are sometimes required by government officials to paint their doors,
whitewash their houses, and display flags.
Green March Day is also celebrated by large parades in most of Morocco. This day commemorates
one of the greatest achievements of King Hassan II: the mobilization of 350,000 Moroccans for the
march into the Sahara territory. On November 6, 1975, the first Moroccan marchers, under the
leadership of the then Prime Minister Ahmed Osman, set out from Tarfaya and entered the Spanish
territory. During the celebration, those who went on the actual march once again dress up in green and
reenact the march.
Independence Day, or ‫ع‬id l-istiqlal, commemorates the November 18, 1956 return of
Mohamed V from his Frenchimposed exile in Madagascar. This day gives rise to receptions at the
Imperial Palace and parades and celebrations all over Morocco.
The last of these major national holidays celebrates the King’s Birthday, August 21, 1962. There are
many organized celebrations in Rabat and broadcasts on the radio praising the King.
Regional Festivals
There are also many regional festivals which are centered around a particular product in which a
region specializes. The product is displayed and sold; music and other activities take place in an
atmosphere similar to a country fair.
Some famous regional festivals are the Cherry Festival in Sefrou, the Date Festival in Erfoud, the
Rose Festival in El-Kelaa M’Gouna (near Ouarzazate), the Marrakech Folklore and Music Festival, and
the Immouzer Honey Festival (near Agadir).
One of the most interesting festivals in Morocco is the reenactment of an ancient market in the
High Atlas mountains. At one time, these very isolated High Atlas tribes would gather yearly at a
specific point near Imilchil where many mountain paths met for the yearly “market.” Provisions for
many months were bought and sold and at one time one of the reasons for coming was to acquire a
bride. Men would meet a girl for the first time and pay her dowry then take her home. Some say this
practice still exists and others say it is just a reenactment for tourists, but in any case, it is a large
market where many Berbers still buy many of the coming year’s provisions.
Religious, civil, and regional festivals are an excellent chance to get out and see interesting things,
meet people on an informal basis, and have fun. Dates of these celebrations can be obtained from the
national tourist office branches in many cities, but people in your community will usually provide you
with the information about your region.
It should be noted that the same festival may be celebrated somewhat differently in various sections
of the country. For example, in Errachidia Province, a far greater emphasis is put on Green March Day
than in other sections of Morocco because that province provided the first contingent for the march.
Be sure to check out the expectations of your community for a particular holiday, particularly in
terms of visitation, entertaining, giftgiving, and participation, so you can get as involved as possible and
enjoy the holidays.
Glossary of Verbs
This glossary provides both the present tense and past tense conjugations for the subject “I,” making it
possible for you to determine how to conjugate irregular verbs.
First Person First Person
English Transcription Arabic
Present Tense Past Tense
absent, to be ġab ‫غاب‬ kan-ġib ġbt
able, to be qdr ‫قدر‬ kan-qdr qdrt
absorb šrb ‫شرب‬ kan-šrb šrbt
abort (a fetus) sqqṭ ‫قط‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-sqqṭ sqqṭ
t
accept qbl ‫قبل‬ kan-qbl qblt
accomplish нqqeq ‫قق‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нqqeq нqqeqt
accuse ttahm ‫ّتهم‬ kan-ttahm ttahmt
accustom t ‫ع‬uwd ‫ود‬
ّ ‫تع‬ kan-t ‫ع‬uwd t ‫ع‬uwdt
wllf ‫وّلف‬ kan-wllf wllft
ache wj ‫ع‬ ‫وجع‬ kan-wj ‫ع‬ wj ‫ع‬t
ḍ
rr ‫ضّر‬ kan-ḍ
rr ḍ
rrit
acknowledge ‫ع‬tarf b ‫عَترف ب‬ kan-‫ع‬tarf ‫ع‬tarft
acquaint with, become t ‫ع‬arf m ‫ع‬a kan-t ‫ع‬arf t ‫ع‬arft
‫ع‬
َ ‫تعارف م‬
acquainted with, sth/sb
t ‫ع‬rrf m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫تعّرف م‬ kan-t ‫ع‬rrf t ‫ع‬rrft
add zad ‫زاد‬ kan-zid zdt
adopt (a child, an idea) tbnna ‫تبّنى‬ kan-tbnna tbnnit
advance tqddm ‫دم‬
ّ ‫تق‬ kan-tqddm tqddmt
advise nṣ
н ‫نصح‬ kan-nṣ
н nṣ
нt
affect attr ‫ع‬la ‫أّتر على‬ kan-attr attrt
afraid (of), to be xaf (mn) ‫)خاف )من‬ kan-xaf xft
age (get old) šrf ‫شرف‬ kan-šrf šrft
agree (with) ttafq (m ‫ع‬a) َ ‫)ّتافق )م‬
‫ع‬ kan-ttafq ttafqt
amuse nššṭ ّ ‫ن‬
‫شط‬ kan-nššṭ nššṭ
t
ḍ
ннk ‫حك‬
ّ ‫ض‬ kan-ḍ
ннk ḍ
ннkt
analyze нllel ‫حّلل‬ kan-нllel нllelt
angry, to be tqllq ‫تقّلق‬ kan-tqllq tqllqt
annoy dd ‫ع‬
ṣ ‫دع‬
ّ ‫ص‬ dd ‫ع‬
kan-ṣ dd ‫ع‬t
ṣ
answer jawb ‫جاوب‬ kan-jawb jawbt
appear ban ‫بان‬ kan-ban bnt
applaud ṣ
ffq ‫فق‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
ffq ṣ
ffqt
apply (a rule, an idea) ṭ
bbq ‫طّبق‬ kan-ṭ
bbq ṭ
bbqt
apply for (a job) qddm ṭ
alab ‫دم ط ََلب‬
ّ ‫ق‬ kan-qddm qddmt
appoint ‫ع‬iyn ‫عّين‬ kan-‫ع‬iyn ‫ع‬iynt
approach qrrb mn ‫قّرب من‬ kan-qrrb qrrbt

argue (with) m (m ‫ع‬a)
txaṣ َ ‫)تخاصم )م‬
‫ع‬ kan-txaṣ m txaṣmt
arrange rttb ‫رّتب‬ kan-rttb rttbt
arrest sb šdd ّ ‫شد‬ kan-šdd šddit
нbs ‫حبس‬ kan-нbs нbst
qbṭ‫ع‬la ‫قبط على‬ kan-qbṭ qbṭ
t
arrive wṣ
l ‫وصل‬ kan-wṣ
l wṣ
lt
arrive, to make wṣ
ṣl ‫صل‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wṣ
ṣl wṣ
ṣlt
ascend l‫ع‬
ṭ ‫طلع‬ l‫ع‬
kan-ṭ l ‫ع‬t
ṭ
ask suwl ‫ول‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-suwl suwlt
ask (in marriage) xṭ
b ‫خطب‬ kan-xṭ
b xṭ
bt
assemble (parts) rkkb ّ ‫ر‬
‫كب‬ kan-rkkb rkkbt
attack hjm ‫ع‬la ‫هجم على‬ kan-hjm hjmt
attempt нawl ‫حاول‬ kan-нawl нawlt
attend нḍ
r f ‫حضر ف‬ kan-нḍ
r нḍ
rt
attention, pay rdd l-bal ‫رد ّ البال‬ kan-rdd l-bal rddit l-bal
нḍ
a rasu ‫حضى راسو‬ kan-нḍ
i rasi нḍ
it rasi
avoid tjnnb ‫تجّنب‬ kan-tjnnb tjnnbt
banter tflla ‫تفّلى‬ kan-tflla tfllit
bargain tšṭ
ṭr ّ ‫تش‬
‫طر‬ kan-tšṭ
ṭr tšṭ
ṭrt
bark nbн ‫نبح‬ kan-nbн nbнt
bathe ġsl ‫غسل‬ kan-ġsl ġslt
tнmmem ‫مم‬
ّ ‫تح‬ kan-tнmmem tнmmemt
be kan ‫كان‬ kan-kun knt
beat (drum) ṭ
bbl ‫طّبل‬ kan-ṭ
bbl ṭ
bblt
beat sb (in a game) ġlb ‫غلب‬ kan-ġlb ġlbt
become wlla ‫وّلى‬ kan-wlli wllit
become accustomed wllf ‫وّلف‬ kan-wllf wllft
befriend aнb m ‫ع‬a
tṣ ‫ع‬
َ ‫تصاحب م‬ kan-tṣ
aнb tṣ
aнbt
beg rġb ‫رغب‬ kan-rġb rġbt
ṭ
lb ‫طلب‬ kan-ṭ
lb ṭ
lbt
begin bda ‫بدى‬ kan-bda bdit
belch/burp tgrr ‫ع‬ ‫تگّرع‬ kan-tgrr ‫ع‬ tgrr ‫ع‬t
believe sb tiyq ‫تّيق‬ kan-tiyq tiyqt
believe (in) amn (b) ‫)أمن )ب‬ kan-amn amnt
benefit (from) stafd (mn) ‫)سَتفد )من‬ kan-stafd stafdt
betray xan ‫خان‬ kan-xun xnt
bigger, to make kbbr ‫كّبر‬ kan-kbbr kbbrt
birth, to give wld ‫ولد‬ kan-wld wldt

bite ‫ع‬ḍ
ḍ ‫ض‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬ḍ ḍ ‫ع‬ḍ
ḍit
blow up (with air) nfx ‫نفخ‬ kan-nfx nfxt
blow up (explode) frg ‫ع‬ ‫فرگع‬ kan-frg ‫ع‬ frg ‫ع‬t
boil ġlla ‫غّلى‬ kan-ġlli ġllit
born, to be tzad ‫تزاد‬ kan-tzad tzadt
borrow tsllf ‫تسّلف‬ kan-tsllf tsllft
bow нdr ‫حدر‬ kan-нdr нdrt
break hrrs ‫هّرس‬ kan-hrrs hrrst
broken, to be thrrs ‫تهّرس‬ kan-thrrs thrrst
break down (machine) txssr ‫سر‬
ّ ‫تخ‬ kan-txssr txssrt
breathe tnffs ‫فس‬
ّ ‫تن‬ kan-tnffs tnffst
bring
jab ‫جاب‬ kan-jib jbt
brush (hair) mšṭ ‫مشط‬ kan-mšṭ mšṭ

t
build bna ‫بنى‬ kan-bni bnit
burn нrq ‫حرق‬ kan-нrq нrqt
burnt, to be tнrq ‫تحرق‬ kan-tнrq tнrqt
burst (pipe) tfrg ‫ع‬ ‫تفرگع‬ kan-tfrg ‫ع‬ tfrg ‫ع‬t
bury dfn ‫دفن‬ kan-dfn dfnt
buy šra ‫شرى‬ kan-šri šrit
call ‫ع‬iyṭl/‫ع‬la ‫على‬/‫عّيط ل‬ kan-‫ع‬iyṭ ‫ع‬iyṭ
t
ḍrb t
call on the phone ‫ضرب الِتليفون‬ kan-ḍ
rb ḍ
rbt
tilifun
‫ع‬iyṭl ‫عّيط ل‬ kan-‫ع‬iyṭ ‫ع‬iyṭ
t
calm, to be (to not worry) thnna ‫تهّنى‬ kan-thnna thnnit
can qdr ‫قدر‬ kan-qdr qdrt
camp xiym ‫خّيم‬ kan-xiym xiymt
capture qbṭ ‫قبط‬ kan-qbṭ qbṭ
t
care of, to take thla f ‫تهل ف‬ kan-thla thlat
carry hzz ‫هّز‬ kan-hzz hzzit
carve (wood) nqš ‫نقش‬ kan-nqš nqšt
cash ṣ
rrf ‫صّرف‬ kan-ṣ
rrf ṣ
rrft
catch šdd ّ ‫شد‬ kan-šdd šddit
qbṭ ‫قبط‬ kan-qbṭ qbṭ
t
catch up (with) xlṭ‫ع‬la ‫خلط على‬ kan-xlṭ xlṭ
t
lнq ‫ع‬la ‫لحق على‬ kan-lнq lнqt
cause sbbeb ‫سّبب‬ kan-sbbeb sbbebt
tsbbeb f ‫تسّبب ف‬ kan-tsbbeb tsbbebt

celebrate нtafl b ‫حَتفل ب‬ kan-нtafl нtaflt
censor (prices, film) raqb ‫راقب‬ kan-raqb raqbt
change bddl ‫دل‬
ّ ‫ب‬ kan-bddl bddlt
change (money) ṣ
rrf ‫صّرف‬ kan-ṣ
rrf ṣ
rrft
change (weather) tbddl ‫دل‬
ّ ‫تب‬ kan-tbddl tbddlt
charge of, to be in tkllf b ‫تكّلف ب‬ kan-tkllf tkllft
cheat ġšš ‫ش‬
ّ ‫غ‬ kan-ġšš ġššit
cheat (exam) nql ‫نقل‬ kan-nql nqlt
cheat out of šmt ‫شمت‬ kan-šmt šmtt
chew mḍ
ġ ‫مضغ‬ kan-mḍ
ġ mḍ
ġt
choose
xtar ‫ختار‬ kan-xtar xtarit
churn mxḍ ‫مخض‬ kan-mxḍ mxḍ

t
clap ṣ
ffq ‫فق‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
ffq ṣ
ffqt
clarify šrн ‫شرح‬ kan-šrн šrнt
wḍ
ḍн ‫ضح‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wḍ
ḍн wḍ
ḍнt
clean nqqa ‫قى‬
ّ ‫ن‬ kan-nqqi nqqit
clean (pipes) srrн ‫سّرح‬ kan-srrн srrнt
climb l‫ع‬
kan-ṭ l ‫ع‬t
ṭ
clog xnq ‫خنق‬ kan-xnq xnqt
close sdd ّ ‫سد‬ kan-sdd sddit
close eyes ġmmḍ ‫مض‬
ّ ‫غ‬ kan-ġmmḍ ġmmḍ
t
cold, to make brrd ‫بّرد‬ kan-brrd brrdt
collapse rab ‫راب‬ kan-rib rbt
collect jm ‫ع‬ ‫جمع‬ kan-jm ‫ع‬ jm ‫ع‬t
come ja ‫جا‬ kan-ji jit
comment ‫ع‬llq ‫عّلق‬ kan-‫ع‬llq ‫ع‬llqt
compare qarn bin ‫قارن بين‬ kan-qarn qarnt
complain about tškka mn ّ ‫تش‬
‫كى من‬ kan-tškka tškkit
complain to tškka ‫ع‬la ّ ‫تش‬
‫كى على‬ kan-tškka tškkit
complete kmml ‫مل‬ّ ‫ك‬ kan-kmml kmmlt
concentrate rkkz ّ ‫ر‬
‫كز‬ kan-rkkz rkkzt
concern hmm ‫م‬
ّ ‫ه‬ kay-hmm hmm
concerned with, to be httm b ‫هّتم ب‬ kan-httm httmt
confess ‫ع‬tarf ‫عَترف‬ kan-‫ع‬tarf ‫ع‬tarft
confuse нiyr ‫حّير‬ kan-нiyr нiyrt
confused, to be нar ‫حار‬ kan-нir нrt
congratulate hnna ‫هّنى‬ kan-hnni hnnit

conjugate ṣ
rrf ‫صّرف‬ kan-ṣ rrf ṣ
rrft
connect rbṭ ‫ربط‬ kan-rbṭ rbṭ
t
consult (with) tšawr (m ‫ع‬a) َ ‫)تشاور )م‬
‫ع‬ kan-tšawr tšawrt
contact taṣ
l b ‫َتصل ب‬ kan-taṣ
l taṣ
lt
content with, to be (give a ‫ع‬la
rḍ kan-rḍ
i rḍ
it
‫رضى على‬
your blessing to)
continue in sth stamr f ‫سَتمر ف‬ kan-stamr stamrt
continue studies tab ‫ع‬ ‫تابع‬ kan-tab ‫ع‬ tab ‫ع‬t
contribute sahm ‫ساهم‬ kan-sahm sahmt
control tнkkm f ّ ‫تح‬
‫كم ف‬ kan-tнkkm tнkkmt
raqb ‫راقب‬ kan-raqb raqbt
cook ṭ
iyb ‫طّيب‬ kan-ṭ
iyb ṭ
iybt
cooperate (with) t ‫ع‬awn (m ‫ع‬a) َ ‫)تعاون )م‬
‫ع‬ kan-t ‫ع‬awn t ‫ع‬awnt
cope sllk ‫سّلك‬ kan-sllk sllkt
copy (by hand) nql ‫نقل‬ kan-nql nqlt
copy (photocopy) nsx ‫نسخ‬ kan-nsx nsxt
correct ṣ
ннeн ‫حح‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
ннeн ṣ
ннeнt
cost swa ‫سوى‬ kan-swa swit
cough kнн ‫ح‬
ّ ‫ك‬ kan-kнн kннit
kнb ‫كحب‬ kan-kнb kнbt
count нsb ‫حسب‬ kan-нsb нsbt
cram into xša ‫خشى‬ kan-xši xšit
crazy, to be нmq ‫حمق‬ kan-нmq нmqt
crazy, to make нmmq ‫مق‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нmmq нmmqt
create xlq ‫خلق‬ kan-xlq xlqt
cross (road) ‫ع‬
qṭ ‫قطع‬ ‫ع‬
kan-qṭ ‫ع‬t
qṭ
cross-breed lqqm ‫لقم‬
ّ kan-lqqm lqqmt
cry bka ‫بكى‬ kan-bki bkit
cry, to make bkka ّ ‫ب‬
‫كى‬ kan-bkki bkkit
cure dawa ‫داوى‬ kan-dawi dawit
cured, to be bra ‫برى‬ kan-bra brit
cut ‫ع‬
qṭ ‫قطع‬ ‫ع‬
kan-qṭ ‫ع‬t
qṭ
cut (hair) нssn ‫سن‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нssn нssnt
cut/injure (skin) jrн ‫جرح‬ kan-jrн jrнt
cut/injured, to be tjrн ‫تجرح‬ kan-tjrн tjrнt
cut( a pattern from cloth) fṣ
ṣl ‫صل‬
ّ ‫ف‬ kan-fṣ
ṣl fṣ
ṣlt
damage xssr ‫سر‬
ّ ‫خ‬ kan-xssr xssrt
dampen fzzg ‫فّزگ‬ kan-fzzg fzzgt

damp, to get fzg ‫فزگ‬ kan-fzg fzgt
dance
šṭ
н ‫شطح‬ kan-šṭ
н šṭ
нt
deafen ṣ
mmk ‫مك‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
mmk ṣ
mmkt
deal with sb t ‫ع‬aml m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫تعامل م‬ kan-t ‫ع‬aml t ‫ع‬amlt
decide qrrer ‫قّرر‬ kan-qrrer qrrert
declare ‫ع‬ln ‫علن‬ kan-‫ع‬ln ‫ع‬lnt
decrease nqṣ ‫نقص‬ kan-nqṣ nqṣ
t
dedicate hda ‫هدى‬ kan-hdi hdit
defeat ġlb ‫غلب‬ kan-ġlb ġlbt
defend daf ‫ع ع‬la ‫دافع على‬ kan-daf ‫ع‬ daf ‫ع‬t
define нdded ‫دد‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нdded нddedt
defy tнdda ‫دى‬ّ ‫تح‬ kan-tнdda tнddit
delay ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl ّ ‫ع‬
‫طل‬ kan-‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭlt
deprive нrm ‫حرم‬ kan-нrm нrmt
descend hbṭ ‫هبط‬ kan-hbṭ hbṭ
t
nzl ‫نزل‬ kan-nzl nzlt
describe wṣ
f ‫وصف‬ kan-wṣ
f wṣ
ft
deserve staнq ‫سَتحق‬ kan-staнq staнqt
design xṭ
ṭeṭ ّ ‫خ‬
‫طط‬ kan-xṭ
ṭeṭ xṭ
ṭeṭ
t
desire strongly mat ‫ع‬la ‫مات على‬ kan-mut mtt
destroy hddm ‫دم‬
ّ ‫ه‬ kan-hddm hddmt
develop ṭ
uwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫ط‬ kan-ṭ
uwr ṭ
uwrt
develop (film) xrrj ‫خّرج‬ kan-xrrj xrrjt
die mat ‫مات‬ kan-mut mtt
differ (from) xtalf (m ‫ع‬a) َ ‫)خَتلف )م‬
‫ع‬ kan-xtalf xtalft
dig нfr ‫حفر‬ kan-нfr нfrt
digest hḍ
m ‫هضم‬ kan-hḍ
m hḍ
mt
dinner, to have t ‫ع‬šša ّ ‫تع‬
‫شى‬ kan-t ‫ع‬šša t ‫ع‬ššit
direct wjjh ‫جه‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wjjh wjjht
direct (as an order) amr ‫أمر‬ kan-amr amrt
dirty, to make
wssx ‫سخ‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wssx wssxt
dirty, to get tussx ‫سخ‬

ّ ‫تو‬ kan-tussx tussxt
disappear ġbr ‫غبر‬ kan-ġbr ġbrt
discipline addb ‫أّدب‬ kan-addb addbt
rbba ‫رّبى‬ kan-rbbi rbbit
discover ktašf ‫كَتشف‬ kan-ktašf ktašft

discuss (a topic) naqš ‫ناقش‬ kan-naqš naqšt
dislike ma-нml-š ‫ما حملش‬ ma-kan-нml-š ma-нmlt-š
krh ‫كره‬ kan-krh krht
dissolve sth duwb ‫دّوب‬ kan-duwb duwbt
distribute frrq ‫فّرق‬ kan-frrq frrqt
distance oneself (from) b ‫ع ع‬d (mn) ‫)بّعد )من‬ kan-b ‫ع ع‬d b ‫ع ع‬dt
divide qsm ‫قسم‬ kan-qsm qsmt
divorce ṭ
llq ‫طّلق‬ kan-ṭ
llq ṭ
llqt
dizzy, to get dax ‫داخ‬ kan-dux dxt
dizzy, to make duwx ‫دّوخ‬ kan-duwx duwxt
do dar ‫دار‬ kan-dir drt
drag jrr ‫جّر‬ kan-jrr jrrit
draw rsm ‫رسم‬ kan-rsm rsmt
draw up (water from a jbd kan-jbd jbdt
‫جبد‬
well)
dream (about) нlm (b) ‫)حلم )ب‬ kan-нlm нlmt
dress lbs ‫لبس‬ kan-lbs lbst
dress up (slang) tfrks ‫تفركس‬ kan-tfrks tfrkst
drink šrb ‫شرب‬ kan-šrb šrbt
drink, to make šrrb ‫شّرب‬ kan-šrrb šrrbt
drip qṭ
r ‫قطر‬ kan-qṭ
r qṭ
rt
drive ṣ
ag ‫صاگ‬ kan-ṣ
ug ṣ
gt
drive crazy нmmq ‫مق‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нmmq нmmqt
drop sth ṭ
iyн ‫طّيح‬ kan-ṭ
iyн ṭ
iyнt
drown ġrq ‫غرق‬ kan-ġrq ġrqt
drunk, to get skr ‫سكر‬ kan-skr skrt
dry, to get nšf ‫نشف‬ kan-nšf nšft
ybs ‫يبس‬ kan-ybs ybst
dry sth
nššf ّ ‫ن‬
‫شف‬ kan-nššf nššft
ybbs ‫يّبس‬ kan-ybbs ybbst

dry (a wet floor) jffef ‫فف‬
ّ ‫ج‬ kan-jffef jffeft
dye ṣ
bġ ‫صبغ‬ kan-ṣ
bġ ṣ
bġt
earn (money) ṣ
uwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
uwr ṣ
uwrt
easy, to make shhl ‫سّهل‬ kan-shhl shhlt
eat kla ‫كلى‬ kan-akul klit
eat breakfast fṭ
r ‫فطر‬ kan-fṭ
r fṭ
rt
eat lunch tġdda ‫دى‬
ّ ‫تغ‬ kan-tġdda tġddit

eat dinner t ‫ع‬šša ّ ‫تع‬
‫شى‬ kan-t ‫ع‬šša t ‫ع‬ššit
economize qtaṣ
d ‫قَتصد‬ kan-qtaṣ
d qtaṣ
dt
elect ntaxb ‫نَتخب‬ kan-ntaxb ntaxbt
embarrass sb нššm ّ ‫ح‬
‫شم‬ kan-нššm нššmt
embarrassed, to be нšm ‫حشم‬ kan-нšm нšmt
embrace ‫ع‬anq ‫عانق‬ kan-‫ع‬anq ‫ع‬anqt
embrace Islam slm ‫سلم‬ kan-slm slmt
emigrate hajr ‫هاجر‬ kan-hajr hajrt
empty xwa ‫خوى‬ kan-xwi xwit
encourage šjj ‫ع‬ ‫جع‬
ّ ‫ش‬ kan-šjj ‫ع‬ šjj ‫ع‬t
enjoy sth tbr ‫ع‬ ‫تبرع‬ kan-tbr ‫ع‬ tbr ‫ع‬t
enroll tsjjl ‫جل‬
ّ ‫تس‬ kan-tsjjl tsjjlt
enter dxl ‫دخل‬ kan-dxl dxlt
envy нsd ‫حسد‬ kan-нsd нsdt
erase msн ‫مسح‬ kan-msн msнt
mнa ‫محى‬ kan-mнi mнit
escape
hrb ‫هرب‬ kan-hrb hrbt
estimate qddr ‫در‬

ّ ‫ق‬ kan-qddr qddrt
evacuate xwa kan-xwi xwit
‫خوى‬
(house/country)
evict xrrj ‫خّرج‬ kan-xrrj xrrjt
evolve tṭ
uwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫تط‬ kan-tṭ
uwr tṭ
uwrt
exaggerate (slang) balġ ‫بالغ‬ kan-balġ balġt
exchange tbadl m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫تبادل م‬ kan-tbadl tbadlt
exhibit ‫ع‬rḍ ‫عرض‬ kan-‫ع‬rḍ ‫ع‬rḍ
t
exit xrj ‫خرج‬ kan-xrj xrjt
expensive, to get ġla ‫غلى‬ kay-ġla ġla
experience jrrb ‫جّرب‬ kan-jrrb jrrbt
expire tqaḍ
a ‫تقاضى‬ kay-tqaḍ
a tqaḍ
a
explain šrн ‫شرح‬ kan-šrн šrнt
fssr ‫سر‬
ّ ‫ف‬ kan-fssr fssrt
explode tfrg ‫ع‬ ‫تفرگع‬ kan-tfrg ‫ع‬ tfrg ‫ع‬t
exploit staġl ‫سَتغل‬ kan-staġl staġlt
export ṣ
ddr ‫در‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
ddr ṣ
ddrt
express ‫ع‬bbr ‫عّبر‬ kan-‫ع‬bbr ‫ع‬bbrt
exterminate txllṣmn ‫تخّلص من‬ kan-txllṣ txllṣ
t
face tqabl m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫تقابل م‬ kan-tqabl tqablt

facilitate shhl ‫سّهل‬ kan-shhl shhlt
fail sqṭ ‫سقط‬ kan-sqṭ sqṭ
t
faint sxf ‫سخف‬ kan-sxf sxft
fall ṭ
aн ‫طاح‬ kan-ṭ
iн ṭ
нt
fall, to make ṭ
iyн ‫طّيح‬ kan-ṭ
iyн ṭ
iyнt
fake zuwr ‫زّور‬ kan-zuwr zuwrt
fart нzq ‫حزق‬ kan-нzq нzqt
falsify zuwr ‫زّور‬ kan-zuwr zuwrt
fast ṣ
am ‫صام‬ kan-ṣ
um ṣ
mt
fear xaf ‫خاف‬ kan-xaf xft
feed wkkl ّ ‫و‬
‫كل‬ kan-wkkl wkklt
feed fodder ‫ع‬llf ‫عّلف‬ kan-‫ع‬llf ‫ع‬llft
feel нss ‫س‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нss нssit
ferment
xmr ‫خمر‬ kan-xmr xmrt
fight (physically) tdabz ‫تدابز‬ kan-tdabz tdabzt

fill (intransitive) ‫ع‬mr ‫عمر‬ kan-‫ع‬mr ‫ع‬mrt
fill out ‫ع‬mmr ‫مر‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬mmr ‫ع‬mmrt
fill up ‫ع‬mmr ‫مر‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬mmr ‫ع‬mmrt
filter ṣ
ffa ‫فى‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
ffi ṣ
ffit
finance muwl ‫ول‬
ّ ‫م‬ kan-muwl muwlt
find lqa ‫لقى‬ kan-lqa lqit
finish kmml ‫مل‬
ّ ‫ك‬ kan-kmml kmmlt
sala ‫سالى‬ kan-sali salit
finished, to be tsala ‫تسالى‬ kan-tsala tsalit
fish ṣ
iyd ‫صّيد‬ kan-ṣ
iyd ṣ
iydt
fix ṣ
awb ‫صاوب‬ kan-ṣ
awb ṣ
awbt
ṣ
lн ‫صلح‬ kan-ṣ
lн ṣ
lнt
flatten (bread) grrṣ ‫گّرص‬ kan-grrṣ grrṣ
t
flatter (a female) tġzzl b ‫تغّزل ب‬ kan-tġzzl tġzzlt
flee hrb ‫هرب‬ kan-hrb hrbt
flip qlb ‫قلب‬ kan-qlb qlbt
fly ṭ
ar ‫طار‬ kan-ṭ
ir ṭ
rt
fold ṭ
wa ‫طوى‬ kan-ṭ
wi ṭ
wit
follow tb ‫ع‬ ‫تبع‬ kan-tb ‫ع‬ tb ‫ع‬t
forbid нrrm ‫حّرم‬ kan-нrrm нrrmt
force open fr ‫ع‬ ‫فرع‬ kan-fr ‫ع‬ fr ‫ع‬t
forge (signature) zuwr ‫زّور‬ kan-zuwr zuwrt

forget nsa ‫نسى‬ kan-nsa nsit
forgive smн l ‫سمح ل‬ kan-smн smнt
foretell tnbba ‫تنّبأ‬ kan-tnbba' tnbba't
free нrrer ‫حّرر‬ kan-нrrer нrrert
ṭ
lq ‫طلق‬ kan-ṭ
lq ṭ
lqt
freeze jmd ‫جمد‬ kan-jmd jmdt
freeze sth jmmd ‫مد‬
ّ ‫ج‬ kan-jmmd jmmdt
fry
qla ‫قلى‬ kan-qli qlit
fulfill sth нqqeq ‫قق‬

ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нqqeq нqqeqt
full (of food), to be šb ‫ع‬ ‫شبع‬ kan-šb ‫ع‬ šb ‫ع‬t
fun, to make ḍ
нk ‫ضحك‬ kan-ḍ
нk ḍ
нkt
nšṭ ‫نشط‬ kan-nšṭ nšṭ
t
fun of, to make ннk ‫ع‬la
ḍ ‫حك على‬
ّ ‫ض‬ kan-ḍ
ннk ḍ
ннkt
tflla ‫ع‬la ‫تفّلى على‬ kan-tflla tfllit
gain ksb ‫كسب‬ kan-ksb ksbt
rbн ‫ربح‬ kan-rbн rbнt
gamble qmmr ‫مر‬
ّ ‫ق‬ kan-qmmr qmmrt
gather jm ‫ع‬ ‫جمع‬ kan-jm ‫ع‬ jm ‫ع‬t
gather (with people) jtam ‫ع‬ ‫جَتمع‬ kan-jtam ‫ع‬ jtam ‫ع‬t
gaze нnzez ‫حنزز‬ kan-нnzez нnzezt
generalize ‫ع‬mmem ‫مم‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬mmem ‫ع‬mmemt
generate wlld ‫وّلد‬ kan-wlld wlldt
get xda ‫خدى‬ kan-axud xdit
šdd ّ ‫شد‬ kan-šdd šddit
get down hbṭ ‫هبط‬ kan-hbṭ hbṭ
t
get off nzl ‫نزل‬ kan-nzl nzlt
get on rkb ‫ركب‬ kan-rkb rkbt
l‫ع‬
kan-ṭ l ‫ع‬t
ṭ
get rid of thnna mn ‫تهّنى من‬ kan-thnna thnnit
txllṣmn ‫تخّلص من‬ kan-txllṣ txllṣ
t
get sick mrḍ ‫مرض‬ kan-mrḍ mrḍ
t
get through daz mn ‫داز من‬ kan-duz dzt
get up naḍ ‫ناض‬ kan-nuḍ nḍ
t
get used to wllf ‫وّلف‬ kan-wllf wllft
give ‫ع‬ṭ
a ‫عطى‬ kan-‫ع‬ṭ
i ‫ع‬ṭ
it
give a ride dda ‫ّدى‬ kan-ddi ddit
wṣ
ṣl ‫صل‬
ṣl wṣ
ṣlt

give a speech xṭ
b ‫خطب‬ kan-xṭ b xṭ
bt
give back rjj ‫ع‬ ‫جع‬
ّ ‫ر‬ kan-rjj ‫ع‬ rjj ‫ع‬t
rdd ّ ‫رد‬ kan-rdd rddit
give off ṭ
llq ‫طّلق‬ kan-ṭ
llq ṭ
llqt
give pain ḍ
rr ḍ
rrit
glare at xnzr f ‫خنزر ف‬ kan-xnzr xnzrt
gleam lm ‫ع‬ ‫لمع‬ kan-lm ‫ع‬ lm ‫ع‬t
ḍ
wa ‫ضوى‬ kan-ḍ
wi ḍ
wit
glue lṣ
ṣq ‫صق‬
ّ ‫ل‬ kan-lṣ
ṣq lṣ
ṣqt
go mša ‫مشى‬ kan-mši mšit
go ahead of/in front of sbq ‫سبق‬ kan-sbq sbqt
go by daz ‫ع‬la ‫داز على‬ kan-duz dzt
go out xrj ‫خرج‬ kan-xrj xrjt
go through daz mn ‫داز من‬ kan-duz dzt
go up l‫ع‬
kan-ṭ l ‫ع‬t
ṭ
gossip about hḍ
r f ‫هضر ف‬ kan-hḍ
r hḍ
rt
govern нkm ‫ع‬la ‫حكم على‬ kan-нkm нkmt
grab qbṭ ‫قبط‬ kan-qbṭ qbṭ
t
šdd ّ ‫شد‬ kan-šdd šddit
graze r ‫ع‬a ‫رعى‬ kay-r ‫ع‬a r ‫ع‬a
greet sllm ‫ع‬la ‫سّلم على‬ kan-sllm sllmt
greet one another tsalm ‫تسالم‬ kan-tsalm tsalmt
grill šwa ‫شوى‬ kan-šwi šwit
grind ṭ
нn ‫طحن‬ kan-ṭ
нn ṭ
нnt
grow (get older/bigger) kbr ‫كبر‬ kan-kbr kbrt
guarantee ḍ
mn ‫ضمن‬ kan-ḍ
mn ḍ
mnt
guard ‫ع‬ss ‫س‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬ss ‫ع‬ssit
hand mdd ّ ‫مد‬ kan-mdd mddit
hang ‫ع‬llq ‫عّلق‬ kan-‫ع‬llq ‫ع‬llqt
hang to dry nšr ‫نشر‬ kan-nšr nšrt
happen wq ‫ع‬ ‫وقع‬ kay-wq ‫ع‬ wq ‫ع‬
jra ‫جرى‬ kay-jra jra
ṭ
ra ‫طرى‬ kay-ṭ
ra ṭ
ra
happy, to be frн ‫فرح‬ kan-frн frнt
happy, to make frrн ‫فّرح‬ kan-frrн frrнt
harvest нṣ
d ‫حصد‬ kan-нṣ
d нṣ
dt
hatch tfqqṣ ‫قص‬
ّ ‫تف‬ kay-tfqqṣ tfqqṣ
hate krh ‫كره‬ kan-krh krht

have ‫ع‬nd ‫عند‬ ‫ع‬ndi kan ‫ع‬ndi
hear sm ‫ع‬ ‫سمع‬ kan-sm ‫ع‬ sm ‫ع‬t
heat sxxn ‫خن‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-sxxn sxxnt
help
‫ع‬awn ‫عاون‬ kan-‫ع‬awn ‫ع‬awnt
herd srн ‫سرح‬ kan-srн srнt

hesitate trdded ‫ترّدد‬ kan-trdded trddedt
hide sth xbba ‫خّبى‬ kan-xbba xbbit
hide (oneself) txbba ‫تخّبى‬ kan-txbba txbbit
hire (a car) kra ‫كرى‬ kan-kri krit
hit ḍ
rb ‫ضرب‬ kan-ḍ
rb ḍ
rbt
hit, to be tḍ
rb ‫تضرب‬ kan-tḍ
rb tḍ
rbt
hold šdd ّ ‫شد‬ kan-šdd šddit
honor šrrf ‫شّرف‬ kan-šrrf šrrft
hope tmnna ‫تمّنى‬ kan-tmnna tmnnit
house skkn ّ ‫س‬
‫كن‬ kan-skkn skknt
hug ‫ع‬nnq ‫عّنق‬ kan-‫ع‬nnq ‫ع‬nnqt
hug one another t ‫ع‬anq ‫تعانق‬ kan-t ‫ع‬anq t ‫ع‬anqt
hungry, to be ja ‫ع‬ ‫جاع‬ kan-ju ‫ع‬ j ‫ع‬t
hunt ṣ
iyd ‫صّيد‬ kan-ṣ
iyd ṣ
iydt
hurry zrb ‫زرب‬ kan-zrb zrbt
hurt ḍ
rr ḍ
rrit
ignore (slang) miyk ‫ع‬la ‫مّيك على‬ kan-miyk miykt
ill, to be mrḍ ‫مرض‬ kan-mrḍ mrḍ
t
ill, to make mrrḍ ‫مّرض‬ kan-mrrḍ mrrḍ
t
imagine tṣ
uwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫تص‬ kan-tṣ
uwr tṣ
uwrt
txayl ‫تخايل‬ kan-txayl txaylt
imitate qlld ‫قّلد‬ kan-qlld qlldt
import stawrd ‫سَتورد‬ kan-stawrd stawrdt
impose frḍ ‫فرض‬ kan-frḍ frḍ
t
imprison sjn ‫سجن‬ kan-sjn sjnt
šdd f l нbs ‫شد ّ ف الحبس‬ kan-šdd šddit
improve нssn ‫سن‬
tнssn ‫سن‬
ّ ‫تح‬ kan-tнssn tнssnt
improvise rtajl ‫رَتجل‬ kan-rtajl rtajlt
increase zad ‫زاد‬ kan-zid zdt
indicate biyn ‫بّين‬ kan-biyn biynt
infect ‫ع‬ada ‫عادى‬ kan-‫ع‬adi ‫ع‬adit

inform
‫ع‬lm ‫علم‬ kan-‫ع‬lm ‫ع‬lmt
xbr ‫خبر‬ kan-xbr xbrt

inherit wrt ‫ورت‬ kan-wrt wrtt
injure jrн ‫جرح‬ kan-jrн jrнt
inspect (education) fttš ‫فّتش‬ kan-fttš fttšt
install blaṣ
a ‫بلصى‬ kan-blaṣ
i blaṣ
it
rkkb ّ ‫ر‬
insult ‫ع‬ayr ‫عاير‬ kan-‫ع‬ayr ‫ع‬ayrt
sbb ‫ب‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-sbb sbbit
integrate dmj ‫دمج‬ kan-dmj dmjt
interest httm ‫هّتم‬ kay-httm httm
interfere tdxxl ‫خل‬
ّ ‫تد‬ kan-tdxxl tdxxlt
interrupt ‫ع‬
qaṭ ‫قاطع‬ ‫ع‬
kan-qaṭ ‫ع‬t
qaṭ
introduce qddm ‫دم‬
ّ ‫ق‬ kan-qddm qddmt
invent xtar ‫ع‬ ‫خَترع‬ kan-xtar ‫ع‬ xtar ‫ع‬t
invite ‫ع‬rḍ‫ع‬la ‫عرض على‬ kan-‫ع‬rḍ ‫ع‬rḍ
t
iron нdded ‫دد‬
irrigate sga ‫سگى‬ kan-sgi sgit
sqa ‫سقى‬ kan-sqi sqit
irritate qllq ‫قّلق‬ kan-qllq qllqt
irritated, to be tqllq ‫تقّلق‬ kan-tqllq tqllqt
isolate hmmš ‫مش‬
ّ ‫ه‬ kan-hmmš hmmšt
‫ع‬zl ‫عزل‬ kan-‫ع‬zl ‫ع‬zlt
jealous, to be ġar ‫ع‬la ‫غار على‬ kan-ġir ġrt
joke ḍ
нk ḍ
нkt
tflla ‫تفّلى‬ kan-tflla tfllit
judge нkm ‫ع‬la ‫حكم على‬ kan-нkm нkmt
нasb ‫حاسب‬ kan-нasb нasbt
jump nqqz ‫قز‬
ّ ‫ن‬ kan-nqqz nqqzt
justify brrer ‫بّرر‬ kan-brrer brrert
keep нtafḍb ‫حَتفض ب‬ kan-нtafḍ нtafḍ
t
нafḍ‫ع‬la ‫حافض على‬ kan-нafḍ нafḍ
t
keep house qabl ḍ
-ḍ
ar ‫قابل الدار‬ kan-qabl qablt
gabl ḍ
-ḍ
ar ‫گابل الدار‬ kan-gabl gablt
kick (a ball) šat ‫شات‬ kan-šut štt
qdf ‫قدف‬ kan-qdf qdft
kidnap xṭ
f ‫خطف‬ kan-xṭ
f xṭ
ft

kiss bas ‫باس‬ kan-bus bst
knead
‫ع‬jn ‫عجن‬ kan-‫ع‬jn ‫ع‬jnt
know ‫ع‬rf ‫عرف‬ kan-‫ع‬rf ‫ع‬rft

last (time) bqa ‫بقى‬ kan-bqa bqit
dam ‫دام‬ kan-dum dmt
late, to be t ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl ّ ‫تع‬
‫طل‬ kan-t ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl t ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭlt
late, to make ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl ّ ‫ع‬
‫طل‬ kan-‫ع‬ṭ
ṭl ‫ع‬ṭ
ṭlt
laugh ḍ
нk ḍ
нkt
laugh, to make ḍ
ннk ‫حك‬ّ ‫ض‬ kan-ḍ
ннk ḍ
ннkt
lay down нṭ
ṭ ّ ‫ح‬
‫ط‬ kan-нṭ
ṭ нṭ
ṭit
lay eggs biyḍ ‫بّيض‬ kan-biyḍ biyḍ
t
lead tz ‫ع ع‬m ‫عم‬
ّ ‫تز‬ kan-tz ‫ع ع‬m tz ‫ع ع‬mt
leak sal ‫سال‬ kan-sil slt
qṭ
r ‫قطر‬ kan-qṭ
r qṭ
rt
lean tkka ‫ع‬la ّ ‫ت‬
‫كى على‬ kan-tkka tkkit
learn t ‫ع‬llm ‫تعّلم‬ kan-t ‫ع‬llm t ‫ع‬llmt
leave xrj ‫خرج‬ kan-xrj xrjt
leave (a house/city for rнl kan-rнl rнlt
‫رحل‬
another)
leave alone xlla ‫خّلى‬ kan-xlli xllit
leave behind xlla ‫خّلى‬ kan-xlli xllit
lend sllf ‫سّلف‬ kan-sllf sllft
lengthen ṭ
uwl ‫ول‬
ّ ‫ط‬ kan-ṭ
uwl ṭ
uwlt
lessen qllel ‫قّلل‬ kan-qllel qllelt
let xlla ‫خّلى‬ kan-xlli xllit
let go of ṭ
lq mn ‫طلق من‬ kan-ṭ
lq ṭ
lqt
liberate нrrer ‫حّرر‬ kan-нrrer нrrert
lie kdb ‫كدب‬ kan-kdb kdbt
lift hzz ‫هّز‬ kan-hzz hzzit
light š ‫ع‬l ‫شعل‬ kan-š ‫ع‬l š ‫ع‬lt
like bġa ‫بغى‬ kan-bġi knt baġi
‫ع‬jb ‫عجب‬ kay ‫ع‬jbni ‫ع‬jbni
lighten (weight)
xffef ‫فف‬
ّ ‫خ‬ kan-xffef xffeft
limit нdded ‫دد‬

limp ‫ع‬rj ‫عرج‬ kan-‫ع‬rj ‫ع‬rjt

line, to draw a sṭ
ṭr ّ ‫س‬
‫طر‬ kan-sṭ ṭ
r sṭ
ṭrt
live (reside) skn ‫سكن‬ kan-skn sknt
loan sllf ‫سّلف‬ kan-sllf sllft
lock sdd ّ ‫سد‬ kan-sdd sddit
surt ‫سورت‬ kan-surt surtt
look šaf ‫شاف‬ kan-šuf šft
look after thlla f ‫تهل ّ ف‬ kan-thlla thllat
нḍ
a ‫حضى‬ kan-нḍ
i нḍ
it
look alike tšabh ‫تشابه‬ kan-tšabh tšabht
look behind tlfft ‫فت‬
ّ ‫تل‬ kan-tlfft tlfftt
look down (on sb) нgr ‫حگر‬ kan-нgr нgrt
look for qllb ‫ع‬la ‫قّلب على‬ kan-qllb qllbt
look like šbh ‫شبه‬ kan-šbh šbht
ban bнal ‫بان بحال‬ kan-ban bnt
look out (window) ṭ
ll ّ ‫ط‬
‫ل‬ kan-ṭ
ll ṭ
llit
loosen ṭ
lq ṭ
lqt
rxa ‫رخى‬ kan-rxi rxit
rxf ‫رخف‬ kan-rxf rxft
lose wḍ
ḍr ‫ضر‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wḍ
ḍr wḍ
ḍrt
tllf ‫تّلف‬ kan-tllf tllft
lost, to be twḍ
ḍr ‫ضر‬
ّ ‫تو‬ kan-twḍ
ḍr twḍ
ḍrt
love bġa ‫بغى‬ kan-bġi knt baġi
mat ‫ع‬la ‫مات على‬ kan-mut mtt
lower nzzl ‫نّزل‬ kan-nzzl nzzlt
hbbṭ ‫هّبط‬ kan-hbbṭ hbbṭ
t
nqṣ ‫نقص‬ kan-nqṣ nqṣ
t
magnify kbbr ‫كّبر‬ kan-kbbr kbbrt
maintain нafḍ‫ع‬la ‫حافض على‬ kan-нafḍ нafḍ
t
make ṣ
awb ṣ
awbt
dar ‫دار‬ kan-dir drt
n‫ع‬
ṣ ‫صنع‬ n‫ع‬
kan-ṣ n ‫ع‬t
ṣ
make difficult for sb tkrfs ‫ع‬la ‫تكرفس على‬ kan-tkrfs tkrfst
maltreat (destroy) krfs ‫كرفس‬ kan-krfs krfst
manipulate tнkkm ّ ‫تح‬
‫كم‬ kan-tнkkm tнkkmt
manufacture n‫ع‬
ṣ ‫صنع‬ n‫ع‬
kan-ṣ n ‫ع‬t
ṣ
mark
nqqṭ ‫قط‬
ّ ‫ن‬ kan-nqqṭ nqqṭ
t
ršm ‫رشم‬ kan-ršm ršmt


marry (with) tzuwj (b) ‫)تزّوج )ب‬ kan-tzuwj tzuwjt
marry off (daughter, etc.) zuwj ‫زّوج‬ kan-zuwj zuwjt
massage (hammam) kssl ‫سل‬
ّ ‫ك‬ kan-kssl ksslt
mean ‫ع‬na ‫عنى‬ kan-‫ع‬ni ‫ع‬nit
measure ‫ع‬br ‫عبر‬ kan-‫ع‬br ‫ع‬brt
mediate twssṭ ‫سط‬
ّ ‫تو‬ kan-twssṭ twssṭ
t
meet tlaqa ‫تلقى‬ kan-tlaqa tlaqit
meeting, to have jtam ‫ع‬ ‫جَتمع‬ kan-jtam ‫ع‬ jtam ‫ع‬t
melt dab ‫داب‬ kan-dub dbt
memorize нfḍ ‫حفض‬ kan-нfḍ нfḍ
t
menace hdded ‫دد‬
ّ ‫ه‬ kan-hdded hddedt
mess up krfs ‫كرفس‬ kan-krfs krfst
migrate hjr ‫هجر‬ kan-hjr hjrt
milk нlb ‫حلب‬ kan-нlb нlbt
mistake, to make a ġlṭ ‫غلط‬ kan-ġlṭ ġlṭ
t
miss (a bus) 3rd person mša ‫ع‬la ‫مشى على‬ kay-mši ‫ع‬liya mša ‫ع‬liya
mix xllṭ ‫خّلط‬ kan-xllṭ xllṭ
t
monitor (exam) нḍ
a ‫حضى‬ kan-нḍ
i нḍ
it
нrs ‫حرس‬ kan-нrs нrst
monopolize нtakr ‫حَتكر‬ kan-нtakr нtakrt
motivate нffz ‫فز‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нffz нffzt
move sth нrrk ‫حّرك‬ kan-нrrk нrrkt
kннz ‫حز‬
ّ ‫ك‬ kan-kннz kннzt
move tнrrk ‫تحّرك‬ kan-tнrrk tнrrkt
tkннz ‫حز‬
ّ ‫تك‬ kan-tkннz tkннzt
move away from b ‫ع‬d mn ‫بعد من‬ kan-b ‫ع‬d b ‫ع‬dt
move residence tнuwl ‫ول‬
ّ ‫تح‬ kan-tнuwl tнuwlt
rнl ‫رحل‬ kan-rнl rнlt
murder qtl ‫قتل‬ kan-qtl qtlt
name smma ‫مى‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-smmi smmit
need нtaj ‫حتاج‬ kan-нtaj нtajt
neglect smн f ‫سمح ف‬ kan-smн smнt
frrṭ ‫فّرط‬ kan-frrṭ frrṭ
t
noise, to make d‫ع‬
ṣ ‫صدع‬ d‫ع‬
kan-ṣ d ‫ع‬t
ṣ
nominate rššн ّ ‫ر‬
‫شح‬ kan-rššн rššнt
notice laнḍ ‫لحض‬ kan-laнḍ laнḍ
t
obey a‫ع‬
ṭ ‫طاع‬ i‫ع‬
kan-ṭ ‫ع‬t
ṭ
object ‫ع‬arḍ ‫عارض‬ kan-‫ع‬arḍ ‫ع‬arḍ
t

oblige
frḍ‫ع‬la ‫فرض على‬ kan-frḍ frḍ
t
bzzez ‫ع‬la ‫بّزز على‬ kan-bzzez bzzezt

observe laнḍ ‫لحض‬ kan-laнḍ laнḍ
t
occupy нtll ّ ‫حت‬
‫ل‬ kan-нtll нtllt
occur wq ‫ع‬ ‫وقع‬ kay wq ‫ع‬ wq ‫ع‬
jra ‫جرى‬ kay jra jra
offer hda ‫هدى‬ kan-hdi hdit
oil ziyt ‫زّيت‬ kan-ziyt ziytt
old, to get šrf ‫شرف‬ kan-šrf šrft
open нll ّ ‫ح‬
‫ل‬ kan-нll нllit
ftн ‫فتح‬ kan-ftн ftнt
operate (surgical) ftн ‫فتح‬ kan-ftн ftнt
oppress ‫ع‬ddb ‫دب‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬ddb ‫ع‬ddbt
order sth ṭ
lb ‫طلب‬ kan-ṭ
lb ṭ
lbt
order sb amr ‫أمر‬ kan-amr amrt
organize nḍ
ḍm ‫ضم‬
ّ ‫ن‬ kan-nḍ
ḍm nḍ
ḍmt
overcome tġllb ‫ع‬la ‫تغّلب على‬ kan-tġllb tġllbt
owe tsal ‫تسال‬ kan-tsal tsalt
owed, to be sal ‫سال‬ kan-sal slt
own mlk ‫ملك‬ kan-mlk mlkt
pacify hddn ‫دن‬
ّ ‫ه‬ kan-hddn hddnt
pack jm ‫ع‬ ‫جمع‬ kan-jm ‫ع‬ jm ‫ع‬t
paint ṣ
bġ ‫صبغ‬ kan-ṣ
bġ ṣ
bġt
park (a car) blaṣ
a ‫بلصى‬ kan-blaṣ
a blaṣ
it
participate šark ‫شارك‬ kan-šark šarkt
party нtafl ‫حَتفل‬ kan-нtafl нtaflt
pass daz ‫داز‬ kan-duz dzt
fat ‫فات‬ kan-fut ftt
pass (exam) njн f ‫نجح ف‬ kan-njн njнt
pass by daz ‫ع‬la ‫داز على‬ kan-duz dzt
paste lṣ
ṣq ‫صق‬
ṣq lṣ
ṣqt
patient, to be ṣ
br ‫صبر‬ kan-ṣ
br ṣ
brt
pay xllṣ ‫خّلص‬ kan-xllṣ xllṣ
t
paid, to be txllṣ ‫تخّلص‬ kan-txllṣ txllṣ
t
pay back rdd l ‫رد ّ ل‬ kan-rdd rddit
peel qššr ّ ‫ق‬
‫شر‬ kan-qššr qššrt
peel (skin) tqššr ّ ‫تق‬
‫شر‬ kan-tqššr tqššrt

permit
xlla ‫خّلى‬ kan-xlli xllit
smн l ‫سمح ل‬ kan-smн smнt

persuade qn ‫ع‬ ‫قنع‬ kan-qn ‫ع‬ qn ‫ع‬t
photograph ṣ
uwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
uwr ṣ
uwrt
photographed, to be tṣ
uwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫تص‬ kan-tṣ
uwr tṣ
uwrt
pick (light fruit) jna ‫جنى‬ kan-jni jnit
pierce tqb ‫تقب‬ kan-tqb tqbt
pile up ‫ع‬rrm ‫عّرم‬ kan-‫ع‬rrm ‫ع‬rrmt
plan xṭ
ṭeṭ ّ ‫خ‬
‫طط‬ kan-xṭ
ṭeṭ xṭ
ṭeṭ
t
plant zr ‫ع‬ ‫زرع‬ kan-zr ‫ع‬ zr ‫ع‬t
play l ‫ع‬b ‫لعب‬ kan-l ‫ع‬b l ‫ع‬bt
please ‫ع‬jb ‫عجب‬ kan-‫ع‬jb ‫ع‬jbt
plow нrt ‫حرت‬ kan-нrt нrtt
pluck riyš ‫رّيش‬ kan-riyš riyšt
poison smmem ‫مم‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-smmem smmemt
poisoned, to be tsmmem ‫مم‬
ّ ‫تس‬ kan-tsmmem tsmmemt
pollute luwt ‫وت‬
ّ ‫ل‬ kan-luwt luwtt
possess mlk ‫ملك‬ kan-mlk mlkt
postpone ajjl ‫جل‬
ّ ‫أ‬ kan-ajjl ajjlt
pour kbb ‫ب‬
ّ ‫ك‬ kan-kbb kbbit
xwa ‫خوى‬ kan-xwi xwit
practice ṭ
bbq ‫طّبق‬ kan-ṭ
bbq ṭ
bbqt
praise mdн ‫مدح‬ kan-mdн mdнt
pray ṣ
lla ‫صّلى‬ kan-ṣ
lli ṣ
llit
precede sbq ‫سبق‬ kan-sbq sbqt
prefer fḍ
ḍl ‫ضل‬
ّ ‫ف‬ kan-fḍ
ḍl fḍ
ḍlt
prepare wjjd ‫جد‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wjjd wjjdt
ṣ
awb ṣ
awbt
pressure ḍ
ġṭ ‫ضغط‬ kan-ḍ
ġṭ ḍ
ġṭ
t
pretend dar bнal ‫دار بحال‬ kan-dir drt
biyn blli ‫بّين بّلي‬ kan-biyn biynt
prevent mn ‫ع‬ ‫منع‬ kan-mn ‫ع‬ mn ‫ع‬t
print b‫ع‬
ṭ ‫طبع‬ b‫ع‬
kan-ṭ b ‫ع‬t
ṭ
produce ntj ‫نتج‬ kan-ntj ntjt
profit
rbн ‫ربح‬ kan-rbн rbнt
stafd ‫سَتفد‬ kan-stafd stafdt


progress tqddm ‫دم‬
ّ ‫تق‬ kan-tqddm tqddmt
prohibit mn ‫ع‬ ‫منع‬ kan-mn ‫ع‬ mn ‫ع‬t
promise wa ‫ع‬d ‫واعد‬ kan-wa ‫ع‬d wa ‫ع‬dt
pronounce nṭ
q ‫نطق‬ kan-nṭ
q nṭ
qt
propose qtarн ‫قَترح‬ kan-qtarн qtarнt
proud, to be ftaxr ‫فَتخر‬ kan-ftaxr ftaxrt
prune zbr ‫زبر‬ kan-zbr zbrt
publish nšr ‫نشر‬ kan-nšr nšrt
pull jrr ‫جّر‬ kan-jrr jrrit
jbd ‫جبد‬ kan-jbd jbdt
punish ‫ع‬aqb ‫عاقب‬ kan-‫ع‬aqb ‫ع‬aqbt
push df ‫ع‬ ‫دفع‬ kan-df ‫ع‬ df ‫ع‬t
push (a button) wrrk ‫ع‬la ‫وّرك على‬ kan-wrrk wrrkt
brk ‫ع‬la ‫برك على‬ kan-brk brkt
put нṭ
ṭ ّ ‫ح‬
‫ط‬ kan-нṭ
ṭ нṭ
ṭit
put down нṭ
ṭ ّ ‫ح‬
‫ط‬ kan-нṭ
ṭ нṭ
ṭit
put out (light) ṭ
fa ‫طفى‬ kan-ṭ
fi ṭ
fit
put together (parts) rkkb ّ ‫ر‬
quarrel txaṣ
m ‫تخاصم‬ kan-txaṣ
m txaṣ
mt
quiet, to be skt ‫سكت‬ kan-skt sktt
quiet, to make skkt ّ ‫س‬
‫كت‬ kan-skkt skktt
quit mša bнalu ‫مشى بحالو‬ kan-mši bнali mšit bнali
rain ṭ
aн (l-šta) ‫)طاح )الشتا‬ kat-ṭ
iн ṭ
aнt
raise hzz ‫هّز‬ kan-hzz hzzit
raise (children) rbba ‫رّبى‬ kan-rbbi rbbit
raised, to be trbba ‫ترّبى‬ kan-trbba trbbit
rape ġtaṣ
b ‫غَتصب‬ kan-ġtaṣ
b ġtaṣ
bt
read qra ‫قرى‬ kan-qra qrit
receive (a letter) šdd ّ ‫شد‬ kan-šdd šddit
recognize t ‫ع‬rrf ‫تعّرف‬ kan-t ‫ع‬rrf t ‫ع‬rrft
record sjjl ‫جل‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-sjjl sjjlt
reduce
nqs ‫نقس‬ kan-nqs nqst
reform ṣ
lн ṣ
lнt
refuse rfḍ ‫رفض‬ kan-rfḍ rfḍ
t
refute nfa ‫نفى‬ kan-nfi nfit
regret ndm ‫ندم‬ kan-ndm ndmt
reimburse ‫ع‬uwḍ ‫وض‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬uwḍ ‫ع‬uwḍ
t

rejoice frн ‫فرح‬ kan-frн frнt
relax rtaн ‫رتاح‬ kan-rtaн rtaнt
release ṭ
lq ṭ
lqt
rely on ‫ع‬uwl ‫ع‬la ‫ول على‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬uwl ‫ع‬uwlt
remain bqa ‫بقى‬ kan-bqa bqit
remember ‫ع‬ql ‫ع‬la ‫عقل على‬ kan-‫ع‬ql ‫ع‬qlt
tfkkr ّ ‫تف‬
‫كر‬ kan-tfkkr tfkkrt
remind fkkr ّ ‫ف‬
‫كر‬ kan-fkkr fkkrt
remove нiyd ‫حّيد‬ kan-нiyd нiydt
zuwl ‫زّول‬ kan-zuwl zuwlt
renew jdded ‫دد‬
ّ ‫ج‬ kan-jdded jddedt
rent kra ‫كرى‬ kan-kri krit
repair ṣ
awb ṣ
awbt
ṣ
lн ṣ
lнt
repeat ‫ع‬awd ‫عاود‬ kan-‫ع‬awd ‫ع‬awdt
repent tab ‫تاب‬ kan-tub tbt
reply rdd ّ ‫رد‬ kan-rdd rddit
request ṭ
lb mn ‫طلب من‬ kan-ṭ
lb ṭ
lbt
require tṭ
lb ‫تطلب‬ kan-tṭ
lb tṭ
lbt
resemble šbh ‫شبه‬ kan-šbh šbht
resign staql ‫سَتقل‬ kan-staql staqlt
resist qawm ‫قاوم‬ kan-qawm qawmt
respect нtarm ‫حَترم‬ kan-нtarm нtarmt
respond jawb ‫جاوب‬ kan-jawb jawbt
rest rtaн ‫رتاح‬ kan-rtaн rtaнt
retire tqa ‫ع‬d ‫تقاعد‬ kan-tqa ‫ع‬d tqa ‫ع‬dt
return (to a place) rj ‫ع‬ ‫رجع‬ kan-rj ‫ع‬ rj ‫ع‬t
return sth rdd ّ ‫رد‬ kan-rdd rddit
rjj ‫ع‬ ‫جع‬
ّ ‫ر‬ kan-rjj ‫ع‬ rjj ‫ع‬t
review raj ‫ع‬ ‫راجع‬ kan-raj ‫ع‬ raj ‫ع‬t
ride rkb ‫ركب‬ kan-rkb rkbt
ride, to give a dda ‫ّدى‬ kan-ddi ddit
rkkb ّ ‫ر‬
wṣ
ṣl ‫صل‬
ṣl wṣ
ṣlt
rinse šllel ‫شّلل‬ kan-šllel šllelt
rise (like the sun) l‫ع‬
kan-ṭ l ‫ع‬t
ṭ
rise (to wake up) faq ‫فاق‬ kan-fiq fqt
rot fsd ‫فسد‬ kan-fsd fsdt

round, to go ḍ
uwr ‫ور‬ّ ‫ض‬ kan-ḍ uwr ḍ
uwrt
rub нkk ‫ك‬ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нkk нkkit
run jra ‫جرى‬ kan-jri jrit
run away hrb ‫هرب‬ kan-hrb hrbt
run out of tqaḍ
a ‫تقاضى‬ kan-tqaḍ
a tqaḍ
it
rush zrb ‫زرب‬ kan-zrb zrbt
sacrifice ḍ
ннa ‫حى‬
ّ ‫ض‬ kan-ḍ
ннi ḍ
ннit
satisfy qn ‫ع‬ ‫قنع‬ kan-qn ‫ع‬ qn ‫ع‬t
save xbba ‫خّبى‬ kan-xbbi xbbit
xzn ‫خزن‬ kan-xzn xznt
xbb ‫ع‬ ‫خّبع‬ kan-xbb ‫ع‬ xbb ‫ع‬t
save (money) jm ‫ ع‬l flus ‫جمع الفلوس‬ kan-jm ‫ع‬ jm ‫ع‬t
wffr ‫وّفر‬ kan-wffr wffrt
say gal ‫گال‬ kan-gul glt
scratch нkk ّ ‫ح‬
‫ك‬ kan-нkk нkkit
scream ġuwt ‫وت‬
ّ ‫غ‬ kan-ġuwt ġuwtt
screw ziyr ‫زّير‬ kan-ziyr ziyrt
see šaf ‫شاف‬ kan-šuf šft
see one another tšawf ‫تشاوف‬ kan-tšawf tšawft
sell ba ‫ع‬ ‫باع‬ kan-bi ‫ع‬ b ‫ع‬t
send ṣ
ifṭ ‫صيفط‬ kan-ṣ
ifṭ ṣ
ifṭ
t
separate frrq ‫فّرق‬ kan-frrq frrqt
serve srba ‫سربى‬ kan-srbi srbit
set a bone jbbr ‫جّبر‬ kan-jbbr jbbrt
set (the sun) ġrb ‫غرب‬ kan-ġrb ġrbt
set up rkkb ّ ‫ر‬
settle staqr ‫سَتقر‬ kan-staqr staqrt
sew xiyṭ ‫خّيط‬ kan-xiyṭ xiyṭ
t
shake (palsy) tr ‫ع ع‬d ‫عد‬
ّ ‫تر‬ kan-tr ‫ع ع‬d tr ‫ع ع‬dt
rjf ‫رجف‬ kan-rjf rjft
shake hands with
sllm ‫ع‬la ‫سّلم على‬ kan-sllm sllmt
shake out нrrk ‫حّرك‬ kan-нrrk нrrkt

share qsm ‫قسم‬ kan-qsm qsmt
sharpen njr ‫نجر‬ kan-njr njrt
mḍ
ḍa ‫ضى‬
ّ ‫م‬ kan-mḍ
ḍi mḍ
ḍit
shave нssn ‫سن‬
shepherd srн ‫سرح‬ kan-srн srнt

shine lm ‫ع‬ ‫لمع‬ kan-lm ‫ع‬ lm ‫ع‬t
shiver tr ‫ع ع‬d ‫عد‬
ّ ‫تر‬ kan-tr ‫ع ع‬d tr ‫ع ع‬dt
rjf ‫رجف‬ kan-rjf rjft
shop (weekly market) tsuwq ‫وق‬
ّ ‫تس‬ kan-tsuwq tsuwqt
shop (food) tqdda ‫دى‬
ّ ‫تق‬ kan-tqdda tqddit
shorten qṣ
ṣr ‫صر‬
ّ ‫ق‬ kan-qṣ
ṣr qṣ
ṣrt
shout ġuwt ‫وت‬
ّ ‫غ‬ kan-ġuwt ġuwtt
shovel hzz b l bala ‫هّز ب البالة‬ kan-hzz hzzit
show wrra ‫وّرى‬ kan-wrri wrrit
shower duwš ‫دّوش‬ kan-duwš duwšt
shut sdd ّ ‫سد‬ kan-sdd sddit
shut eyes ġmmḍ ‫مض‬
ّ ‫غ‬ kan-ġmmḍ ġmmḍ
t
shut up skt ‫سكت‬ kan-skt sktt
sift ġrbl ‫غربل‬ kan-ġrbl ġrblt
sightsee tsara ‫تسارى‬ kan-tsara tsarit
sign sna ‫سنى‬ kan-sni snit
wqq ‫ع‬ ‫وّقع‬ kan-wqq ‫ع‬ wqq ‫ع‬t
silence sb skkt ّ ‫س‬
‫كت‬ kan-skkt skktt
silent, to be skt ‫سكت‬ kan-skt sktt
simplify shhl ‫سّهل‬ kan-shhl shhlt
sing ġnna ‫غّنى‬ kan-ġnni ġnnit
sink ġṭ
s ‫غطس‬ kan-ġṭ
s ġṭ
st
ġrq ‫غرق‬ kan-ġrq ġrqt
sit gls ‫گلس‬ kan-gls glst
skin slx ‫سلخ‬ kan-slx slxt
skip nqqz ‫قز‬
ّ ‫ن‬ kan-nqqz nqqzt
slap (in the face) ṣ
rfq ‫صرفق‬ kan-ṣ
rfq ṣ
rfqt
ṭ
rrš ‫طّرش‬ kan-ṭ
rrš ṭ
rršt
slaughter dbн ‫دبح‬ kan-dbн dbнt
sleep n ‫ع‬s ‫نعس‬ kan-n ‫ع‬s n ‫ع‬st
sleep, to make n ‫ع ع‬s ‫نّعس‬ kan-n ‫ع ع‬s n ‫ع ع‬st
slide zlq ‫زلق‬ kan-zlq zlqt
slip zlq ‫زلق‬ kan-zlq zlqt
smear ّ ‫ل‬
lṭ
ṭx ‫طخ‬ kan-lṭ
ṭx lṭ
ṭxt
smell šmm ‫م‬

ّ ‫ش‬ kan-šmm šmmit
smile btasm ‫بَتسم‬ kan-btasm btasmt
smoke kma ‫كمى‬ kan-kmi kmit

smuggle hrrb ‫هّرب‬ kan-hrrb hrrbt
sneeze ‫ع‬ṭ
s ‫عطس‬ kan-‫ع‬ṭ
s ‫ع‬ṭ
st
solder lннm ‫حم‬
ّ ‫ل‬ kan-lннm lннmt
solve нll ّ ‫ح‬
‫ل‬ kan-нll нllit
speak tkllm ‫تكّلم‬ kan-tkllm tkllmt
hḍ
r ‫هضر‬ kan-hḍ
r hḍ
rt
dwa ‫دوى‬ kan-dwi dwit
specialize txṣ
ṣeṣ ‫صص‬
ّ ‫تخ‬ kan-txṣ
ṣeṣ txṣ
ṣeṣ
t
spend money ṣ
rf ‫صرف‬ kan-ṣ
rf ṣ
rft
spend the night bat ‫بات‬ kan-bat btt
spend time duwz ‫دّوز‬ kan-duwz duwzt
spin ġzl ‫غزل‬ kan-ġzl ġzlt
spit dfl ‫دفل‬ kan-dfl dflt
splash ršš ‫ش‬
ّ ‫ر‬ kan-ršš rššit
spoil (a child) fššeš ّ ‫ف‬
‫شش‬ kan-fššeš fššešt
sprain df ‫ع‬ ‫دفع‬ kan-df ‫ع‬ df ‫ع‬t
spray ršš ‫ش‬
ّ ‫ر‬ kan-ršš rššit
squeeze ‫ع‬ṣ
r ‫عصر‬ kan-‫ع‬ṣ
r ‫ع‬ṣ
rt
ziyr ‫زّير‬ kan-ziyr ziyrt
stamp b‫ع‬
ṭ ‫طبع‬ b‫ع‬
kan-ṭ b ‫ع‬t
ṭ
stand wqf ‫وقف‬ kan-wqf wqft
stare angrily xnzr f ‫خنزر ف‬ kan-xnzr xnzrt
start bda ‫بدى‬ kan-bda bdit
startle xl ‫ع‬ ‫خلع‬ kan-xl ‫ع‬ xl ‫ع‬t
startled, to be txl ‫ع‬ ‫تخلع‬ kan-txl ‫ع‬ txl ‫ع‬t
stay bqa ‫بقى‬ kan-bqa bqit
gls ‫گلس‬ kan-gls glst
stay up late shr ‫سهر‬ kan-shr shrt
steal srq ‫سرق‬ kan-srq srqt
šffr ‫فر‬
ّ ‫ش‬ kan-šffr šffrt
step on
‫ع‬fṭ ‫عفط‬ kan-‫ع‬fṭ ‫ع‬fṭ
t
‫ع‬fs ‫عفس‬ kan-‫ع‬fs ‫ع‬fst

sting qrṣ ‫قرص‬ kan-qrṣ qrṣ
t
stink xnz ‫خنز‬ kan-xnz xnzt
stir нrrk ‫حّرك‬ kan-нrrk нrrkt
stop wqf ‫وقف‬ kan-wqf wqft

stop speaking with m m ‫ع‬a
txaṣ ‫ع‬
َ ‫تخاصم م‬ kan-txaṣ m txaṣmt
store xzn ‫خزن‬ kan-xzn xznt
strangle qjj ‫ج‬
ّ ‫ق‬ kan-qjj qjjit
xnq ‫خنق‬ kan-xnq xnqt
strike (from work) dar l iḍ
rab ‫دار الضراب‬ kan-dir drt
stroll tmšša ّ ‫تم‬
‫شى‬ kan-tmšša tmššit
stretch jbbd ‫جّبد‬ kan-jbbd jbbdt
kssl ‫سل‬
ّ ‫ك‬ kan-kssl ksslt
study qra ‫قرى‬ kan-qra qrit
drs ‫درس‬ kan-drs drst
succeed at njн f ‫نجح ف‬ kan-njн njнt
suck mṣ
ṣ ‫ص‬
ّ ‫م‬ kan-mṣ
ṣ mṣ
ṣit
sue d ‫ع‬a ‫دعى‬ kan-d ‫ع‬i d ‫ع‬it
suffer t ‫ع‬ddb ‫دب‬
ّ ‫تع‬ kan-t ‫ع‬ddb t ‫ع‬ddbt
suggest qtarн ‫قَترح‬ kan-qtarн qtarнt
sunbathe tšmmš ‫مش‬
ّ ‫تش‬ kan-tšmmš tšmmšt
surprise faj'a ‫فاجأ‬ kan-faj'a faj'at
surrender staslm ‫سَتسلم‬ kan-staslm staslmt
survive nja ‫نجى‬ kan-nja njit
‫ع‬aš ‫عاش‬ kan-‫ع‬iš t ‫ع‬š
swallow ṣ
rṭ ‫صرط‬ kan-ṣ
rṭ ṣ
rṭ
t
swarm (bees) rt ‫ع‬ ‫رتع‬ kan-rt ‫ع‬ rt ‫ع‬t
swear нlf b llah ‫حلف بالله‬ kan-нlf нlft
‫ع‬ahd ‫عاهد‬ kan-‫ع‬ahd ‫ع‬ahdt
swear (oath) qsm ‫قسم‬ kan-qsm qsmt
sweat ‫ع‬rg ‫عرگ‬ kan-‫ع‬rg ‫ع‬rgt
‫ع‬rq ‫عرق‬ kan-‫ع‬rq ‫ع‬rqt
sweep šṭ
ṭb ّ ‫ش‬
‫طب‬ kan-šṭ
ṭb šṭ
ṭbt
swell tnffx ‫فخ‬
ّ ‫تن‬ kan-tnffx tnffxt
swim ‫ع‬am ‫عام‬ kan-‫ع‬um t ‫ع‬m
switch (off) ṭ
fi ṭ
fit
switch (on) š ‫ع‬l ‫شعل‬ kan-š ‫ع‬l š ‫ع‬lt
sympathize with t ‫ع‬aṭ
f m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫تعاطف م‬ kan-t ‫ع‬aṭ
f t ‫ع‬aṭ
ft
take xda ‫خدى‬ kan-axud xdit
take away/off нiyd ‫حّيد‬ kan-нiyd нiydt
zuwl ‫زّول‬ kan-zuwl zuwlt
take care of
thlla f ‫تهل ّ ف‬ kan-thlla thllat

take charge of tkllf b ‫تكّلف ب‬ kan-tkllf tkllft
talk tkllm ‫تكّلم‬ kan-tkllm tkllmt
hḍ
r ‫هضر‬ kan-hḍ
r hḍ
rt
talk nonsense xrbq ‫خربق‬ kan-xrbq xrbqt
tame ruwḍ ‫رّوض‬ kan-ruwḍ ruwḍ
t
tape (record) sjjl ‫جل‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-sjjl sjjlt
tape (scotch) lṣ
ṣq ‫صق‬
ṣq lṣ
ṣqt
taste daq ‫داق‬ kan-duq dqt
teach qrra ‫قّرى‬ kan-qrri qrrit
‫ع‬llm ‫عّلم‬ kan-‫ع‬llm ‫ع‬llmt
tear something qṭ
ṭ‫ع‬ ّ ‫ق‬
‫طع‬ t‫ع‬
kan-qṭ ̣ qṭ
ṭ‫ع‬t
tear (to be torn) tqṭ
ṭ‫ع‬ ّ ‫تق‬
‫طع‬ t‫ع‬
kan-tqṭ ̣ tqṭ
ṭ‫ع‬t
tease qššb ّ ‫ق‬
‫شب‬ kan-qššb qššbt
tflla ‫تفّلى‬ kan-tflla tfllit
telephone ‫ع‬iyṭf ‫عّيط ف‬ kan-‫ع‬iyṭ ‫ع‬iyṭ
t
ḍ
rb t
‫ضرب الِتليفون‬ kan-ḍ
rb ḍ
rbt
tilifun
tell gal ‫گال‬ kan-gul glt
‫ع‬awd ‫عاود‬ kan-‫ع‬awd ‫ع‬awdt
thaw dab ‫داب‬ kan-dub dbt
think fkkr ّ ‫ف‬
‫كر‬ kan-fkkr fkkrt
xmmem ‫مم‬ ّ ‫خ‬ kan-xmmem xmmemt
think that ḍ
nn blli ‫ن بّلي‬ّ ‫ض‬ kan-ḍ
nn ḍ
nnit
threaten hdded ‫دد‬
ّ ‫ه‬ kan-hdded hddedt
thresh drs ‫درس‬ kan-drs drst
throw laн ‫لح‬ kan-luн lнt
rma ‫رمى‬ kan-rmi rmit
tickle hrr ‫هّر‬ kan-hrr hrrit
tie rbṭ ‫ربط‬ kan-rbṭ rbṭ
t
tie (belt) нzm ‫حزم‬ kan-нzm нzmt
tighten ziyr ‫زّير‬ kan-ziyr ziyrt
tired, to be ‫ع‬ya ‫عيى‬ kan-‫ع‬ya ‫ع‬yit
tired, to make ‫ع‬iya ‫عّيى‬ kan-‫ع‬iya ‫ع‬iyit
torture ‫ع‬ddb ‫دب‬
ّ ‫ع‬ kan-‫ع‬ddb ‫ع‬ddbt
touch qas ‫قاس‬ kan-qis qst
mss ‫س‬
ّ ‫م‬ kan-mss mssit
trade tajr ‫تاجر‬ kan-tajr tajrt
train drrb ‫دّرب‬ kan-drrb drrbt

translate trjm ‫ترجم‬ kan-trjm trjmt
travel safr ‫سافر‬ kan-safr safrt
treat (people) t ‫ع‬aml m ‫ع‬a ‫ع‬
َ ‫تعامل م‬ kan-t ‫ع‬aml t ‫ع‬amlt
trick šmt ‫شمت‬ kan-šmt šmtt
trip ‫ع‬tr ‫عتر‬ kan-‫ع‬tr ‫ع‬trt
trust taq f ‫تاق ف‬ kan-tiq tqt
try (to attempt to do sth) нawl ‫حاول‬ kan-нawl нawlt
try (to experience sth) jrrb ‫جّرب‬ kan-jrrb jrrbt
try on qiys ‫قّيس‬ kan-qiys qiyst
turn ḍ
ar ‫ضار‬ kan-ḍ
ur ḍ
rt
turn around ḍ
uwr ‫ور‬
ّ ‫ض‬ kan-ḍ
uwr ḍ
uwrt
turn down (volume) nqṣmn ‫نقص من‬ kan-nqṣ nqṣ
t
turn off ṭ
fi ṭ
fit
turn on š ‫ع‬l ‫شعل‬ kan-š ‫ع‬l š ‫ع‬lt
turn over sth qlb ‫قلب‬ kan-qlb qlbt
glb ‫گلب‬ kan-glb glbt
twist lwa ‫لوى‬ kan-lwi lwit
understand fhm ‫فهم‬ kan-fhm fhmt
understand, to make fhhm ‫فّهم‬ kan-fhhm fhhmt
unite wннd ‫حد‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wннd wннdt
upset qllq ‫قّلق‬ kan-qllq qllqt
upset, to be tqllq ‫تقّلق‬ kan-tqllq tqllqt
use sta ‫ع‬ml ‫سَتعمل‬ kan-sta ‫ع‬ml sta ‫ع‬mlt
use (land) staġl ‫سَتغل‬ kan-staġl staġlt
use to, to be of ṣ
lн l ‫صلح ل‬ kan-ṣ
lн ṣ
lнt
used to, to become wllf ‫وّلف‬ kan-wllf wllft
useful, to be nf ‫ع‬ ‫نفع‬ kan-nf ‫ع‬ nf ‫ع‬t
vaccinate lqqн ‫قح‬
ّ ‫ل‬ kan-lqqн lqqнt
visit zar ‫زار‬ kan-zur zrt
vomit tqiya ‫تقّيى‬ kan-tqiya tqiyit
rdd ّ ‫رد‬ kan-rdd rddit
wait
tsnna ‫تسّنى‬ kan-tsnna tsnnit
‫ع‬ayn ‫عاين‬ kan-‫ع‬ayn ‫ع‬aynt

wake someone fiyq ‫فّيق‬ kan-fiyq fiyqt
wake up faq ‫فاق‬ kan-fiq fqt
walk tmšša ّ ‫تم‬
walk around tsara ‫تسارى‬ kan-tsara tsarit

tmšša ّ ‫تم‬
want bġa ‫بغى‬ kan-bġi bġit
warm / heat sxxn ‫خن‬
ّ ‫س‬ kan-sxxn sxxnt
warm, to be sxn ‫سخن‬ kan-sxn sxnt
warn нddr ‫در‬
ّ ‫ح‬ kan-нddr нddrt
water sqa ‫سقى‬ kan-sqi sqit
sga ‫سگى‬ kan-sgi sgit
wash ġsl ‫غسل‬ kan-ġsl ġslt
wash (clothes) ṣ
bbn ‫صّبن‬ kan-ṣ
bbn ṣ
bbnt
wash (floor) siyq ‫سّيق‬ kan-siyq siyqt
waste iy ‫ع‬
ḍ ‫ضّيع‬ iy ‫ع‬
kan-ḍ iy ‫ع‬t
ḍ
watch (TV) tfrrj ‫تفّرج‬ kan-tfrrj tfrrjt
wave šiyr l ‫شّير ل‬ kan-šiyr šiyrt
wear lbs ‫لبس‬ kan-lbs lbst
weave nsj ‫نسج‬ kan-nsj nsjt
weep bka ‫بكى‬ kan-bki bkit
weigh ‫ع‬br ‫عبر‬ kan-‫ع‬br ‫ع‬brt
wzn ‫وزن‬ kan-wzn wznt
welcome rннb ‫حب‬
ّ ‫ر‬ kan-rннb rннbt
staqbl ‫سَتقبل‬ kan-staqbl staqblt
weld suda ‫سودى‬ kan-sudi sudit
well, to be bra ‫برى‬ kan-bra brit
wet, to make fzzg ‫فّزگ‬ kan-fzzg fzzgt
wet, to be fzg ‫فزگ‬ kan-fzg fzgt
whistle ṣ
ffr ‫فر‬
ّ ‫ص‬ kan-ṣ
ffr ṣ
ffrt
widen wss ‫ع‬ ‫سع‬
ّ ‫و‬ kan-wss ‫ع‬ wss ‫ع‬t
win rbн ‫ربح‬ kan-rbн rbнt
wipe dry (floor) jffef ‫فف‬
ّ ‫ج‬ kan-jffef jffeft
wipe off msн ‫مسح‬ kan-msн msнt
mнa ‫محى‬ kan-mнi mнit
wiped out, to be sxf ‫سخف‬ kan-sxf sxft
wish tmnna ‫تمّنى‬ kan-tmnna tmnnit
wither ybs ‫يبس‬ kan-ybs ybst
lwa ‫لوى‬ kan-lwa lwit
witness šhd ‫شهد‬ kan-šhd šhdt
wonder at t ‫ع‬jjb ‫جب‬
ّ ‫تع‬ kan-t ‫ع‬jjb t ‫ع‬jjbt
xmmem f ‫مم ف‬
ّ ‫خ‬ kan-xmmem xmmemt
work xdm ‫خدم‬ kan-xdm xdmt

worry tšṭ
n ‫تشطن‬ kan-tšṭ n tšṭnt
wormy, to get duwd ‫دّود‬ kan-duwd duwdt
worth, to be swa ‫سوى‬ kan-swa swit
wound jrн ‫جرح‬ kan-jrн jrнt
write ktb ‫كتب‬ kan-ktb ktbt
Grammar Index
Active Participles, 151 Participles, 151
Adjectives Active, 151
Comparative, 81 ġadi, 104
Masculine and Feminine, 78 Kayn, 37
Singular and Plural, 78 Passive, 153
Superlative, 82 Passive Participles, 153
Comparative Adjectives, 81 Passive Verbs, 149
Comparing Like Objects, 81 Past Progressive, 150
Conditional, 111 Past Tense
Conjunctions, 154 Irregular Verbs, 48
Definite Article, 147 Regular Verbs, 46
Demonstrative Adjectives, 16 Possession
Demonstrative Pronouns, 14 Dyal, 13
Duration, 17 Pronouns, 8
Dyal, 13 Questions, 17
Future Tense, 102 Possessive Pronouns, 8
Negation, 103 Prepositions, 42
ġadi, 104 With Pronoun Endings, 115
Have you ever..., 54 With Verbs, 115
I’ve never..., 54 Present Tense
Imperative, 69 Irregular Verbs with Final ‘a’, 64
In order to, 68 Irregular Verbs with Middle ‘a’, 60
Independent Pronouns, 7 Regular Verbs, 58
Infinitive, 46 Pronouns
Intransitive Verbs Independent, 7
Making into Transitive Verbs, 148 Object, 55
With Only One Participle, 153 Possessive, 8
Kayn, 37 Question Words, 56
Moon Letters, 147 Sun Letters, 147
Negation, 52 Superlative Adjectives, 82
Nouns There is, 37
Masculine and Feminine, 9 Time, 30
Numbers Using One Verb after Another, 68
1 thru 10, 22 Verbs
100, 200, 300 ... 999, 26 Participles, 151
1000, 2000, 3000 ..., 27 to have, 40
11 thru 19, 24 to need/have to/should, 95
20, 30, 40 ... 99, 25 to please, 92
Fractions, 30 to remain, 151
Ordinal, 29 to want, 36
Object Pronouns, 55 to want/like, 96
Using One after Another, 68
Vocabulary Index
Adjectives, 78 Meat, 88
Bargaining, 72 Money, 33
Body Parts, 97 Months, 45
Bus, 108 Nationalities, 10
Butagas, 135 Nighttime, 20
Butcher, 88 Peace Corps, 120
Buying Produce, 86 Places in Town, 43
Café, 89 Police Station, 137
Cities, 10 Political Harassment, 141
City bus, 108 Post Office, 113
Clothing, 73 Prepositions, 42
Colors, 75 Question Words, 56
Communication, 21 Restaurant, 90
Congratulations, 21 Seasons, 45
Days of the Week, 45 Sexual Harassment, 129
Directions, 43 Shopping, 34
Doors and Windows, 139 Sick, 21, 98
Drinks, 89 Site Visit, 100
Environment Sector, 122 Sleeping, 20
Family, 38 Small Business Development, 124
Finding a House, 125 Spices, 88
Food, 34, 84, 85, 88, 89 Taxi, 107, 131
Fruit, 85 Thanking, 19
Furniture, 127 Theft, 137
God Phrases, 157 Time Expressions
Greetings, 5 Future, 105
Hanoot Items, 34 Past, 46
Health, 98 Present, 59
Health Sector, 123 Toiletries, 34
Help, 20 Train, 109
Hotel, 110 Transportation, 21
Household Items, 127 Travel, 107
Hygiene, 20 Units of Measurement, 86
Islamic Calendar, 159 Vegetables, 84
Kitchenware, 127 Verbs, 47, 49, 50, 51, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67
Marital Status, 10 Youth Development, 121
Mealtime, 19

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Table of Contents

Transcription of Moroccan Arabic

Sounds You Already Know

p ‫ﭖ‬ the normal English sound /p/

Words & Syllables Without Vowels

This small character,

Greeting expressions and appropriate responses

your name... smitk... ‫سميتك‬...

Exercise: Put this dialogue in the correct order.

my i / ya* ‫ ـيا‬/ ‫ـي‬

1. your (plur.) house 6. their place

5. your (sing.) ticket 10. their house

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

Nationalities, Cities, and Marital Status

ana xddam(a) m ‫ع‬a hay'at

Exercise: Complete each section of this dialogue.

The Possessive Word “dyal”

Using Possessive Pronoun Using “dyal”

Here is a list of dyal with all of the possessive pronoun endings:

my / mine dyali ‫ديالي‬

his / his dyalu ‫ديالو‬

Exercise: Substitute the underlined words by the corresponding possessive

Demonstrative Adjectives & Demonstrative Pronouns

hada wld (masc. sing.) mzyan (masc. sing.)

This city is big. had lmdina kbira. َ .

Talking about a General Situation

this (general situation) had šši ‫هد الشي‬

Using a Demonstrative Pronoun to Express Duration Intermediate

Asking about Possession

Whose book is this? dyal mn had lktab? ‫هد الكتاب؟‬

No, it’s not his. lla, maši dyalu. ‫ ماشي ديالو‬،‫ل‬.

Yes, it’s hers. iyeh, dyalha. ‫ ديالها‬،‫إيه‬.

Thanks to God (said after finishing a

I don’t eat ... meat makanakulš...llнm

I eat everything. kanakul kulši. ُ ‫كناكل‬

I eat vegetables only. kanakul ġir lxoḍ

To your health (said to someone

May God grant you health too. lla y ‫ع‬tik ṣ

Expressions for Nighttime / Sleeping

Offering Help / Asking for Favors

Full Forms Short Forms

Eight books (using full form) tmnya d lktub ‫تمنية د الكتوب‬

The numbers one and two have some special qualities.

one book (book is masc.) ktab waнd ‫كتاب واحد‬

two books juj d lktub ‫جوج د الكتوب‬

Singular Form Dual Form

Singular Form Plural Form

sixteen years sṭ

Numbers 20, 30, 40 ... 99

twenty ‫ع‬šrin ‫عشرين‬

Numbers 100, 200, 300 ... 999

one hundred miya ‫مـّيـة‬

one hundred two miya u juj ‫مّية و جوج‬

one hundred ten miya u ‫ع‬šra ‫مّية و عشرة‬

one hundred eleven miya u нḍ

one hundred twentytwo

one hundred ninetynine miya u ts ‫ع‬ud u ts ‫ع‬in ‫مّية و تسعود و تسعين‬

three hundred tlt miya ‫تلت مّية‬

four hundred rb ‫ ع‬miya ‫ربع مّية‬