Wcms 107898

ILO Codes of Practice
Safety and health

in building and
civil engineering work
H I I I II I I I I II
44255
International Labour Office Geneva 1972

-
RECrTD
I JA 1973
ILO publications can be obtained throughmajor booksellers orILO local offices
in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour
Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, The catalogue and list of book-
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Printed by ATAR S.A. - Geneva (Switzerland)

Preface
This Code of Practice has been. prepared in response to a
wish expressed by the Building, Civil Engineering and Public
Works Committee of the International Labour Organisation at
its Seventh Session (Geneva, May 1964). The Committeewhich
is composed of representatives of governments, and of employers
and workers in the construction industrystated its belief that
the Safety Provision (Building) Convention (No. 62) and the
Safety Provision (Building) Recommendation (No. 53) do not
take adequate account of new methods of construction which
have come into use since these instruments were adopted by the
International Labour Conference in 1937. To remedy this situa-
tion, the Committee, in its Resolution (No. 69) concerning action
by the Office relating to technological developments and to safety
in the construction industry 1, unanimously called for the pre-
paration and publication of a Code of Practice on Safety in
Building and Civil Engineering. In the light of a wish which
the Committee expressed 2 on the same occasion for action by
the Office relating to occupational health in the construction
industry, it was decided that the present Code of Practice should
also incorporate a number of provisions relating to occupational
health in this industry.
The first draft of the present Code was prepared by the Office
and was submitted, in 1968, for comments and observations to
the 36 members of the ILO Panel of Consultants on Occupa-
tional Safety and Health in Building, Civil Engineering and Public
Works. This Panelwhich was set up pursuant to another wish
expressed by the ILO Building, Civil Engineering and Public
Works Committee in its above-mentioned Resolution (No. 69)
concerning action by the Office relating to technological develop-
ments and to safety in the construction industryis composed
'ILO: Official Bulletin, Vol. XLVII, No. 3, July 1964, p. 232.
2 Ibid., p. 291.
III
Safely and health in building and civil engineering
of consultants specialising in the various aspects of the subject,

and includes persons reflecting the views and experience of govern-
ments, as well as of employers' organisations and trade unions
from this industry. The observations and comments of the
members of the Panel were subsequently submitted for study to
a small group of five consultants with a view to the preparation
of the present consolidated text. At the invitation of the Office,
the following organisations collaborated in this work: the Organi-
sation for Economic Cooperation and Development; the Council
of Europe; the International Organisation for Standardisation,
the International Electrotechnical Commission, the European
Mechanical Handling Federation, and the European Committee
for Construction Equipment.
This document was approved for publication by the Governing
Body of the ILO at its 180th Session (May-June 1970).
IV
Contents
Preface III
Introduction i
1. General provisions 3
1.1. Definitions 3
1.2. General duties of employers 6
1.3. General duties of architects, engineers, designers 8
1.4. General duties of workers 8
1.5. Obligations of manufacturers apd dealers 9
1.6. Employment of young persons under 18 10
1.7. Employment of women 11
1.8. Signalling ii
2. Workplaces and equipment 14
2.1. Means of access and egress 14
2.2. Heating, lighting, ventilation 14
2.3. Housekeeping is
2.4. Fire protection 16
2.5. Protection against falls of objects and collapse of structures
and materials 19
2.6. Protection against falls of persons 20
2.7. Noise and vibrations 22
2.8. Protection against unauthorised persons 23
2.9. Structures and equipment 23
3. Scaffolds 26
3.1. General provisions 26
3.2. Working platforms 30
3.3. Gangways, ramps and runways 34
3.4. Wooden pole scaffolds 35
3.5. Suspended scaffolds with manually operated platform 38
3.6. Suspended scaffolds with machine operated platform 40
3.7. Outrigger, cantilever or jib scaffolds 42
3.8. Ladder scaffolds 43
3.9. Ladder jack scaffolds 44
3.10. Bracket scaffolds 44
3.11. Trestle scaffolds 45
V
Safety and health in building and civil engineering
3.12. Square scaffolds 46

3.13. Window jack scaffolds 46
3.14. Stages for dumping railway trucks 47
3.15. Tubular metal scaffolds 47
3.16. Mobile scaffolds 50
3.17. Boatswain's chairs, skips, etc. Si
3.18. Aerial-basket trucks 52
4. Ladders and stairs 56

4.2. Portable step ladders 59
4.3. Portable trestle ladders 59
4.4. Extension ladders 59
4.5. Mechanical ladders 60
4.6. Fixed ladders 60
4.7. Stairs 61
5. Lifting appliances 63
5.2. Hoists 67
5.3. Cranes 72
5.4. Travelling cranes 77
5.5. Overhead travelling cranes 79
5.6. Tower slewing cranes 81
5.7. Monorail hoists or single track-mounted hoists 83
5.8. Derricks 84
5.9. A-frames, sheer legs 86
5.10. Gin poles, gin wheels 86
5.11. Winches 87
5.12. Jacks 89
6. Ropes, chains and accessories 90

6.2. Wire ropes 91
6.3. Fibre ropes 92
6.4. Chains 93
6.5. Slings 94
6.6. Pulley blocks 95
6.7. Hooks 95
6.8. Shackles 96
7. Conveyors 97
7.2. Bucket elevators 99
VI
Contents
Aerial cableways 100

8.2. Aerial cableways carrying persons 102
8.3. Inspection and maintenance of aerial cableways 104
8.4. Operation of aerial cableways 105
Railways 106
9.1. Railways with locomotive haulage 106
9.2. Inclined rope railways 111
Road and similar transport 114
10.1. Roads and travelways 114
10.2. Tractor and motor truck construction 114
10.3. Trailer construction 118
10.4. Passenger vehicle construction 118
10.5. Inspection and maintenance of tractors and motor trucks 119
10.6. Operation of tractors and motor trucks 119
10.7. Traffic on ice 123
10.8. Traffic on roads under construction 123
10.9. Power buggies 124
10.jO. Lift and other industrial trucks 125
10.11. Animal transport 126
10.12. Wheelbarrows 127
Garages 128
Engines 129
12.2. Internal combustion engines 129
12.3. Stationary donkey engines 130
12.4. Tractor power take-offs 131
Machinery, general provisions 132
13.1. Construction and installation 132
13.2. Inspection, maintenance of machinery 134
13.3. Operation of machinery 135
Woodworking machines 137
14.2. Circular saws 138
14.3. Band saws 139
14.4. Planing machines 140
VII
Safet and health In building and civil engineering
Construction equipment 142

15.1. Earth-moving equipment: general provisions 142
15.2. Power shovels, excavators 144
15.3. Bulldozers 147
15.4. Scrapers 148
15.5. Asphalt plants 148
15.6. Payers 151
15.7. Road rollers 151
15.8. Concrete mixers 152
15.9. Loading machines (belt or wheel loaders) 153
Hand tools, portable power-driven tools 154

16.1. Hand tools 154
16.2. Pneumatic tools 156
16.3. Powder-actuated tools 157
16.4. Electrical tools 162
Electricity 163
17.1. Definitions 163
17.2, General provisions 163
17.3. Conductors 167
17.4. Electrical equipment 170
17.5. Transportable and portable electrical equipment 173
17.6. Electric trolley haulage 173
17.7. Inspection, maintenance 175
17.8. Work in the vicinity of electrical installations 176
Pressure plant 178

18.1. Steam boilers 178
18.2. Compressors 179
18.3. Air receivers 181
18.4. Gas cylinders 182
18.5. Acetylene generators 185
Floating operational equipment 186

19.2. Boats 188
Silos 189
20.1. Construction and equipment of silos 189
20.2. Operation of silos 191
21. Dangerous substances and radiations 193

VIII
Contents
21.2. Highly combustible materials 194

21.3. Toxic and irritant substances 196
21.4. lonising radiations and laser radiations 197
Transport, storage and handling of explosives 198
22.2. Transport of explosives 198
22.3. Storage of explosives 200
22.4. Handling of explosives 202
22.5. Disposal of explosives 203
Blasting 204
23.2. Drilling and loading boreholes 205
23.3. Tamping 207
23.4. Firing: general provisions 208
23.5. Firing with fuse 208
23.6. Firing with electricity 209
23.7. After firing 210
23.8. Blasting with liquid oxygen 211
23.9. Well-hole blasting 213
23.10. Blasting in pockets or fissures 213
Pile driving 215
24.2. Inspection an maintenance of pile-driving equipment 216
24.3. Operation of pile-driving equipment 216
24.4. Floating pile drivers 217
24.5. Sheet piling 219
Concrete work 221
25.2. Preparation, pouring and erection of concrete 221
25,3. Steel reinforcement 226
25.4. Concrete-bucket towers 226
25.5. Form work 229
Roof work 233
26.2. Steep roofs 233
26.3. Fragile roofs 234
Painting 235
Ix
27.2. Lead paint 237

27.3. Unsaturated polyesters 238
27.4. Spray painting 240
27.5. Airless spray painting 242
Welding and flame cutting 243
28.2. Electric welding 247
Other building operations 250
29.1. Erection of prefabricated parts 250
29.2. Structural steel erection 253
29.3. Work in shafts and stair wells 256
29.4. Erection of roof trusses 256
29.5. Provision of temporary floors 257
29.6. Work on tall chimneys 258
29.7. Work with hot asphalt, tar, etc 261
29.8. Work with wood preservatives 263
29.9. Laying floors, facing walls, etc. with flammable materials 264
29.10. Insulation work 265
29.11. Window cleaning 266
29.12. Stone dressing 268
Demolition 270
30.1. Preparatory work 270
30.2. General provisions on demolition operations 270
30.3. Demolition equipment 272
30.4. Catch platforms for demolition operations 273
30.5. Demolition of walls 273
30.6. Demolition of floors 274
30.7. Demolition of structural steelwork 275
30.8. Demolition of tall chimneys, steeples, etc. 275
Excavations 277
3 1,2. Support of excavation workings 279
31.3. Trenches 280
31.4. Wells 281
Underground construction 282

32.2. Shaft sinking 283
32.3. Hoisting shaft installations 285
32.4. Hoisting operations 289
x
Contents
32.5. Supports 290

32.6. Ventilation 290
32.7. Fire protection 291
32.8. Electricity 293
32.9. Underground lighting 296
32.10. Drilling 297
32.11. Transport, storage and handling of explosives 297
32.12. Blasting 298
32.13. Haulage 299
32.14. Dust 300
32.15. Underground pipelines 302
33, Work in compressed air caissons and tunnels 304
33.2. Work in caissons 307
33.3. Work in tunnels in compressed air 311
Diving 315
34.2. Provision of diving equipment 316
34.3. Inspection, testing and care of diving equipment 320
34.4. Diving operations 321
Handling materials 325
35.1. Manual lifting and carrying 325
35.2. Stacking and piling 326
Working clothes and personal protective equipment 329
37, Hygiene and welfare 335
37.2. Drinking water 335
37.3. Shelters 336
37.4. Toilet facilities 337
37.5. Washing facilities 338
37.6. Meal rooms and canteens 339
37.7. Cloakrooms 339
37.8. Waste disposal 340
38. Medical care and supervision 341
38.1. Medical examination 341
38.2, First aid 342
38.3. Medical services 345
XL
Construction camps 347

39.2. Sleeping quarters 349
39.3. Catering 350
39.4. Medical facilities 351
Safety organisation 352
Miscellaneous provisions 355
41.1. Workshops 355
41.2. Land clearance 355
41.3. Poisonous plants, insects, snakes, etc. 355
41.4. Intoxicants 357
41.5. Reporting and investigation of occupational accidents and
diseases 357
XLI
Introduction
The practical recommendations of this Code of Practice are
intended for the use of all those, both in the public and in the
private sectors, who have responsibility for safety and health in
the building, civil engineering and public works industries. The
Code is not intended to replace national laws or regulations or
accepted standards. It has been drawn up with the object of
providing guidance to those who may be engaged in the framing
of provisions of this kind and, in particular, governmental or other
public authorities, committees in civil engineering or public works
establishments, and safety committees or management in related
enterprises.
Local circumstances and technical possibilities will determine
how far it is practicable to follow its provisions. Furthermore,
these provisions should be read in the context of conditions in the
country proposing to use this information. In this regard, the
needs of the developing countries have also been taken into
consideration.
Building and civil engineering is an extremely comprehensive sub-
ject and it maybe divided into four main parts: work above ground,
work in open excavations, underground work and underwater work.
These parts can be subdivided in their turn. For instance, work
above ground can be divided into building construction, public
works construction and demolition. Detailed regulations have
been drawn up under all these headings and in many different
countries, and it is, therefore, not surprising that the present
document is voluminous.
Many of the provisions are common to all industries (for
instance, some of those concerning lifting appliances and gear,
machines, vehicles, welding, painting and handling materials)
but they have been included in the Code of Practice because it -
was felt that it should be as complete as practicable. The main
exception is maintenance and repair shops, which may be assimi-
lated to factories and thus come within the scope of the Model
I
Safety and health In building and civil engineering
Code of Safety Regulations for Industrial Establishments, which

was first issued by the International Labour Office in 1949. Some
countries include quarrying in their construction regulations,
but for the purposes of this Code it is considered that quarrying
is an extractive rather than a construction industry.
It is stressed that considerable thought was given to the differ-
ences which exist in building and civil engineering practices through-
out the world, and the need both to improve poor practices and to
establish good practices where none exist today. Special atten-
tion was also given to practical considerations relating to the
establishment of certain recommended procedures. For example,
in some areas adequate medical facilities are not available to the
general population, and where this is so, it may be difficult to
create satisfactory medical facifities on construction projects.
Nevertheless, it is stressed that the provisions of the present Code
of Practice represent the minimum that should be observed.
2
1. General provisions
1.1. Definitions
In this Code of Practice:
Adequate or suitable are used to describe qualitatively or quanti-
tatively the means or method used to protect the worker.
Bearer see putlog.
Boatswain's chair means a seat for a workman which is suspended
by a cable or rope.
Brace means a structural member that holds one point in a fixed
position with respect to another point. Bracing is a system
of structural members designed to prevent distortion of a
structure.
Bracket scaffold means a scaffold composed of a platform supported
on triangular braced brackets secured to the side of the building.
By hand as applied to work means that the work is done without
the help of a mechanised tool.
Competent authority means a minister, government department,
or other public authority having power to issue regulations,
orders or other instructions having the force of law.
Competent person nieans a person who by reason of training or
experience, or both, is competent to perform the task or
function, or assume the responsibility, in question and is
authorised to perform such task or function.
Contact voltage is that part of a faulL voltage or voltage to earth
that can make contact with a person.
Danger means danger of accident or injury to health.
Dust-tight or dust-proof applied to a machine or a device means
that the machine or device is so constructed that dust of a
specified fineness or nature cannot enter it or escape from it.
3
Safety and health in building and clvii engineering
Earthed or grounded means connected to the general mass of earth

in such a manner as will ensure at all times an immediate
discharge of electrical energy without danger.
Grounded see earthed.
Guard-rail means an adequately secured rail erected along the
exposed edges of scaffolds, floor openings, wall openings,
runways, stairways, etc. to prevent persons from falling.
Hazard means danger or potential danger.
Inspection means an examination by which a competent person
ascertains whether any place, working condition, construction,
etc. presents any danger to workers.
Ladder jack scaffold means a scaffold, the platform of which is
supported by jacks (brackets) attached to ladders.
Ladder scaffold means a scaffold, the platform of which is suppor-
ted on ladders.
Ledger means a scaffold member which extends horizontally from
post to post, at right angles to the putlogs, supports the putlogs,
forms a tie between the posts, and becomes a part of the
scaffold bracing. Ledgers which do not support putlogs are
also called stringers.
Ljfting appliance means a crane, hoist, derrick, winch, gin pole,
sheer legs, jack, pulley block or other equipment for lifting
materials, objects or, in some cases, persons.
Lfling gear means ropes, chains, hooks, slings and other acces-
sories of a "lifting appliance".
Means of egress means passageways, corridors, stairs, platforms,
ladders and any other means to be used by persons for normally
leaving the workplace or for escaping in case of danger.
Outrigger scaffold means a scaffold, the platform of which is
supported by outriggers or thrustouts projecting from the
wall of the building, the inner ends of which are secured inside
the building.
Pole scaffold may be a single pole scaffold or an independent
pole scaffold. Single pole scaffold means a platform resting
4
General provisions
on putlogs or crossbeams, the outer ends of which are supported

on ledgers secured to a single row of posts or uprights and the
inner ends on a wall or in. holes in a wall. Independent pole
scaffold means a scaffold supported from the base by a double
row of uprights, independent of support from the walls and
constructed of uprights, ledgers, horizontal platform bearers,
and diagonal bracing. An independent pole scaffold may
also be referred to as a built-up scaffold.
Futlog or bearer means a scaffold member upon which the plat-
form rests. In a single pole scaffold the outer end of the
putlog rests on a ledger and the inner end rests in the wall.
In an independent pole scaffold each end of the putlog rests
on a ledger. In an independent pole scaffold a putlog is
known as a bearer.
Safety testing means the action or process by which the properties
of a substance, material, machine, etc. and the conditions
obtaining in any workplace are examined with a view to
determining their ability to satisfy certain prescribed standards
of safety.
Scaffold means any temporary structure supporting one or more
platforms used for supporting workmen or materials in the
course of any type of construction work, including main-
tenance and demolition.
Sound construction means construction conforming to any relevant
standards issued by a national standardising institution or
other body recognised by the competent authority, or to
generally accepted international engineering practices or other
technical standards.
Sound material means material of a quality conforming to any
relevant standards issued by a national standardising institu-
tion or other body recognised by the competent authority
or to generally accepted international engineering practices
or other technical standards.
5
Square scaffold means a scaffold, the platform of which is composed

of planks supported on built-up squares secured to one other
by diagonal bracing. Square means a framed structure built
up of vertical and horizontal members and braces, which,
when used in pairs and set up and braced longitudinally,
provides a support for a working platform.
Stringer see ledger.
Sufficient means suitable in quantity to prevent danger.
Suspended scaffold means a scaffold supported at two or more
points from overhead outriggers which are anchored to the
building. It is equipped with a hoisting drum or machine
so the platform can be raised or lowered.
Toe-board means a barrier placed along the edge of a scaffold
platform, runway, etc. and secured there to guard against
the slipping of persons or the falling of material.
Trestle scaffold means a scaffold, the platform of which is supported
by trestles.
Voltage Safety extra-low voltage: see Chapter 17.
Window jack scaffold means a scaffold, the platform of which is
supported by a jack or projection through a window opening.
1.2. General duties of employers
1.2.1. Employers should so provide and maintain buildings,

plant, equipment and workplaces, and should so organise work, as
to protect workers as far as practicable against risks of accidents
and injuries to health.
1.2.2. When acquiring machines, appliances, vehicles or
other equipment, employers should ensure that they conform to
any official safety regulations applying to them or, if there are none,
that they are so designed or protected that they can be operated
safely.
6
General provisions
1.2.3. Employers should provide such supervision 'as will

ensure that as far as practicable workers perform their work
in the best conditions of safety and health.
1.2.4.. Work that is done jointly by a number of persons and
requires mutual understanding and co-operation for the avoidance
of risks should be specially supervised by a competent person.
1.2.5. Employers should only assign workers to employment
for which they are suited by their age, sex, physique, state of
health and skill.
1.2.6. Employers should not assign workers with physical
or mental infirmities such as deafness, giddiness, bad sight and
epilepsy to employment on which they could endanger themselves
or others.
1.2.7. Employers should satisfy themselves that all workers
are properly instructed in the hazards of their respective occupa-
tions and the precautions necessary to avoid accidents and injuries
to health, and in particular that young workers, newly engaged
workers, illiterate and foreign workers are properly instructed
concerning hazards and precautions and are adequately supervised.
1.2.8. Employers should provide the workers with copies,
extracts or summaries of national or local regulations and, when-
ever appropriate, instructions and notices relating to protection
against accidents and injuries to health, or post such texts up in
prominent positions at suitable places.
1.2.9. The regulations, instructions and notices should as far
as practicable be in the languages of the workers employed.
1.2.10. Texts posted up should be undamageable or protected
against damage from the weather, etc.
1.2.11. If practicable, saparate safety rules should be drawn
up for each type of occupation involved in a project.
1.2.12. Employers should ensure regular safety- inspections
by a competent person at suitable intervals of all buildings, equip-
ment, workplaces and operations.
7
1.2.13. Employers should not permit buildings, equipment

or workplaces in which a dangerous defect has been found to be
used until the defect has been remedied.
1.2.14. If necessary, to prevent danger, employers should
establish a checking system by which it can be ascertained whether
all the members of a shift, including operators of mobile equip-
ment, have returned to the camp or base at the close of work.
1.3. General duties of architects, engineers, de&gners

1.3.1. At the planning stage of any proposed building or
civil engineering work, consideration should be given, by those
responsible for the design, to the safety of the workers who will
subsequently be employed in the erection of such structures.
1.3.2. Care should be exercised by architects, including
inside architects, engineers and other professional persons, not to
include anything in the design which would necessitate the use of
unwarrantably dangerous structural procedures and undue
hazards, whichcould be avoided by design modifications.
1.3.3. It is also of the greatest importance that structural
designers should take into account the safety problems associated
with the subsequent maintenance of structures where this would
involve special hazards.
1.3.4. Facilities should be included in the design for such
work to be performed with the minimum of risk.1
1.4. General duties of workers

1.4.1. Within the limits of their responsibilities, workers
should do everything in their power to maintain their and their
workmates' health and safety.
1 It is, for example, essential that there should be included in the design
of a tall building facilities to enable work such as the outside cleaning of
windows to be carried out by safe methods.
8
General provislàns
1.4.2. Before beginning work workers should examine their

workplaces and the equipment that they are to use, and should
forthwith report to their foreman or other competent superior
any dangerous defect that they may discover in them.
1.4.3. Workers should make proper use of all safeguards,
safety devices and other appliances furnished for their protection
or the protection of others.
1.4.4. Except in an emergency, no worker, unless duly
authorised, should interfere with, remove, alter, or displace any
safety device or other appliance furnished for his protection or the
protection of others, or interfere with any method or process
adopted with a view to avoiding accidents and injuries to health,
1.4.5. Workers should not interfere with equipment such as
machines and appliances that they have not been duly authorised
to operate, maintain or use.
1.4.6. Workers should not sleep or rest in dangerous places
such as scaffolds, railway tracks, garages, or in the vicinity of fires,
dangerous or toxic substances, running machines or vehicles and
heavy equipment.
1.4.7. Workers should make themselves acquainted with and
obey all safety and health instructions pertaining to their work.
1.4.8. Workers should refrain from careless or reckless prac-
tices or actions that are likely to result in accidents or injuries to
health to themselves or others.
1.4.9. Workers should wear protective equipment and clothing
suited to their duties and to the weather conditions.
1.4.10. Workers should practise good housekeeping. (See
section 2.3.)
1.5. Obligations of manufacturers and dealers

1.5.1. In order to prevent dangerous equipment from reaching
users and to ensure that the necessary precautions are taken by
users, manufacturers and dealers should ensure that:
9
equipment such as machines, appliances and vehicles used

in the construction industry complies with national or other
official safety laws and regulations, and standards applicable
to its design and construction;
equipment not covered by national or other official laws
and regulations or standards is so designed and constructed
as to be as safe as practicable; and
equipment is accompanied by printed matter giving the
necessary instructions for its proper testing, use and main-
tenance and drawing attention to possible hazards.
1.5.2. Manufacturers and vendors of flammable liquids,
explosives, toxic, corrosive and other dangerous substances should
furnish users with adequate instructions for their safe use.
1.6. Employment of young persons under 18

1.6.1. No person under 16 years of age should be employed
iti the construction industry except as permitted by the competent
authority and in accordance with conditions prescribed by that
authority.
on work that is particularly dangerous, or is liable to affect the
safety or health of considerable numbers of workers, or requires
mature judgment for its safe performance, such as the operation
of power-driven machinery, cranes, driving tractors, handling
flammable liquids in bulk, work with explosives, the operation of
steam boilers, and work with toxic or corrosive substances.
1.6.3. Young persons under 18 years of age should not be
employed or work during the night in the construction industry
except for vocational training purposes in the cases and under
conditions to be specified by the competent authority.'
1
See also ILO Convention No. 90, the Night Work of Young Persons
(Industry) Convention (Revised), 1948.
to
General provisions
1.6.4. The restrictions of this section apply to all building and

civil engineering work, including constructtonal, repair, main-
tenance, alteration and demolition work.
1.7. Employment of women

1.7.1. Women should be employed in accordance with the
provisions of national laws and regulations, or if there are
none, with provisions that should be enacted, concerning:
work before and after childbirth;
night work;
lifting, carrying and moving loads;
handling dangerous substances; and
performing dangerous or unhealthy operations.
1.8. Signalling
Signal code
1.8.1. Employers should establish a system of signalling for
all operations in which signals are required to prevent danger.
1.8.2. As far as practicable, a uniform signalling system
should be adopted for all construction sites in the same country.
1.8.3. The code of signals should be posted up at suitable
places and also made available in the form of a handbook.
1.8.4. In order to avoid danger, employers should take
adequate steps to ensure that workers are familiar with all signals
that they should know.
1.8.5. Each signal should only have one meaning.
Signallers
1.8.6. Signals should only be given by reliable, competent
persons duly authorised to give signals.
1.8.7. No operation should be governed by more than one
signaller in charge of the operations; this does not exclude one or
11
more assistant signallers as may be necessary to transmit signals

to the person operating the machinery.
1.8.8. Signallers should have no other duties when signalling.
1.8.9. Signallers should be prepared to give the stop signal
at any moment while signalling; a "stop" signal may be given by
anyone in case of an emergency.
Operating requirements
1.8.10. No operation for which a signal is provided in the
code should be carried out until that signal has been given.
1.8.11. No signal not provided for in the code should be given
or obeyed.
1.8.12. Hand signals should only be given when all persons
for whom they are intended can easily see them.
1.8.13. Audible signals should be clearly audible to all per-
sons whom they are intended to protect and who might be
endangered if they did not hear them.
1.8.14. Any signal that is not properly understood should be
treated as a stop signal.
1.8.15. No signal for the movement of equipment should be
given until the signaller has satisfied himself that no person in the
area for which he is responsible will be endangered by the
movement.
Signalling equipment
1.8.16. The signaller's workplace should be:
safe from moving equipment, falling objects and other hazards;
such that the signaller has an unobstructed 'view of the opera-
tions that he is directing; and
such that the persons concerned can easily hear or see the
signals.
1.8.17. Signalling equipment should be efficient, properly
installed, regularly tested and kept in good working order.
12
General provisions
1.8.18. Only competent persons should repair, alter or adjust

signalling devices.
1.8.19. Radio-frequency signalling equipment should have
the frequency conspicuously marked on both the transmitter and
the receiver.
1.8.20. Radio-frequency signalling equipment should not
affect or be affected by any other signalling equipment in the
neighbourhood.
1.8.21. In case of electrical storms which. can affect the trans-
mission, no radio signals whose misunderstanding might lead to
an accident should be given.
13
2. Workplaces and equipment
2.1. Means of access and egress

2.1.1. As far as is reasonably practicable, adequate and safe
means of access and egress should be provided for all workplaces.
2.1.2. Means of access and egress should be maintained in a
safe condition.
2.1.3. Where special safe means of access to or egress from
workplaces are provided, workers should always use them for
going to and from the workplaces.
2.2. Heating, lighting, ventilation

Heating
2.2.1. Workplaces should be adequately heated wherever
necessary and practicable. If it is not practicable, provisions
should be made to allow workers to warm themselves at appro-
priate places and intervals during their work.
2.2.2. Heating installations should comply with the require-
ments of paragraphs 2.4.13 to 2.4.23.
Lighting
2.2.3. All practicable measures should be taken to prevent
steam, smoke, fumes, etc. from obscuring any workplace or
equipment at which any person is employed.
2.2.4. Where natural lighting is not adequate to prevent
danger, adequate and suitable artificial lighting should be provided
at all workplaces and their approaches, including passageways.
2.2.5. Artificial lighting should not cause any danger, including
that of producing glare or disturbing shadows.
2.2.6. Lamps should be protected by suitable guards where
necessary to prevent danger if a lamp breaks.
14
Workplaces and equIpment
Ventilation
2.2.7. In enclosed workplaces, suitable provision should be
made to ensure an adequate circulation of fresh air.
2.2.8. Where necessary to prevent danger to health from air
contamination by dust from the grinding, cleaning, spraying or
manipulation of materials or objects, or from dangerous gases or
from any other cause, arrangements should be made for the
removal or dilution to safe limits of contaminants by means of
ventilation. Particular attention should be given to the control
cabins of cranes, driving cabs of lorries and similar confined
workplaces.
2.2.9. If it is not technically possible to eliminate dust or
noxious or harmful fumes or gases sufficiently to prevent injury
to health, the workers should be provided with respiratory pro-
tective equipment, complying with the requirements of para-
graphs 36.1.38 to 36.1.45.
2.3. Housekeeping
2.3.1. Loose materials which are not required for use should
not be placed or left so as dangerously to obstruct. workplaces
and passageways.
2.3.2. All projecting nails should be removed or bent over to
prevent injury.
2.3.3. Equipment, tools and small objects should not be left
lying about where they could cause an accident either by falling
or causing a person to trip.
2.3.4. Scrap, waste and rubbish should not be allowed to
accumui ate on the site.
2.3.5. Workplaces and passageways that are slippery owing
to ice, snow, oil or other causes should be cleaned up or strewn
with sand, sawdust, ash or the like.
2.3.6. Portable equipment should be returned after use to its
designated storage place.
15
2.4. Fire protection

Fire-extinguishing equipment
2.4.1. Places where workers are employed should, if necessary
to prevent danger, be provided as far as practicable with:
(a) suitable and sufficient fire-extinguishing equipment; and
(b) an adequate water supply at ample pressure.
2.4.2. All supervisors and a sufficient number of workers
should be trained in the use of fire-extinguishing equipment.
2.4.3. Persons trained to use the fire-extinguishing equipment
should be readily available during all working periods.
2.4.4. Fire-extinguishing equipment should be inspected at
suitable intervals by a competent person and properly maintained.
2.4.5. Access to fire-extinguishing equipment such as hydrants,
portable extinguishers and connections for hoses should be kept
clear at all times.
2.4.6. Fire-extinguishing equipment should be easily visible.
2.4.7. At least one adequate fire extinguisher should be
provided:
in every building where combustible materials are stored;
at places where any welding and flame-cutting operations are
carried out; and
on each floor of a building that is being constructed or altered
and where there is combustible material.
2.4.8. The necessary number of suitable dry chemical extin-
guishers should be provided:
(a) where flammable liquids are stored or handled;
(p5) where oil- or gas-fired heating equipment is used;
(c) where a tar or asphalt kettle is used; and
(d) where there is a danger of electrical fires.
2.4.9. Fire-extinguishing equipment should be adequately
protected against mechanical damage.
2.4.10. In cold weather, extinguishers should be protected
against freezing.
16
Workplaces and equipment
2.4.11. Extinguishers containing chlorinated hydrocarbons

or carbon tetrachioride should not be used indoors or in confined
spaces.
2.4.12. Where a standpipe is to be installed in a building it
should:
be installed progressively as far as practicable as the construc-
tion proceeds;
be provided with a valve at each hose outlet;
be provided at each hose outlet with a nozzle and sufficient
suitable hose; and
have a suitable connection for the public fire department.
Heating appliances
2.4.13. Open-flame heating appliances such as braziers should
only be used in places where there is adequate general ventilation.
2.4.14. No open-flame heating appliance should be placed in
the means of egress.
2.4.15. Combustion appliances such as stoves, salamanders
and braziers should not be placed on wooden floors or other
combustible bases, but on non-combustible bases extending a
safe distance beyond the stove or brazier on all sides.
2.4.16. Combustion heating appliances used indoors should
be equipped with an adequate device to discharge the combustion
gases into the outside air.
2.4.17. Combustion heating appliances used indoors should
be kept at a safe distance from combustible structures and material.
2.4.18. Tarpaulins, canvas sheets and the like in the vicinity
of any appliance likely to ignite them should be secured so that
they cannot blow on to or come in contact with the heating
surface.
2.4.19. Braziers should preferably not use bituminous coal.
2.4.20. Flues and chimneys, even for temporary installations,
should be adequately insulated when passing through combustible
walls, ceilings, roofs and the like.
2.4.21. Heating systems for stores of flammable or combus-

tible materials should not have any open flame or exposed incan-
descent part.
2.4.22. No part of heating systems for stores of flammable
or combustible materials should be in dangerous proximity to
such materials.
2.4.23. Fires should not be started with flammable liquids
such as oil and petrol (gasoline).
Combustible materials
2.4.24. Combustible material such as sawdust, greasy rags
and scrap wood should not be allowed to accumulate at work-
places.
2.4.25. Oily clothing should not be left in confined spaces.
2.4.26. Unslaked lime should be kept dry.
2.4.27. In buildings, oily waste should be kept in metal
containers with self-closing lids.
2.4.28. There should be no smoking and no open flame or
incandescent material in dangerous proximity to flammable or
combustible material.
Flammable liquids
2.4.29. Flammable liquids should be stored, transported,
handled and used in conformity with the requirements of sec-
tion 21.2.
2.4.30. No fuel for a heating device should be stored in a
building or structure except in a fire-rasistant container constructed
for the purpose.
2.4.31. No fuel should le stored in means of egress.
Inspection, supervision
2.4.32. Regular inspection should be made of places where
there are fire risks. These include, namely, the vicinity of heating
appliances, electrical installations and conductors, stores of flam-
18
mable liquids and combustible materials, welding operations,

internal combustion engines and, if necessary to prevent danger,
hot roofing.
2.4.33. When necessary to prevent danger from fire, a com-
petent person should be on duty at construction sites out of
working hours.
Electrical installations
2.4.34. Electrical installations should comply with the relevant
provisions of Chapter 17.
Notices
2.4.35. Notices should be posted at conspicuous places
indicating:
the nearest fire alarm; and
the telephone number and address of the nearest fire brigade.
2.5. Protection against falls of objects and collapse of struc-

tures and materials
2.5.1. Where necessary to preven.t danger, overhead screens
of adequate strength and dimension should be provided or other
effective precautions should be taken to prevent workers from
being struck by falling objects.
2.5.2. Materials and objects such as, for example, scaffolding
materials, waste materials and tools should not be thrown up, or
down from heights, if they are liable to cause injury to any person.
2.5.3. If materials and objects cannot be safely lowered from
heights, adequate precautions such as the provision of fencing,
lookout men or barriers should be taken to protect any person
who might be injured by them.
2.5.4. Workers should not enter silos, bunkers, chutes and the
like unless:
duly authorised to do so;
the discharge opening is closed and secured against opening;
19
the worker wears a safety belt with a lifeline securely attached

to a fixed object and complying with the requirements of
Chapter 36;
the worker is under constant surveillance by another
person; and
as far as silos are concerned, the requirements of Chapter 20
are complied with.
2.5.5. Where necessary to prevent danger, guys, stays or sup-
ports should be used or other effective precautions should be taken
to prevent the collapse of structures or parts of structures that are
being erected, maintained, repaired or demolished.
2.6. Protection against falls of persons

Guard-rails and toe-boards (railings)
2.6.1. AU guard-rails and toe-boards for the fencing of floor
openings, wall openings, gangways, elevated workplaces and
other places to prevent falls of persons should:
be of sound material and good construction and possess
adequate strength;
be between 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 1.15 in (3 ft 9 in) above platform
level as regards guard-rails;
consist of (i) two rails (two ropes or chains may be used if
they are sufficiently taut); (ii) supporting stanchions; and,
(iii) if necessary to prevent persons slipping or objects falling,
a toe-board.
2.6.2. Intermediate rails, ropes or chains should be midway
between the top of the toe-board and lower edge of the top rail.
2.6.3. A sufficient number of stanchions or standard poles or
uprights should be maintained to ensure sufficient stability and
resistance.
2.6.4. Toe-boards should be at least 15 cm (6 in) high, and
securely fastened.
2.6.5. Guard-rails and toe-boards should be free from sharp
edges, and be maintained in good repair.
20
Floor openings
2.6.6. Floor openings through which persons could fall should
be guarded:
by covers complying with the requirements of paragraphs
2.6.8 to 2.6.12;
by guard-rails and toe-boards on all exposed sides complying
with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5; or
by other effective means.
2.6.7. If the means of protection is removed to allow the pas-
sage of persons or goods or for other purposes, it should be re-
placed as soon as practicable.
2.6.8. Covers for floor openings should be safe to walk on,
and, if necessary, safe to drive vehicles on.
2.6.9. Covers for floor openings should be secured by hinges,
grooves, stops or other effective means against sliding, falling
down or lifting out, or any other inadvertent displacement.
2.6.10. Covers for floor openings should not constitute any
hindrance to traffic and, as far as practicable, be flush with the
floor.
2.6.11. If covers are constituted as grids, the bars should be
spaced not more than 5 cm (2 in) apart.
2.6.12. Covers of sack and similar elevators should close
automatically after the passage of the load.
Wall openings
2.6.13. Wall openings less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) from the floor
and measuring at least 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) vertically and 45 cm
(1 ft 6 in) horizontally from which there is a drop of more than
1.5 m (5 ft) should be protected to a height of at least 1 m (3 ft
3 in) by guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the require-
ments of paragraphs 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 of this section, or other
effective means.
2.6.14. Narrower openings should be protected by a toe-
board if their lower edge is less than 15 cm (6 in) from the floor.
21
2.6.15. If the protection of openings is removable:

an adequate handgrip should be fixed on each side; or
an adequate bar should be placed across the opening to prevent
falling.
Elevated workplaces
2.6.16. Elevated workplaces more than 2 m (6 ft 6 in) above
the floor or ground should be protected on all open sides by guard-
rails and toe-boards complying with the requirements of para-
graphs 2.6.1 and 2.6.2.
2.6.17. Elevated workplaces should be provided with safe
means of access and egress such as stairs complying with the re-
quirements of section 4.7, ramps complying with the require-
ments of section 3.3, or ladders complying with the relevant
requirements of Chapter 4.
2.6.18. Where necessary to prevent danger, persons employed
at elevated workplaces and other workplaces from which they
might fall more than 2 m (6 ft 6 in) should be protected by means
of adequate catch nets, sheets or platforms, or be secured by safety
belts with the lifeline properly attached.
Protection against falls into water; rescue arrangements
2.6.19. Where workers are in danger of faffing into water
and drowning they should wear a life vest; adequate rescue
arrangements, such as the provision of a suitable manned boat
and ring buoys, should be made and constantly maintained
for the duration of the danger, in conformity with requirements
of Chapter 19.
2.7. Noise and vibrations

2.7.1. Noise and vibrations likely to have harmful effects on
workers should be reduced to practicable levels.
2.7.2. Noise should be reduced to the appropriate values,
which should be fixed by competent authorities.
22
Workplaces and equipmen
2.7.3. If noise cannot be rendered harmless, workers should

be provided with suitable ear protectors.
2.8. Protection against unauthorised persons

2.8.1. Construction sites in buili-up areas and alongside main
traffic routes should be barricaded.
2.8.2. Unauthorised persons should not be allowed access to
construction sites unless accompanied by a competent person and
provided with the protective equipment required for sites concerned.
2.9. Structures and equipment

Construction
2.9.1. Structures (for example scaffolding, platforms, gang-
ways and towers) and equipment (for example machines, lifting
appliances, pressure plant and vehicles, used on a construction
site) should:
be of sound material and of good quality;
be free from patent defect; and
be properly constructed in accordance with sound engineering
principles.
2.9.2. Structures and equipment should be strong enough to
withstand safely the loads and stresses to which they will be
subjected.
2.9.3. Metal parts of structures and equipment should:
not have been weakened by cracks, rust or corrosives; and
if necessary to prevent danger, be given a protective coating.
2.9.4. Wooden parts of structures and equipment such as
scaffolding, shuttering and ladders, should:
have the bark completely removed; and
not be painted so as to conceal defects.
2.9.5. Used wood should be freed from nails, iron straps, etc.
before it is used again.
23
Inspection, testing, maintenance

2.9.6. Structures and equipment should be inspected before
being taken into use and at suitable intervals by a competent
person.
2.9.7. Before being taken into use, and at suitable intervals,
structures and equipment that might cause serious accidents if
defective, for instance pressure plant, lifting appliances, and scaf-
folding, should be inspected and/or tested by a competent person
in accordance with requirements which should be laid down by the
competent authority.
2.9.8. Structures and equipment should be constantly main-
tained in a safe condition.
2.9.9. Structures and equipment should be specially inspected
by a competent person:
after any breakdown or any damage liable to cause danger;
after any accident in which they have been involved;
after any substantial alteration; and
after any dismantling, transfer to another site, or re-erection.
2.9.10. Equipment such as scaffolding, shuttering and bracing
and tower cranes should be inspected:
after any lengthy idle period;
after a high wind or heavy rain;
after heavy vibration due to earth tremors, blasting, or any
other cause.
2.9.11. Structures and equipment found to be dangerously
defective should be taken out of use and not used again until they
have been made safe.
2.9.12. If necessary to prevent danger, defective structures and
equipment that have been repaired should not be used again until
they have been inspected and tested by a competent person or, in
the case of structures and equipment referred to in paragraph 2.9.7,
by a competent person in accordance with the requirements of the
24
2.9.13. Particulars and results of all inspections of structures

and equipment should be entered in a special register.
Use
2.9.14. Structures and equipment should only be used for the
purposes for which they were intended.
2.9.15. Equipment should only by operated by a competent
person or persons.
25
3. Scaffolds
3.1. General provisions

3.1.1. Suitable and sufficient scaffolds should be provided for
workers for all work that cannot safely be done at a height from
a ladder or by other means.
3.1.2. A scaffold should only be constructed, taken down and
substantially altered:
under the direction of a competent and responsible person; and
as far as practicable by competent persons.
Materials
3.1.3. Sufficient material should be provided for and used in
the construction of scaffolds.
3.1.4. Timber used in the construction of scaffolds should be
straight-grained, sound, and free from large knots, dry rot, worm
holes and other dangerous defects.
3.1.5. No rope that has been in contact with acids or other
corrosive substances or is defective should be used on scaffolds.
3.1.6. No fibre rope should be used on a scaffold erected at any
place where such rope would be liable to be damaged.
3.1.7. Where necessary, boards and planks used for scaffolds
should be protected against splitting.
3.1.8. Nails on scaffolds should be of adequate length and
thickness.
3.1.9. Cast-iron nails should not be used on scaffolds.
3.1.10. Materials used in the construction of scaffolds should
be stored under good conditions and apart from any material
unsuitable for scaffolds.
3.1.11. Fastenings on wooden scaffolds should be steel bolts
of adequate dimensions with washers and nuts, fibre rope lashings,
26
Scaffolds
nails, adequate clamps, or other means approved by the competent

authority.
Construction
3.1.12. Scaffolds should be designed with a safety factor of
four times their maximum load.
3.1.13. Pole, ladder and similar scaffolds should be provided
with safe means of access such as stairs, ladders, or ramps.
3.1.14. Pole, ladder and similar scaffolds should be adequately
braced.
3.1.15. Pole, ladder and similar scaffolds which are not inde-
pendent should be rigidly connected to the building at suitable
vertical and horizontal distances.
3.1.16. A scaffold should never extend above the highest
anchorage to an extent which might endanger its stability and
strength.
3.1.17. On independent scaffolds, sufficient putlogs and tran-
soms should remain in position and securely fastened to the ledgers,
uprights or standards, as the case may be, to ensure the stability
of the scaffold until it is finally dismantled.
3.1.18. All structures and appliances used as supports for
working platforms should be of sound construction, have a firm
footing, and be adequately strutted and braced to make them stable.
3.1.19. Loose bricks, drain pipes, chimney pots or other un-
suitable material should not be used for the construction or support
of scaffolds.
3.1.20. When necessary to prevent danger from falling objects,
scaffolds should be provided with adequate screens.
3.1.21. Nails should be driven full length, and not driven part
way and then bent over.
3.1.22. No nail should be subjected to direct pull.
27
Inspection, maintenance
3.1.23. Every scaffold should, before use, be examined .by a
competent person to ensure more particularly:
that it is in a stable condition;
that the materials used in its construction are sound;
that it is adequate for the purpose for which it is to be used;
and
that the required safeguards are in position.
3.1.24. Scaffolds should be inspected by a competent person:
at least once a week; and
after every spell of bad weather and every prolonged interrup-
tion in the work.
3.1.25. Scaffold parts should be inspected on each occasion
before erection.
3.1.26. Every scaffold should be maintained in good and
proper condition, and every part should be kept fixed or secured so
that no part can be displaced in consequence of normal use.
3.1.27. No scaffold should be partly dismantled and left so
that it is capable of being used, unless it continues to be safe for use.
Ljfting appliances on scaffolds

3.1.28. When a lifting appliance is to be used on a scaffold:
the parts of the scaffold should be carefully inspected and, if
need be, adequately strengthened;
any movement of the putlogs should be prevented; and
if practicable, the uprights should be rigidly connected to a
solid part of the building at the place where the lifting appliance
is erected.
3.1.29. When the platform of the lifting appliance does not
move in guides or when the load is liable to come into contact with
the scaffold during hoisting or lowering, a vertical hoarding should
be erected to the full height of the scaffold to prevent loads from
being caught in it.
28
Scaffolds
3.1.30. Jibs or gallows for hoisting materials should not be

attached to standards or extension poles.
3.1.31. When no jib or gallows but only a rope pulley is used,
the pulley should not be attached to a crossbeam unless the
crossbeam:
has sufficient strength and is fixed to at least two uprights or
extensions in the way prescribed for ledgers; and
does not at the same time serve as a ledger for the scaffold.
3.1.32. If a lifting appliance or any part of one moves along a
scaffold, adequate measures should be taken to prevent persons on
the scaffold from being struck by the appliance or any part of it.
3.1.33. When lifting appliances running on masts, in openwork
metal towers, on inclines or otherwise are attached to or lean on
scaffolds:
the lifting installation should be erected on a firm level base;
where necessary to prevent danger the scaffold should be addi-
tionally braced;
unless it is an independent self-supporting structure, the lifting
installation should be tied to the scaffold at suitable intervals;
the travelway of the lifting appliance should extend to at least
2.5 in (8 ft) above the top landing;
the bottom landing should be protected from falling objects,
for example, by a roof; and
the landings above ground level should be protected by an
enclosure or a gate the height of which should not be less than
2 in (6 ft 6 in) above platform level to prevent persons coming
into contact with moving parts.
Prefabricated frames
3.1.34. Prefabricated frames for scaffolds should have ade-
quate arrangements on both faces for fixing bracing, and if neces-
sary to prevent danger. They should also have guard-rails.
3.1.35. Frames of different types should not be intermingled.
29
3.1.36. Frames should be sufficiently strong and rigid to avoid

distortion during transport, handling, etc.
3.1.37. Where frames are superimposed vertically, adequate
precautions should be taken to keep the legs in correct alignment.
3.1.38. On independent scaffolding, adequate precautions
should be taken to prevent vertical separation of frames.
Use of scaffolds
3.1.39. In transferring heavy loads on or to a scaffold no
sudden shock should be transmitted to the scaffold.
3.1.40. When necessary to prevent danger, loads being hoisted
on to scaffolds should be controlled by a hand rope (tag line) so
that they cannot strike against the scaffold.
3.1.41. The load on the scaffold should be evenly distributed
as far as is practicable, and in any case should be so distributed as
to avoid any dangerous disturbance of the equilibrium.
3.1.42. During the use of a scaffold care should constantly
be taken that it is not overloaded.
3.1.43. Scaffolds should not be used for the storage of material
except that required for immediate use.
3.1.44. Workers should not be employed on outside scaffolds
in a high wind.
3.1.45. In order to prevent damage to scaffold materials, such
materials should be properly lifted and lowered.
3.2. Working platforms

General provisions
3.2.1. All scaffolds on which workers are employed should be
provided with a sufficient number of working platforms.
3.2.2. No part of a working platform should be supported by
loose bricks, drain pipes, chimney pots or other loose or unsuitable
material.
30
Scaffolds
3.2.3. No working platform should be supported by an eaves

gutter, a balcony or its coping, a lightning conductor or other
unsuitable parts of a building.
3.2.4. No working platform should be used for working upon
until its construction is completed and the necessary safeguards
properly fixed.
3.2.5. Whenever practicable, a platform should extend at
least 60 cm (2 ft) beyond the end of the wall of the building.
3.2.6. The width of the platform should be adequate having
regard to the nature of the work, and should be such that at every
part there is not less than 60 cm (2 ft) clear passage free from fixed
obstacles and deposited material.
3.2.7. In no case should the width of a working platform be
less than:
60 cm (2 ft) if the platform is used as a footing only and not for
the deposit of any material;
80 cm (2 ft 8 in) if the platform is used for the deposit of
material;
1.1 m (3 ft 8 in) if the platform is used for the support of any
higher platform;
1.3 m (4 ft 4 in) if the platform is one upon which stone is
dressed or roughly shaped;
1.5 in (5 ft) if the platform is used for the support of any
higher platform and is one upon which stone is dressed or
roughly shaped.
3.2.8. The maximum width of a platform supported on put-
logs should as a rule not exceed 1.6 m (5 ft 4 in).
3.2.9. As far as practicable, a clear headroom of at least 1.8 m
(6 ft) should be maintained on working platforms.
3.2.10. Every working platform should, if part of a pole scaf-
fold, be at least 1 m (3 ft 3 in) belowthe top of the uprights.
3.2.11. Every working platform more than 2 m (6 ft 6 in)
above the ground or floor should be closely boarded or planked.
31
3.2.12. Boards or planks which form part of a working platform

or which are used as toe-boards should be of dimensions such as to
afford adequate security having regard to the distance between the
putlogs, but in no case should they:
be of a thickness less than 2.5 cm (1 in); and
be of a width less than 15 cm (6 in).
3.2.13. No board or plank which forms part of a working
platform should project beyond its end support to a distance exceed-
ing four times the thickness of the boaid or plank.
3.2.14. If practicable, boards or planks should not overlap
one another; if not, precautions such as the provision of bevelled
pieces should be taken to reduce the risk of tripping to a minimum
and to facilitate the movement of wheelbarrows.
3.2.15. Planks used for flooring should be of uniform thickness.
3.2.16.Every board or plank which forms part of a working
platform should rest on at least three supports, unless the distance
between the putlogs and the thickness of the board or plank is
such as to exclude all risk of tipping or undue sagging.
3.2.17. Platforms should be so constructed that the boards or
planks cannot be displaced through normal use.
Guard-rails and toe-boards (railings)
3.2.18. Every part of a working platform or working place
from which a person is liable to fall a distance exceeding 2 m (6 ft
6 in) should be provided with railings complying with the require-
3.2.19. Guard-rails, toe-boards and other safeguards used on
a scaffold platform should be maintained in position, except for
the time and to the extent required to allow the access of persons or
the transport or shifting of materials.
3.2.20. Guard-rails and toe-boards used on a scaffold plat-
form should be placed on the inside of the uprights, except where
provision has been made in the design to prevent any outward
movement.
32
Scaffolds
Suspended platforms
3.2.21. The platforms of suspended scaffolds should be pro-
vided with guard-rails and toe-boards on all sides, except that:
on the side facing the wall the guard-rail need not be at a height
of more than 70 cm (2 ft 4 in) if the work does not allow of a
greater height;
the guard-rails and toe-boards should not be compulsory on
the side facing the wall if the workers sit on the platform to
work, but in such case the platform should be provided with
cables, ropes or chains affording the workers a firm handhold
and capable of holding any worker who may slip.
3.2.22. The space between the wall and the platform should
be as small as practicable except where workers sit on the platform
during their work, in which case it should not exceed 45 cm
(1 ft 6 in)
Platform suspended from lifting equipment

3.2.23. When a working platform is suspended from lifting
equipment, if necessary to prevent danger the lifting equipment
should have means for positively locking the supports so as to
prevent inadvertent movement of the platform.
3.2.24. If necessary to prevent danger, the lifting equipment
operator should remain at the controls while the platform is in use.
3.2.25. If the platform is supported from overhead:
adequate precautions should be taken to prevent spinning; and
the operation of the platform should be governed by signals in
conformity with the requirements of section 1.8.
3.2.26. Precautions should be taken to prevent the platform
from tilting during raising and lowering.
3.2.27. While the suspended platform is in use the lifting
equipment should not be moved on any surface, and in any condi-
tions, that would dangerously affect the stability of the platform.
33
3.2.28. Men working on suspended platforms should be pro-

vided with and wear safety belts which should be connected to life-
lines independent of the platform or its suspension.
3.3. Gangways, ramps and runways

3.3.1. Gangways, ramps and runways should be so constructed
and supported that they cannot tip, sag unduly or collapse under
the maximum loads which they will have to carry.
3.3.2. Every gangway, ramp and runway any part of which is
more than 2 m (6 ft 6 in) above the ground or floor should be:
closely boarded or planked; and
at least 60 cm (2 ft) wide.
3.3.3. When a gangway, ramp or runway is used for the passage
of materials, there should be maintained a clear passageway which:
is adequate in width for transport of ipaterials without the
removal of guard-rails and toe-boards; and
is in any case of a width not less than 60 cm (2 ft).
3.3.4. The slope of any gangway, ramp or runway should not
exceed 1 in 4.
3.3.5. When the slope renders additional foothold necessary
there should be proper stepping laths which should:
be placed at equal intervals appropriate to the gradient; and
be the full width of the gangway, ramp or runway except for a
10 cm (4 in) gap to facilitate the movement of wheelbarrows.
3.3.6. Gangways, ramps and runways from which a person
could fall more than 2 m (6 ft 6 in) should be provided with guard-
rails complying with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
3.3.7. Ramps or runways built to provide access for vehicles
on a construction site should:
possess adequate strength and stability to withstand safely the
maximum loads that they will have to carry;
have a gradient and a width safe for the vehicles; and
be provided with a substantial curb on each side.
34
Scaffolds
3.3.8. The minimum width inside the curbs should be 60 cm

(2 ft) more than the width of the widest vehicle using the ramp or
runway if there is no passing, or 60 cm (2 ft) more than twice this
width if there is passing.
3.3.9. Ramps and runways should be level transversely.
3.4. Wooden pole scaffolds
Uprights
3.4.1. Pole uprights should be:
vertical or slightly inclined towards the building; and
placed sufficiently close together to secure the stability of the
scaffolds.
3.4.2. The diameters of poles should:
be determined in accordance with expected maximum loading;
be at least 8 cm (3 Y2 in) at the level of the highest ledger.
3.4.3. If pole uprights have to be extended:
the upper and lower poles should overlap by at least 1.5 m
(5 ft);
the two poles should be securely wedged together and lashed
with wire, wire rope, chains or the like; and
the extension pole should rest on a ledger, putlog, or other
adequate support.
3.4.4.The stability of pole uprights should be secured:
by letting the pole an adequate distance into the ground
according to the nature of the soil; or
by placing the pole on a suitable plank or other adequate sole-
plate in such a manner as to prevent slipping; or
in any other sufficient way.
3.4.5. When two scaffolds meet at the corner of a building a
pole upright should be placed at the corner on the outside of the
scaffolds.
35
3.4.6. Where splices are necessary in round pole uprights:

butt-jointed double poles should be used instead of single
poles;
thejoins of the two poles should be as far as possible staggered;
and
the poles should be adequately lashed together at the base and
at each butt joint.
3.4.7. When necessary the bases of poles should be provided
with suitable protection against the impact of trucks or other
moving equipment.
3.4.8. Sawn timber uprights should be butt jointed with ade-
quate timber pieces or fish-plates secured on each side of the butt
joint with bolts, washers and nuts.
Ledgers
3.4.9. Ledgers should be practically level and securely fastened
to the uprights by bolts, dogs, ropes or other efficient means.
3.4.10. The ends of two consecutive ledgers at the same level
should be securely joined together at an upright except when spe-
cial devices are used which ensure equivalent strength.
3.4.11. Two consecutive ledgers should overlap at least 1 m
(3 ft 3 in).
3.4.12. Unsupported ends of ledgers should be avoided. In
any case no load should be placed on their ends.
3.4.13. The vertical distance between rows of ledgers should
not exceed 4 m (13 ft).
3.4.14. Ledgers should extend over the whole length of the
scaffold.
3.4.15. When necessary to prevent danger from heavy loading,
ledgers should be adequately reinforced by bracing, cleats or other
effective means.
3.4.16. All ledgers should be left in place to brace the scaffold
until it is dismantled.
36
Scaffolds
Putlogs
3.4.17. Putlogs should be in one piece, straight and securely
fastened to the ledgers.
3.4.18. If ledgers are not used, the putlogs should be fastened
to the uprights and supported by securely fastened cleats.
3.4.19. If one end of a putlog cannot be supported by a wall,
it should be adequately supported by other effective means.
3.4.20. Putlogs which have one end supported by a wall
should have at that end a plane supporting surface at least 10 cm
(4 in) deep.
3.4.21. The dimensions of the putlogs should be appropriate
to the load to be borne by them.
3.4.22. The distance between two consecutive putlogs on
which a platform rests should be fixed with due regard to the
anticipated load and the nature of the platform flooring.
3.4.23. As a general rule the distance between two consecutive
putlogs on which a platform rests should not exceed 1 m (3 ft
3 in) with planks less than 4 cm (1/8 in) thick, 1.5 m (5 ft)
with planks less than 5 cm (2 in) thick, and 2 in (6 ft 6 in) with
planks at least 5 cm (2 in) thick.
3.4.24. If putlogs are removed from a scaffold before it is
dismantled, they should be replaced by a sufficient number of
adequate braces.
Bracing
3.4.25. Pole scaffolds that are tied to the building should be
braced diagonally from top to bottom over the whole length.
3.4.26. The bracing should be securely anchored to every
ledger and upright at the crossing points.
3.4.27. Independent pole scaffolds should be braced in the
same way as tied scaffolds, and also crosswise.
3.4.28. Bracing should be left in position until the last practic-
able moment in order to retain stability of the remaining scaffold.
37
Catch platforms
3.4.29. If a pole scaffold is used as a catch platform for roof
work, it should be properly anchored to the building.
3.5. Suspended scaffolds with manually operated platform

Outriggers
3.5.1. Outriggers should be:
of adequate strength and cross-section to ensure the solidity
and stability of the scaffold;
installed at right angles to the building face; and
carefully spaced to suit the hangers or deck irons.
3.5.2. The overhang of the outriggers from the building
should be such that the platform is fixed to hang not more than
30 cm (12 in) from the building face, subject to the exception
mentioned in paragraph 3.2.22.
3.5.3. The outriggers should be securely anchored to the
building by bolts or other equivalent means.
3.5.4. Anchor bolts should be properly tightened and securely
tie down the outrigger to the framework of the buildings.
3.5.5. When outriggers are anchored by bags of ballast or
other loose counterweights, the bags or counterweights should be
securely lashed to the outriggers.
3.5.6. Supporting hooks or roof irons should be forged from
suitable steel, or equivalent material.
3.5.7. Stop bolts should be placed at the end of each outrigger,
and at the end of each supporting joist.
Suspension ropes
3.5.8. Suspension ropes should:
be made of high-grade manila fibre or other natural or
synthetic fibre of equal quality, or steel wire; and
have a safety factor of at least 10 for fibre and at least 6
for steel.
38
Scaffolds
3.5.9. The upper ends of suspension ropes should terminate

in a spliced loop or other equally satisfactory connection provided
with a steel ring or eye, and the bolt should pass through the
outrigger shackle and the ring and be secured by a nut.
3.5.10. Suspension ropes should pass through suitable pulley
blocks so as to enable the platform to be raised and lowered safely.
3.5.11. Suspension ropes should be adequately protected
against chafing.
3.5.12. Pulley blocks should be fastened to the platforms by
the hangers.
Platforms
3.5.13. Platforms of suspended scaffolds with manually'
operated platform should not exceed 8 m (26 ft) in length or 60 cm
(24 in) in width.
3.5.14. Platforms should:
be suspended from two or more ropes or chains spaced not
more than 3.5 m (12 ft) apart;
be supported on ledgers in one piece resting on metal hangers
attached to the suspension ropes or chains; and
have an overhang not exceeding 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) beyond the
hangers.
3.5.15. No intermediate rope should at any time be tauter
than either of the end ropes.
3.5.16. Platforms should be supported on stirrups or hangers
of mild steel or wrought iron of adequate cross-section.
3.5.17. Platform hangers should pass under the platform
planks and be secured to them.
Operation
3.5.18. Not more than two workers should be employed on
a suspended scaffold with manually operated platform at any one
time.
39
3.5.19. Two or more suspended scaffolds with manually

operated platform should not be combined by connecting them
with planking or by other means.
3.5.20. When not in use a suspended scaffold with manually
operated platform should be lashed to the building, or lowered
to the ground and cleared of tools, other objects and rubbish.
3.5.21. Suspended scaffolds with manually operated platform
should be tested before being used, by raising them a short distance
under twice the safe working load.
3.5.22. Suspended scaffolds with manually operated platform
on which the workers sit to work should be controlled or provided
with devices to keep the platform at a distance of at least 45 cm
(1 ft 6 in) from the wall, to prevent the workers from knocking
their knees against the wall if the scaffold swings.
3.5.23. When a suspended scaffold with manually operated
platform is not being raised or lowered, the hauling part of the
fall rope should be made fast with a self-locking hitch to the
lower block.
3.6. Suspended scaffolds with machine operated platform

Outriggers
3.6.1. Outriggers should comply with the requirements of
paragraphs 3.5.1 to 3.5.4, 3.5.6 and 3.5.7.
3.6.2. Only under extremely exceptional circumstances should
a counterweight be used as a means of securing the outriggers.
Suspension ropes
3.6.3. Only steel wire ropes 1 complying with the requirements
of paragraphs 3.5.8(b) and 3.5.9 should be used for suspended
scaffolds with machine operated platform.
1 Also referred to as "cables".
40
Scaffolds
3.6.4. Suspension ropes should be of such length that at the

lowest position of the platform there are at least two turns of rope
on each drum.
3.6.5. Suspension ropes should be fastened to the outriggers
vertically above the drum centres of the winches on the movable
platforms.
3.6.6. The lower ends of suspension ropes should be securely
fastened to the hoisting machines by clips, babbitting or other
effective means.
Scaffolding (hoisting) machines

3.6.7. Scaffolding or hoisting machines should be so con-
structed and installed that their moving parts are readily accessible
for inspection.
3.6.8. The frame of the hoisting machine should be securely
fastened to the platform bearers by bolting or other effective
means.
3.6.9. Winches on suspended scaffolds should be:
of the self-braking type; or
provided with a ratchet and pawl and a positive locking device
such that the platform can be securely held at any level, and
the pawl automatically engages when released from the hand
control. When the pawl must be disengaged before lowering,
an adequate safety device should be provided to prevent the
reversing of the winch when the pawl is being disengaged.
3.6.10. If the power for raising and lowering is supplied from
a motor, the motor should stop and automatically lock and
securely hold the platform when the manual pressure on the
starting switch or lever is released.
3.6.11. The moving parts of every scaffold machine should be
inspected at least once every week.
3.6.12. When a scaffolding machine is moved from one place
to another it should be inspected and overhauled before being used
again.
41
Platforms
3.6.13. Platforms should comply with the requirements of
paragraph 3.5.14.
3.6.14. Platforms should not exceed 8 m (26 ft) in length and
1.5 m (5 ft) in width.
Operation
3.6.15. While persons are working on a heavy suspended
scaffold the suspension ropes should be secured by locking the
winches or by other effective means.
3.6.16. Suspended scaffolds with machine operated platform
should be prevented from swinging or knocking against the build-
ing by means of ties, spacing bars, etc.
3.6.17. When not in use suspended scaffolds with machine
operated platform should:
be cleared of all tools and other movable objects; and
be securely lashed in position or lowered to the ground.
3.7. Outrigger, cantilever or jib scaffolds
3.7.1. Outrigger, cantilever or jib scaffolds should:

be securely fixed and anchored from the inside;
have outriggers of adequate length and cross-section to ensure
their solidity and stability; and
be properly braced and supported.
3.7.2. Only sound parts of a building which are sufficiently
stable and sufficiently strong should be used as supports for scaf-
fold parts.
3.7.3. If working platforms rest on bearers let into the wall,
the bearers should be properly braced, go right through the wall
and be securely fastened on the far side.
3.7.4. Outriggers should be spaced at intervals not exceeding
1.8m (6ft).
42
Scaffolds
3.7.5. Platforms of outrigger scaffolds should be securely

suspended from the outriggers by adequate hangers and supporting
beams.
3.7.6. Platforms of outrigger scaffolds should not exceed
1.5 m (5 ft) in width.
3.7.7. Outrigger scaffolds should not be used for the storage
of materials.
3.8. Ladder scaffolds

3.8.1. Ladder scaffolds should be used only:
for light work requiring little material; and
if they are suitable for the purpose.
Ladders
3.8.2. The ladders serving as the uprights of ladder scaffolds
should either:
be let into the ground to the necessary depth according to the
nature of the soil; or
be placed on sole-plates or boards so that the two uprights
of each ladder rest evenly on the base, and be suitably fastened
at the feet to prevent them from slipping.
3.8.3. If a ladder is used to extend another:
the two ladders should overlap at least 1.5 m (5 ft);
the upper ladder should be secured by two ladder hooks on a
steel tie rod; and
the join should be braced with straps.
Bracing
3.8.4. Single ladder scaffolds should be provided over their
whole length with diagonal bracing extending over the whole
height of every second bay.
3.8.5. The bracing of single ladder scFlffolds should be securely
fastened to the scaffold at every crossing point.
43
3.8.6. Double ladder scaffolds should be provided with

sufficient diagonal bracing.
3.8.7. The bracing fastening of double ladder scaffolds should
comply with the requirements of paragraph 3.8.5.
Anchorages
3.8.8. If ladder scaffolds are tied to the building:
each ladder should be anchored to the building at each storey;
the vertical distance between consecutive anchorages should
not exceed 4.5 m (15 ft); and
ladders should not extend more than 3 m (10 ft) above the
highest anchorage.
3.9. Ladder jack scaffolds

3.9.1. Ladder jacks should only be used on ladders of suffi-
cient strength to withstand safely the stress that a jack would
impose.
3.9.2.Ladder jacks should not be used:
at heights exceeding 6.5 m (22 ft); or
on extension ladders.
3.9.3. Ladder jacks should be securely fastened to the ladder
and should bear on the side rails.
3.9.4. Ladders used for ladder jack scaffolds should be pre-
vented from being displaced by safety shoes, metal spikes or other
effective means.
3.9.5. Not more than one person should work on a ladder
jack scaffold at a time.
3.10. Bracket scaffolds

3.10.1. No bracket scaffold should be used unless the brackets
are of suitable strength, are made of suitable metal, and are securely
anchored in the wall by adequate bolts with washers and nuts.
44
Scaffolds
3.10.2. Bracket scaffolds should only be used by workers such

as carpenters, electricians and painters who do not require heavy
equipment or materials.
3.10.3. The working platform of a bracket scaffold should not
exceed 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) in width.
3.10.4. Brackets should be designed to withstand safely a
load of at least 175 kg (400 ib) at the extreme outer end.
3.10.5. Brackets should be securely assembled by gussets and
bolts.
3.10.6. Brackets should be provided at intervals not exceeding
3.5m (l2ft).
3.11. Trestle scaffolds
3.11.1. No trestle scaffold should:
be of more than two tiers; or
exceed a height of 3 m (10 ft) from the ground or floor, or
from the platform of a fixed scaffold; or
be erected on a suspended scaffold.
3.11.2. Trestle scaffolds should be set up on firm and level
bases.
3.11.3. The width of a trestle scaffold erected on a platform
should be such as to leave sufficient unobstructed space on the
platform for the transport of materials or the passage of persons.
3.11.4. Trestles should be firmly fixed so as to prevent displace-
ment.
3.11.5. Trestles used for trestle scaffolds should be adequately
braced to ensure rigidity and resist lateral thrusts.
3.11.6. Extension pieces should not be nailed on the legs of
trestles to increase height.
3.11.7. Trestles should be so spaced as to ensure the stability
of the scaffold.
45
3.11.8. On extensible trestles the extension should be prevented

from coming out of its seating.
3.12. Square scaffolds

3.12.1. Squares should be securely assembled and braced to
ensure adequate strength and rigidity.
3.12.2. Squares should not have sides longer than 1.5 in
(5ft).
3.12.3. Uprights of squares should not be longer than the
sides.
3.12.4. Square scaffolds should be set up on a firm and level
base.
3.12.5. On square scaffolds the squares should be set up at
intervals not exceeding 1.5 m (5 ft).
3.12.6. Square scaffolds should not be more than three tiers
of squares high.
3.12.7. The tiers should be securely fastened together by
bracing.
3.12.8. The top two tiers should rest on planking laid on the
tier beneath.
3.13. Window jack scaffolds

3.13.1. Window jack scaffolds should only be used for work-
ing at the window opening through which the jack is placed.
3.13.2. Only one person should be on a window jack scaffold
at any one time.
3.13.3. Window jacks should be designed to withstand a
working load of at least 90 kg (200 Ib) with a safety factor of 4.
3.13.4. Window jacks at adjacent windows should not be
joined by planks.
46
Scaffolds
3.13.5. Window jacks should not be used to support other

kinds of scaffold.
3.14. Stages for dumping railway trucks

3.14.1. Discharge points on stages for dumping railway
trucks should be protected by movable barriers, guard-rails and
toe-boards and other effective means.
3.14.2. Dumping stages that are regularly used as passageways
should be protected by railing complying with the requirements of
paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
3.14.3. Alongside the rail tracks there should be a safe walk-
way for the workers which should be at least 60 cm (2 ft) wide.
3.14.4. Dumping stages should be strong enough to safely
accommodate a set of loaded trucks extending over the whole
length of the stage.
3.14.5. If a dumping stage cannot safely carry a locomotive
or more than a certain number of trucks, adequate precautions
should be taken to prevent the stage from being overloaded.
3.14.6. Rail tracks on dumping stages should comply with
the relevant requirements of paragraphs 9.1.1 to 9.1.15.
3.15. Tubular metal scaffolds

General provisions
3.15.1. Tubular metal scaffolds should:
be made of adequate material such as galvanised steel tubing;
and
be of adequate strength to hold the anticipated load with a
safety factor of 4.
3.15.2. All vertical and horizontal members of tubular metal
scaffolds should be securely fastened together.
47
3.15.3. Where necessary to prevent danger, tubular metal

scaffolds should be adequately diagonally braced at suitable
intervals in the lengthwise and crosswise directions.
3.15.4. Scaffolds with metal members should not be erected
in dangerous proximity to any overhead electricity transmission
line or electricity transmission equipment and should in all cases
be at a distance of more than 5 m (16 ft 6 in) or such distance laid
down by a competent authority.
3.15.5. Tubes or pipes for tubular scaffolds should be straight
and free from rust, corrosion, indentations, and other defects.
3.15.6. The ends of tubes should be squared to ensure even
bearing over the whole area of the section at joints and other
connections.
3.15.7. Tubing should be of adequate size and strength for
the load it will have to carry, and in no case less than 5 cm (2 in)
(or other closely similar standard size) in outside diameter.
Uprights
3.15.8. Uprights should always be maintained in a vertical
position.
3.15.9. Joints in uprights of tubular scaffolds should be:
close to ledgers or other members capable of constraining
them against lateral displacement; and
staggered so that adjacent joints are not at the same level.
3.15.10. With the material commonly used, the distance
between uprights should not exceed:
1.8 m (6 ft) for heavy-duty scaffolds capable of supporting
350 kg/m2 (75 lb/ft 2);
2.3 m (7 ft 6 in) for light-duty scaffolds capable of support-
ing 125 kg/rn2 (25 lb/ft 2).
Ledgers
3.15.11. Ledgers should:
extend over at least two spaces between uprights; and
be securely fastened to each upright.
48
Scaffolds
3.15.12. Joints between ledgers should:

be close to uprights; and
not be directly one over another at different storeys.
3.15.13. The vertical distance between ledgers should not
exceed 2m (6ft 6 in).
3.15.14. If a tubular metal scaffold is tied to the masonry
construction, ledgers should be firmly secured to the masonry by
clincher plates or other effective means.
3.15.15. If working platforms are removed, all ledgers should
be left in place to preserve the rigidity of the scaffold.
Putlogs
3.15.16. On tubular metal scaffolds one putlog should be
placed at each upright.
3.15.17. The span of any putlog on tubular metal scaffolds
should not exceed 1.5 m (5 ft).
3.15.18. The distance between putlogs of heavy-duty tubular
metal scaffolds should not exceed 90 cm (3 ft), and between
putlogs of light-duty scaffolds, 1.15 m (3 ft 9 in).
3.15.19. Where putlogs rest on a wall of a building they
should have a plane supporting surface at least 10 cm (4 in) deep.
Anchorages
3.15.20. Tubular metal scaffolds with a single row of uprights
should be securely anchored to the wall of the building.
3.15.21. The anchorage pattern should be such that:
the anchorage tubes are fastened to the scaffold face at the
junctions of uprights and ledgers;
the anchorage tubes are securely fastened in the masonry;
the first, the last and every second upright are anchored to
the building through anchorage tubes fastened in a staggered
pattern to every second ledger on. a given upright.
49
Railings
3.15.22. Toe-boards should be bolted or properly fixed to
uprights or adequately secured to platform planks.
3.15.23. Guard-rails should be secured to uprights by suitable
connectors.
3.15.24. Diagonal bracing should not be used as guard-rails
unless it provides protection equivalent to that provided under
section 2.6.
Fastenings
3.15.25. Fastenings for connecting members of tubular metal
scaffolds should:
be made of drop-forged steel or equivalent material; and
accurately embrace, over the whole area of their bearing
surfaces, the members on which they are used.
3.15.26. Fastenings should not:
cause deformation in the tube; or
themselves undergo deformation.
3.15.27. Where the efficacy of fastenings depends on fric-
tional grip, they should not be used to transmit primary tensile
forces.
3.15.28. Fittings having screw threads and nuts should not
be used unless each nut is fully engaged on the corresponding
thread.
3.16. Mobile scaffolds

3.16.1. Scaffolds supported on wheels should be adequately
braced and stiffened to prevent dangerous distortion in use.
3.16.2. Mobile scaffolds should only be used on a firm, level
surface.
3.16.3. The height of mobile scaffolds should not exceed
four times the lesser base dimension.
50
Scaffolds
3.16.4. Ladders giving access to mobile scaffolds should be

secured to the scaffold.
3.16.5. When a mobile scaffold is in use the castors or wheels
should be adequately blocked.
3.16.6. No person should ride on a scaffold that is being
moved.
3.16.7. All material and equipment which may fall should
be removed from the platform before moving the mobile scaffold.
3.17. Boatswain's chairs, skips, etc.

3.17.1. A skip, basket, boatswain's chair or similar equip-
ment should only be used as a suspended scaffold in exceptional
circumstances for work of short duration, and under the super-
vision of a responsible person.
3.17.2. When a skip, basket, boatswain's chair or similar
equipment is used as a scaffold:
it should be supported by ropes having a safety factor of at
least 10, based on the total load including the self weight
of the skip, basket, or boatswain's chair;
precautions should be taken to prevent the workers from
falling out;
workers should wear a safety belt secured to an individually
fastened lifeline complying with the requirements of paragraphs
36.1.16 to 36.1.31.
3.17.3. When a skip is used as a suspended scaffold it should
have a guard-rail installed at 1 in (3 ft 3 in) high.
3.17.4. When a basket is used as a suspended scaffold it
should be at least 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep.
3.17.5. When a skip or a basket is used as a suspended scaffold
it should be carried by two strong iron bands which should be
properly secured to it, continued round the sides and bottom,
and have eyes in the iron to receive the ropes.
51
3.17.6. The total live load on a boatswain's chair raised and

lowered by hand should not exceed 110 kg (250 lb).
3.17.7. Boatswain's chairs that are used by persons in a
sitting position should have a back rail or rope and a front rail,
rope or post not less than 25 cm (10 in) above the seat.
3.17.8. Boatswain's chairs that are used by persons in a
standing position should be provided with a guard-rail and toe-
board on all sides.
3.17.9. The seat of a boatswain's chair should:
possess adequate strength and be firmly secured; and
measure at least 45 x 25 cm (18 in X 10 in).
3.17.10. The suspension ropes of boatswain's chairs should
be made of high-grade manila fibre or steel wire or equivalent
material.
3.17.11. The suspension rope should be securely fastened to
a firm overhead structure or passed through a pulley block simi-
larly fastened and firmly secured to an easily accessible firm
structure. -
Fibre rope should not be used on boatswain's chairs

3.17.12.
when workers in. them are using a blow torch or any open flame.
3.17.13. Boatswain's chairs should only be used provided
a safety belt is worn and so fastened that the workers will be
safely held if they fall out of the chair.
3.17.14. Before a boatswain's chair is taken into use the
overhead supports and the tackle should be inspected.
3.18. Aerial-basket trucks

Definition
3.18.1. By "aerial-basket" is meant a basket, bucket or skip
raised on an articulated or telescopic boom that is mounted on a
motor truck.
1 Also called "boom platforms".
52
Scaffolds
Trucks
3.18.2. Aerial-basket trucks should be constructed in con-
forinity with the relevant requirements of section 10.2.
3.18.3. When necessary it should be possible to block parked
trucks securely by means such as feet, outriggers, and jacks.
3.18.4. Locking devices should be provided to secure the boom
and turntable during travel.
3.18.5. The turntable should lock automatically when the
basket is in use.
3.18.6. The design should be such that in the case of motor
or pump failure, the basket will remain in position.
3.18.7. The design should be such that if there is a failure in
the hydraulic lines, descent will be limited to a safe speed.
3.18.8. Automatic cut-outs should be provided:
to prevent the basket moving beyond set limits; and
to prevent overloading if the basket fouls a fixed object.
Booms
3.18.9. Booms should have a safety factor of at least 25 per
cent above the maximum rated load.
3.18.10. The aerial-basket boom should not be used as a
derrick unless it has been specifically designed for this purpose;
if so, it should be equipped with an appropriate safe load indicator.
Baskets
3.18.11. Aerial-baskets should:
be at least 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep and of such a design as to prevent
danger to the user; and
be electrically insulated, if necessary to prevent danger.
3.18.12. Aerial-baskets should be equipped with:
a safety belt or safety harness for each occupant; and
means for attaching the safety belt or safety harness to the
basket or to the boom.
53
Safety and health in building and civil engineerIng
3.18.13. Aerial-baskets should bear a clear indication of the

maximum rated load.
3.18.14. Safe means such as steps and guard-rails and toe-
boards should be provided on the truck for climbing in and out
of the bucket.
3.18,15. Basket controls should be protected against impact
by position or by guards.
Inspection and maintenance of equipment
3.18.16. Aerial-basket trucks should be accompanied by the
manufacturer's instructions for inspection and maintenance.
3.18.17. Aerial-basket trucks should be inspected and main-
tained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and the
relevant requirements of section 10.5.
3.18.18. Aerial-basket trucks, including the boom, basket and
accessories, should be inspected daily when in use.
3.18.19. In the course of each daily inspection the boom should
be operated through one cycle.
3.18.20. Whenever necessary to prevent danger, trucks
should be thoroughly overhauled.
3.18.21. Overhauls should include all parts of the hydraulic
and lubricating systems.
Operation of equipment
3.18.22. Aerial-basket trucks should only be operated by
competent persons.
3.18.23. Aerial-basket trucks should be operated in confor-
mity with the relevant requirements of section 10.6.
3.18.24. An aerial-basket truck should not be moved with
the boom raised before the operator has ensured that there will
be no danger from obstructions or electrical conductors.
3.18.25. As far as practicable an aerial-basket truck should
not be moved while any person is in the basket.
54
Scaffolds
3.18.26. As far as practicable trucks should only be used on

firm, level and non-slippery ground.
3.18.27. If a truck is used on an incline the axles should be
kept as horizontal as possible so that the truck does not lean
sideways.
3.18.28. At work sites on public highways, trucks should be
protected by means such as warning signs, lights and barricades.
3.18.29. If a truck has to be used in darkness the working
area should be adequately lighted.
3.18.30. When an aerial-basket is used in the vicinity of
aerial conductors the relevant requirements of section 17.8 should
be complied with.
3.18.31. When the aerial-basket is used for work on electrical
installations, the work should only be done by competent elec-
tricians.
3.18.32. Persons in aerial-baskets should not stand on the
rim, or on boards placed across the rim, or use ladders.
3.18.33. Persons in aerial-baskets should prevent tools and
materials from falling out and refrain from throwing them out.
55
4. Ladders and stairs

Construction
4.1.1. No wooden ladder having any rung which depends
for its support solely on nails, spikes, screws or other similar
fixing should be used.
4.1.2. Wooden ladders should be constructed with:
uprights of adequate strength made of wood free from visible
defects and having the grain of the wood running lengthwise;
and
rungs made of wood free from visible defects and mortised
or rabbeted into the uprights.
4.1.3. Uprights and rungs of metal ladders should have a
cross-section adequate to prevent dangerous deflection.
4.1.4. The intervals between rungs should be:
equal; and
not be less than 25 cm (10 in) or more than 35 cm (14 in).
4.1.5. Rungs of metal ladders should be corrugated or treated
to prevent slipping.
4.1.6. Rungs of metal ladders should be kept clean so as to
prevent them from becoming slippery.
4.1.7. If necessary to prevent danger, ladders should be
provided with non-slip shoes, spikes or other devices to prevent
slipping.
4.1.8. Wooden ladders should be provided with a sufficient
number of steel cross-ties to ensure rigidity.
4.1.9. Portable ladders should not exceed 9 m (30 ft) in. length.
4.1.10. Every ladder or run of ladders rising to a height
exceeding 9 m (30 ft) should be provided with an intermediate
56
Ladders and stairs
landing or landings such that the interval between landings does

not exceed 9 m (30 ft).
4.1.11. Landings should be:
of suitable size; and
protected by railings complying with the requirements of
4.1.12. Defective ladders that cannot be satisfactorily repaired
should be destroyed.
4.1.13. Portable wooden ladders should be stored in a dry,
well-ventilated place.
4.1.14. Wooden ladders should not be painted, but oiled or
covered with clear varnish or transparent preservatives.
4.1.15. Metal ladders should be protected against corrosion
by being coated with rust-proof paint or by other adequate means
unless they are made of non-corrosive metals.
Use
4.1.16. Every ladder used as a means of communication
should:
rise at least 1 in (3 ft 3 in) above the highest point to be
reached by any person using the ladder; or
have one of the uprights continued to that height to serve
as a handrail at the top.
4.1.17. Ladders should not stand on loose bricks or other
loose packing but should have a level and firm footing so that
they are equally supported on each upright.
4.1.18. Every ladder:
should be securely fixed so that it cannot move from its top
and bottom points of rest; or
if it cannot be secured at the top, should be securely fastened
at the base; or
if fastening at the base is also impracticable, should have a
man stationed at the foot to prevent slipping.
57
4.1.19. Undue sagging of ladders should be prevented.

4.1.20. Where a run of two or more ladders connects different
floors:
the ladders should be staggered; and
a protective landing with the smallest practicable opening
should be provided at each floor.
4.1.21. A ladder having only one upright or a missing or
dangerously defective rung should not be used.
4.1.22. Roofers' and painters' ladders should not be used
by workers in other trades.
4.1.23. When it is placed in position the distance between
the foot of a ladder and the base of the structure against which
it rests should be about one-quarter of its length.
4.1.24. Workers using ladders should:
leave both hands free for climbing up and down;
face the ladder;
avoid wearing slippery boots or shoes; and
avoid carrying heavy or bulky loads.
4.1.25. If objects have to be carried on ladders, suitable
means should be used for the purpose.
4.1.26. A ladder should not be placed in front of a door that
opens towards it unless the door is fastened open or is locked or
guarded.
4.1.27. A ladder should not be placed against a window frame
unless the ladder is fitted with a board at the top so that the
applied load is safely distributed over the frame.
4.1.28. Metal ladders should not be used in the vicinity of
exposed live electrical equipment.
4.1.29. Adequate means should be provided to prevent the
displacement of a ladder set up in a public thoroughfare or in
any other place where persons, vehicles, etc. may accidentally
collide with it.
58
Ladders and stairs
4.1.30. Where necessary to prevent danger, separate ladders

should be used for ascent and descent.
4.2. Portable step ladders

4.2.1. Portable step ladders should not exceed 6 m (20 ft)
in length.
4.2.2. Back legs of step ladders should be adequately braced.
4.2.3. Step ladders exceeding 1.5 m (5 ft) in length should be
equipped with two or more cross-ties.
4.2.4. The spread between the front and back legs should be
restrained by means of hinged metal flat bars or high-grade fibre
rope or other effective means.
4.2.5. When in the open position, treads of step ladders should
be horizontal.
4.3. Portable trestle ladders

4.3.1. Trestle ladders should not exceed 5.5 m (18 ft) in height.
4.3.2. The spread between the front and back legs should be
restrained by means of hinged metal flat bars or high-grade fibre
rope or other effective means.
4.3.3. The front and back legs should be joined at the top
by bolted steel hinges of adequate dimensions or other effective
means.
4.3.4. Both legs of trestle ladders should be equipped with
a sufficient number of steel cross-ties.
4.4. Extension ladders

4.4.1. Extension ladders should not exceed 15 m (50 ft)
in length.
4.4.2. Extension ladders should be equipped with an effective
lock and guide brackets by which the ladder can be extended,
retracted or locked in any position.
59
4.4.3. The rungs of overlapping sections should coincide so

as to form double treads.
4.4.4. Extension ladders should be equipped with one or
more extension ropes.
4.4.5. Extension ropes should be securely anchored and run
over suitable pulleys.
4.4.6. Extension ladders should have not more than two
sliding extensions in addition to the base unit.
4.5. Mechanical ladders

4.5.1. By mechanical ladders is meant mechanically exten-
sible ladders mounted on a wheeled frame.
4.5.2. Mechanical ladders should be equipped with:
a working platform with guard-rails and toe-boards complying
with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5; or
a cage of heavy-gauge steel mesh.
4.5.3. If a mechanical ladder has no railed platform or cage,
workers using it should be secured by a safety belt complying
with the relevant requirements of Chapter 36.
4.5.4. Mechanical ladders should not be moved while a
person is on them unless they have been specially designed to
ensure that perfect stability is maintained during movement.
4.6. Fixed ladders

4.6.1. Fixed ladders installed out of doors should be made of
steel.
4.6.2. Fixed steel ladders should comply with the require-
ments of section 4.1 concerning metal ladders.
4.6.3. Uprights of fixed ladders should be at least 40 cm
(16 in) apart.
4.6.4. Where practicable, fixed ladders should be set at an
angle of 15° to the vertical.
60
Ladders and stairs
4.6.5. The clearance at the back of the rungs should be at

least 15 cm (6 in).
4.6.6. There should be no obstruction within 75 cm (30 in)
of the face of the ladder.
4.6.7. At the sides there should be at least 7.5 cm. (3 in)
clearance between the ladder and the nearest fixed object.
4.6.8. When it is necessary for a ladder to pass closely through
a hole in a platform or a floor, the edges of the hole should be
padded so as to prevent injury to persons using the ladder.
4.6.9. Runs of fixed ladders should not exceed 9 m (30 ft)
in length.
4.6.10. Landing platforms should be provided for each 9 m
(30 ft) or fraction thereof.
4.6.11. As far as possible, runs should be staggered.
4.6.12. Runs of fixed ladders from which a person could
fall from more than 6 m (20 ft) should be enclosed in a cage of
heavy-gauge steel mesh or hoops.
4.6.13. Fixed ladders should be firmly bolted or welded in
position.
4.7. Stairs
4.7.1. Stairs should be of adequate strength to withstand
safely the loads that they will have to carry.
4.7.2. Stairs used for the purpose of construction work
should have a clear width of at least 60 cm (2 ft).
4.7.3. Stairs made of perforated material should not have
openings exceeding 1.2 cm ('/2 in) in width.
4.7.4. No step of a stairway should depend for its support
solely on nails, spikes, screws or other similar fixing.
4.7.5. No stairway with missing or dangerously defective
steps should be used.
61
4.7.6. Stairs with more than five steps should:

be provided on any open side with guard-rails and toe-boards
complying with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to
2.6.5;
if more than 1.2 m (4 ft) wide, be provided on both sides with
an adequate handrail, or if this is not practicable, with an
adequate hand rope;
if not more than 1.2 m (4 ft) wide, be provided on one side
with an adequate handrail, or if this is not practicable, with
an adequate hand rope.
4.7.7. Every stairway that is at an angle of less than 300
from the vertical should be provided with a secure handhold at
the top landing place, either by extending one upright for at
least 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or by other effective means.
4.7.8. Movable and removable stairs should be adequately
secured in the position of use.
4.7.9. No ifight of stairs used for the purpose of operations
being carried on should have an unbroken vertical rise of more
than 3.5 m (12 ft).
4.7.10. In all buildings permanent stairs should be constructed
as soon as practicable and should comply with the relevant pro-
visions of this Code.
4.7.11. When work on a building has progressed to a height of
more than 18 m (60 ft) above the ground and it has not been prac-
ticable to construct the permanent stairs, a sufficient number of
stairs should be provided to ensure safe access to working levels.
62
5. Lifting appliances

Maximum safe working load
5.1.1. Adequate steps should be taken to ascertain the maximum
safe working load or loads of every lifting appliance.
5.1.2. The maximum safe working load should be marked:
upon every winch and pulley block used in the hoisting or
lowering of any load;
upon every derrick pole or mast; and
upon every crane.
5.1.3. In the case of a crane fitted with a derricking jib, the safe
working load at various radii of the jib should be marked upon it,
or otherwise clearly indicated.
5.1.4. The maximum safe working load or loads should be
incised or stamped in a legible and durable manner, or marked at
a conspicuous place in some other legible and durable manner.
Installation
5.1.5. Fixed lifting appliances should be installed:
by competent persons;
so that they cannot be displaced by the load, vibration or
other influences;
so that the operator is not exposed to danger from loads, ropes
or drums; and
so that the operator can either see over the zone of operations
or communicate with all loading and unloading points by tele-
phone, signals or other adequate means.
5.1.6. Adequate clearance should be provided between moving
parts and loads of lifting appliances and:
lixed objects such as walls and posts; and
electrical conductors.
63
5.1.7. Every lifting appliance should be adequately supported.

5.1.8. When lifting appliances are exposed to wind loadings,
they should be given sufficient additional strength, stability and
rigidity to withstand such loadings safely.
5.1.9. No structural alterations or repairs should be made on
any part of a lifting appliance that affects the safety of the appliance
without the permission of the competent person.
Operator's cab or cabin
5.1.10. The operator of every lifting appliance in outdoor
service should be provided with a cab or cabin which should:
be made of fire-resisting material;
have a suitable seat and a foot rest including protection
from vibration;
afford the operator an adequate view of the area of operation;
afford the necessary access to working parts in the cab;
afford the operator adequate protection against the weather;
be adequately ventilated;
be adequately heated in cold weather;
(Ii) be free from the risk of the operator coming into contact with
the heating appliance when operating the controls;
(1) be provided with a suitable fire extinguisher.
Controls
5.1.11. Controls of lifting appliances should be:
so situated that the operator at his stand or seat has ample
room for operation and an unrestricted view, and remains
clear of the load and ropes, and that no load passes over him;
provided, where necessary, with a suitable locking device to
prevent accidental movement or displacement.
5.1.12. Control handles should, as far as possible, move in
the direction of the resultant load movement, or clockwise for
lifting and anti-clockwise for lowering.
5.1.13. The stroke of hand levers should not exceed 60 cm (2 ft).
5.1.14. The stroke of pedals should not exceed 15 cm (6 in).
64
Lifting appliances
5.1.15. Pedals should have a non-slip surface.

5.1.16. Lifting appliances should be equipped with devices
that:
prevent the load from over-running;
prevent the load from moving if the power fails.
Brakes
5.1.17. Brakes should at all times be capable of performing
the task for which they were originally designed.
5.1.18. If necessary to prevent danger, brakes should be pro-
vided with a locking device.
5.1.19. Brakes should act without shock or delay.
5.1.20. Brakes should be provided with simple and easily
accessible means of adjustment.
5.1.21. Brakes operated by hand should not require a force
greater than 16 kg (35 Ib) at the handle.
5.1.22. Brakes operated by foot should not require a force
greater than 32 kg (70 Ib) on the pedal.
Buckets
5.1.23. Tip-up buckets should be equipped with a device that
effectively prevents accidental tipping.
Winches and drums
5.1.24. Winches and drums used on lifting appliances should
comply with the requirements of section 5.11.
Ropes and tackle
5.1.25. Ropes and tackle used on lifting appliances should
comply with the relevant requirements of Chapter 6.
5.1.26. Lifting appliances should be thoroughly inspected and,
if necessary to prevent danger, tested at least once a year by a
competent person.
65
5.1.27. Every part of the structure, working gear and anchor-

ing and fixing appliances of every crane, hoist and winch, and of
all other lifting appliances and tacide, should, as far as the construc-
tion permits, be inspected in position at least once in every week by
the operator or other competent person.
5.1.28. Means of communication such as telephone and sig-
nalling equipment should be tested before each working period.
Operation
5.1.29. Every crane driver or lifting appliance operator should
be a competent person.
5.1.30. No person under 18 years of age should be in
control of any lifting appliance, including any scaffold winch, or
give signals to the operator.
5.1.31. Precautions should be taken to prevent lifting ap-
pliances from being set in motion by unauthorised persons.
5.1.32. The operation of lifting appliances should be governed
by signals, in conformity with the requirements of section 1.8.
5.1.33. The lifting appliance operator's attention should not
be distracted while he is working.
5.1.34. No crane, hoist, winch or other lifting appliance, or
any part of such appliance, should, except for testing purposes, be
loaded beyond the safe working load.
5.1.35. During hoisting operations effective precautions should
be taken to prevent any person from standing or passing under the
load.
5.1.36. Operators should not leave lifting appliances unattend-
ed with power on or with a load suspended.
5.1.37. No person should ride on a suspended load or on any
lifting appliance not authorised by the competent authority for the
conveyance of persons.
5.1.38. Every part of a load in course of being hoisted or
lowered should be adequately suspended and supported so as to
prevent danger.
66
Lifting appliances
5.1.39. Every receptacle used for hoisting bricks, tiles, slates or

other material should be so enclosed as to prevent the fall of any
of the material.
5.1.40. If loose materials or loaded wheelbarrows are placed
directly on a platform for raising or lowering, the platform should
be enclosed.
5.1.41. Materials should not be raised, lowered or slewed in
such a way as to cause sudden jerks.
5.1.42. In hoisting a barrow, the wheel should not be used as
a means of support unless efficient steps are taken to prevent the
axle from slipping out of the bearings.
5.1.43. If necessary to prevent danger, long objects such as
planks and girders should be guided with a tag line, while being
raised or lowered.
5.1.44. At landings, workers should not be obliged to lean out
into empty space for loading and unloading.
5.1.45. The hoisting of loads at points where there is a regular
flow of traffic should be carried out in an enclosed space, or if this
is impracticable (e.g. in the case of bulky objects), measures should
be taken to hold up or divert the traffic for the time being.
5.1.46. Adequate steps should be taken to prevent a load in
course of being hoisted or lowered from coming into contact with
any objects in such a manner that part of the load or object may
become displaced.
5.1.47. Appliances should be provided and used for guiding
when raising or lowering heavy loads (for example, prefabricated
parts) to avoid crushing of the hands in these operations.
5.2. Hoists
Shafts and towers
5.2.1. Hoist shafts should be provided with rigid panels or
other adequate fencing:
67
at the ground level on all sides; and

at all other levels on all sides to which access is provided.
5.2.2. The walls of hoist shafts, except at approaches, should
extend at least 2 m (6 ft 6 in) above the floor, platform or other
place to which access is provided.
5.2.3. Approaches to hoists should be provided with sub-
stantial gates or the like which:
should be gridded for visibility;
should be at least 2 m (6 ft 6 in) high; and
should be equipped with a device which requires the gate to be
closed before the platform leaves the landing and prevents the
gate from being opened unless the hoist platform is at the
landing.
5.2.4. Approaches to hoists should be adequately lit.
5.2.5. The guides of hoist platforms should offer sufficient
resistance to bending and, in the case of jamming by a safety catch,
to buckling.
5.2.6. Overhead sheave beams and their supports should be
capable of holding the combined maximum live and dead loads
that they will have to carry with a safety factor of at least 5.
5.2.7. A clearance should be provided above the highest stop-
ping place high enough to allow sufficient unobstructed travel of the
cage or platform in case of overwinding. A clear space should
also be provided below the lower stopping place.
5.2.8. Adequate covering should be provided above the top of
hoist shafts to prevent material falling down them.
5.2.9. Outdoor hoist towers should be erected on adequately
finn foundations, and securely braced, guyed and anchored.
5.2.10. A ladderway complying with the relevant requirements
of Chapter 4 should extend from the bottom to the top of outdoor
hoist towers, if no other ladderway exists within easy reach.
68
LiftIng appliances
Engines
5.2.11. Hoisting engines should be of ample capacity to con-
trol the heaviest load that they will have to move.
5.2.12. All gearing on hoisting engines should be securely
enclosed.
5.2.13. If necessary to prevent danger, steam piping of hoisting
engines should be adequately protected against accidental contact.
5.2.14. Electrical equipment of hoisting engines should be
effectively earthed.
5.2.15. Hoists should be provided with devices that stop the
hoisting engine as soon as the platform reaches its highest stopping
place.
5.2.16. Hoisting engines should be protected by a substantial
cover against the weather and falling objects.
5.2.17. If hoisting engines are set up in a public thoroughfare,
they should be completely enclosed.
5.2.18. Exhaust steam pipes should discharge so that the steam
cannot scald anyone or obstruct the operator's view.
5.2.19. It should not be possible to reverse the motion of the
hoist without first bringing it to rest.
5.2.20. It should not be possible to set in motion from the
platform a hoist not designed for the conveyance of persons.
5.2.21. Pawls and ratchet wheels with which the pawl must be
disengaged before the platform is lowered should not be used.
Wire ropes
5.2.22. Steel wire ropes should be used for the suspension of
the platform and should comply with the requirements of
section 6.2.
5.2.23. Hoist wire ropes should have a safety factor of at
least six times the maximum load.
1
Also referred to as "cables".
69
5.2.24. If two or more wire ropes are used, the load should be
equally distributed between them.
5.2.25. Each suspension wire rope should be in one piece.
5.2.26. The rope ends should be fastened to the platform
attachment by splicing and tight binding with steel wire, by sealing
or by clamping with the aid of rope clamps; wherever possible,
properly applied thimbles should be used.
5.2.27. Drum anchorages of suspension wire ropes should be
adequate and secure.
5.2.28. Wire ropes should be long enough to leave at least
two turns on the drum when the cage or platform is at its lowest
position.
5.2.29. The diameter of the pulleys or drums should not be
less than 20 times the diameter of the wire rope used.
Platforms
5.2.30. Hoist platforms should be capable of supporting the
maximum load that they will have to carry with a safety factor of
at least 3.
5.2.31. Hoist platforms should be equipped with safety gear
that will hold the platform with the maximum load if the hoisting
rope breaks.
5.2.32. On platforms, wheelbarrows and trucks should be
efficiently blocked in a safe position.
5.2.33. If workers have to enter the cage or go on the platform
at landings there should be a locking arrangement preventing the
cage or platform from moving while any worker is in or on it.
5.2.34. On sides not used for loading and unloading, hoist
platforms should be provided with toe-boards and enclosures of
wire mesh or other suitable material to prevent the fall of parts
of loads.
5.2.35. Where necessary to prevent danger from falling objects,
hoist platforms should be provided with adequate covering.
70
Lifting appliances
Counterweights
5.2.36. Counterweights consisting of an assemblage of several
parts should be made of specially constructed parts rigidly con-
nected together.
5.2.37. Counterweights should run in guides.
Landings
5.2.38. Adequate platforms complying with the requirements
of section 3.2 should be provided at all levels used by workers.
Notices
5.2.39. The following notices should be posted up conspicu-
ously and in very legible characters:
(a) on all hoists:
on the platform: the carrying capacity in kilograms or
other appropriate standard unit of weight; and
on the hoisting engine: the lifting capacity in kilograms or
other appropriate standard unit of weight;
(b) on hoists authorised or certified for the conveyance of persons:
on the platform or cage: the maximum number of persons to be
carried at one time;
(c) on hoists for goods only:
on every approach to the hoist: prohibition of use by persons.
5.2.40. No hoist should be used unless it has been examined
and tested by a competent person and a certificate of such test and
examination has been issued by that person.
5.2.41. Examinations and tests referred to in paragraph 5.2.40
should be repeated:
at regular intervals which should be prescribed by the compe-
tent authority; and
after every substantial alteration or repair and every re-erection.
71
Operation
5.2.42. When the platform is at rest the brake should be applied
automatically.
5.2.43. During loading and unloading the platform should be
blocked by catches or other devices in addition to the brake.
5.2.44. Pipes and other long objects should be securely lashed
to prevent them from catching in the tower as the platform moves.
Concrete bucket hoists
5.2.45. Concrete bucket hoists should comply with the require-
ments of section 25.4.
Conveyance of persons
5.2.46. No hoist should be used for the conveyance of persons
unless:
such use has been authorised by the competent authority; or
the hoist complies with the conditions laid down for the instal-
lation and operation of lifts used for the conveyance of persons
in industrial undertakings.
5.3. Cranes
Structure
5.3.1. Stress-bearing structural members of cranes that are also
subject to shock should be constructed of mild steel or other equally
suitable material.
5.3.2. Cranes should be so designed and constructed that all
parts can be safety lubricated, inspected and repaired.
5.3.3. Access to and egress from the operato?s stand should
be safe in any position of the crane.
Erection of cranes
5.3.4. The erection of cranes should be supervised by a corn-
petent person.
72
Lifting appliances
Anchorage, ballast
5.3.5. Every fixed crane should either be securely anchored or
be adequately weighted by suitable ballast firmly secured to ensure
stability.
5.3.6. When a crane is weighted by ballast a diagram showing
the position and size of the counterweights should be posted up in
the operator's cab.
5.3.7. Loose material such as bricks and stones should not be
used as ballast for cranes.
Jib cranes
5.3.8. On jib cranes:
means such as a stirrup piece should be provided to prevent
the rope from coming ofT the pulley at the end of the jib; and
when the jib is fixed and cannot be lowered to the ground,
access to the pulley should be provided by a ladder protected
by guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the require-
5.3.9. When the jib of a jib crane is at the maximum radius
there should not be less than two dead turns of rope on the derrick-
ing drum.
Slewing cranes 1
5.3.10. Slewing cranes with power-operated slewing mecha-
nism should be equipped with a power-operated brake for the slew-
ing motion.
5.3.11. Slewing cranes that slew on wheels should be equipped
with means that prevent them from overturning if a wheel breaks.
5.3.12. Precautions should be taken to prevent workers from
being crushed between rotating parts of cranes and the carriage.
Scotch derrick cranes
5.3.13. The jib of a Scotch derrick crane should not be erected
between the back stays of the crane.
1 Or pivoting cranes.
73
Power control on electric cranes

5.3.14. It should only be possible to lower a load with the
motor switched on, and so that the rated number of revolutions
of the motor is not exceeded.
5.3.15. Electric cranes should be equipped with at least one
switch by which power for all movements can be cut off on all
poles from the operator's stand.
5.3.16. Main control switches should be protected against
unauthorised use.
5.3.17. The hoisting mechanism should automatically stop if
even only one phase of the power fails.
5.3.18. Electric cranes should be equipped with overload pro-
tection devices that act on:
the hoisting mechanism;
the jib-raising and lowering mechanism; and
the jib crab' if there is one.
5.3.19. After the overload prevention device has acted, it
should be possible to lower the load and pull in the crab.
5.3.20. It should be possible to render the jib-locking device
inoperative by a switch so that the jib can be pulled in.
5.3.21. Limit switches should lirnit
the upward travel of the hook;
the upward and downward travel of the jib; and
the backward and forward travel of the crab.
5,3.22. After limit switches have acted, travel in the opposite
direction should be possible.
5.3.23. After the limit switch for the hook has acted, it should
not be possible to lower the jib.
5.3.24. It should only be possible to switch on the power
when all controls of electric cranes are at zero.
5.3.25. Controls and switches should not be blocked.
1 Mobile hoisting drum.
74
Lifting appliances
5.3.26. Before leaving the crane the operator should switch

off the power.
Load and radius indicators
5.3.27. Power-driven jib cranes should be fitted with an auto-
matic indicator which:
indicates clearly to the operator when the load being moved
approaches the maximum safe working load of the crane at
any inclination of the jib; and
gives an efficient signal when the load being moved is in
excess of the maximum safe working load of the crane at
any inclination of the jib.
5.3.28. No crane with either a fixed jib or a derricking jib
should be used unless a plate has been fixed in the driver's cabin
which indicates to the driver the safe working loads that cor-
respond to the following conditions when the crane is standing
on a firm horizontal base: the length of the jib; the radius of opera-
tion; operation with or without stabilising screw-jacks.
5.3.29. The crane driver must take into account the angles of
inclination shown on the jib indicator in the case of derricking
jib cranes.
5.3.30. The maximum permitted angle of inclination of the
crane jib must be clearly marked on the crane.
5.3.31. When the change-speed gear is used for the hoisting
machine, the safe working load corresponding to each speed
should be prominently indicated and visible to the operator.
Inspection, testing
5.3.32. No crane should be used unless a competent person
has:
inspected and tested it; and
furnished a certificate specifying:
(i) the maximum safe working load at the various radii at
which the jib can be worked; and
75
(ii) in the case of a crane with a derricking jib, the maximum

radius at which the jib may be worked.
5.3.33. The examinations and tests referred to in para-
graph 5.3.32 should be repeated:
at regular intervals which should be prescribed by the
competent authority;
after all substantial alterations or repairs to the crane; and
after every re-erection.
5.3.34. The safe working load at any radius specified in the
most recent certificate should not be more than the load which the
crane has stood at that radius during the application of the test.
5.3.35. Before being put into use for the first time, jib cranes
with a variable radius should undergo tests:
of stability; and
of all movements such as travel, slewing, raising and lowering
the load, braking the crane and braking the load.
5.3.36. Cranes should be tested for anchorage by the imposi-
tion on each anchorage of the maximum uplift or pull exerted
either:
by a load of 25 per cent above the maximum load to be lifted
by the crane as erected; or
by a lesser load arranged to exert an equivalent pull on the
anchorage.
5.3.37. If the pull applied by the test to any anchorage is less
than 25 per cent in excess of the pull which would be exerted
by the maximum safe working load, a loading diagram appropriate
to the crane anchorage should be affixed in a position where it
can readily be seen by the crane operator.
5.3.38. If a crane has been exposed to weather likely to have
affected its stability, the anchorage and ballast should be examined
and the crane found to be safe before it is used again.
76
Lifting appliances
Operation
5.3.39. Cranes should not be used to pull out fixed objects,
lift with a slanting pull, drag objects or move vehicles.
5.3.40. No load which lies in the angle between the back
stays of a Scotch derrick crane should be moved by that crane.
5.3.41. No crane should be used in weather likely to endanger
its stability.
5.3.42. When a load is thought to approach the maximum safe
working load, the operator should proceed with extreme caution
and pay special attention to the warning and signalling devices.
5.3.43. Jib cranes should not be moved or operated in dan-
gerous proximity to electric power lines.
5.3.44. While cranes are working no person should be in the
area of operations other than those engaged in the operations.
5.3.45. Where more than one crane is required to lilt or lower
one load:
arrangements should be such that none of the cranes will at
any time be loaded beyond its safe working load or be rendered
unstable in the hoisting or lowering of the load; and
a person should be specially appointed to co-ordinate the
operation of the cranes working together.
5.4. Travelling cranes

Tracks
5.4.1. Tracks of travelling cranes should be of adequate sec-
tion, properly laid, firm, level, of adequate bearing capacity, and
have an even running surface.
5.4.2. All rails on which a travelling crane moves should,
unless other adequate steps are taken to ensure the proper junction
of the rails and to prevent any material alteration in their gauge:
be jointed by fish-plates or double chairs; and
be securely fastened to sleepers.
17
5.4.3. The ends of tracks should be provided with buffers or

stop blocks of adequate shock-absorbing capacity.
.Passageways
5.4.4. On every stage, gantry or other place on which a crane
moves there should in so far as practicable be maintained at every
position of the crane an unobstructed passageway of a width of at
least 60 cm (2 ft) between the moving parts of the crane and the
fixed parts or edge of such stage, gantry or place.
5.4.5. If at any time it is impracticable to maintain a passage-
way of a width of at least 60 cm (2 ft) at any place or point, precau-
tions should be taken to prevent the access of any person to such
place or point at such time.
Clearances
5.4.6. Between track-mounted cranes and other objects along
the crane track there should always be a sufficient clearance to
prevent danger.
Electric crane tracks
5.4.7. Track rails of electric cranes should:
be protected against excessive contact voltages; and
be electrically bonded and earthed.
5.4.8. Crane contact rails should be so installed or protected
that accidental contact is prevented in normal operation.
5.4.9. Channels for contact rails should be drained.
Trolley lines
5.4.10. Overhead trolley lines for electric travelling cranes
should comply with the relevant requirements of section 17.6.
5.4.11. Where necessary to prevent danger, trolley lines should
be protected against contact with stacks of material, moving
equipment, falling objects, etc.
Crane travelling structures
5.4.12. Track-mounted cranes should be provided with
effective brakes for the travelling motion.
78
Lifting appliances
5.4.13. Track-mounted cranes should be provided with:

struts that prevent their collapse in the case of wheel breakage
and are so positioned that they can act as foot guards;
anchoring devices such as rail clamps that will prevent them
from being overturned by wind pressure; and
a device for removing obstacles, snow and ice from the rails.
5.4.14. It should be possible to cut off the power from the
contact rail on all poles by means of an easily accessible switch.
5.4.15. If two or more cranes are supplied from the same
contact rail, each should have a disconnecting switch directly
behind the current collector.
5.5. Overhead travelling cranes

Tracks
5.5.1. Tracks of overhead travelling cranes should comply with
the requirements of paragraphs 5.4.1 to 5.4.11.
5.5.2. Tracks of overhead travelling cranes should not be
used as walkways.
5.5.3. Alongside the track of overhead travelling cranes there
should be a walkway complying with the requirements of sec-
tion 3.3.
5.5.4. If a safe walkway, referred to in paragraph 5.5.3,
cannot be provided, recesses should be provided at suitable
intervals.
5.5.5. It should be possible to cut off the power from the crane
on all poles by means of a suitably located remote switch.
5.5.6. The switch referred to in paragraph 5.5.5 should:
be of a type allowing it to be locked in the open position;
be combined with lamps or other devices showing whether
the power is on or off.
5.5.7. In the cab there should be a switch by which the power
can be cut off from the track.
79
5.5.8. Where necessary to prevent danger, adequate precau-

tions should be taken to prevent contact between contact rails and:
the operator as he goes to and from his cab; and
the hoisting rope or hook.
Crane construction
5.5.9. Overhead travelling cranes should comply with the
requirements of paragraphs 5.4.12 to 5.4.15.
5.5.10. Overhead travelling cranes should be provided with
automatic switches limiting the travel of:
the crab on the bridge girder;
the hook upwards and downwards; and
the crane on the track.
5.5.11. Automatic limit switches of overhead travelling cranes
should not prevent movement in the opposite direction.
5.5.12. On overhead travelling cranes, mechanical and electri-
cal equipment that is not directly accessible from a track walkway
or a bridge walkway should be accessible from a suitable working
platform.
5.5.13. Overhead travelling crane drives and crab drives
should have power-operated brakes.
5.5.14. Overhead travelling cranes should be provided with a
device that warns the operator when the wind is approaching the
maximum safe velocity.
5.5.15. Adequate precautions should be talcen to prevent the
fall of gears, wheels and other parts.
5.5.16. There should be safe means of access to operators'
cabs such as gangways, ramps, stairs and fixed ladders complying,
in particular, with the requirements of sections 3.3 and 4.6.
5.5.17. Operators of overhead travelling cranes should be
protected against:
(a) harmful fumes, gases and other atmospheric contaminants;
and
Lifting appliances
(b) harmful radiations.

5.5.18. Overhead travelling cranes should be provided with
shock-absorbing bumpers such as hydraulic buffers.
Bridges
5.5.19. At least one of the bridge girders should be provided
with a walkway complying with the requirements of section 3.3.
5.5.20. There should be convenient and safe means of access
to and egress from bridge walkways.
5.5.21. Openings for access and egress should be so placed
that users will not be endangered by the crab.
Operation
5.5.22. In high winds overhead travelling cranes should be
securely anchored.
5.6. Tower slewing cranes

General provisions
5.6.1. On tower slewing cranes, the turntable should be so
constructed that objects cannot become caught in the gear.
5.6.2. Tower slewing cranes on rails should comply with
the relevant requirements of sections 5.4 and 5.5.
5.6.3. Tower slewing cranes with power-driven slewing mecha-
nism should have a brake for the slewing motion.
5.6.4. If a crab operates on the jib of a tower slewing crane,
the crab drive should be so constructed that a braked crab cannot
slip even on an icy or greasy track.
5.6.5. Tower slewing cranes should be equipped with loud
warning devices.
5.6.6. Counterweight jibs that are loaded with ballast after
erection should be provided with a walkway complying with the
requirements of section 3.3.
81
5.6.7. Means of access to elevated operators' cabs should

comply with the requirements of paragraph 5.5.16.
5.6.8. Trailing cables should run over a drum that automatic-
ally winds and unwinds them.
Erection
5.6.9.When tower cranes are being erected:
the area of operations should be fenced off or guarded; and
the erection crew should wear safety belts complying with the
relevant requirements of Chapter 36.
5.6.10. Tower cranes should not be erected in high winds,
snow-storms or icy conditions.
Ballast, counterweights
5.6.11. Operating instructions should indicate the weight and
position of the ballast.
5.6.12. The ballast or counterweight should be firmly secured
in position.
5.6.13. If the ballast and counterweight vary with the height
of the tower and the radius of the jib, a table should be provided
on the crane indicating the ballast and counterweight required for
different tower heights and jib radii.
Operation
5.6.14. Tower slewing cranes should be operated in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions.
5.6.15. The manufacturer's operating instructions should be
kept on the crane.
5.6.16. A grab should not be used as a hook.
5.6.17. At the close of work, the manufacturer's instructions
for the safety of the crane against wind pressure should be observed.
5.6.18. Tower slewing cranes should not be operated in high
winds or violent storms and, where necessary, should be provided
with anemometers.
82
Lifling appliances
5.7. Monorail hoists or single track-mounted hoists

General provisions
5.7.1. Monorail hoists should have power-operated brakes.
5.7.2. Monorail hoists should be so installed that they cannot
fall if the king-bolt of the suspension gear breaks.
5.7.3. Monorail hoists exposed to high winds should be pro-
vided with protection against the wind, such as rail anchors.
5.7.4. Monorail hoists should be equipped with a loud
warning device.
5.7.5. Loose parts such as brake weights and signal bells
should be secured against failing.
5.7.6. When monorail hoists are designed to allow workers
to travel on the platform, this platform should be protected by
guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the requirements of
5.7.7. The ends of the crab or mobile platform should be
provided with securely anchored strong buffers.
5.7.8. Contact rails should be so laid or protected that acci-
dental contact with them is not possible.
5.7.9. The protected conductor should be laid in the same
way as the contact rail.
5.7.10. The tracks of monorail hoists should be protected
against excessive contact voltages.
Power control
5.7.11. The upward travel of the lifting device should be
limited by a limit switch.
5.7.12. Limit switches should allow travel in the opposite
direction.
5.7.13. It should be possible to cut off main contact rails
1 Also called "underhung trolley" or "underhung crab".
83
Safety and health in building and clvli engineering
and mobile conductors on all poles by means of a mains switch

in an easily accessible position.
5.7.14. On monorail hoists there should be a hoist switch by
which the electrical equipment of the crab or mobile platform can
be cut off on all poles from the operator's stand.
5.7.15. If a number of monorail hoists are supplied from the
same contact rail, there should be isolating switches in an easily
accessible position immediately behind the current collectors,
unless the hoist switch itself is immediately behind the current
collectors.
5.7.16. If monorail hoists are operated from the ground:
control chains, operating cords, etc. should be prevented from
becoming entangled;
control appliances should be so constructed that they auto-
matically cut off the power when they are released.
Operator's cab
5.7.17. The operator's cab of a monorail hoist should comply
with the requirements of paragraph 5.1.10.
5.7.18. At least one means of access to the operator's cab
should be a stairway with a platform.
5.7.19. Means of access should be so installed that the users
are not endangered by the moving crab.
5.7.20. It should be possible to leave the crab safely in any
of its positions.
5.8. Derricks
Stft-leg derricks
5.8.1. Derricks should be erected on a firm base and ade-
quately secured against displacement.
5.8.2. Derrick ropes, sheaves and bridles should be so
arranged that they do not foul parts of the derrick or any
obstructions during slewing or otherwise.
84
Lifting appliances
5.8.3. Suitable devices should be used to prevent masts from

lifting out of their seatings.
5.8.4. Electric derricks should be effectively earthed from the
sole-plate or framework.
5.8.5. Counterweights should be so arranged that they do
not subject the backstays, sleepers or pivots to excessive strain.
5.8.6. When derricks are mounted on wheels:
a rigid member should be used to maintain the correct
distance between the feet; and
they should be equipped with struts to prevent them from
dropping if a wheel breaks or the derrick is derailed.
Guy derricks
5.8.7. The mast of guy derricks should be supported by six
top guys spaced approximately equally.
5.8.8. Where the guys of a guy derrick crane cannot be fixed
at approximately equal spacing, such other measures should be
taken as will ensure the safety of the crane.
5.8.9. Guy ropes of derricks should be equipped with a
stretching screw or turnbuckle or other device to regulate the
tension.
Operation of derricks
5.8.10. Derricks, guys and loads should not be allowed to
come into dangerous proximity to electrical conductors.
5.8.11. Gudgeon pins, sheave pins and foot bearings should
be lubricated frequently.
5.8.12. When a derrick is not in use, the boom should be
lowered to prevent it from swinging.
5.8.13. Truck-mounted derricks should have their maximum
loads clearly indicated to avoid danger of overturning the truck.
85
5.9. A-frames, sheer legs

5.9.1. A-frames should be erected on a firm, level base.
5.9.2. A-frames should be adequately guyed and anchored
to prevent overturning or displacement.
5.9.3. A-frames should be of adequate strength to support
safely the maximum loads that they will have to carry.
5.9.4. Legs of A-frames should be of steel or other suitable
metal or sound straight-grained timber or at least equivalent
material.
5.9.5. The legs should be prevented from spreading.
5.9.6. The angle between the legs and the horizontal should
be at least 75°.
5.9.7. The legs should be securely fastened together with bolts
and locked nuts.
5.9.8. The top hoisting block should be suspended by steel
wire rope.
5.10. Gin poles, gin wheels

5.10.1. Gin poles should:
be straight;
consist of steel or other suitable metal or straight-grained
timber free from knots;
be adequately guyed and anchored;
be vertical or raked slightly towards the load; and
be of adequate strength for the loads that they will be required
to move.
5.10.2. Gin poles should not be spliced.
5.10.3. Gin poles should be adequately fastened at the foot to
prevent displacement in operation.
5.10.4. When a gin pole is used on a scafFold, it should be
secured by ropes in such a way that the load cannot knock against
the scaffold.
86
Liftng appliances
5.10.5. Gin poles that are moved from place to place and re-
erected should not be taken into use again before the pole, lifting
ropes, guys, blocks and other parts have been inspected, and the
whole appliance has been tested under load.
5.10.6. When platforms or skips are hoisted by gin poles,
adequate precautions should be taken to prevent them from spin-
ning and to provide for proper landing.
5.10.7. Pulley blocks or gin wheels supported by a beam or
gallows should be firmly secured to the beam or gallows.
5.10.8. The supporting beam or gallows should be of adequate
strength for the purpose for which it is being used.
5.10.9. The supporting beam or gallows should be adequately
secured against displacement by lashing, counterweights or other
effective means.
5.11. Winches
General provisions
5.11.1. All parts of the framework of winches should be of
metal.
5.11.2. Frames of winches should be securely anchored to
substantial foundations.
5.11.3. Where necessary to protect operators against the
weather, breakage of ropes or flying objects, winches should be
roofed over or otherwise adequately screened.
5.11.4. The means of protection of winches should not obstruct
the operator's view.
5.11.5. Winches should be equipped with an acoustic sign11ing
device.
5.11.6. On every winch the control lever should be provided
with a suitable locking device.
Drums
5.11.7. Winch drums should:
87
have a smooth winding surface;

have a diameter at least 20 times the diameter of the rope
wound on them; and
have flanges extending at least two rope diameters beyond the
last turn of rope.
5.11.8. There should be a fastening point for the rope at each
end of a winch drum or barrel, and the rope should be securely
fastened to the drum or barrel.
5.11.9. The attachment of the rope to the winch drum should
be capable of holding at least three times the maximum working
load.
5.11.10. When winch drums are grooved:
the radius of the grooves should be approximately the same as,
but not less than, the radius of the rope; and
the pitch of the grooves should not be less than the diameter of
the rope.
Hand-operated winches
5.11.11. Hand-operated winches should be so constructed
that the maximum effort to be applied by any one person at the
handle or handles when the winch is lifting its maximum safe
working load sho'uid not exceed:
as a general rule, 10 kg (22 lb);
in any case, 16 kg (36 lb).
5.11.12. Hand-operated winches should be provided with
ratchet wheels on the drum shafts and locking pawis, or self-lock-
ing worm gears, to prevent reversing while loads are being hoisted.
5.11.13. Hand-operated winches should be provided with
effective braking devices for controlling the lowering of the loads.
5.11.14. Crank handles for hand-operated winches should:
be so constructed that they do not turn while the loads are
being lowered by means of the brake; or
be removed before the loads are lowered.
80
Lifting appliances
5.11.15. Detachable crank handles for hand-operated winches

should be secured against accidental removal.
5.12. Jacks
Construction
5.12.1. Jacks should be of such construction that the load:
will remain supported in any position;
cannot be lowered inadvertently;
will not slip off the bearing surface.
5.12.2. The rated capacity of every jack should be clearly
incised or stamped on it.
5.12.3. Every jack should have a stop or other effective means
of preventing overtravel.
5.12.4. Electric jacks should be provided with automatic limit
switches at the top and bottom limits of travel.
5.12.5. Hydraulic and pneumatic jacks should be provided
with devices that will prevent the load from falling suddenly if the
cylinder containing the liquid or air is damaged.
5.12.6. Screw and rack jacks should be provided with devices
that prevent the screw or the rack from coming out of its seating.
Use
5.12.7. Every jack should be accompanied by instructions for
its safe use and proper maintenance.
5.12.8. When lifting objects with jacks, the jacks should be:
set on solid footings;
centred properly for the lifts; and
so placed that they can be operated without obstruction.
5.12.9. Jacks should be tested under load at suitable intervals.
89
6. Ropes1, chains and accessories

6.1.1. All new or reconditioned chains, rings, hooks, shackles,
swivels and pulley blocks used for hoisting or lowering or as a means
of suspension should have been tested and marked in plain figures
and letters with the safe working load before being put into use.
6.1.2. All chains, rings, hooks, shackles and swivels used in
hoisting or lowering or as a means of suspension should be examined
and tested before being put into use.
6.1.3. All cables or ropes used on hoisting appliances for
raising or lowering materials should be long enough to leave at
least two turns on the drum at every operating position of the
appliance.
6.1.4. No rope should be used over a grooved drum or pulley
if its diameter exceeds the pitch of the drum grooves or the width
of the pulley groove.
6.1.5. Every hoisting or derricking rope or chain should be
securely fastened to the drum of the crane, crab or winch with
which it is used.
6.1.6. Sharp edges of a load should not be in contact with
slings, ropes or chains.
6.1.7. All chains, ropes, slings and other gear used for hoisting
or lowering or as a means of suspension should be periodically
inspected by a competent person and this person's findings should
be entered on a certificate or in a special register.
6.1.8. Chains and gear, such as rings, hooks, shackles and
swivels on lifting appliances should, if appropriate, be given suit-
able heat treatment at regular intervals in accordance with rules
which should be laid down by the competent authority.
Including wire ropes or "cables".
90
Ropes, chains and accessories
6.1.9. When not in use, ropes, chains and accessories should be

stored under cover in clean, dry, well-ventilated places where they
are protected against corrosion or other damage.
6.1.10. As far as practicable ropes, chains and accessories in
storage should be so arranged that items with the same maximum
safe working load are grouped together.
6.1.11. No gear used for attachment or as a means of suspen-
sion should be loaded beyond its maximum safe working load.
6.2. Wire ropes

6.2.1. Wire ropes for lifting appliances should:
be made of sound steel wire;
have a safety factor related to the method of use but at least
3.5 times the maximum load;
consist of one length; and
be free from knots, kinks and frayed sections.
6.2.2. In order to prevent kinking, twisting or untwisting of
new wire rope, the rope should:
when received in coils, be uncoiled by rolling the coils like
hoops on level surfaces, and straightened out before being put
on sheaves; or
when received in reels, be unwound by:
rolling the reels along the ground;
puffing the ends of reels mounted horizontally on
spindles or vertically on turntables.
6.2.3. Ends of wire rope should be seized or otherwise secured
to prevent the strands from coming loose.
6.2.4. Splices and fastenings of wire rope should be carefully
examined at regular intervals, and clips or clamps tightened if they
show signs of loosening.
6.2.5. In order to keep wire ropes pliable and prevent rust, the
ropes should, if practicable, be treated at regular intervals with suit-
able lubricants free from acids or alkalis.
91
6.2.6. Reverse bends in wire rope should be avoided as far as

practicable.
6.2.7. Wire ropes should be regularly inspected and be
replaced in the case of extensive wear, corrosion, breakage of wires
or other dangerous defects.
6.2.8. Wire ropes should be fastened to hooks, tongs, etc. by
secure means.
6.2.9. Eye splices and loops of wire ropes should be provided
with thimbles.
6.2.10. If wire ropes other than ropes for lifting appliances and
inclined transport are joined by splicing, the strength of the splice
should at least be equal to that of the wire ropes.
6.2.11. Wire ropes should be cut with a suitable tool and using
a soft hammer, not a hard hammer or an axe.
6.2.12. When a wire rope is used, the diameter of the pulleys
or drums should not be less than 20 times the diameter of the
wire rope.
6.3. Fibre ropes
6.3.1. Fibre ropes for lifting appliances should be of high-

grade manila fibre or other natural or synthetic fibre of equal
characteristics and quality.
6.3.2. Before being put into use and while in use, at intervals
to be determined according to the nature of the work but not to
exceed three months, fibre ropes for lifting appliances should be
examined for abrasions, broken fibres, cuts, fraying, displacement
of yarns or strands, variation in size or roundness of strands,
internal wear between strands, deterioration of fibre, discoloration
and other defects.
6.3.3. Splices of fibre ropes should not be repaired but the
faulty splice should be cut out and replaced by a new splice.
92
6.3.4. Fibre ropes should not be exposed to abrasion from

rough surfaces, grit, sand, etc., or to corrosion by acids, alkalis,
fumes, etc., or to great heat.
6.3.5. Fibre ropes should be threaded only through blocks that:
have no sharp or rough edges or undue projections; and
have sheaves with grooves at least as wide as the diameter of
the rope and free from roughness.
6.3.6. Wet fibre ropes should not be allowed to freeze.
6.3.7. Fibre ropes should not be lubricated.
6.3.8. In storage fibre ropes should:
be hung on suitably shaped wooden pegs, galvanised hooks,
or the like, separately from metal gear; and
be protected against rodents.
6.4. Chains
6.4.1. Chains used for lifting and transport appliances should
be withdrawn from use whenever:
the chains have become unsafe from overloading or through
faulty or improper heat treatment;
any one link of the chain has stretched more than 5 per cent of
its length; or
other external defects are evident.
6.4.2. Chains should only be repaired by properly qualified
persons having suitable equipment for the purpose.
6.4.3. Chains that are wound on drums or pass over sheaves
should be lubricated at frequent and regular intervals.
6.4.4. Chains should not be:
hammered to straighten links or force them into position;
crossed, twisted, kinked or knotted;
dragged from under loads;
dropped from a height;
used to roll loads over;
subjected to shock loads.
93
6.4.5. Joining broken chains by wiring links together, by

inserting bolts between links, or by passing one link through
another and inserting a bolt or nail to hold it, should be prohibited.
6.4.6. Chains should be examined for stretch, wear, gouge
marks, cracks and open welds at frequent intervals.
6.4.7. When individual links of lifting or transport chains show
excessive wear or are bent, cut, gouged or cracked, they should be
cut out and replaced.
6.5. Slings
6.5.1. All slings should be made of chains, wire ropes or fibre
ropes of adequate strength to withstand the stresses to which they
will be subjected.
6.5.2. Rings, hooks, swivels and end links of hoisting chains
should be made of the same material as the chains.
6.5.3. Tables showing the maximum safe working loads for
slings at various angles should be displayed in conspicuous places.
6.5.4. Workers using slings should be familiar with the tables
referred to in paragraph 6.5.3.
6.5.5. Slings that show evidence of cuts, excessive wear, dis-
tortion or other dangerous defects should be withdrawn from use.
6.5.6. Wire rope slings should be kept well lubricated.
6.5.7. Where necessary to prevent sharp bends in slings,
corners of loads should be adequately padded.
6.5.8. When multiple slings are used the load should be dis-
tributed equally among the ropes as far as practicable.
6.5.9. Where double or multiple slings are used for hoisting or
lowering purposes, the upper ends of the slings should be connected
by means of a shackle or ring and not be put separately into a
lifting hook.
6.5.10. When bulky objects are being raised or lowered, the
proper number of slings should be selected to ensure stability and
also to support the weight of the load.
94
6.6. Pulley blocks

6.6.1. Pulley blocks should be made of metal resistant to
shock (mild steel or equivalent material).
6.6.2. Axles of pulleys should be made of metal of suitable
quality and of adequate dimensions.
6.6.3. The diameter of the pulley should be at least 20
times the diameter of the rope to be used.
6.6.4. The axle in the blocks should be capable of being lubri-
cated. A suitable lubricating device should be provided for this
purpose if practicable.
6.6.5. Regular and adequate lubrication of axles of pulleys
should be ensured.
6.6.6. The sheaves and housing of blocks should be so con-
structed that the rope cannot become caught between the sheave and
the sides of the block.
6.6.7. The grooves in the sheaves should be such that the rope
cannot be damaged in the sheave.
6.6.8. Badly worn blocks should be taken out of use.
6.6.9. Blocks designed for use with fibre rope should not be
used with wire rope.
6.6.10. Pulleys within reach of workers should be provided
with a guard that effectively prevents a hand from being
drawn in.
6.7. Hooks
6.7.1. Hooks for lifting appliances should be of forged steel or
equivalent material.
6.7.2. Hooks should be provided with a safety catch or be so
shaped as to prevent the load from accidentally slipping off.
6.7.3. If necessary to prevent danger, hooks should be provided
with a hand rope (tag line) long enough to enable workers engaged
in loading or unloading operations to keep clear.
95
6.7.4. Parts of hooks liable to come into contact with ropes or

chains during hoisting operations should have no sharp edges.
6.8. Shackles
6.8.1. Shackles used for joining lines should have a breaking
strength at least 1.5 times that of the lines joined.
6.8.2. Shackles used for hanging blocks should have a break-
ing strength at least twice that of the pulling lines.
6.8.3. Shackles used for hanging blocks should have the pins
secured by locked nuts or other suitable means of equal safety.
6.8.4. Shackle pins should be secured by keys or wire, unless
bolts are employed.
96
7. Conveyors
Construction, installation
7.1.1. Conveyors should be so constructed and installed as
to avoid hazardous points between moving and stationary parts or
objects.
7.1.2. If a walkway is provided along a belt conveyor, it
should:
be at least 60 cm (2 ft) wide;
be kept clear of obstructions;
be provided with guard-rails and toe-boards complying with
the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5 if it is more
than 1.5 m (5 ft) above the ground.
7.1.3. When workers have to cross over conveyors, regular
crossing facilities adequately lighted and affording safe passage
should be provided if necessary to prevent danger.
7.1.4. When conveyors that are not entirely enclosed cross
over places where workers are employed or pass beneath, sheet or
screen guards should be provided to catch any material that might
fall from the conveyors.
7.1.5. Power-driven conveyors should be provided at loading
and unloading stations, at drive and take-up ends, and at other
convenient places, if necessary to prevent danger, with devices for
stopping the conveyor machinery in an emergency.
7.1.6. Adequate fencing should be provided at transfer points.
7.1.7. Where two or more conveyors are operated together,
the controlling devices should be so arranged that no conveyor
can feed on to a stopped conveyor.
7.1.8. Conveyors that carry loads up inclines should be
provided with mechanical devices that will prevent the machinery
97
from reversing and carrying the loads back towards the loading
point in the event of the power being cut off.
7.1.9. Where the tops of hoppers for feeding conveyors are
less than 90 cm (3 ft) above the floor, the openings should be
adequately guarded.
7.1.10. Conveyors should be provided with automatic and
continuous lubrication systems, or with lubricating facilities such
that they can be safely oiled and greased.
7.1.11. Conveyors should be so designed that belts and drums
can be cleaned safely.
7.1.12. Belt conveyors should be provided with guards at the
nips of belts, rollers, and driving, reversing and tensioning sprockets.
7.1.13. Where necessary to prevent danger, a device should
be provided at each end of the belt of a belt conveyor of more
than 5 m (16 ft) in length to put the mechanism into neutral.
7.1.14. Screw conveyors should be enclosed at all times. The
cover should not be removed until the conveyor is stopped.
7.1.15. Conveyors should be thoroughly inspected at suitable
intervals.
7.1.16. Conveyors should not be repaired while in motion.
7.1.17. Rollers should not be lubricated while the belt is in
motion unless lubrication can be carried out in conformity with
accepted standards of safety.
Operation
7.1.18. Conveyor operations should be governed by signals
in accordance with the requirements of section 1.8.
7.1.19. Workers should not ride on conveyors unless they
are designed to carry persons.
7.1.20. Conveyors should not be overloaded so as to cause
danger from falling material.
98
Conveyors
7.1.21. Employees should not be permitted to go under

moving conveyors to clean up spilled material unless the mecha-
nism is completely enclosed or fenced, including the return flight.
7.1.22. When a conveyor is discharging into a bunker or
hopper, the feeding conveyor should be equipped with an overload
switch.
7.2. Bucket elevators

7.2.1. On bucket elevators the nip points of ropes, chains and
belts should be effectively guarded.
7.2.2. In traffic zones, bucket chains should be fenced or
enclosed.
7.2.3. On bucket elevators with a lift of more than 5 m (16 ft),
precautions should be taken to prevent the buckets from running
back.
7.2.4. If necessary to prevent danger, precautions should be
taken to prevent persons from being injured by falling material.
7.2.5. Loading points should be so arranged that persons
cannot be caught by the moving buckets or in the machinery.
7.2.6. On enclosed bucket elevators, inspection openings
should be kept closed and locked.
7.2.7. Bucket elevators should only be adjusted or repaired
when they are stopped and precautions have been taken to prevent
them from being set in motion.
7.2.8. No worker should climb the bucket ladder while the
elevator is in motion.
7.2.9. No worker should remove heavy objects from a bucket
while the elevator is in motion.
7.2.10. No worker should pass under the ladder wTiile the
elevator is in motion.
99
8. Aerial cableways1
8.1.1. All bearing parts of aerial cableways should be designed
to withstand the maximum loads to which they will be subjected
with a safety factor related to the method of run, but at least
3.5 times the maximum stresses, taking into account not only the
load but also the secondary stresses due to wind, speed of opera-
tion, deflection, etc.
8.1.2. Adequate side clearances should be provided between
aerial cableways and fixed objects such as ramps, platforms and
chutes.
8.1.3. At places where persons work or pass, moving cables
or ropes and the nip points on sheaves should be adequately
enclosed or fenced.
8.1.4. Tip-up buckets should be provided with locking
devices that prevent inadvertent tipping.
8.1.5. If workers have to pass from conveyances to supports,
devices to enable this to be done safely should be provided on
both.
8.1.6. If work has to be done regularly on conveyances and
supports, working platforms complying with the requirements of
section 3.2 should be provided if necessary to prevent danger.
8.1.7. If access to the tops of supports is regularly required,
ladders equipped with cages should be provided and should
comply with the relevant requirements of Chapter 4.
8.1.. At places where aerial cableways pass over passage-
ways, workplaces, traffic routes, etc., adequate means should be
provided to catch any falling objects or material.
- Also called "aerial ropeways".
100
AeraI cableways
8.1.9. The top platform should be provided with guard-

graphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
8.1.10. If necessary to prevent danger, special precautions
should be taken to protect aerial cableways against forest fires.
Stations
8.1.11. Every station should be provided with effective means
for communicating with all the others.
8.1.12. The maximum load to be carried by the conveyances
should be posted up at every station.
8.1.13. Stations should be provided with adequate lighting.
8.1.14. In cold weather stations should be heated.
Engines
8.1.15. Engines should be equipped with:
a speed governor that prevents the maximum safe speed from
being exceeded;
a device that stops them when the tensioning weights of the
cables reach their limiting positions; and
if necessary to prevent danger, a brake that will stop them if
the supporting cable becomes slack.
8.1.16. Compressed-air operated brakes should be so con-
structed as to stop the cableway in the event of a compressed air
failure.
8.1.17. No unauthorised person should be allowed in the
engine room.
Towers
8.1.18. Supporting towers should be adequately guyed.
8.L19. Supporting towers should be provided with safe
means of access such as ladderways for repairs and inspection
purposes.
101
8.1.20. Supporting towers should be high enough to give the

moving equipment and loads a safe clearance over any workers
employed below.
8.2. Aerial cableways carrying persons

General provisions
8.2.1. Aerial cableways carrying persons should comply with
the requirements of section 8.1 and in addition with the require-
ments of this section.
8.2.2. Stations should be provided with searchlights by which
the arrival and departure of conveyances can be watched.
8.2.3. Stations should be provided with a sufficient number
of suitable fire extinguishers.
8.2.4. The supporting cables should have a safety factor of at
least 3.5 and traction cables a safety factor of at least 4.
8.2.5. There should be means of rescuing passengers from
conveyances in the event of a breakdown.
Engines
8.2.6. The building housing the engine should be of fire-
resistant construction.
8.2.7. The winch should be driven by an electric motor.
8.2.8. The engine should be equipped with:
a speed indicator; and
an automatic overtravel prevention device.
8.2.9. It should be possible to run the winch at a slow speed
for inspection purposes.
8.2.10. In addition to the electric motor there should be a
thermal engine or a manual appliance by which conveyances can
be brought to a station in an emergency.
8.2.11. Flat belts should not be used to transmit the power
from a thermal engine.
8.2.12. No cast-iron gear wheels should be used.
102
Aerial cableways
8.2.13. The traction installation should be provided with:

a hand brake; and
an automatic safety brake.
8.2.14. The safety brake should act:
if the engine stops;
if the maximum safe speed is dangerously exceeded;
when a conveyance reaches the travel limiting device;
if the travel limiting device is inoperative.
8.2.15. The operator's place should have a seat from which
he can see the movements of the conveyances and the indicating
and control instruments and operate the main switch to stop the
cableway in an emergency.
Conveyances
8.2.16. Conveyances for persons should be able to commu-
nicate with the engine room by telephone or other signalling
equipment.
8.2.17. In the event of a prolonged stoppage, provision
should be made to enable passengers to leave a conveyance safely.
8.2.18. Cage or cabin doors should not open outwards.
8.2.19. Windows in cages or cabins should be of safety glass
or equivalent material.
8.2.20. Cages or cabins should be enclosed on all sides up to
a height of at least 1.1 m (3 ft 6 in) and be provided with a roof.
8.2.21. The cage or cabin should be so suspended from the
carriage that it is horizontal when it stops.
8.2.22. The load of the conveyances should be distributed
equally over all the running wheels.
8.2.23. The conveyances should be so attached to the traction
rope that no wheel is pulled off the supporting rope.
8.2.24. At all points on the cableway there should be an
adequate clearance between the cage or cabin carrying the maximum
load and the ground or usual snow level.
103
8.3. Inspection and maintenance of aerial cableways

8.3.1. Aerial cableways should be inspected and tested:
before being taken into use for the first time;
after any substantial alteration; and
at suitable regular intervals.
8.3.2. Without prejudice to the requirements of para-
graph 8.3.1, aerial cableways should be inspected:
after any abnormal incident; and
after any high wind, violent storm, or other natural occurrence
likely to damage them.
8.3.3. Means of telephonic or radiotelephonic communica-
tion should be tested before a conveyance carrying persons leaves
a station.
8.3.4. All working parts and safety devices such as brakes,
overtravel preventers and speed governors should be tested before
the first journey every day.
8.3.5. During inspection and repair operations:
the engine driver should be in constant attendance at his
post;
the workers should, if necessary to prevent danger, wear a
safety belt complying with the relevant requirements of
Chapter 36.
Work on moving parts of the installation, on tensioning
8.3.6.
devices, in tensioning-weight pits and under tensioning weights
should only be done when:
the engine has been stopped; and
precautions have been taken to prevent the engine from being
inadvertently started up.
8.3.7. Pits and tensioning-weight towers should be kept
clean, adequately ventilated and free from snow in cases where
this may impair their operation.
8.3.8. All wire ropes and moving parts should be kept well
lubricated.
104
Aerial cableways
8.4. Operation of aerial cableways

8.4.1. Operators should be 21 years of age and should have
been found fit by special medical examination.
8.4.2. The operation of aerial cableways should be governed
by signals in conformity with the requirements of section 1.8.
8.4.3. Loads in conveyances should be adequately secured
against displacement, falling over or falling out.
8.4.4. No person should travel in a conveyance moving by
gravity.
8.4.5. No persons should be carried together with flammable
or explosive substances.
8.4.6. After a heavy snowfall or heavy frost or in a thick fog,
a cableway should be operated without a load for one journey.
8.4.7. A cableway should not be operated in high winds or
violent storms.
8.4.8. On aerial cableways not authorised for passenger
transport, persons should only travel for inspection and repair
purposes.
105
9.. Railways
9.1. Railways with locomotive haulage
Track, general requirements

9.1.1. Construction railway tracks should be so laid and
equipped with due regard to the gradients, curves, bearing capacity
of the ground and the weight and speed of the traffic that they
cannot cause danger.
9.1.2. All rails on which any locomotive, truck or wagon
moves should:
have an even running surface, be adequately supported and
be of adequate section;
be joined by fish-plates or double chairs, or other effective
means;
be securely fastened to sleepers or bearers, or be provided
with other effective means of preventing any dangerous
variations in. the gauge;
be supported on a surface sufficiently firm to prevent dangerous
movement of the rails;
be laid in straight lines or in curves of radii such that locomo-
tives, trucks and wagons can move smoothly and safely; and
be provided with adequate stops or buffers at every track end.
9.1.3. Sidings should be provided with derailers to protect the
main track against runaways.
9.1.4. Turntables should be capable of being blocked.
9.1.5. Guard-rails should be provided at:
curves on bridges and trestles; and
switches.
9.1.6. As far as practicable, switch handles should move
parallel to the tracks.
106
Railways
Clearances
9.1.7. There should be adequate overhead and side clearance
between rail tracks and adjacent structures or objects.
9.1.8. At any place where the provision of adequate side
clearance is not practicable, effective audible or visual signals
should be provided to warn of the approach of locomotives or
other rolling stock.
9.1.9. At any place where the provision of adequate overhead
clearance is not practicable, effective audible or visual signals
should be provided to warn locomotive drivers and other persons
travelling on rolling stock.
9.1.10. When tracks run alongside excavations they should be
at a safe distance from the edge, taking into account its solidity.
9.1.11. No material should be piled in dangerous proximity
to tracks.
9.1.12. Sufficient clear space to allow safe working should be
maintained around power-driven capstans or haulage winches.
9.1.13. Level footing clear of obstructions should be provided
at places where:
brakemen usually get on and off trains to throw switches, set
brakes, or for other purposes; and
trains are usually inspected.
Walkways
9.1.14. Every gantry, bridge, trestle, or other elevated struc-
ture carrying track should be provided with a safe walkway.
9.1.15. If necessary to prevent danger, walkways, referred to
in paragraph 9.1.14, on the outside of the track should be protected
by guard-rails and toe-boards complying with requirements of
Level crossings
9.1.16. Level crossings should:
(a) not be concealed by bushes, stacks of materials, etc.;
107
be guarded or provided with adequate warning signs on both

sides; and
have the roadbed made flush with the rails by planking or
other effective means.
Locomotives and other rolling stock
9.1.17. Locomotives and self-propelled vehicles (speeders)
should comply with national laws and regulations as regards
materials, design, construction and equipment.
9.1.18. Locomotives and self-propelled vehicles should be
tested by a competent person in accordance with requirements
which should be laid down by the competent authority before
being taken into use.
9.1.19. Rolling stock should be of suitable material and design,
sound construction and adequate strength and be equipped with
such devices as brakes, lights, whistles, sanders, guards, handholds,
footholds and couplers as are necessary to prevent danger.
9.1.20. Rolling stock used for transporting workers should:
have sides at least 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high and have a top cover
available for inclement weather;
provide a fixed seat for each worker carried;
have an easily accessible emergency brake;
if necessary to prevent danger, have enclosed racks or boxes
for tools; and
if necessary for reasons of health or comfort, be heated and
ventilated.
9.1.21.Dump cars should be provided with a locking device
for the container which prevents accidental tipping.
9.1.22. Trucks that are moved alone should be provided with
effective brakes unless they can be safely braked by hand.
9.1.23. Trucks that are braked with sprags should have a
device that prevents the sprag from slipping.
9.1.24. Brake wagons should have a safe stand for the
brakesman.
108
Railways
9.1.25. Railway tracks, installations, locomotives, self-
propelled vehicles and rolling stock should be inspected at suit-
able intervals.
9.1.26. Locomotives and self-propelled vehicles should be
inspected before the beginning of each shift.
9.1.27. Look-out men should be posted and all other necessary
precautions taken to protect men repairing or otherwise working
on tracks.
9.1.28. Rolling stock should not be inspected or lubricated
while in motion.
General operating p,ovisions
9.1.29. Construction railways should be operated in accord-
ance with a code of rules approved by the competent authority.
9.1.30. The code should provide for adequate despatching
and signalling systems.
9.1.31. Only competent persons should drive locomotives
and self-propelled vehicles.
9.1.32. Trains controlled by hand brakes should carry a
sufficient number of brakemen.
9.1.33. Persons carried as passengers on rolling stock should
only ride on the fixed seats provided for them.
9.1.34. No person should ride on the buffers, running boards,
or other unsafe parts of locomotives and other rolling stock.
9.1.35. Steam locomotives left unattended while under pres-
sure should be securely blocked.
9.1.36. No worker should:
remain unnecessarily on the tracks;
crawl under vehicles;
go between moving vehicles;
(ci) pull vehicles by the front end or the buffers; or
(e) brake vehicles by pushing against them.
109
9.1.37. Adequate precautions should be taken to prevent

collisions at level crossings and other places where it is possible
for road traffic to move on the track.
9.1.38. Cars carrying passengers should not:
normally be pushed by a locomotive; and
be coupled with loaded trucks on steep gradients.
9.1.39. No passenger should get on or off a moving vehicle.
9.1.40. No flammable liquids should be carried on cars
carrying passengers.
9.1.41. Explosives should be transported in conformity with
the requirements of section 22.2.
Movement of vehicles
stationary vehicles from moving inadvertently.
9.1.43. Trucks moved by hand should be pushed and not
pulled.
9.1.44. Single trucks and sets of trucks should not travel
unaccompanied.
9.1.45. No power-driven capstan or haulage winch should
be set in motion for moving rolling stock until adequate warning
has been given by effective audible or visual signals to all persons
who might be endangered by the movements.
9.1.46. Only competent persons should operate power-
driven capstans and haulage winches.
9.1.47. If vehicles are moved by animals:
the animals should remain at the side of the track;
it should be possible to detach the animals quickly on inclines
and when otherwise necessary;
the animals should be detached on inclines exceeding 1 in 100;
and
the driver should not be on the track or between the haulage
rope and the track.
110
Railways
9.1.48. A sufficient number of suitable sprags or scotches

should be provided for controlling the movement of trucks or
wagons.
9.1.49. Suitable equipment should be provided for rerailing
derailed rolling stock.
Loading and unloading vehicles
9.1.50. When a vehicle is tipping material over the edge or an
excavation, embankment or earthwork, adequate precautions
should be taken to prevent it from falling over the edge.
9.1.51. When dump cars are being loaded, it should be ensured
that the locking device for the container is securely closed.
9.1.52. Long objects such as rails and masts should not be
loaded on to dump cars.
9.1.53. No person should be in dangerous proximity to
trucks while their doors are being opened, or they are being
unloaded or dumped, or are automatically discharging.
9.1.54. When adhesive material such as wet sand and clay
is being dumped, adequate precautions should be taken to prevent
the truck from overturning.
9.1.55. No person should remain on any rolling stock while
it is being loaded with loose material by means of a grab, excavator
or similar appliance
9.2. Inclined rope railways
General provisions
9.2.1. Every station should be equipped with means for
communicating with all the others.
9.2.2. The maximum number of units to be coupled together
should be posted at all stations.
9.2.3. The hauling appliance, such as a winch or drum, should
have an effective brake.
111
9.2.4. When necessary to prevent danger, the nip point

between in-running ropes and drums should be protected.
9.2.5. Haulage winches should comply with the requirements
of section 5.11.
9.2.6. Haulage ropes on rope railways should have a safety
factor of at least 3.5 for transport of material and 4 for transport
of persons.
9.2.7. Rolling stock on rope railways should have effective
brakes and a brakeman's stand.
9.2.8. Rolling stock should be provided with an effective
mechanical drag to retard the descent in the case of mechanical
failure.
9.2.9. Where workers have to be conveyed by inclined rope
railways, the cars should:
be provided with a device that will effectively hold them if
the haulage rope breaks, or a coupling or a drawbar breaks
or becomes detached;
have level seats with handliolds; and
afford adequate protection against the weather and falling
objects.
9.2.10. Haulage ropes on inclined rope railways conveying
workers should be inspected at least once every day.
9.2.11. If necessary to prevent danger, workplaces and pas-
sageways under inclined rope railways should be protected against:
falling goods or objects; and
the consequences of breakage of the haulage rope.
Track, equipment
9.2.12. Rope railways should have stout barriers at loading
points.
9.2.13. Rope railways should have:
an adequate dead-end siding at the bottom for runaways;
an effective derailing device; and
112
Railways
(c) if necessary to prevent danger, an effective automatic vehicle

arrestor.
9.2.14. Alongside rope railways a walkway should be provided
at a safe distance.
9.2.15. Adequate clearance should be provided between the
track and buildings, structures, stacks of materials and other
objects.
Operation
9.2.16. The operation of inclined rope railways should be
governed by signals in conformity with the requirements of
section 1.8.
9.2.17. Before loading begins at loading points wagons should
be braked with hand brakes, brake shoes or other effective means.
9.2.18. As a wagon or a car leaves the bottom station the
switch should be moved to open the way to the dead-end siding.
9.2.19. No person should walk along the track of a rope
railway.
9.2.20. Rope railways should not be inspected or repaired
while they are in operation.
9.2.21. Unauthorised persons should not be carried on rope
railways.
113
10. Road and similar transport
10.1. Roads and traveiways

10.1.1. Suitable roadways should be built to all places on
construction sites to which road vehicles have to go.
10.1.2. Parts of the site that are dangerous for road vehicles
should be:
fenced off; or
signposted.
10.1.3. Danger signs for road vehicles should be clearly
visible by day or night.
10.1.4. Truck or tractor roads used for construction opera-
tions should be constructed and maintained so as to be safe for
traffic in accordance with requirements which should be laid down
by the competent authority.
10.1.5. In particular, truck roads should have gradients,
surface, width and curves suitable for the traffic that they will
have to carry.
10.1.6. Adequate guard-rails or fenders should be provided
on bridges and alongside precipices, ravines and other declivities.
10.1.7. Bridges, trestles and their approaches should be
inspected at suitable intervals.
10.1.8. Icy or otherwise slippery stretches of truck roads
should be strewn with sand or other suitable non-slip material,
especially on gradients and curves.
10.1.9. At approaches to level crossings, truck roads should
not slope steeply.
10.2. Tractor and motor truck construction

General provisions
10.2.1. Tractors and motor trucks should be of sufficiently
114
Road and similar transport
robust construction to withstand the heaviest stresses to which

they will be subjected.
10.2.2. Motor trucks should be equipped with a cab or canopy
and a seat for the driver, adequate brakes, safe means of getting
on and off, lights, signalling equipment and, if necessary to prevent
danger, mudguards for wheels.
10.2.3. Tractors should be similarly equipped as stated in
paragraph 10.2.2.
Cab
10.2.4. The cab should be of such strength and be so installed
as to provide adequate protection for the driver:
if he is liable to be struck by falling or flying objects; or
if the load is displaced.
10.2.5. The cab should be so arranged that:
the interior is adequately ventilated and, if necessary, heated;
the driver has an adequate field of vision.
10.2.6. The cab should be provided with:
a windscreen and windows of transparent material that will
not be broken into sharp splinters by an impact; and
a power-driven windscreen wiper.
10.2.7. Tractors and motor trucks should be equipped with
a footboard or steps and handholds such that it is possible to get
into and out of the cab safely.
10.2.8. The cab should be so arranged that the drivers can
easily get off the tractor or motor truck in an emergency.
10.2.9. If tractors or motor trucks operate on frozen lakes
or watercourses, the cab should be so designed that the roof
can be readily opened or removed from inside the cab. The
roof should be open while the tractor is operated on frozen areas
of water.
10.2. 10. In the cab there should be a fixed seat for the driver
and any passenger that the tractor or motor truck is allowed
to carry.
I 15
10.2.11. The driver's seat should:

be so designed as to absorb vibrations sufficiently;
have a back rest and a foot rest; and
be generally comfortable.
10.2.12. Control pedals should:
be sufficiently wide;
afford a secure foothold; and
if necessary, be perforated so as to keep the surface clear of
earth, mud, etc.
Brakes
brakes that will hold them under the heaviest load that they may
haul in any operating conditions and on any gradient for which
the vehicle was designed.
10.2.14. It should be possible to lock the brakes when the
tractor or motor truck is stationary.
Exhaust pipes
10.2.15. Tractor exhaust pipes should be:
so placed as to prevent the build-up of harmful gases and
fumes around the driver; and
equipped with a spark arrestor.
Draw gear
10.2.16. Motor trucks hauling trailers, and tractors, should
be equipped with draw gear such that during coupling:
no worker has to come between the vehicles being coupled
while one is moving; or
the vehicles being coupled cannot run into each other.
10.2.17. Draw gear, including coupling pins, should be
strong enough to hold the heaviest load that the tractor or truck
may haul on any gradient and in any operating conditions.
116
Road and smiIar transport
10.2.18. Coupling pins should be such that they cannot be

accidentally lifted out of the coupling; if necessary, a span chain
should be provided.
Hitching point
10.2.19. Trailers and other equipment should be hitched to
tractors in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Lights
10.2.20. Tractor and motor truck lights should comply
with public traffic regulations even when they are used elsewhere
than on public roads.
Starting mechanism
10.2.21. Tractors and motor trucks should be provided
with self-starting equipment.
10.2.22. If a tractor or a motor truck has a hand crank, it
should be secured against kicking back.
10.2.23. Starting should be controlled by rotary or pull-out
switches and not tumbler switches so as to reduce the risk of
accidental starting.
Other equipment
10.2.24. Tractors and motor trucks should be equipped with:
a first-aid box or kit; and
a suitable fire extinguisher.
suitable audible signalling equipment.
Motor trucks with cranes
10.2.26. Officially recognised stability tests should be estab-
lished for motor trucks with cranes mounted.
117
10.3. Trailer construction

10.3.1. Trailers equipped with steering devices should have
an adequate seat or platform for the steerer.
10.3.2. Steered trailers should be connected to motor trucks
by an adequate signalling system.
10.3.3. Trailers should be coupled to motor trucks by devices
of adequate strength that can be securely fastened and locked.
10.3.4. Trailer drawbars should be provided with substantial
chains, straps or the like by which they can be safely lifted for
coupling and uncoupling.
10.3.5. When necessary, trailers should be equipped with
jacks or similar supports to prevent tipping during loading.
10.4. Passenger vehicle construction

10.4.1. Vehicles for transporting workers should comply
with the relevant provisions of section 10.2 and with the provisions
of this section.
10.4.2. Vehicles used for transporting workers should have
fixed seats for all the workers transported.
10.4.3. If necessary to prevent danger, vehicles used for
transporting workers should have:
a cover for protection against the weather;
a ladder or steps for the workers to climb on and off;
enclosed racks or boxes for tools;
a heating system; and
an emergency light.
10.4.4. Enclosed vehicles for transporting workers should have:
an emergency exit as far away as practicable from the regular
exit;
effective means of signalling between the passengers and the
driver;
a lighting installation; and
means of ventilation.
118
10.4.5. Vehicles regularly used for transporting workers should

comply with official regulations for public passenger vehicles.
10.5. Inspection and maintenance of tractors and motor trucks

10.5.1. Tractors and motor trucks should be maintained in
good running order, particular attention being paid to brakes, and
steering gear.
10.5.2. The cab, pedals, foot rests and steering gear should be
kept clean.
10.5.3. Tractor and motor truck brakes should be tested at
frequent intervals and, when necessary, adjusted.
10.5.4. Brakes, tyres, lights, steering gear, mirrors and wind-
shield wipers should be inspected every day.
10.6. Operation of tractors and motor trucks

General provisions
10.6.1. Where necessary to prevent danger because of density
of traffic, narrowness of the road, obstruction of the view or other
reasons, a traffic control system should be operated.
10.6.2. Only competent persons should drive tractors and motor
trucks.
10.6.3. Drivers of tractors and motor vehicles should wear
adequate footwear and clothing.
10.6.4. Tractors and motor trucks should only be operated at
places where conditions (as regards gradient, surface, obstructions,
etc.) are such that they can be operated safely.
10.6.5. In particular, tractors and motor trucks should not be
operated or started up in buildings if:
there is a fire risk; or
the ventilation is not adequate to prevent dangerous contamina-
tion of the atmosphere.
119
10.6.6. The speed of tractors and motor trucks should be

adapted to the operating conditions.
10.6.7. Before descending a steep slope the operator should
engage an appropriate gear.
10.6.8. Tractors and motor truck drivers should keep a good
look out for obstacles in their path.
10.6.9. Tractors and motor trucks should not haul loads too
heavy for them to control on any sloping, uneven, soft or other-
wise unsafe ground on which they will have to travel.
10.6.10. Tractors and motor trucks should not haul heavy
vehicles or machines downhill unless the machines or vehicles can
be adequately braked.
10.6.11. Tractors and motor trucks should be driven with
particular care:
over sloping, uneven, soft, slippery or otherwise unsafe ground;
alongside ditches or banks;
when turning;
when reversing; and
when hauling any trailer that considerably changes their centre
of gravity.
10.6.12. Tractors should not push trucks, machines, etc.
unless an adequate and securely fastened push bar is used for the
purpose.
10.6.13. No person should get off a tractor or a motor truck
except in emergencies unless:
it is stationary; and
there is a safe landing-place.
10.6.14. While a tractor or a motor truck is moving no person
should:
stand or sit in an unsafe place such as a roof, trailer, bar, mud-
guard, running board, fender, or load;
climb from one vehicle to another;
apply wheel skids; or
leave arms or legs projecting outside.
120
Road and smiIar transport
10.6.15. Motor trucks carrying passengers should not trans-

port flammable liquids in bulk.
10.6.16. The transport of explosives should comply with the
10.6.17. Tractors should not carry:
children; or
loose objects, unless a safe place is provided for them.
10.6.18. Drivers of tractors and motor trucks should not drive
for long periods without adequate rest.
10.6.19. When arriving at railway crossings, drivers of tractors
and motor trucks should take great care, bringing their vehicle to
a full stop if necessary, in any case extreme caution should
be observed.
10.6.20. At places where men are working and at places where
the driver does not have a clear field of vision, the movement of
tractors and motor trucks should be controlled by signals.
10.6.21. Tractors and motor trucks should be driven so as to
comply with official traffic regulations.
10.6.22. When coupling vehicles:
if the motor vehicle is backed, the trailer should be blocked by
the brake or chocks;
if a trailer is pulled onto the motor vehicle, the trailer should,
if necessary to prevent danger, be kept under control by the
brake or chocks; and
no person should remain between the motor vehicle and the
trailer and, if practicable, the draw-bar should be handled
with a hook or other suitable device.
10.6.23. When uncoupling vehicles, both vehicles should be
blocked by brakes or chocks.
10.6.24. Vehicles should not be hitched to a tractor except by
means of a draw-bar, at or below draw-bar level.
10.6.25. Tractors with winches should be properly aligned in
the direction of the pull when pulling.
121
10.6.26. When filling the fuel tank the provisions of paragraph

12.2.5 should be complied with.
10.6.27. Radiator lids should be removed in such a way as to
avoid the danger of scalding from steam or boiling water.
10.6.28. No person should go under a tractor or a motor
truck without first notifying the driver, or making certain that the
tractor or truck cannot move.
10.6.29. When leaving a tractor or a motor truck the driver
should:
put the engine out of gear;
re-engage the master clutch, except in the case of torque con-
verter machines;
apply the brakes;
lower any upraised equipment to a safe position;
put power-operated attachments into the off position; and
if necessary to prevent danger, block the wheels.
10.6.30. Workers should not be transported in dump trucks or
trailers unless these are equiped with suitable safety devices and
provided with adequate seating complying with section 10.4.
Loading and unloading vehicles

10.6.31. Vehicles being loaded or unloaded should be effec-
tively braked or blocked.
10.6. 32. Loads should be so stacked on vehicles that:
the vehicle is not overloaded;
the stability of the vehicle is not impaired;
loads or parts of loads cannot cause danger to persons by
projecting, shifting or falling; and
loads or parts of loads cannot interfere with the safe driving or
operation of the vehicle.
10.6.33. No load should be lowered on to a vehicle while any
person is on the vehicle or in dangerous proximity to it.
122
10.6.34. Before a loaded motor truck starts on a journey,

the load should be inspected to ensure that it is secure, evenly distri-
buted and of a safe height, length and weight.
10.7. Traffic on ice

10.7.1. Motor vehicles should not cross frozen waterways
unless the ice has a minimum thickness in accordance with the
following table, and the area has been thoroughly inspected and
tested for air pockets, slush holes and ice in poor condition:
Laden weight Minimum thickness of ice
Trucks
Up to 10 tons 45 cm (1 ft 6 in)
10-20 tons 60 cm (2 ft)
20-30 tons 75cm (2ft6in)
Tractors
Up to 12.5 tons 50 cm (1 ft 8 in)
10.7.2. Crossings should:
be at intervals of not less than 125 m (420 It); and
be cleared of snow to a width of at least 17.5 m (60 ft).
10.7.3. Only one-way traffic should be allowed on crossings.
10.7.4. Intervals between motor vehicles on crossings should
be at least 40 m (135 ft).
10.7.5. Cab doors of trucks should be secured open when
they are travelling on ice.
10.8. Traffic on roads under construction

10.8.1. Workers employed on road construction work should
be protected from traffic by barricades, signs, lights, watchmen or
10.8.2. Signs and lights should be placed where:
(a) they can easily be seen by approaching traffic; and
123
(b) they will not be obscured by splashes from traffic.

10.8.3. Signs and lights should not be obscured by equipment,
stacks of material, etc.
10.8.4. At night, barricades, signs and hazardous conditions
should be marked by lights or reflectors.
10.8.5. As far as practicable, a separate traffic lane should be
provided for construction equipment.
10.8.6. Where construction equipment has to use or cross
public traffic lanes:
a traffic control system should be operated; or
a watchman should direct the movements of the equipment.
10.8.7. Road construction equipment should be painted a
distinctive conspicuous colour such as yellow.
10.9. Power buggies

10.9.1. Power buggies should only be operated by suitably
trained persons.
10.9.2. Power buggies should be designed to turn sharply,
stop suddenly and operate on slopes under the full load and maxi-
mum speed without tilting.
10.9.3. Power buggies should be equipped with brakes capable
of stopping them quickly under the full load and maximum speed.
10.9.4. The controls of power buggies should be so arranged
and protected that they cannot be accidentally actuated.
10.9.5. Power buggies should be equipped with an adequate
horn or other audible warning device.
10.9.6. Power buggies on which the operator rides should be
equipped with a safe seat or platform.
10.9.7. The speed of power buggies in which the operator rides
should be limited.
10.9.8. Power buggies should not be left unattended on a slope
on which they could run away.
124
10.10. Lift and other industrial trucks
Construction
10.10.1. The capacity rating should be clearly incised or
stamped on every lift and fork-lift truck.
10.10.2. Fork-lift trucks should be equipped with an overhead
canopy or guard adequate to prevent injury to the operator from
falling objects.
10.10.3. All industrial trucks should be equipped with a horn,
gong, whistle or other adequate warning device.
10.10.4. Every power-operated lift and fork-lift truck should
be equipped with a lockable brake.
10.10.5. It should be possible to lock the elevating mechanism
of lift and fork-lift trucks in any position.
10.10.6. Pallet trucks with hand-lift handles should be equipped
with an automatic device to retain the raised load and free the handle
until it is re-engaged by the operator.
10.10.7. Fork-lift trucks handling small objects or unstable
loads should be equipped with an adequate load backrest to prevent
any part of the load from falling towards the mast.
10.10.8. Fork extensions should be adequately secured against
displacement.
10. 10.9. Electric trucks on which the driver rides should be
equipped with a switch that automatically opens the driving circuit
when the driver leaves the truck.
10.10.10. Pedals and operating platforms on trucks on which
the driver stands should have a non-slip surface.
Operation
10.10.11. Lift and other industrial trucks should be operated
by suitably trained persons.
10.10.12. While lift and fork-lift trucks are moving, the load
should be kept as low as practicable.
125
10.10.13. Lift and fork-lift trucks should not be used on dan-

gerously uneven surfaces.
10.10.14. Fork-lift trucks should not be loaded or unloaded
while they are moving.
10.10.15. If the load obscures the driver's view the operation
of a fork-lift truck should be governed by signals.
10.10.16. No person other than the driver should ride on a
powered industrial truck unless there is a safe stand or seat for him.
10.10.17. Pallets should:
not be supported on unstable material; and
be kept level.
10.10.18. No packaged units bound by means of wire or metal
tape should be handled by a lift or a fork-lift truck if any part of the
wire or tape is broken.
10.10.19. Precautions should be taken to prevent spillage of
the load.
10.11. Animal transport

10.11.1. Animal-drawn vehicles should be provided with
adequate brakes.
10.11.2. Vehicles on which drivers or brakesmen have to
travel should be provided with a safe seat for each person travelling.
10.11.3. Vehicles transporting workers should have a safe seat
for every worker.
10.11.4. Single-axle vehicles should, if necessary to prevent
danger, be secured against tipping up.
10.11.5. Draught animals should be treated kindly and handled
gently.
10.11.6. When animals are being led, the lead should not be
wrapped round the wrist or waist.
10.11.7. Care should be taken that the harness is comfortable
and, in particular, does not abrade or tear the animal's skin.
126
10.11.8. Animals that bite should be muzzled when not in the

stall.
10.11.9. Animals that kick should only be handled by persons
familiar with them.
10.12. Wheelbarrows
10.12.1. Wheels of wheelbarrows should run true and be well
secured to the frame.
10.12.2. Wheelbarrows with split or cracked handles should
not be used.
10.12.3. Wheii wheelbarrows are not in use they should be so
left that they cannot easily tip over.
127
11. Garages
11.1.1. Garages for motor vehicles should:
be of fire-resistant construction;
be adequately ventilated; and
have at least one outside wall.
11.1.2. Electrical installations in garages should comply with
the relevant requirements of Chapter 17.
11.1.3. Heating installations in garages should have no open
flames or incandescent parts.
11.1.4. Inspection pits in garages should be:
accessible by means of safe steps; and
when not in use, provided with safe covers or perimeter bar-
ricades or guard-rails or toe-boards.
11.1.5. Garage floors should have a drainage system such
that:
there is a trap for petrol (gasoline) and oil; and
the trap can be emptied easily.
11.1.6. Drain traps should be emptied at suitable intervals.
11.1.7. Large quantities of fuel and oil should not be stored
in garages.
11.1.8. Special precautions should be taken when work that
involves welding or the generation of sparks is carried out in
garages; in particular the relevant requirements of Chapter 28
should be complied with.
11.1.9. Oily and greasy waste should be kept in a self-closing
metal receptacle.
11.1.10. At an easily accessible place in a garage there should
be kept in readiness for use:
suitable fire-extinguishing equipment; or
an adequate quantity of dry sand and a shovel.
128
12. Engines

12.1.1. Engines should:
be so constructed and installed that they can be started safely;
be so constructed and installed that the maximui safe speed
cannot be exceeded;
have remote controls for limiting speed; and
have devices that will enable them to be stopped from a safe
place in emergencies.
12.1.2. Engines should be operated by competent persons.
12.1.3. On engines, moving parts such as flywheels, driving
belt pulleys, cranks and crossheads should be enclosed or ade-
quately guarded.
12.2. Internal combustion engines

12.2.1. Starting cranks of internal combustion engines should
have double bearings or be otherwise effectively secured against
kicking back.
12.2.2. Internal combustion engines should not be started up
with oxygen or combustible gases.
12.2.3. Exhaust gases from internal combustion engines should
be so led off that the attendant and other persons in the vicinity are
not exposed to them.
12.2.4. Internal combustion engines, such as those of tractors
and motor vehicles, should not run for long periods of time in
closed premises unless adequate mechanical ventilation is provided
or gases are directly exhausted outside or the equipment is provided
with a fume scrubber.
12.2.5. When internal combustion engines are being fuelled:
(a) suitable equipment such as pumps, hoses and nozzles should
be used;
129
the engine ignition should be shut off;

care should be taken to avoid spilling fuel;
no person should smoke or have an open light in the vicinity;
and
a fire extinguisher should be kept readily available.
12.3. Stationary donkey engines

12.3.1. Stationary donkey engines should be installed on a
firm, level foundation and securely anchored in position.
12.3.2. Stationary donkey engines should be provided with
an adequate running board on each side.
12.3.3. Where necessary to prevent danger from broken ropes,
donkey engines should be provided with a substantial roof.
12.2.4. Walkways alongside donkey engines should be pro-
vided with adequate guard-rails and toe-boards.
12.3.5. Donkey engines should be equipped with an acoustic
signalling device.
12.3.6. Regulations should be established for donkey-engine
boilers concerning their construction, installation, operation,
maintenance, testing and examination.
12.3.7. In particular, all boilers should:
be provided with one or more safety valves, a water-level
gauge, a steam pressure gauge, gauge cocks and a blow-off
pipe; and
be tested by a competent person or authority before being
taken into use.
12.3.8. Blow-off atid exhaust pipes should be so situated or
guarded that no person can be endangered by accidental contact
with them or by escaping steam or hot water.
12.3.9. Gauge glasses should be equipped with a substantial
wire mesh or equivalent guard.
130
Engines
12.4. Tractor power take-ofis

12.4.1. Tractor power take-offs should be so guarded that
while the engine is running:
if the power take-off is in use, it is covered on top and at
both sides by a shield attached to the tractor that prevents
any person from coming into contact with the power take-off;
and
if the power take-off is not in use, it is completely enclosed
in a cover attached to the tractor.
12.4.2. Power take-off shields and covers should be capable
of supporting a weight of 110 kg (250 ib) when attached to the
tractor.
12.4.3. Power take-off shafts, including their universal joints,
should, while in motion, be completely enclosed in a guard that
prevents any person from coming into contact with the shaft.
12.4.4. Protective devices for power take-oils and power
take-off shafts should be:
substantially constructed;
firmly secured in position; and
maintained in good condition.
131
13. Machinery, general provisions
13.1. Construcflon and installation
13.1.1. All dangerous parts of moving machinery, including
the point of operation, should be effectively guarded unless they
are so constructed, installed or piaced as to be as safe as if they
were guarded by appropriate safety devices.
13.1.2. To ensure the safety referred to in paragraph 13.1.1,
in particular:
all flywheels, gearing, cone and cylinder friction drives, cams,
pulleys, belts, chains, pinions, worm gears, crank arms and
slide blocks and, to the extent prescribed by the competent
authority, shafting (including the journal ends) and other
transmission machinery also liable to present danger to any
person coming into contact with them when they are in motion,
should be so designed or protected as to prevent such danger;
controls should also be so designed or protected as to prevent
danger;
all set-screws, bolts and keys and, to the extent prescribed by
the competent authority, other projecting parts of any moving
part of machinery also liable to present danger to any person
coming into contact with them when they are in motion
should be so designed, sunk or protected as to prevent such
danger;
paths of counterweights, pendulum weights and the like
should be fenced; and
all working parts of machinery which, while in operation, may
produce flying particles should be, as far as is practicable,
adequately guarded.
13.1.3. Every power-driven machine should be provided
with adequate means, immediately accessible and readily identifiable
to the operator, of stopping it quickly, and preventing it from being
started again.
132
Machinery, general provisions
13.1.4. Machine operators' stands should:

be safely and easily accessible;
be sufficiently spacious; and
be so designed and constructed as to permit safe operation of
the machine and not to cause the operator undue fatigue or
discomfort.
13.1.5. If necessary to prevent danger, machine operators'
stands should be provided:
with fencing, guard-rails and toe-boards or the like; and
with special means of access such as steps and/or grips.
13.1.6. If the operator's stand is totally enclosed, adequate
means of heating and/or ventilation should be provided if necessary.
13.1.7. Machine controls should be so designed and installed
that they can be operated reliably, safely and easily from the
operator's stand.
13.1.8. On power-driven machines the maximum safe speed
and, if appropriate, the direction of revolution should be indicated.
13.1.9. Machinery should be provided with the requisite pro-
tective devices even when it is idle for a considerable time, unless
it has been rendered inoperative.
13.1.10. Openings in guards should not exceed the following
dimensions according to the distance between the guard and the
machine part that it is protecting:
6mm (Y4 in) when the distance is less than 10 cm (4 in);
1.2 cm ('/2 in) when the distance is between 10 and 40 cm
(4in and 1 ft 4 in);
5 cm (2 in) when the distance is more than 40 cm (1 ft 4 in).
13.1.11. Pits and floor openings for moving parts should be
protected by guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the require-
13.1.12. Over workplaces and passageways, fast-running
belts, ropes and steel bands, and also large belts, should be pro-
vided with a catch platform underneath.
133
13.1.13. When machines are being installed, repaired or

transported, precautions should be taken to prevent them from
accidentally starting up.
13.1.14. If necessary to prevent danger, certain parts of com-
pressors, electrical installations and other equipment should be
adequately protected against the weather and mechanical damage.
13.2. Inspection, maintenance of machinery

13.2.1. Machinery operators' stands should be properly
maintained and be kept clear of obstructions.
13.2.2. The fencing of dangerous parts of machinery should
not be removed while the machinery is in use, but if removed
should be replaced as soon as practicable, and in any case before
the machinery is taken into normal use again.
13.2.3. No part of any machinery which is in motion and
which is not securely fenced should be examined, lubricated,
adjusted or repaired except by duly authorised persons, in confor-
mity with accepted standards of safety.
13.2.4. Machine parts should only be cleaned when the
machine is stopped, unless cleaning can be carried out in conformity
with accepted standards of safety.
13.2.5. Belts, ropes, chains and cords of transmission should
not be mounted or dismounted by hand while the machinery is in
motion.
13.2.6. When machinery is stopped for servicing or repairs,
adequate measures should be taken to ensure that it cannot be
inadvertently restarted, without clearance by the maintenance
crew.
13.2.7. When repair, maintenance or other work has to be
done in dangerous proximity to machinery, the machinery should
be stopped for the duration of the work.
134
Machinery, general provisions
13.3. Operation of machinery

13.3.1. Only reliable and competent persons who have been
given adequate instruction should be entrusted with the indepen-
dent operation of transmissions and working machines.
13.3.2. Machinery operators should:
not wear loose clothing, ties, scarves or jewellery; and
cover loose hair that might be caught by moving parts.
13.3.3. Before they are started, machines should be examined
to ensure that they are in sale working condition, and in particular
that:
all adjustments have been made;
working parts are properly lubricated;
nuts and bolts are properly tightened; and
all protective devices are in place and properly secured.
13.3.4. Machinery in motion should not be left unattended
if this could cause danger.
13.3.5. If danger could arise when any machinery is started,
immediately before starting, a signal should be given that can
clearly be heard or seen at the place where the machinery is
installed.
13.3.6. If a number of persons are employed simultaneously
at a machine that can be started by a prime mover, the machine
should not be started until the person starting it has satisfied
himself that no person is in danger.
13.3.7. Transmissions and working machines that can be
disengaged should only be disengaged when they are stopped,
and should remain disengaged while they are idle.
13.3.8. Adequate measures should be taken to prevent:
the maximum safe speed from being exceeded; and
sudden changes in speed.
13.3.9. Machines made for manual power operation should
not be power driven.
135
13.3.10. If in the use of machines danger could be caused

by flying sparks, splinters, chips, dust or the like, adequate measures
should be taken to eliminate the danger.
13.3.11. In particular, adequate measures should be taken to
prevent eye injuries.
13.3.12. Transmission belts should not be thrown on or off,
or adjusted, while in motion.
13.3.13. Machinery which continues to run after power has
been disconnected, and may thus introduce a risk, should be
provided with a brake, which should be capable of being operated
from the control point.
136
14. Woodworking machines

14.1.1. Woodworking machines should only be operated by
competent persons.
14.1.2. Operators of woodworking machines should not be
disturbed while the machine is working.
14.1.3. Operators of non-automatic woodworking machines
should not leave them without stopping them or enclosing the
tools.
14.1.4. Woodworking machines should not be adjusted or
cleared of jammed wood while they are working.
14.1.5. Shavings, sawdust, etc. should not be removed by
hand from woodworking machines or in their vicinity while the
machines are working.
14.1.6. Woodworking machines that use tools of widely
differing diameters should have a device for altering the speed of
rotation.
14.1.7. If the speed of woodworking machines can be varied:
it should only be possible to start them at the lowest speed;
and
the operating speed should be indicated.
14.1.8. Workpieces should be firmly supported, or be securely
guided or clamped.
14.1.9. Free ends of long workpieces should be supported on
trestles, table extensions, etc.
14.1.10. Small or short workpieces should be guided, clamped
or pushed with a push stick.
137
14.2. Circular saws

Construction
14.2.1.Circular saws should be provided with hood guards.
14.2.2.Hood guards should:
cover as far as practicable all the exposed part of the saw
above the table;
be easily adjustable; and
protect the operator from accidental contact with the saw, and
from flying splinters or broken saw teeth.
14.2.3. Parts of circular saws underneath tables should be
closely covered with guards or hoods.
14.2.4. Circular saws should be provided with strong, rigid
and easily adjustable riving knives of suitable design.
14.2.5. The width of the opening in the table for the saw
blade should be as small as practicable.
14.2.6. Carriages or roll tables should be secured against
jumping or running off the rails.
14.2.7. Portable circular saws should be so designed that
when the blade is running idle it is automatically covered.
14.2.8. It should not be possible to block the cover of a
portable circular saw.
14.2.9. Where necessary a suitable push stick should be used
with every hand-fed circular saw.
14.2.10. Circular saws should:
be properly maintained, set and sharpened;
examined at frequent intervals; and
replaced or removed for correction if defects are discovered.
Operation
14.2.11. The maximum speed of circular saws should not
exceed that recommended by the manufacturer.
138
Woodworking machines
14.2.12. Workers should not adjust saw blades or guides

while the saw is running if this would cause danger.
14.2.13. Saw blades should not be braked by pressing on
them after the power has been cut off.
14.2.14. When round timber, poles and the like are being
cross cut, devices should be used to prevent them from twisting
or tipping.
14.2.15. Precautions should be taken to prevent small pieces
cut off from being caught by the saw blade.
14.2.16. Precautions should be taken to prevent the work
from kicking back.
14.3. Band saws

Construction
14.3.1. On band saws all the blade should be covered up to
the cutting point.
14.3.2. Band wheels on band saws should be enclosed with
stout guards of sheet metal or other material of at least equivalent
strength.
14.3.3. Guards for upper band wheels should extend:
downwards to below the lower part of the wheel rim; and
upwards so as to afford a clearance at the top of not less than
10 cm (4 in) from the wheel.
14.3.4. Guards for lower band wheels should:
serve as a means of protection for the area beneath the saw
table; and
permit the removal of sawdust from the area beneath the table
so that the saw blade may run free at all times.
14.3.5. The working side of the blade between the guide rolls
or gauges and the upper wheel enclosures should also be enclosed
by a protector which as far as practicable should be of a self
adjusting type.
139
14.3.6. Band saws should be provided with an automatic

tension regulator.
14.3.7. Band saws should:
be properly maintained, set and sharpened;
examined at frequent intervals; and
replaced or removed for correction if defects are discovered.
14.3.8. Workers should not attempt to remove broken blades
while the machine is running.
14.3.9. If the blade guide is operated by hand the machine,
should be stopped before it is adjusted.
14.3.10. When round timber, poles or the like are being
sawn, devices should be used to prevent them from twisting or
tipping.
14.4. Planing machines

Construction
14.4.1. Only cylindrical cutter blocks should be used on
overhand planing machines.
14.4.2. Overhand planing machines should be provided with
bridge guards capable of covering the full length and breadth of
the cutting slot in the bench, and so constructed as to be easily
adjusted in both a horizontal and a vertical direction.
14.4.3. Table openings on overhand planing machines should
be as small as practicable.
14.4.4. Cutter knives exposed under the table should be
guarded.
14.4.5. The feed roller of thicknessing machines should be
provided with an adequate guard.
14.4.6. Thicknessing machines should be provided with a
kick-back preventer which should be kept as free as possible.
140
14.4.7. The kick-back preventer should be constructed of

elements which:
are not more than 1.5 cm (3/s in) apart;
are secured against excessive swinging; and
fall back automatically after raising.
Operation
14.4.8. When short pieces are being planed a feeding device
should be used.
14.4.9. When wood is being grooved a pressure device should
be used.
141
15. Construction equipment
15.1. Earth-moving equipment: general provisions
Construction
15.1.1. Earth-moving equipment should be provided with a
plate or the like indicating:
the gross laden weight;
the maximum axle weight or, in the case of caterpillar equip-
ment, ground pressure; and
the tare weight.
15.1.2. Earth-moving equipment should be equipped with:
an electrically operated acoustic signaffing device;
searchlights for forward and backward movement;
power and hand brakes;
tail lights; and
silencers.
15.1.3. Operators of earth-moving equipment should be
adequately protected against the weather by a cab, windscreen,
roof or other effective means.
15.1.4. Cabs of earth-moving equipment should comply with
the relevant requirements of section 10.2.
15.1.5. Earth-moving equipment with a cab should be equip-
ped with:
a direction indicator; and
a rear-view mirror on either side.
15.1.6. Operator's seats of earth-moving equipment should
comply with the relevant requirements of section 10.2.
15.1.7. Operators of equipment with drag lines or winch
ropes should be adequately protected against being struck by
broken ropes.
142
Construction equipment
15.1.8. If necessary to prevent danger, operators of dumping

equipment should be protected against being struck by parts of
the load.
Operation
15.1.9. No earth-moving equipment should be started up
until all workers are in the clear.
15.1.10. The cab of earth-moving equipment should be kept
at least 1 m (3 ft 3 in) from a face being excavated.
15.1.11. When cranes and shovels are travelling, the boom
should be in the direction of travel and the scoop or bucket should
be raised.
15.1.12. The buckets or scoops of shovels and cranes should
not be loaded when the equipment is travelling.
15.1.13. Earth-moving equipment should not travel on
bridges, viaducts, embankments, etc., unless it has been found safe
for it to do so.
15.1.14. Bulky material such as beams, girders and poles
should not be carried in the scoops of earth-moving equipment,
unless the machines are specially designed for the purpose.
15.1.15. No person should enter the radius of action of earth-
moving equipment when in operation.
earth-moving equipment being operated in dangerous proximity to
live electrical conductors.
15.1.17. On earth-moving equipment motors, brakes, steering
gear, chassis, blades, blade-holders, tracks, wire ropes, sheaves,
hydraulic mechanisms, transmissions, bolts and other parts on
which safety depends should be inspected daily.
15.1.18. Dusty haulage roads and tracks should be watered
so as to maintain good visibility.
15.1.19. Earth-moving equipment should not be left on a
slope with the engine running.
143
15.1.20. As far as practicable earth-moving equipment should

not be left on highways at night.
15.1.21. If earth-moving equipment is left on a highway it
should be adequately marked with lanterns, red flags or other
effective means.
15.1.22. Unauthorised persons should not be conveyed on
earth-moving equipment.
15.1.23. No adjustments, maintenance work or repairs should
be made on equipment in motion.
15.1.24. Deck plates and steps should be kept free from oil,
grease, mud or other slippery substances.
15.1.25. Dredge-type excavators should not be used on earth
walls more than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) higher than the reach of the excava-
tor if they are installed at the bottom of the wall.
15.1.26. Bucket excavators should not be used at the top or
bottom of earth walls with a slope exceeding 60°.
15.2. Power shovels, excavators

General provisions
15.2.1. Power shovels (excavators) should be operated in such
a way that they do not lose stability.
15.2.2. Tracks for track-mounted power shovels should
comply with the relevant requirements of section 5.4.
15.2.3. If necessary to prevent danger during inspection or
repair, the jib of power shovels should be equipped with a ladder
protected by a guard-rail and toe-board.
15.2.4. Brake pedals for all motions on power shovels should
have two independent locking devices.
15.2.5. Power shovels should be equipped with an emergency
quick-acting stop device independent of the controls.
15.2.6. Excavators that are equipped with a unit for deep
digging should either be so designed that the bucket teeth cannot
144
come nearer the boom than 40 cm (1 ft 4 in) or be provided with

a reliable stop that prevents this from happening.
15.2.7. Excavators that are used for lifting with lifting gear
should be provided with a plate on the boom bearing a clearly
legible and durable text giving the maximum permissible load on
the lifting gear fitted.
15.2.8. The maximum load referred to in paragraph 15.2.7
should apply to the most unfavourable position as regards stability
in which the excavator can be used for lifting when it stands on a
horizontal firm base.
15.2.9. Excavators that are equipped for use as mobile cranes
should be inspected and tested as required for lifting appliances.
Steam shovels
15.2.10. Official regulations concerning the construction,
installation, operation, testing and examination of steam boilers
for steam shovels should be established.
15.2.11. In particular boilers should:
be provided with one or more safety valves, a water-level
gauge, a steam pressure gauge, gauge cocks and a blow-off
pipe; and
be tested by a competent person or a competent authority
before being taken into use.
15.2.12. Blow-off and exhaust pipes should be so situated or
guarded that no person can be endangered by accidental contact
with them or by escaping steam or hot water.
15.2.13. Boilers and steam pipes should be insulated so as
to protect workers against the risk of burns.
Petrol-operated shovels
15.2.14. Petrol-operated shovels should be:
earthed or otherwise protected against static electricity; and
equipped with a fire extinguisher.
145
Electric shovels
15.2.15. The connection or disconnection of the electric cable
supplying power from the transmission line to or from the electric
shovel should only be done by competent persons duly authorised.
15.2.16. Electrical operating connectors and relays on the
shovel should be inspected daily if in operation.
Operation of shovels (excavators)

15.2.17. Excavator operators should be:
(a) at least 18 years of age; and
(p5) familiar with the operation and maintenance of the machine.
15.2.18. Power shovels should be so placed that:
there is ample space for the operations;
the operator has a clear view over the area of operation; and
there is no danger of tipping, slipping or overturning.
15.2.19. While a power shovel is working:
no one should enter the area of operation without first warning
the operator; and
no one should work, pass or stand under the raised bucket or
grab.
15.2.20. No unauthorised person should be allowed on the
operating platform while the shovel is in operation.
15.2.21. The boom should be prevented from accidentally
swinging during operations or transport.
15.2.22. The bucket or grab of a power shovel should
be prevented from accidentally dipping, tipping or swinging in
operation.
15.2.23. Before leaving the shovel the operator should:
disengage the master clutch; and
lower the bucket or grab to the ground.
146
15.2.24. Buckets or grabs of power shovels should be fixed to

restrict movement while they are being repaired or teeth are being
changed.
15.2.25. When an excavator is at work near a wall or similar
construction, persons should be prevented from entering the
danger zone in which they may be crushed when the machine
pivots.
15.2.26. Trucks should not be loaded in any place where
there may be danger from materials such as rocks falling from
buckets passing overhead; where this cannot be avoided, no person
should remain in the cab during loading.
15.2.27. Trucks should be stationed at such a distance from
the excavator that there is a clearance of at least 60 cm (2 ft) between
the truck and the superstructure of the excavator even when it
pivots.
15.2.28. While work is being done on hydraulically operated
buckets the piston should be fully drawn back in the hydraulic
cylinder.
15.3. Bulldozers
15.3.1. Before leaving a bulldozer the operator should:

apply the brakes;
lower the blade; and
put the shift lever in neutral.
15.3.2. At the close of work bulldozers should be left on level
ground.
15.3.3. When a bulldozer is moving uphill the blade should
be kept low.
15.3.4. Bulldozer blades should not be used as brakes except
in an emergency.
147
15.4. Scrapers
15.4.1. The tractor and scrapers should be joined by a safety
line when in operation.
15.4.2. Scraper bowls should be blocked while blades are
being replaced.
15.4.3. Scrapers moving downhill should be left in gear.
15.5. Asphalt plants

General provisions
15.5.1. Asphalt plants should be provided with:
safe means of access and working platforms; and
suitable fire-extinguishing appliances and materials.
15.5.2. Elevated platforms on asphalt spreaders should:
be protected by railings complying with the requirements of
paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5; and
be provided with an access ladder complying with the relevant
15.5.3. Wooden floors in front of the sprayers should be
covered with corrugated sheet metal.
15.5.4. The mixer elevator should be enclosed in a wooden
or sheet-metal shaft.
15.5.5. The shaft referred to in paragraph 15.5.4 should have
a window for observation, lubrication and maintenance.
15.5.6. Bitumen scoops should have solid covers.
15.5.7. Where necessary mixers should have the top ade-
quately covered by netting.
15.5.8. The sprayer should be provided with a fire-resisting
shield.
15.5.9, The shield referred to in paragraph 15.5.8 should have
an observation window.
148
15.5.10. Piping for hot oil and asphalt should be adequately

insulated to protect workers from injury by burns.
15.5.11. Flexible piping working under positive pressure
should be metal encased.
15.5.12. To avoid fire risks due to foaming:
boilers should have a device that prevents foam from reaching
the burners; or
only non-foaming products should be used.
15.5.13. Where necessary, spreader tank cars and gravel
spreaders should have a platform with railings for the operator.
15.5.14. When necessary to prevent danger from rock dust in
asphalt plants:
the screen enclosure and the mixing chamber should be
equipped with a mechanical exhaust system;
the screen overflow chutes and hoppers should be enclosed;
the waste conveyor system should be enclosed at transfer and
discharge points;
all material transfer points should be equipped with effective
dust prevention devices;
conveyor and elevator covers should be dust tight;
the dryer discharge to the screen elevator should be equipped
with an effective dust seal; and
contaminated air should be so discharged that it cannot return
to working areas.
Operation
15.5.15. The operation of asphalt plants should be under the
permanent control of a competent person.
15.5.16. When asphalt plants are working on a public road
an adequate traffic control system should be established.
15. 5.17. Ample storage space should be provided for materials,
vehicles, etc., so that operations are not obstructed.
149
15.5.18. A sufficient number of fire extinguishers should be

kept in readiness on the work site, including at least two on the
spreader.
15.5.19. Workers handling hot asphalt should wear gloves,
rubber boots, goggles and, if necessary to prevent danger, suitable
protective clothing.
15.5.20. Burners should be lighted by butane lights or other
suitable devices, and not by burning rags and the like.
15.5.21. When not in use flexible piping should not be left
on the ground.
15.5.22. Heating tubes in boilers should be kept well covered
with asphalt.
15.5.23. Material should only be loaded on to the elevator
after the drying drum has warmed up.
15.5.24. No open light should be used for ascertaining the
level of asphalt.
15.5.25. Thinners (cut-backs) should not be heated over an
open flame.
15.5.26.If a burner goes out:
the fuel supply should be cut off; and
the heating tube should be thoroughly blown out by the fan,
so as to prevent a backfire.
15.5.27. Piping should not be warmed with burning rags.
15.5.28. Spilled asphalt should be promptly cleaned up around
boilers.
15.5.29. Inspection openings should not be opened while there
is any pressure in the boiler.
15.5.30. The drying drum and the mixer should not be
inspected or repaired while they are in motion.
15.5.31. When tanks are cleaned with steam, adequate pre-
cautions should be taken to prevent any build-up of pressure.
15.5.32. Spreaders in operation should be protected by signals,
signs or other effective means.
150
15.5.33. Gravel spreaders, asphalt spreaders and rollers should

always be kept at a safe distance from each other to avoid danger.
15.6. Payers
15.6.1. Payers should be equipped with a loud acoustic
signalling device.
15.6.2.The signal should be sounded before:
the paver moves forward; and
the bucket is run out to workers.
15.6.3. Payers should be equipped with guards that prevent
workers from walking under the skip.
15.6.4. The operation of trucks working with payers should
be governed by signals in accordance with the requirements of
section 1.8.
15.7. Road rollers

15.7.1. Before a road roller is used the ground should be
examined for bearing capacity and general safety, especially at the
edges of slopes such as embankments.
15.7.2. No person should climb on to a moving roller.
15.7.3. High-powered engines of rollers should not be started
up by hand.
15.7.4. Rollers should not move downhill with the engine out
of gear.
15.7.5. When a roller is not in use:
the brakes should be applied;
the engine should be put into bottom gear if the roller is facing
uphill;
the engine should be put into reverse if the roller is facing
downhill;
the contact should be switched off; and
the wheels should be blocked.
151
15.7.6. As far as practicable rollers should not be left on a

highway after the close of work.
15.8. Concrete mixers
General provisions
15.8.1. All gears, chains and rollers of concrete mixers should
be adequately guarded to prevent accidental contact.
15.8.2. Concrete mixer skips should be protected by side
railings to prevent workers from passing under them while they
are raised.
15.8.3. If the operator's stand is more than 1.5 m (5 ft) above
the ground, it should be provided with:
safe means of access such as ladders complying with the
relevant requirements of Chapter 4; and
guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the requirements
of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
15.8.4. Hoppers into which a person could fall, and revolving
blades of trough or batch type mixers, should be adequately
guarded by grating.
15.8.5. In addition to the operating brake, skips of concrete
mixers should be provided with a device or devices by which they
can be securely blocked when raised.
Operation
15.8.6. No worker should go under the skip unless it has been
securely blocked by two independent methods.
15.8.7. Concrete mixer operators should not lower a skip
before making sure that all workers are in the clear.
15.8.8. The area round concrete mixers should be kept clear
of obstruction.
15.8.9. While the drum of a concrete mixer is being cleaned
adequate precautions should be taken to protect the workers
152
inside, for instance by locking switches open, removing fuses or

otherwise cutting off the power.
15.8.10. Ropes and sheaves of concrete mixers should be
inspected on each day of operation.
15.9. Loading machines (belt or wheel loaders)

15.9.1. Loading machines should be equipped with a cab
affording protection against impact.
15.9.2. If there is a risk of the operator's being injured by
crushing between the bucket jib and the fixed parts of the machine
the cab should comply with the requirements of paragraphs
15.9.3 to 15.9.8.
15.9.3. Side doors of the cab should be so arranged that no
contact with the bucket jib is possible when the doors are open.
15.9.4. Hinged doors should be so hung that they cannot
easily be taken off, for instance the hinge should be secured by a
riveted bolt or other means.
15.9.5. Side windows that can be opened or removed, and
other openings in the cab where the operator might be injured if
he put his hand or arm out, should be covered by strong,
sufficiently tight grating.
15.9.6. If the glass of a side window that has no grating is
broken it should be immediately changed.
15.9.7. Roof hatches or back frames that can be opened
should be arranged as emergency exits.
15.9.8. In the cab there should be a plate warning against
removing the door, unprotected side frames or gratings.
153
16. Hand tools, portable power-driven tools
16.1. Hand tools

Materials and construction
16.1.1. Hand tools and implements should be of material
of good quality and appropriate for the work for which they will
be used.
16.1.2. Wooden handles of hand tools and implements should
be of hard, straight-grained wood free from cracks and knots.
16.1.3. Handles of hand tools and implements should be
fitted carefully to the heads, finished smooth, and kept securely
fastened to them.
16.1.4. The handles of machetes and similar cutting tools
should have a projection that prevents the hand from slipping
on to the blade.
Maintenance
16.1.5. Hand tools and implements should be tempered,
dressed and repaired by competent persons.
16.1.6. The cutting edges of cutting tools should be kept
sharp.
16.1.7. Heads of hammers, wedges and other shock tools
should be dressed or ground to a suitable radius on the edge as
soon as they begin to mushroom or crack.
Transport
16.1.8. While being transported, the edges or points of sharp-
edged or sharp-pointed hand tools such as axes should be so
placed, buried or sheathed as to prevent danger.
16.1.9. Sharp-edged and sharp-pointed tools should not be
carried on bicycles unless they are so protected by sheaths and
secured in position as not to cause danger.
154
Hand tools, portable power-driven tools
16.1.10. Unless adequately protected, sharp-edged and sharp-

pointed tools and implements and glass bottles should not be
carried in pockets.
16.1.11. Saws carried on the shoulder should have the teeth
pointed outwards.
16.1.12. When unsheathed axes are carried they should be
gripped near the head with the arm extended and the blade parallel
to the leg.
Storage
16.1.13. When not in use sharp tools should be kept in sheaths,
shields, chests or other suitable containers.
16.1.14. Sharp-edged and sharp-pointed hand tools and imple-
ments should be so stored that:
the edges and points are out of reach or are otherwise pre-
vented from causing danger;
they cannot fall; and
they cannot cause danger to the person removing them.
Handling and use
16.1.15. Hand tools and implements should be used only
for the specific purposes for which they were designed.
16.1.16. Sharp-edged and sharp-pointed tools and implements
should not:
be thrown from person to person;
be used in dangerous proximity to other persons or moving
machinery; or
be used as props, rammers, prods or the like.
16.1.17. Hand tools and implements should not be left lying
in places where persons have to work or pass, or on scaffolds or
other elevations from which they might fall on persons below.
16.1.18. Only insulated or non-conducting tools should be
used on or near live electrical installations if there is any risk of
electrical shock.
155
16.1.19. Only non-sparking tools should be used near flam-

mable materials or in the presence of explosive dusts or vapours.
16.1.20. Open-jawed wrenches should be placed on nuts
with the jaw opening facing the direction in which the handle
will move.
16.1.21.Open-jawed wrenches should be pulled, not pushed.
Wrench handles should not be extended by lengths
16.1.22.
of piping or other makeshift means.
16.1.23. Wrenches should not be used on parts of machinery
when moving.
16.1.24. Shims should not be used with wrenches to make
them fit.
16.1.25. Wrenches should not be used as hammers unless
specially constructed for this purpose.
16.1.26. Files should be provided with well-fitting handles.
16.1.27. Stakes or chisels being driven with a sledge hammer
should be held by tongs and not by the hand.
16.2. Pneumatic tools
Construction
16.2.1. Operating triggers on portable pneumatic tools
should be:
so placed as to minimise the risk of accidental starting of
the machine; and
so arranged as to close the air inlet valve automatically when
the pressure of the operator's hand is removed.
16.2.2. Hose and hose connections for compressed-air supply
to portable pneumatic tools should be:
designed for the pressure and service for which they are
intended; and
fastened securely to the pipe outlet and equipped with a
safety chain.
156
Hand tools portable power-driven tools
16.2.3. Pneumatic shock tools should be equipped with

safety clips or retainers to prevent dies and tools from being
accidentally expelled from the barrel.
Use
16.2.4. Workers using portable power-driven tools should
wear clothing conforming to the requirements of paragraph 13.3.2.
16.2.5. Tools should not be shot out of pneumatic hammers,
but be removed by hand after use.
16.2.6. When cutting rivets with pneumatic cutters:
the tools should be provided with a cage guard or other
suitable device to catch the rivet heads; or
the workers should be provided with suitable head and eye
protection.
16.2.7. Pneumatic tools should be disconnected from the
source of power and the pressure in hose lines released before any
adjustments or repairs are made.
16.2.8. Before disconnecting hose lines, the air should be
shut off.
16.2.9. Air supply lines should be adequately protected from
damage by vehicles, etc.
16.2.10. Hoses should not be laid over ladders, steps, scaffolds,
walkways, etc., so as to create a tripping hazard.
16.2.11. Compressed air should not be used for cleaning
clothing or parts of the body.
16.3. Powder-actuated tools

Definitions
16.3.1. "Powder-actuated tool" means a device in which an
explosive drives a projectile such as a nail or a stud into materials.
16.3.2. Powder-actuated tools are of three types:
157
"high-velocity type" means a type of powder-actuated tool

in which the projectile is driven directly by the gases from
the explosive charge;
"low-velocity piston type" means a type of powder-actuated
tool in which the gases from the explosive charge drive a
piston which propels the projectile;
"hammer-operated low-velocity piston type" means a type
of powder-actuated tool in which the piston is driven by a
hammer blow in addition to the gases from the explosive
charge.
General provisions
16.3.3. The present section 16,3 applies to:
high-velocity tools;
low-velocity piston tools in which the projectile is struck
while it is some way down the barrel of the tool; and
subject to such modifications as the competent authority
may accept, to hammer-operated low-velocity piston tools
and other low-velocity tools.
16.3.4. Whenever practicable, a low-velocity tool should be
used instead of a high-velocity tool.
Tool construction
16.3.5. Powder-actuated tools should have:
a guard or protective shield that cannot be removed without
rendering the tool inoperative;
a device that prevents the tool from firing inadvertently,
for example if it is dropped or while it is being loaded;
a device that prevents the tool from firing if it is not approxi-
mately perpendicular to the working surface; and
a device that prevents the tool from firing if the muzzle is not
pressed against the working surface.
16.3.6. Guards or shields should:
(a) be made of strong material; and
158
C'
Hand tools, portable power-driven tools
(b) be so designed as to arrest effectively ricocheting projectiles

and fragments of projectiles and material.
16.3.7. Specially adapted guards or shields should be used
when firing into corners, or into or at the side of projecting parts
such as angle irons and wooden slats.
16.3.8. The recoil of a powder-actuated tool should not be
capable of injuring the user even, when the most powerful charge
and the heaviest projectile are fired.
16.3.9. In normal conditions of use the noise of the detonation
should not be such as to damage the ears in any way.
Cartridges
16.3.10. Only cartridges conforming to the maker's specifi-
cations should be fired in a powder-actuated tool.
16.3.11. The power of cartridges should be indicated on them,
for instance by a distinctive colour.
Projectiles
16.3.12. Projectiles should be of a type and calibre exactly
fitting the barrel of the tool.
16.3.13. Projectiles should be made of very hard and highly
resilient metal.
16.3.14. The apex of the projectile should be so shaped as to
offer the minimum resistance to penetration and the maximum
resistance to extraction.
Inspection and maintenance
16.3.15. A powder-actuated tool should be inspected before
each occasion of use to ensure that it is safe to use.
16.3.16. The inspection referred to in paragraph 16.3.15
should ensure in particular:
that the safety devices are in proper working order;
that the tool is clean;
that all moving parts work easily; and
that the barrel is unobstructed.
159
16.3.17. At intervals recommended by the manufacturer

the tool should be completely dismantled and inspected for wear
on the safety devices by a competent person.
16.3,18. Powder-actuated tools should only be repaired by the
manufacturer or by competent persons.
16.3.19. Powder-actuated tools should be kept clean.
16.3.20. Tools found to be defective should be taken out of
use.
Storage of tools, cartridges and projectiles
16.3.21. Powder-actuated tool cartridges should not be
stored in an explosive atmosphere.
16.3.22. When not required for use, inspection or other
purpose, powder-actuated tools should be kept in a suitable
container.
16.3.23. Cartridges should be kept in a container that:
is made of suitable material;
is clearly marked to indicate its contents;
is kept locked when not in use; and
contains nothing except cartridges.
16.3.24. Cartridges of different strengths should not be
kept together.
16.3.25. No tool should be stored loaded.
Use
16.3.26. Powder-actuated tools should be accompanied by
instructions for their maintenance and use.
16.3.27. Only competent persons at least 18 years of age
should use powder-actuated tools.
16.3.28. Operators of powder-actuated tools should wear
safety goggles and, if necessary to prevent danger, wear safety
helmets (hard hats) (when firing upwards), leggings (when firing
downwards) or leather aprons (when firing forwards), ear pro-
tectors and be protected by face screens or shields.
160
Hand tools, portable power-driven fools
16.3.29. Powder-actuated tools should not be loaded until

they are to be used.
16.3.30. All powder-actuated tools should be treated as
loaded until they have been examined to see whether they are
loaded or not.
16.3.31. Powder-actuated tools should never be pointed at
any person even when they are unloaded.
16.3.32. Powder-actuated tools should not be used in an
explosive atmosphere.
16.3.33. Before a powder-actuated tool is fired:
the user should make sure no one is in the danger zone; and
if necessary to prevent danger, the zone should be protected
by barricades, or danger notices should be affixed.
16.3.34. Powder-actuated tools should not be fired:
into concrete or masonry near the edge;
into existing holes unless a positive guide is used to ensure
accurate alignment;
into objects or structures through which the projectile could
pass if that would cause danger;
into resilient material that might cause projectiles to swerve
or ricochet;
into a projectile that is loose, deformed, broken or jammed; or
in the vicinity of electrical or gas installations.
16.3.35. Powder-actuated tools should not be used on hard
or brittle materials such as cast iron, hardened steel, glazed tiles,
glass blocks or hard rock unless they are specially designed for
such use.
16.3.36. When a powder-actuated tool is being fired:
it should be held perpendicular to the working surface;
it should have the muzzle pressed firmly against the working
surface;
it should if practicable be held with both hands; and
the operator should have a firm and secure footing.
161
16.3.37. Cartridges used for a particular job should not be

more powerful than the job requires.
16.3.38. Projectiles should be guided into the barrel to ensure
perfect centring.
16.3.39. After firing, the tool should be examined and any
foreign matter such as pieces of projectile or cartridge removed.
16.3.40. If a powder-actuated tool misfires:
it should be pressed against the material for at least 15 seconds;
and
the cartridge should then be removed in strict accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions.
16.3.41. Misfired cartridges should be kept in water until
destroyed by a safe method.
16.3.42. Powder-actuated tools and cartridges should not be
left unattended.
16.3.43. Powder-actuated tools should not be transported
loaded or left loaded when not in use.
16.3.44. Cartridges should not be carried loose in clothing.
16.4. Electrical tools

16.4.1. Portable electrical tools should comply with the require-
ments of Chapter 17.
162
17. Electricity
17.1. Definitions
Protection against dfrect contact
17.1.1. "Protection against direct contact" means all measures
designed to protect persons from hazards that arise when touching
active parts of electrical equipment.
Protection against indirect contact
17.1.2. "Protection against indirect contact" means the pro-
tection of persons from hazards that may arise from contact with
the normally dead parts of electrical equipment.
17.1.3. Remarks: A measure contributing to the protection
against indirect contact is a means designed to ensure the fulfilment
of this protective function (e.g. selection of appropriate arrange-
ment or equipment).
Safety extra-low voltage
17.1.4. "Safety extra-low voltage" means a nominal voltage
not exceeding 42 V between conductors, or, in the case of
phase circuits, not exceeding 24 V between conductors and neutral,
the no-load voltage of the circuit not exceeding 50 V and 29 V
respectively.
17.1.5. Remarks: When safety extra-low voltage is obtained
from supply mains of higher voltages it should be through a safety
transformer or a convertor with separate windings.

17.2.1. All parts of electrical installations should be of a
standard of construction not lower from the safety point of view
than national or international standard specifications approved or
accepted by the competent authority.
163
17.2.2. All parts of electrical installations should be of ade-

quate size and characteristics for the work they may be called upon
to do and in particular they should:
be of adequate mechanical strength to withstand working con-
ditions in construction operations; and
be not liable to damage by water, dust or electrical,
thermal or chemical action to which they may be subjected in
construction operations.
17.2.3. All parts of electrical installations should be so con-
structed, installed and maintained as to prevent danger of fire and
external explosion.
17.2.4. All parts of electrical installations should be so con-
structed, installed and maintained as to prevent the danger of elec-
tric shock.
17.2.5. Personal protective equipment such as rubber gloves
and rubber boots should not be considered as providing adequate
protection against the risk of electric shock.
IdentWcation
17.2.6. AU electrical appliances and outlets should be clearly
marked to indicate their purpose and voltage.
17.2.7. When the layout of an installation cannot be clearly
distinguished, the circuits and appliances should be identified by
labels or other effective means.
17.2.8. Circuits and appliances carrying different voltages in
the same installation should be clearly distinguished by con-
spicuous means such as coloured markings.
Protection against excess voltage

17.2.9. Adequate precautions should be taken to preventinstal-
lations from receiving current at a higher voltage from other
installations.
164
Electricliy
Protection against lightning

17.2.10. Where necessary to prevent danger, installations
should be protected against lightning.
Signalling and telecommunication systems
17.2.11. Lines of signalling and telecommunication systems
should not be laid on the same supports as medium and high
voltage lines.
Protection against dfrect and indirect contact
17.2.12. Protection against excessive contact voltage in case
of direct or indirect contact should be provided in all kinds of
installations.
17.2.13. Taking into account the special requirements for any
given circumstances (e.g. damp or wet places, working in tubes or
tanks), the protection referred to in paragraph 17.2.12 may be
afforded by one or more of the following:
enclosure;
complete insulation (double insulation, reinforced insulation);
extra-low voltage;
safety isolation (safety isolating transformer);
earthing of the neutral;
isolated neutral;
earthing of the normally dead parts;
current-operated earth-leakage circuit-breakers (high sensitive
type);
(1) insulation control device.
17.2. 14. No bare conductors or other bare current-carrying
parts of equipment should be permitted unless adequate precau-
tions are taken to prevent direct or indirect contact, for example by
fencing or screening.
Enclosures, covers
17.2.15. Covers, protective mesh and housings should be made
of incombustible material, possess adequate mechanical strength
and be reliably secured.
165
17.2.16. The size of the openings of protective mesh or wire

netting should be determined in relation to the distance to the
nearest live parts.
17.2.17. It should not be possible to remove the enclosures of
current-carrying parts without the use of a special tool unless the
enclosure is interlocked.
Disconnection devices
17.2.18. A device that cuts off the current from all active con-
ductors should be provided for every construction site.
17.2.19. A readily accessible device for cutting off the current
from all active conductors should be provided in all circuits supply-
ing consuming appliances.
17.2.20. As far as practicable, installations should be control-
led by an appliance that automatically cuts off' the current when an
insulation defect occurs.
Lamps
17.2.21. Lamps and lamp fittings for general lighting should
be installed not less than 2.5 m (8 ft) above the ground or floor
wherever practicable. Lamps and lamp fittings which are within
reach should be protected by a strong cover glass.
17.2.22. Outdoor fittings should be waterproof.
Flameproof equipment
17.2.23. Only flameproof equipment and conductors should
be installed:
at storeplaces for explosives or flammable liquids; and
in explosive atmospheres.
Tunnels
17.2.24. Electrical installations in tunnels should comply with
the relevant requirements of this chapter and the requirements of
sections 32.8 and 32.9.
166
Electricity
Welding
17.2.25. Electrical welding installations should comply with
the relevant requirements of this chapter and the requirements of
section 28.2.
Notices
17.2.26. A notice or notices should be kept exhibited at
suitable places:
prohibiting unauthorised persons from entering electrical
equipment rooms;
prohibiting unauthorised persons from handling or interfering
with electrical apparatus;
containing directions as to procedure in case of fire;
containing directions as to the rescue of persons in contact
with live conductors and the restoration of persons suffering
from electric shock; and
specifying the person to be notified in case of electrical accident
or dangerous occurrence, and indicating how to communicate
with him.
17.2. 27. At all places where contact with or proximity to elec-
tric equipment can cause danger, suitable warnings should be placed.
Operation
17.2.28. Persons having to operate electrical equipment should
be fully instructed as to any possible dangers of the equipment
concerned.
17.3. Conductors
General provisions
17.3.1. All wiring should be supported on proper insulators,
and not looped over nails, brackets, etc.
17.3.2. Neutral, compensating and protective conductors
should be clearly distinguishable from other conductors.
167
17.3.3. Overhead lines should be carried on supports of ade-

quate strength and at a height that prevents contact with persons,
animals or equipment passing underneath.
17.3.4. Poles carrying electrical conductors or equipment
should be securely anchored in the ground or to any other base.
17.3.5. While conductors are being removed from poles, the
poles should be adequately guyed, so as to oppose one-sided pulls.
17.3.6. Outdoor conductors should be disconnectable by
means of switches, fuses or plug and socket connections.
17.3.7. Overhead power lines carrying 440 V or more should
have an adequate vertical clearance at places where they cross roads
and other traffic areas.
17.3.8. Power lines in dangerous proximity to blasting opera-
tions should be de-energised during the blasting.
17.3.9. Conductors installed less than 2.5 m (8 ft) above the
ground or floor should be fenced or enclosed in conduits of steel
or other resistant material in order to be protected against damage.
17.3.10. As far as practicable, temporary conductors should
not cross power lines, telephone lines or radio antennae.
17.3.11. Only conductors built to withstand rough treatment
(heavy duty conductors) should be laid on the ground and, if
necessary, they should be protected against damage from vehicles,
mechanical equipment, rough handling, etc.
17.3.12. High-voltage insulated cables, such as those for power
shovels and drag lines, should not be handled with the bare hands,
but with rubber gloves or insulated appliances.
Third-rail systems
17.3.13. Third rails for travelling cranes, power shovels, etc.
should be disconnectable.
17.3.14. If a number of machines are supplied from the same
rail, each machine should be disconnectable on all poles.
168
Electricity
17.3.15. If haulage machines are used with electric power

shovels supplied from a third rail, the third rail should be optside
the clearance gauge of the haulage machine.
17.3.16. Third-rail systems should be adequately protected so
that machine operators and other persons cannot come into con-
tact with the live rail.
Cable-reel haulage
17.3.17. Cables for cable-reel haulage should be equipped with
a limit switch to prevent over-extension of the cable from the reel.
17.3.18. Reels should be protected by adequate enclosures or
wire mesh fencing.
Flexible cables
17.3.19. If plug and socket connections are necessary for con-
necting cables to the mains, they should be:
properly paired; and
of adequate design.
17.3.20. Flexible cables for hand-held or portable apparatus
should:
contain an earthing conductor if the fed apparatus is protected
by earthing;
be protected against kinking by a steel spring, rubber tube or
other suitable device at the motor end; and
be relieved from mechanical strain at connections to terminals.
17.3.21. Hand-held apparatus and, where practicable, portable
apparatus should be supplied by a single flexible cable.
17.3.22. All flexible cables should be maintained in good
repair; they should not be joined except by means of appropriate
plugs and sockets.
17.3.23. The flexible cable should not be used to lift a portable
tool.
169
17.3.24. Flexible cables should not be left lying on surfaces

that re oily or wet with corrosive liquids, unless they are covered
with a suitably resistant material.
17.3.25. Flexible cables should be kept clear of loads, running
gear and moving equipment.
17.3.26. Heavy rubber-insulated flexible cables should be used
for extension lights for boilers, tanks and other places where they
may be subjected to rough handling, or moisture.
17.4. Electrical equipment

General provistons
17.4.1. Control appliances such as switches, fuses and circuit-
breakers should not be installed at places where there are explosives,
flammable liquids or flammable gases unless they are flameproof.
17.4.2. Motors, distribution apparatus and switchgear should
be protected against dripping and splashing water, particularly in
pump rooms.
17.4.3. Unauthorised persons should not have access to elec-
trical equipment rooms.
Transformers
17.4.4. Outdoor oil-filled transformers placed on the ground
should be installed:
at a place free from combustible materials; and
so sunk below ground level or enclosed that escaping oil
cannot spread.
17.4.5. As far as practicable, transformers on poles should be
at least 4.5 m (15 ft) above the ground.
17.4.6. Transformers on poles less than 4.5 m (15 ft) above the
ground should be adequately enclosed by fencing or other effective
means.
170
Electricity
Switchgear
17.4.7. As far as practicable, switchgear should be enclosed
by metal, plastic or other suitable material.
17.4.8. If open-type outdoor switchgear has to be used:
all live parts should be adequately protected against accidental
contact by guards or by elevation;
adequate working space should be provided around live parts;
and
the switchgear and associated transformers and other apparatus
should be adequately enclosed.
17.4.9. For control, instrument and protective relay circuits
not associated with power circuits, dead front switchboards should
be used.
Circuit-breakers
17.4.10. Circuit-breakers should be of adequate breaking and
making capacities to perform their normal function.
17.4.11. Circuit-breakers should have their essential charac-
teristics clearly marked on them.
17.4.12. Except in extra-low voltage circuits as defined in
section 17.1, the isolating device should act on all poles.
17.4.13. It should not be possible for circuit-breakers to be
opened or closed inadvertently by gravity or by mechanical impact.
Fuses
17.4.14. Fuses should bear clear markings indicating their
rated current, whether they are of the fast- or slow-breaking type
and, as far as practicable, their rated breaking capacity.
17.4.15. Effective protective measures should be taken to
ensure that persons removing or inserting fuses will not be endan-
gered, in particular by any adjacent live parts.
Switches
17.4.16. All switches should be of the enclosed safety type.
171
17.4.17. Switches should be so installed and earthed as to

prevent danger in their operation.
17.4.18. If switches can be closed by gravity they should be
provided with a lock by which they can be kept open.
Motors
17.4.19. All motors should be equipped with a switch.
17.4.20. When a motor can be cut off from more than one
place, where practicable, a stopping device should be provided in
the immediate vicinity of the motor.
17.4.21. Motors should be so installed as to ensure that they
can be adequately cooled.
17.4.22. Motors should be effectively protected against over-
current.
Connections
17.4.23. At points where conductors are joined, branched or
led into apparatus, they should be:
mechanically protected; and
properly and durably insulated.
17.4.24. Conductors should be joined, branched or led into
apparatus through junction boxes, sleeves, bushings, glands or equi-
valent connecting devices.
17.4.25. Junction boxes or plug-and-socket couplings should
be used for joining cables whenever practicable.
17.4.26. When parts of conductors are joined together, or
conductors are joined to one another or to apparatus, the attach-
ment should be made by screwing, clamping, soldering, riveting,
brazing, crimping or equivalent means.
17.4.27. Junction boxes and connectors should be protected
as far as possible against traffic, falls of ground, water and other
sources of damage.
172
Electricity
17.4.28. Whenever armoured cables are joined the junction

boxes should be bridged by a suitable conductive bond between the
armouring of the cables.
17.5. Transportable and portable electrical equipment

Hand-held and portable apparatus
17.5.1. The supply of electricity to hand-held apparatus should
be at a voltage not exceeding 250 V.
17.5.2. Hand-held and portable machines should be equipped
with a built-in switch.
17.5.3. Hand-held electrically operated tools should be pro-
vided with a built-in switch that will break the circuit automatically
when the tool is released by the hands.
17.5.4. Portable electric tools, unless flame-proof, should not
be used in flammable or explosive atmospheres.
Hand lamps
17.5.5. Hand lamps should be equipped with a strong cover
of glass or other transparent material.
17.5.6. Portable lampholders should have:
all current-carrying parts enclosed; and
an insulated handle.
17.6. Electric trolley haulage

Locomotives
17.6.1. Current collectors should be so constructed that:
they can be lowered safely and locked in the lowered position
from the locomotive driver's cab; and
live parts up to the collector shoe are protected against acci-
dental contact.
17.6.2. There should be a disconnecting device between the
current collector and the rest of the electrical equipment of the
locomotive.
173
17.6.3. In tunnels, an adequate emergency lighting system

should be provided in case of failure of the main, current.
17.6.4. Drivers of trolley locomotives should be protected
from contact with live conductors.
17.6.5. Controller handles should not be removable unless they
are in the "off" position.
17.6.6. Controls of the dead man type should be provided
where practicable.
17.6.7. Conductors and other electric parts on trolley loco-
motives should be protected against damage to their insulation
from oil, heat or other causes.
17.6.8. Electrical brake circuits which do not use the motor
current should:
not include an automatic circuit-breaking device;
be incapable of being made dead except by means of the
controllers; and
be incapable of being broken while the controller is in the
"off" position.
17.6.9. Electrical braking devices should in all cases be sup-
plemented by a powerful hand-brake which can be locked in
position.
17.6.10. Locomotives should be provided with fire extin-
guishers of a type which is safe for use on live parts.
Trolley lines and tracks
17.6.11. Bare conductors for trolley lines and feeders should
be so installed that they are protected as far as practicable against
breakage.
17.6.12. At any point where persons must pass under trolley
wires or bare feeders the lowest point of the wires or feeders should
be at a safe height above the top of the rails, taking into account
the height of persons and any article they may have to carry.
17.6.13. At any point where road vehicles must pass under
trolley wires or bare feeders, the lowest point of the wires or feeders
174
Electricity
should be a safe height above the top of the rails, taking into
account the size of vehicles.
17.6.14. Trolley wires and feeders should be:
fixed tb suitably spaced insulating devices; and
doubly insulated from the anchorage of the suspension device.
17.6.15. Trolley wires and feeders should be protected collec-
tively by an automatic circuit-breaker.
17.6.16. Sectionalising switches should be placed at suitable
intervals to permit trolley wires and feeders to be made dead as
required.
17.6.17. Tracks of trolley haulage systems should be effectively
bonded at every joint and cross bonded at suitable intervals if they
are used as return conductors.
17.7. Inspection, maintenance
17.7.1. AU electrical equipment should be inspected before it

is taken into use to ensure that it is suitable for its proposed use.
17.7.2. At the beginning of every shift every person using
electrical equipment should make a careful external examination
of the equipment and conductors for which he is responsible,
especially flexible cables.
17.7.3. Electrical conductors and equipment should only be
repaired by electricians.
17.7.4. As far as practicable no work should be done on live
conductors or equipment.
17.7.5. Before any work is begun on conductors or equipment
that does not have to remain live
the current should be switched off;
adequate precautions should be taken to prevent the current
from being switched on again;
the conductors or the equipment should be tested to ascertain
that they are dead;
175
the conductors and equipment should be earthed and short-

circuited; and
neighbouring live parts should be adequately protected against
accidental contact.
17.7.6. After work has been done on conductors and equip-
ment, the current should only be switched on again on the orders
of a competent person.
17.7.7. Electricians should be supplied with sufficient adequate
tools, and personal protective equipment such as rubber gloves,
mats and blankets.
17.7.8. All conductors and equipment should be considered
to be live unless there is certain proof of the contrary.
17.8. Work in the vicinity of electrical ins±allations

17.8.1. When work is to be done in the neighbourhood of
electrical conductors or installations, before it begins the employer
should ascertain the voltages carried so that persons and equipment
can be kept at a safe distance from the conductors or installations.
17.8.2. When any excavation is to be made or any borehole
sunk, the employer should ascertain whether there are any under-
ground conductors in, or in dangerous proximity to, the zone of
operations.
17.8.3. No work should be done in dangerous proximity to a
conductor or an installation until it has been made dead.
17.8.4. Before work begins, the electricity supply authority
should certify that the conductor or installation has been made
dead.
17.8.5. Before the current is restored, the employer should
ensure that no worker remains on the work site.
17.8.6. If a conductor or an installation in the neighbourhood
of which work is to be done cannot be made dead, special precau-
tions should be taken and special instructions given to the workers
so as to prevent danger.
176
Electricity
17.8.7. As far as practicable, the precautions referred to in

paragraph 17.8.6 should include adequately enclosing or fencing
live conductors and installations.
17.8.8. If mobile equipment has to be employed in the neigh-
bourhood of conductors or installations that cannot be made dead,
its movements should be so controlled as to keep it at a safe
distance from them.
177
18. Pressure plant
18.1. Steam boilers

18.1.1. Official regulations as regards the materials, design,
construction, inspection and testing of steam boilers should be
laid down.
18.1.2. Oniy competent persons should operate steam boilers.
18.1.3. Boiler feed water should be clean and free from foreign
substances.
18.1.4. Steam should not be allowed to leak from the water
column or its connections.
18.1.5. Boiler installations, especially gauges, should be well
lighted.
18.1.6. The maximum working pressure should be marked in
a distinctive colour on the pressure gauge.
18.1.7. The space around a boiler should be kept clear of
obstructions and rubbish.
18.1.8. Boilers should preferably not be installed out of doors
in cold countries.
18.1.9. Water should not be fed into a hot empty boiler.
18.1.10. If the water level is low the fire should be damped
down, the ash door closed and the fire doors left open.
18.1.11. If persistent foaming occurs the boiler should be
shut down.
18.1.12. Safety valves should operate freely at all times.
Water gauge glasses and water columns should be
18.1.13.
blown out at frequent intervals during each shift to make sure that
all connections are clear.
18.1.14. Blow-off cocks should be opened and closed slowly
so as to avoid water hammer.
178
Pressure plant
18.1.15. Boilers should be blown off into a sump or pit, or

other effective precautions should be taken to avoid scalding
persons.
18.1.16. Scale should not be allowed to accumulate in boilers.
18.1.17. High pressure steam boilers in operation should not
be left unattended.
18.1.18. All working parts of steam boilers such as valves,
cocks, injectors and pumps should be frequently inspected by the
operator.
18.1.19. Boilers should only be repaired by competent persons
after all pressure has been removed.
18.2. Compressors
Construction
18.2.1. Compressors should be provided with a plate or the
like indicating:
the year of construction;
the capacity per minute or hour;
the pressure in atm. gauge;
the number of revolutions per minute; and
the power.
18.2.2. Compressors should be equipped with:
automatic devices that will prevent the maximum safe dis-
charge pressure from being exceeded;
a quick-release valve; and
suitable arrangements for preventing contamination where
persons are working in confined spaces.
18.2.3. Stationary compressors should be installed on firm
foundations and firmly fastened in place.
18.2.4. All moving parts of compressors should be effectively
protected against accidental contact.
18.2.5. Compressors and their accessories should be protected
against liquid hammer.
179
18.2.6. Pressure gauges for high pressures should be so pro-

tected that no person can be injured if they burst.
18.2.7. Compressors in which explosive mixtures of gas may
form shouJd be protected against sparking.
18.2.8. Where compressor cylinders are equipped with water-
cooling jackets it should be possible to observe the water flow.
18.2.9. Intercoolers and aftercoolers should be able to with-
stand safely the maximum pressure in the air-discharge piping.
Air piping
18.2.10. Where necessary to prevent danger, air-discharge
piping of compressors should be provided with:
a fusible plug; and
insulating covers to protect workers against burns, and to
prevent fire risks.
Where necessary to prevent danger, an oil separator
18.2.11.
should be provided between the compressor and the air receiver.
18.2.12. Where stop valves are installed in air-discharge
piping:
they should be easily accessible for inspection and cleaning; and
one or more safety valves should be installed between the
compressor and the stop valve.
Steam and gas lines
18.2.13. Steam or gas lines to steam-driven or gas-driven
compressors should be provided with a manually operable throttle
valve in a readily accessible position.
18.2.14. The open and closed position of valves on steam and
gas lines and air-discharge piping should be clearly marked.
Steam piping
18.2.15. Temporary steam piping should be:
(a) securely supported;
180
Pressure plant
adequately insulated, screened or guarded at places where

workers could come into contact with it; and
clearly marked.
Operation
18.2.16. Compressors should only be operated by persons
fully instructed as to any possible dangers of the equipment.
18.2.17. On or near compressors instructions for their opera-
tion should be displayed.
18.2.18. Air supplied to compressors should be clean and free
from any explosive, flammable or toxic contaminants.
18.2.19. All working parts, including speed governors, safety
valves and oil separators should be inspected and, if necessary to
prevent danger, cleaned at suitable intervals.
18.2.20. Only a cleaning agent specified by the manufacturer
should be introduced into compressor cylinders and connected
piping.
18.2.21. Leaky valves should be promptly repaired or replaced.
18.2.22. Pipes should not be connected or disconnected while
there is any pressure in them unless specially equipped for this
purpose.
18.2.23. Care should be taken that lubricating oil does not
spread to coolers, receivers and other parts of the system where
it might cause danger.
18.2.24. Dangerous gases escaping from safety and other
valves should be led off safely.
18.3. Air receivers

18.3.1. Official regulations as regards the materials, design,
construction, inspection and testing of air receivers should be laid
down.
18.3.2. Air receivers should be equipped with:
(a) a safety valve;
181
a pressure gauge; and

a drain cock.
18.3.3. Air receivers should be provided with suitable open-
ings for inspection and cleaning.
18.3.4. Air receivers should be so installed as to be:
protected from the weather; and
accessible for thorough inspection.
18.3.5. Air receivers should be examined and tested at appro-
priate intervals by a competent person.
18.3.6. The maximum safe pressure should be marked in a
distinctive colour on the pressure gauge.
18.3.7. Where necessary to prevent danger, a pressure-reducing
valve or a stop valve, or both, should be inserted in the piping
between the air receiver and the compressor.
18.3.8. Between the receiver and each consuming appliance
there should be a stop valve.
18.3.9. Air receivers should be cleaned of oil, carbon and
other foreign substances at suitable intervals.
18.4. Gas cylinders

General provisions
18.4.1. Cylinders for compressed, dissolved or liquefied gases
should be properly constructed with sound material.
18.4.2. Cylinders for compressed, dissolved or liquefied gases
should be distinctively identified as to their contents, to ensure
the safety of the worker.
18.4.3. No gas cylinder should be used unless it is fitted with:
a high-pressure gauge;
a reducing valve with pressure regulator and safety relief
device; and
a low-pressure gauge.
182
Pressure plant
Inspection, testing
18.4.4. Gas cylinders should be inspected and tested by a
competent person:
before being taken into use foUr the first time;
before being taken into use after repairs; and
at suitable intervals.
Storage
18.4.5. Cylinders should be adequately protected against
excessive variations of temperature, direct rays of the sun, accu-
mulation of snow and continuous dampness.
18.4.6. Store rooms containing charged cylinders should be
conspicuously marked on the outside with suitable danger signs.
18.4.7. When stationary, all cylinders (whether loaded or
empty) should be maintained in an upright position.
18.4.8. Store rooms should be adequately ventilated.
18.4.9. No person should smoke in a cylinder store room.
18.4.10. Cylinders should be segregated for storage by type
of gas.
18.4.11. If necessary to prevent danger, there should be a fire-
resisting partition between cylinders of oxygen and cylinders of
acetylene or fuel gas.
18.4.12. Except when in use, cylinders containing combustible
gases should not be kept in rooms where welding or cutting work
is being done, and oxygen cylinders should be kept separated from
all other cylinders.
18.4.13. Empty cylinders should be kept apart from charged
cylinders.
18.4.14. Leaky cylinders charged with acetylene or liquefied
fuel gas should be taken into the open air at a safe distance from
any open flame or sparks.
183
18.4.15. Cylinders should be kept at a safe distance from:

electrical conductors such as third rails, trolley wires and
lightning conductors; and
all operations which produce flames, sparks or molten metal
or cause excessive heating of the cylinders.
18.4.16. When gas cylinders are stored inside buildings:
the number of cylinders should be as small as practicable;
the cylinders should be stored in rooms with fire-resisting
walls;
the cylinders should be kept at a safe distance from flammable
substances, radiators and other sources of heat; and
the cylinders should be secured against falling and rolling.
18.4.17. Cylinders of heavy petroleum gases should not be
stored underground except when it is absolutely unavoidable.
18.4.18. Valve protection caps should always be in place
when cylinders are not in use or not connected for use.
18.4.19. No tools or other objects should be placed on the
top of a gas cylinder.
Handl!ng
18.4.20. Cylinders should not be knocked, dropped or rolled
in handling, or otherwise subjected to violent shocks.
18.4.21. The valves of cylinders should not be opened by
hammering or other violent means and should always be opened
slowly.
18.4.22. Acetylene cylinders should be opened slowly with
a special tool which should be left on the stem so that the valve
can be closed quickly in an emergency.
18.4.23. If cylinders charged with liquefied gases are heated
for emptying, this should be done with a water jacket and not
with an open flame.
18.4.24. The valves of cylinders should be closed immediately
after emptying.
184
Pressure plant
18.4.25. Oxygen cylinders should not be allowed to come

into contact with oil or grease.
18.4.26. Oxygen under pressure should not be allowed to
come into contact with oily or greasy surfaces such as clothes or
containers.
Transport
18.4.27. Suitably designed equipment should be used for
transporting gas cylinders on construction sites.
18.4.28. When cylinders are moved by a hoisting mechanism,
a properly designed cradle or the like should be used.
18.4.29. Cylinders should not be hoisted by slings, hooks
or magnets.
Use of gas
18.4.30. Gas welding and cutting should be done in accord-
ance with the requirements of section 28.1.
18.5. Acetylene generators

18.5.1. Official regulations should be laid down for acetylene
generators.'
When no regulations exist, acetylene generators should comply with the

relevant requirements of the Model Code of Safety Regulations for Industrial
Establishments issued by the International Labour Office.
185
19 Floating operafionalequipment

19.1.1. The following provisions apply to all floating opera-
tional equipment and all land equipment which is used on water.
19.1.2. Gangways, pontoons, bridges, footbridges and other
walkways or workplaces over water should:
possess adequate strength, stability and buoyancy;
be sjfficiently wide to allow safe movement of workers;
have level surfaces free from protruding knots, bark, nails,
bolts and other tripping hazards;
if necessary to prevent danger, be boarded over;
if necessary to prevent danger, be adequately lighted when
natural lighting is insufficient;
be provided at appropriate points with sufficient lifebuoys,
lifelines and other life-saving equipment;
where practicable and necessary to prevent danger, be provided
with toe-boards, guard-rails, hand ropes or the like;
be kept clear of tackle, tools and other obstructions; and
(1) be strewn with sand, ashes or the like when made slippery
by ice.
19.1.3. Floating structures should, if necessary to ensure
protection, be provided with shelters.
19.1.4. Floating structures accommodating machinery should
be provided with fencing or guard-rails and toe-boards on all
sides.
19.1.5. Floating operational equipment should be provided
with sufficient and suitable rescue equipment such as lifelines,
gaffs and ring buoys.
19.1.6. Ring buoys should always be kept readily accessible
on the deck of floating operational equipment.
186
Floating operational equipment
19.1.7. Where rafts are used, they should:

be strong enough to support safely the maximum loads that
they will have to carry;
be securely moored; and
have safe means of access.
19.1.8. Decks of floating equipment should as far as prac-
ticable be enclosed by guard-rails and toe-boards complying
with the requirements in paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
19.1.9. Iron decks should be studded or have some other
type of non-slip surface.
19.1.10. The steersman of floating operational equipment
should have an unobstructed view.
19.1.11. Floating operational equipment, including boats,
should not be overloaded.
19.1.12. Unauthorised persons should not be allowed on
any floating structure.
19.1.13. Ice should not be allowed to accumulate on any
floating operational equipment.
19.1.14. Slippery surfaces should be made safe where neces-
sary.
19.1.15. As far as practicable, deck openings for buckets
should be fenced.
19.1.16. For crossing deck openings, gangways complying
with the requirements of section 3.3 should be provided.
19.1.17. A safe walkway should be provided on all floating
pipelines.
19.1.18. No person should enter a hydraulic dredge gear
room without first informing the leverman and without being
accompanied by a second person.
19.1.19. Hoist lines, drag lines, buckets, cutter heads and
bridles should be inspected daily.
19.1.20. Before dredging operations begin, the position of
187
underwater equipment such as cables and pipelines should be

ascertained.
19.1.21. Where anchors are used, adequate means should be
provided to raise or lower them.
19.1.22. Workers should be embarked and disembarked
only at suitable and safe landing places.
19.2. Boats
19.2.1. Boats used to transport workers by water should
comply with requirements which should be laid down by the
19.2.2. Boats used to transport workers should be manned
by an adequate and experienced crew.
19.2.3. The maximum number of persons transported in a
boat should not be greater than safety allows and this number
should be displayed in a conspicuous place.
19.2.4. On boats, suitable and adequate life-saving appliances
should be provided and properly placed and maintained.
19.2.5. Tow-boats should have a device by which the tow-
rope can be quickly released.
19.2.6. Power-driven boats should carry suitable fire extin-
guishers.
19.2.7. Row-boats should carry a spare set of oars.
188
20. Silos
20.1. Construction and equipment of silos

General provisions
20.1.1. Silos should:
be erected on adequate foundations; and
withstand the stresses to which they will be subjected without
any deformation of walls, floors or other load-bearing parts.
20.1.2. Lanes for trackless vehicles that drive under the
discharge openings or appliances should allow an adequate
clearance between the vehicles and the silo.
20.1.3. Traffic lanes under silos should be clearly and durably
marked with the maximum width and height of vehicles allowed
to use them.
20.1.4. All places in silos to which workers have to go should
be provided with safe means of access such as stairs, fixed ladders,
columns of iron rungs, gangways, boatswain's chairs or hoists
complying with the relevant requirements of this Code.
20.1.5. Inside silos there should be no structure or projection
that hinders the flow of material.
20.1.6. Facilities should be provided to enable the quantity
of material in the silo to be assessed without entering the silo.
20.1.7. In closed parts of silos, only heating appliances with
no open flames should be used.
20.1.8. If silos have electric lighting the switches and sockets
should be outside near the entrances.
20.1.9. On silos, notices should be conspicuously displayed:
containing details of the requirements for entry contained
in paragraph 20.2.2; and
calling attention to the danger of sinking in fine materials.
189
Filling arrangements
20.1.10. Filling openings on the tops of silos should be so
protected by grids or other effective means that no person can
fall in.
20.1.11. If the silo is filled by grabs, the top gangways and
platforms should be 1 m (3 ft 3 in) below the edge.
Blockages
20.1.12. If the material in the silo is liable to cause a blockage,
agitators, compressed air or other mechanical devices should be
preferably provided for clearing it. Equipment such as poles,
long-handled tools, rammers or scraper chains should also be
available for emergency use.
20.1.13. If equipment for clearing the silo has to be used
from the top, gangways or platforms complying with the require-
ments of sections 3.2 or 3.3 should be provided.
20.1.14. Entrances in the side walls for clearing blockages and
located higher than 1.5 m (5 ft) above the bottom should be provided
with a platform complying with the requirements of section 3.2.
Dangerous contents
20.1.15. All silos should be adequately ventilated; the ven-
tilation should take into account any gases which may be pro-
duced.
20.1.16. Ventilation openings should be protected against
freezing, rain and snow.
20.1.17. Silos for slaked lime should be equipped with a
pressure release device.
20.1.18. Silos for material liable to spontaneous combustion
should be provided with fire-extinguishing equipment.
20.1.19. Silos for harmful dusty material should:
be dust-tight;
have air-tight filling arrangements; and
be provided with dust-exhaust equipment at discharge points.
190
Silos
20.1.20. When workers are required to work at bag-dumping

positions:
suitable respirators should be provided and used; and
the pit or other opening should be covered by a grating.
20.1.21. In silos in which explosive mixtures of gases or dusts
are liable to form:
all electrical equipment including hand lamps should be
flameproof;
only non-sparking tools should be used; and
explosion vents should be provided in the walls.
Discharge arrangements
20.1.22. If the discharge is automatic, the sloping floor and
the sides of the hopper should be steeper than the angle of repose
of the material.
20.1.23. If the silo has a level floor there should be a suffi-
cient number of discharge openings or appliances.
20.1.24. Discharge openings in the side walls of silos should
be provided on the inside with a ledge that prevents dangerous
quantities of the material from falling on to workers employed
at the opening.
20.1.25. Controls of gates closing discharge openings should:
be easy to operate;
be installed in a safe place from which the discharge can be
watched; and
if necessary to prevent danger, be capable of locking the gates
closed.
20.2. Operation of silos

20.2.1. Entrances of silos should be kept closed and locked.
20.2.2. No worker should enter a silo unless:
(a) the discharge opening is closed and secured against opening
and ifiling is stopped;
lgt
he is duly authorised to do so;

he is under constant surveillance by another authorised
person; and
he wears a safety belt with a lifeline securely attached to
a fixed object and complying with the requirements of Chap-
ter 36.
20.2.3. Rope ladders should not be used in silos.
20.2.4. Blockages in silos should be cleared from above
rather than from the discharge openings.
20.2.5. If silos have to be entered to clear blockages:
only competent persons should be employed;
no material should be put into or taken out of the silo while
any person is inside; and
if necessary to prevent danger, persons entering the silo
should be equipped with a suitable respirator.
20.2.6. Silos should not be entered through the discharge
openings unless the silos are quite empty.
20.2.7. If repair work has to be done on silos that are not
quite empty, working platforms complying with the requirements
of section 3.2 should be provided or other suitable precautions
should be taken to provide a safe working place.
192
21. Dangerous substances and radiations

2111 Harmful atmospheric contaminants such as dusts,
fibres, fumes, gases and mists should be rendered harmless as near
their point of origin as practicable by removal, suppression or
21.1.2. When harmful atmospheric contaminants cannot be
rendered harmless, workers exposed to them should be provided
with respiratory protective equipment complying with the relevant
21.1.3. Where necessary to prevent danger, the atmosphere
of workplaces should be tested for harmful contaminants at
suitable intervals by a competent person.
Confined spaces
21.1.4. No person should enter a confined space such as a
room, pit, shaft, sewer or tank in which it is reasonable to expect
that toxic, asphyxiating, flammable or other dangerous gases may
be present or may accumulate, or oxygen may be deficient, unless:
the atmosphere has been found to be safe after a suitable test
and such tests are repeated at suitable intervals; and
adequate ventilation is provided.
21.1.5. If the conditions in the preceding paragraph cannot
conveniently be fuffilled, persons may enter such spaces for
prescribed periods using a hose mask or self-contained breathing
device.
21.1.6. While a worker is in a confined space:
adequate facilities should be readily available for rescuing
him;
an attendant or attendants should be stationed at or near the
opening; and
193
suitable means of communication should be maintained

between the worker and the attendant or attendants.
Air-cleaning equipment
21.1,7. Air-cleaning equipment should be so placed that:
collected contaminants can be removed from it without
causing danger; and
it can be serviced and repaired without causing danger by
recontamination of the atmosphere.
21.1.8. Atmospheric contaminants removed by exhaust sys-
tems should not be discharged so that they can recontaminate the
atmosphere of workplaces.
Containers
21.1.9. Containers in which there are dangerous substances
should be:
plainly marked to indicate the contents and their dangerous
nature; and
carry or be accompanied by instructions for safely handling
the contents.
21.2. Highly combustible materials

General provisions
21.2.1. Highly combustible solids and flammable liquids
should only be stored in locked storeplaces that are not occupied
by persons.
21.2.2. Fire-protection measures should be taken at store-
places for combustible and flammable materials in conformity
with the requirements of section 2.4.
Flammable liquids
21.2.3. Buildings or structures for the storage of flammable
liquids should be adequately vented.
194
Dangerous substances and radiations
21.2.4. Buildings or structures for the storage of flammable

liquids in bulk should:
be surrounded by a watertight wall or bank, or by a pit, such
that all the liquid stored could be retained if it escaped; or
be so constructed that no liquid could escape as the result of
a fire or other occurrence.
21.2.5. When not stored in bulk, flammable liquids should be
kept in containers that:
are tightly closed;
are fireproof and unbreakable; and
are labelled to indicate their contents.
21.2.6. When flammable liquids are transferred from one bulk
container to another, the two containers should be electrically
bonded and earthed so as to prevent danger from static electricity.
21.2.7. During long periods of disuse, or before storage, all
containers that have held flammable liquids should be rendered
free from any residual flammable contents.
21.2.8. Proper precautions should be taken, including the
thorough cleansing of flammable materials from containers,
before any heat is applied, and any repairs should be carried out
in the open and outside any buildings.
21.2.9. Petrol (gasoline) should not be used for removing
grease or other substances from equipment, materials or the body.
Gases, vapours, dusts

21.2.10. In enclosed spaces in which flammable gases, vapours
or dusts can cause danger:
there should be no lighting equipment, including hand
torches, that is not flame-proof;
there should be no open fire or flame;
adequate ventilation should be provided; and
no person should smoke.
105
Explosives
21.2.11. Commercial explosives should be handled in com-
pliance with the requirements of Chapter 22.
Bituminous substances
21.2.12. When hot asphalt, tar or other bituminous materials
are used, the requirements of section 15.5 and section 29.7 should
be complied with.
Laying floors, etc.
21.2.13. When flammable substances are used for laying
floors, facing walls, etc., the requirements of section 29.9 should
be complied with.
21.3. Toxic arid irritant substances

21.3.1. Workers exposed to toxic or irritant substances should
be provided with personal protective equipment (including cloth-
ing and respirators) if necessary to prevent danger.
21.3.2. Working protective equipment should be:
cleaned, and if necessary to prevent danger, sterilised at
suitable intervals; and
maintained in good repair.
21.3.3. If necessary to prevent danger, working clothing and
coverings should not be removed from the work site by the users.
21.3.4. Where necessary, personal protective equipment and
coverings should be removed before the wearer partakes of any
food.
21.3.5. All workers exposed to toxic substances should
thoroughly wash the hands and face before partaking of any food
or, where necessary, before leaving the work site.
21.3.6. Workers exposed to toxic or irritant substances
should promptly report any physical complaints to the medical
service, first-aid post or a supervisor.
195
Dangerous substances and radiations
21.3.7. Persons with open wounds should not handle toxic or

corrosive substances.
21.3.8. For drawing off acids from containers, siphons,
tipping appliances or other suitable devices should be used.
21.3.9. Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic
or irritant substances may exist should be provided with notices
or signs:
naming the substance involved; and
indicating the type of respiratory equipment to be worn.
21.3.10. When wood preservatives are used the requirements
of section 29.8 should be complied with.
21.3.11. When materials containing asbestos, glass wool,
glass fibres, mineral wool, silica dust or the like are used, the
requirements of section 29.10 should be complied with.
21.4. lonising radiations and laser radiations

21.4.1. Official reguiations should be laid down for operation
on the site, storage, handling and use of radioactive substances or
apparatus generating ionising radiations or laser radiations.
21.4.2. Where official regulations do not exist, radioactive
materials and devices should only be handled, used or stored under
the guidance of an expert.
197
22. Transport, storage and handling of
explosives

22.1.1. Only competent persons specially authorised for the
purpose should handle or use explosives.
22.1.2. Deteriorated or greasy explosives should not be used.
22.1.3. All explosives issued from a magazine should be
accounted for, and unused explosives should be returned to the
same magazine on the completion of the operation for which they
were drawn.
22.1.4. Workers storing, transporting or otherwise handling
explosives should not smoke or carry open lights.
22.2. Transport of explosives

General provisions
22.2.1. Road and rail vehicles used to transport explosives
should:
be in good condition and running order;
have a tight wooden or non-sparking metal floor;
have sides and ends high enough to prevent the explosives
from falling out;
in the case of road vehicles, carry at least two suitable fire
extinguishers; and
be plainly marked by a red flag, lettering or otherwise to
indicate that they are carrying explosives.
22.2.2. Explosives being transported in vehicles should:
(a) not be transported together with metal, flammable or corrosive
substances;
190
Transport, storage and handling of explosives
not be allowed to come into contact with sparking metal; and

be effectively separated from any detonators carried in the
same vehicle.
22.2.3. Persons travelling on vehicles transporting explosives
should not smoke or have open flames or lights.
22.2.4. Unauthorised persons should not travel on vehicles
transporting explosives.
Containers
22.2.5. Explosives and detonators should be transported
from the magazine to the workplace in their original containers
separately or in special closed containers of non-sparking material.
22.2.6. Different types of explosive should not be transported
in the same container.
22.2.7. Containers should be marked to show the type of
explosive kept in them.
Trains
22.2.8. When a train transports explosives, only workers in
charge of the transport should travel in it.
22.2.9. When a train transports both explosives and detona-
tors, they should be placed in different vehicles or be separated by
equivalent means.
22.2.10. No worker should travel in a vehicle transporting
detonators.
Road vehicles
22.2.11. Road vehicles without springs should not be used
for transporting explosives.
22.2.12. Road vehicles transporting explosives should not be
left unattended.
22.2. 13. Explosives should not be transported in trailers;
when explosives are transported in semi-trailer trucks the trailer
should be equipped with safety chains.
199
22,2.14. Road vehicles carrying explosives should come to

a full stop before crossing unprotected railway tracks or entering
or crossing intersecting roads.
22.2.15. When refuelling road vehicles carrying explosives,
adequate precautions should be taken against lire.
Boats
22.2.16. Boats used to transport explosives should be plainly
marked by a red flag, lettering or otherwise, to indicate that they
are carrying explosives.
22.3. Storage of explosives

General provisions
22.3.1. Explosives should be permanently stored only in
magazines which should:
be at a safe distance from occupied buildings or areas;
be substantially constructed, bullet-proof and fire-resistant;
be clean, dry, well ventilated and cool; and
be kept securely locked.
22.3.2. Only flame-proof electric lighting equipment should
be allowed in explosives magazines.
22.3.3. Explosives should not be stored together with deto-
nators or any primed explosives.
22.3.4. No flammable substances or sparking metal objects
should be stored or used in explosives magazines.
22.3.5. In explosives magazines or in a restricted and clearly
marked zone around them:
there should be no smoking, matches, open lights or open
flames;
no firearms should be discharged; and
no flammable debris such as grass, leaves or brushwood should
be allowed to accumulate.
200
22.3.6. If nitroglycerin has leaked from deteriorated explosives

in a magazine, the floor should be thoroughly washed with an
agent approved by the manufacturer.
22.3.7. Only persons authorised to handle explosives should
have the keys of magazines.
22.3.8. Explosives magazines should not be opened during or
on the approach of an electrical storm.
22.3.9. Where necessary to protect explosives against white
ants and vermin:
boxes of explosives should be stacked on trestles;
wooden trestles should stand in termite-resistant containers
filled with water; and
openings in magazines, such as ventiiators, should be provided
with protection against the entrance of squirrels, rodents,
snakes, etc.
Temporary storage
22.3.10. If quantities of explosives and detonators have to
be provisionally stored outside the main magazine special accom-
modation should be provided, such as a special room, a portable
magazine or a suitable container.
22.3.11. Temporary store rooms for explosives should have
no fireplace or flue.
22.3.12. In temporary store rooms for explosives:
nothing but explosives or detonators should be stored; and
explosives should be kept separate from detonators.
22.3.13. Only one type of explosive should be kept in a tem-
porary container.
22.3.14. Temporary magazines of explosives should be at a
safe distance from living and work rooms and blasting operations.
22.3.15. Temporary containers for powder explosives should
have no metal parts inside.
22.3.16. Temporary store rooms and cases for explosives
should be kept locked when not in use.
201
22.3.17. Only persons authorised to handle explosives should

have the keys of temporary store rooms or cases for explosives.
22.4. Handling of explosives

22.4.1. Containers of explosives should not be opened with
sparking tools, provided that metal slitters may be used to open
cartons or similar containers.
22.4.2. Explosives should be kept away from open flames,
sparks and excessive heat.
22.4.3. Explosives should be protected from impact.
22.4.4. Explosives and detonators should be kept in their
containers when not in use.
22.4.5. Containers of explosives should be kept closed when
not in use.
22.4.6. Explosives should not be carried in pockets or else-
where on the person.
22.4.7. Cartridges and primers should not be made up in
magazines or near large quantities of explosives.
22.4.8. Detonators should not be treated roughly or tampered
with.
22.4.9. As soon as the approach of an electrical storm is
detected, all workers should be removed from the area where
explosives are stored or are in use.
22.4.10. Frozen explosives should not be broken, rubbed, cut,
squeezed, struck or otherwise roughly treated.
22.4.11. The thawing of frozen explosives should only be
carried out under the guidance of a specialist in accordance with
the following requirements:
frozen explosives should be thawed in a water jacket contain-
ing warm water, not hotter than 50 °C;
the explosive should not come into contact with the water;
thawing should be carried out at a safe distance from fireplaces,
stoves, steam pipes, boilers and other sources of heat; and
202
(d) all workers not employed on thawing should keep at a safe

distance.
22.4.12. Frozen primed cartridges should not be thawed but
destroyed.
22.4.13. If black-powder cartridges are made up on the con-
struction site this should be done in an isolated place away from all
magazines, at a safe distance from sources of heat or sparking,
with non-sparking appliances and in daylight.
22.4.14. Black powder should be prevented from spreading
over the ground or on clothes.
22.5. Disposal of explosives

22.5.1. No explosives should be left lying about without
supervision.
22.5.2. Explosives should not be destroyed except in conform-
ity with the manufacturers' instructions.
22.5.3. No material used in the wrapping or packing of explo-
sives should be burned in a stove, fireplace or other confined
space.
22.5.4. No person should remain within 30 m (100 ft) of a
fire in which wrapping or packing material is burned.
203
23 Blasting
23.1.1. Blasting caps, safety fuses, wiring and other blasting

equipment should conform to specifications to be laid down in
national or other official regulations or standards.
23.1.2. Dynamite should not be removed from its original
wrapper until it is being loaded into boreholes.
23.1.3. Detonating fuses, electric blasting caps or caps
properly crimped to safety fuse may be used in wet boreholes.
23.1.4. Detonating fuses or electric blasting caps should be
used in underwater blasting.
23.1.5. Underwater blasting operations should comply with
the requirements of paragraphs 34.4.17 to 34.4.30.
23.1.6. As far as practicable, blasting should be done off shift
or during breaks in the work.
23.1.7. As far as practicable, blasting above ground should be
done in daylight.
23.1.8. If blasting above ground has to be done in the dark,
roadways and pathways should be adequately lighted by artificial
light.
23.1.9. If blasting can endanger workers in another under-
taking:
blasting times should be agreed between the two undertakings;
and
no shot should be fired until a warning has been given to the
other undertaking and acknowledged by it.
23.1.10. Loaded boreholes should not be left unattended after
the end of the shift.
23.1.11. Arrangements should be made for advanced warning
to be given of the approach of any electrical storms.
204
Blasting
23.1.12. When an electrical storm is approaching, all work

with explosives should be stopped and all workers should be moved
from any area where explosives are in use.
23.1.13. Suitable and sufficient means of egress to ground
level should be provided in all shafts, boreholes, excavations,
trenches, and all other places where explosives are handled above
or below ground level.
23.1.14. At an. appropriate time before the final blasting
warning, workers in the area should be removed to a designated
safe place.
23.1.15. An unmistakable, audible, final warning should be
sounded one minute prior to the detonation of explosives; after
completion, when the person in charge has established that safe
conditions prevail, an "all clear" should be sounded.
23.1.16. To prevent persons entering any danger zone during
blasting operations:
look-outs should be posted around the area of operations;
warning flags should be flown; and
conspicuous notices should be posted at points around the
area of operations.
23.1.17. Notices referred to in paragraph 23.1.16 should
indicate:
that explosives are in use;
the audible warning sound and the "all clear", and state when
they will be sounded; and
the warning flags in use, including an "all clear" flag.
23.2. Drilling and loading boreholes

23.2.1. Before a borehole is loaded all workers not employed
in the blasting operation should withdraw to a safe place.
23.2.2. No smoking or open flame should be allowed in the
loading area.
205
23.2.3. In underground blasting, the charge of explosive should

consist of:
a single cartridge, or
a row of cartridges all in contact with one another or with a
detonating fuse.
23.2.4,. In underground blasting:
charges should only be fired with one primed cartridge and
one detonator; and
the detonator should be at one of the ends of the charge.
23.2.5. Blasting caps should be crimped by an appliance
authorised for use in mines or otherwise approved by the competent
authority.
23.2.6. Blasting caps should not be crimped by biting.
23.2.7. When black-powder cartridges are fired with fuse the
cartridge attached to the fuse should be the last to be loaded.
23.2.8. Boreholes should be checked with a wooden tamping
bar or similar device to ensure that they are safe for the insertion
of the charge.
23.2.9. When boreholes have been drilled or sprung they should
not be loaded unless:
they have cooled sufficiently;
they are free of hot metal, or burning or smouldering material;
and
they have been cleaned by being blown out with compressed
air or by other effective means.
23.2.10. Blow pipes for cleaning out holes should be of non-
sparking material.
23.2.11. Boreholes should be large enough throughout their
length to enable cartridges to be inserted easily.
23.2.12. Boreholes should not be drilled into other boreholes,
misfires or sockets.
23.2.13. Boreholes should not be sprung near other boreholes
if they are loaded.
206
Blasting
23.2.14. No borehole that has previously contained explosives

should be deepened.
23.2.15. When blasting in the presence of water or acid, a
plastic-type safety fuse or, if available, a tape-covered fuse
should be used.
23.2,16. Explosives should not be forced into boreholes.
23.2.17. Detonators should not be forced into dynamite.
23.2.18. Primers should not be handled roughly, slit or
deformed.
23.2.19. Loose powder should be loaded into the borehole
with a funnel, provided that the funnel is made of non-sparking
material.
23.2.20. As soon as a borehole is loaded, the blastershould
remove surplus explosive and detonators to the store place.
23.2.21. With delayed-action detonators the primed cartridge
should be placed at the bottom of the borehole.
23.2.22. Except in the case of a misfire a loaded hole should
not be untamped or unloaded.
23.2.23. When sticks or other devices are usedto load a borehok
they should be of wood or other suitable non-sparking material.
23.3. Tamping
23.3.1. Tamping material should not contain any hard ingredi-
ents such as stones.
23.3.2. Tamping bars should be of wood or other suitable non-
sparking material.
23.3.3. Charges should be tamped gently.
23.3.4. Primers should not be rammed.
23.3.5. Boreholes should be tamped with an adequate thick-
ness of sand, earth, clay or other suitable incombustible material.
23.3.6. Care should be taken not to kink or damage fuses or
detonator wires when tamping.
207
23.4. Firing: genera] provisions

23.4.1. Shots should not be fired unless:
adequate warning has been given to all persons who might be
endangered and they have taken shelter;
all surplus explosives are in a safe place; and
if a number of persons are present, an agreed signal has been
given by the person in charge.
23.4.2. Persons should be prevented from entering the firing
area.
23.4.3. All shots should be fired as soon as practicable after
loading.
23.4.4. All shots that could affect one another should be fired
together, or in quick succession.
23.4.5. All shots in the same round should be fired together,
provided that this does not preclude delayed blasting.
23.4.6. When necessary to prevent danger, the surface to be
blasted should be covered by a blasting mat, mattress, sandbags,
fascines or other suitable means to arrest flying fragments.
23.4.7. Only electric igniters or detonating fuse should be used
in boreholes over 3 m (10 ft) deep.
23.5. Firing with fuse

23.5.1. The covering of fuse should be protected against
damage.
23.5.2. In cold weather precautions should be taken to avoid
cracking the waterproofing of the fuse.
23.5.3. Fuses should be long enough to enable the person
firing to reach a place of safety.
23.5.4. To ensure that the end of the fuse is dry a short piece
should be cut off.
23.5.5. Inserted fuses should not be twisted.
208
Blasting
23.5.6. In underground operations fuses should only be lit

with fuse-lighters specially designed for the purpose.
23.5.7. Explosives should not be held in the hand while fuses
are being lit.
23.5.8. Fuses for firing powder explosives in boreholes should
not glow or emit sparks.
23.5.9. The time element determined by the length of the fuse
should not be interfered with in any manner, and the burning
rate of fuses should not be artificially regulated.
23.5.10. At the time of ignition, the fuse should be free of
loops.
23.6. Firing with electricity

23.6.1. Only electric firing devices approved by the competent
authority should be used for electric blasting.
23.6.2. Blasting conductors should not be used for any other
purpose.
23.6.3. Blasting conductors should not be laid in the same
conduit as other conductors.
23.6.4. Detonator wires should not be uncoiled or shots fired
by electric igniters:
during dust storms, electric storms or in the presence of other
sources of large charges of static electricity; or
in the vicinity of radio-frequency transmitters.
23.6.5. Shots should not be fired with electricity when there is
danger from stray currents.
23.6.6. The firing circuit should be kept completely insulated
from the ground, other conductors, such as bare wires, rails and
pipes, and paths of stray currents.
23.6.7. Before a round is fired the firing circuit should be
tested for continuity and resistance.
209
23.6.8. If an electrical firing circuit has been found by test to

be defective, it should not be used unless it can be safely and
effectively repaired.
23.6.9. Attempts should not be made to fire rounds of shots
with less current than that specified by the manufacturer.
23.6.10. All wire ends to be connected should be bright and
clean.
23.6.11. Electric blasting cap wires should be kept disconnect-
ed from the power source and short-circuited until the moment of
firing.
23.6.12. Only electric blasting caps of the same manufacture
should be used in firing one circuit.
23.6.13. When firing by electricity from the mains:
the voltage should not exceed 250 V;
the firing circuit should not carry current for any other purpose;
the firing circuit should not cross any other live conductors;
the firing circuit should include an operating switch inter-
locked with a safety switch; and
both switches should be of the locking, double pole, double
throw type.
23.6.14. All radio transmissions should be restricted when
firing with electricity.
23.7. After firing

23.7.1. No person should return to the firing area until the
responsible person has given a clear signal indicating that:
the smoke and fumes have dispersed; and
the blaster has carefully examined it for misfires, partly explod-
ed shots, unused explosives and other sources of danger, and
found it safe.
23.7.2. After a blast has been fired by electricity from the mains:
the operating switch and the safety switch should be locked;
the blaster should keep the firing keys.
210
Blasting
23.7.3. After a blast has been fired, loose pieces of rock should
be scaled from the firing area.
23.7.4. When firing with fuses, if a misfire has occurred or is
suspected no person should return to the firing area for at least one
hour or such period of time left to the discretion of the responsible
person authorised to give the signal to workers to return to the
firing area.
23.7.5. Where a misfire has occurred the unexploded charge
should be blown out by a shot in a parallel borehole.
23.7.6. If a misfire occurs in a well hole the blaster should
decide whether to insert a fresh charge, remove the tamping, or
take other measures to prevent danger.
23.8. Blasting with liquid oxygen

23.8.1. Liquid oxygen should only be used as an explosive by
workers who are familiar with its use and in accordance with
instructions drawn up by the employer.
23.8.2. Liquid-oxygen cartridges should be of a type approved
by the competent authority.
23.8.3. Instructions should be drawn up by the employer in
order to:
limit the total amount of liquid oxygen allowed on the work-
site;
specify the minimum distance that any liquid oxygen must be
kept from the firing area;
specify the maximum amount of liquid oxygen to be put into
any one cartridge;
specify the maximum weight of charged cartridges to be
carried by any one worker; and
specify the conditions in which containers of liquid oxygen
may be emptied.
23.8.4. Absorbent cartridges should not be made underground.
211
23.8.5. Gloves and clothes of workers handling cartridges

should not be used for any other work, and should be kept free
from grease.
23.8.6. Liquid oxygen should only be kept and transported in
special containers not used for any other purpose.
23.8.7. Vehicles transporting liquid oxygen should not at the
same time transport workers, explosives, detonators and other
ignition devices, combustible materials, or greasy materials.
23.8.8. If a truck transporting liquid oxygen is attached to a
train transporting workers it should not be placed next to a truck
transporting workers.
23.8.9. Near containers of liquid oxygen no person should
smoke, have an open light or handle calcium carbide or greasy
objects or materials.
23.8.10. At the end of the work day containers of liquid oxy-
gen should be emptied in accordance with instructions given by a
competent person.
23.8.11. Made-up absorbent cartridges should only be impreg-
nated in the firing area and when they are required for use.
23.8.12. Cartridges attached to fuses should not be impreg-
nated.
23.8.13. For blasting with liquid oxygen, only special fuses
should be used that do not burn faster in oxygen.
23.8.14. When blasting with fuse, the primed cartridge should
be next to the tamping.
23.8.15. No blasting should be done with any cartridge whose
useful life has finished.
23.8.16. No worker should return to the firing area for at
least one hour after a blast:
when relays have been used;
when a large round has been fired; and
when it has not been possible to hear all the shots distinctly.
212
Blasting
23.9. Well-hole blasting

23.9.1. Blasting of well-holes should be governed by instruc-
tions issued by the employer.
23.9.2. If cartridge explosives are used:
the hole should afford sufficient clearance to prevent cartridges
from jamming;
the cartridges should have a strong envelope;
for explosives sensitives to damp, the envelope should be
waterproof; and
only cartridges of explosives authorised for the purpose by the
competent authority should be dropped freely into well-holes.
23.9.3. If liquid oxygen is used:
the cartridges should be of a type to be approved by the
competent authority;
cartridges should be lowered carefully into the well-hole
without being compressed;
fittings on cartridges for attaching them to a cord, etc. should
be of brass;
the tamping should be of incombustible powdery material; and
misfired shots should not be untamped.
23.9.4. Shots should only be lighted by detonating fuse.
23.9.5. Before they are loaded holes should be inspected for
obstructions.
23.9.6. Detonating fuses should, as far as practicable, be in one
piece.
23.9.7. Ifjoins have to be made in detonating fuses they should
not lie in the tamping.
23.10. Blasting in pockets or fissures
23.10.1. When blasting in pockets or fissures:
only electrical igniters should be used with black powder;
electric blasting caps or detonating fuses should be used with
other explosives and blasting agents;
213
chlorate and perchlorate explosives should be used in cartridge

form;
where practicable, suitable funnels should be used for intro-
ducing loose explosive; and
in fissured rock, cartridges should be introduced by means of
non-sparking tubes or gutters.
23.10.2. If necessary to prevent danger in neighbouring
occupied places, blasting mats or other means should be used.
23.10.3. Rounds should not be fired when blasting in pockets.
23.10.4. Before every blast the pocket should be cleared of
loose stones.
23.10.5. If black powder or granulated animonium nitrate is
fired in a pocket it should be loaded with a copper or plastic funnel
of adequate length.
23.10.6. The hole leading to the pocket should slope steeply
downward.
23.10.7. No powder should be left adhering to the sides of the
hole.
23.10.8. After a blast:
the pocket or fissure should not be explored or reloaded for at
least one hour; and
the pocket or fissure should be adequately cooled, if practi-
cable by compressed air or by flooding with water.
214
24. Pile driving

24.1.1. Pile drivers should be firmly supported on heavy
timber sills, concrete beds or other secure foundation.
24.1.2. If necessary to prevent danger, pile drivers should be
adequately guyed.
24.1.3. Precautions complying with the requirements of sec-
tion 17.8 should be taken if it is necessary to erect pile drivers in
dangerous proximity to electrical conductors.
24.1.4. If two pile drivers are erected at one place they should
be separated by a distance at least equal to the longest leg.
24.1.5. Access to working platforms and the top pulley should
be provided by ladders complying with the relevant requirements of
Chapter 4.
24.1.6. Working platforms and operator's working areas
should be adequately protected against the weather.
24.1.7. Winches used with pile drivers should comply with the
24.1.8. When leads have to be inclined:
they should be adequately counterbalanced; and
the tilting device should be secured against slipping.
24.1.9. Steam or air lines should consist of armoured hose or
its equivalent.
24.1.10. Couplings of sections of hose should be additionally
secured by ropes or chains.
24.1.11. The hose of steam and air hammers should be securely
lashed to the hammer so as to prevent it from whipping if a con-
nection breaks.
24.1.12. Steam and air lines should be controlled by easily
accessible shut-off valves.
215
24.1.13. Sheaves on pile drivers should be so guarded that

workers cannot be drawn into them.
24.1.14. Adequate precautions should be taken to prevent a
pile driver from overturning.
24.1.15. Adequate precautions should be taken by providing
stirrups or by other effective means, to prevent the rope from com-
ing out of the top pulley or wheel.
24.1.16. Adequate precautions should be taken to prevent the
hammer from missing the pile.
24.1.17. If necessary to prevent danger, long piles and heavy
sheet piling should be secured against falling.
24.2. Inspection and maintenance of pile-driving equipment

24.2.1. No pile-driving equipment should be taken into use
until it has been inspected and found to be safe.
24.2.2. Pile-driving equipment in use should be inspected at
suitable intervals.
24.2.3. Pile lines and pulley blocks should be inspected before
the beginning of each shift.
24.2.4. Defective parts of pile drivers such as sheaves, mech-
anisms, slings and hose should only be repaired by competent
persons.
24.2.5. No steam or air equipment should be repaired while
it is in operation or under pressure.
24.3. Operation of pile-driving equipment

Only competent persons should operate pile drivers.
24.3.1.
Pile-driving operations should be governed by signals
24.3.2.
in conformity with the requirements of section 1.8.
24.3.3. Workers employed in the vicinity of pile drivers
should wear safety helmets or hard hats.
216
Pile driving
24.3.4. As far as practicable, piles should be prepared. at a

distance at least equal to twice the length of the longest pile from
the pile driver.
24.3.5. Piles being hoisted in the rig should be so slung that
they do not have to be swung round, and cannot inadvertently
swing or whip round.
24.3.6. While a pile is being hoisted all workers not actually
engaged in the operation should keep at a safe distance.
24.3.7. A hand rope should be fastened to a pile that is being
hoisted, to control its movement.
24.3.8. Before a wood pile is hoisted into position it should
be provided with an iron ring or cap over the driving end, to prevent
brooming.
24.3.9. While a pile is being guided into position in the leads,
workers should not put their hands or arms between the pile and
the inside guide or on top of the pile, but should use a rope for
guiding.
24.3.10. When treated wood piles are being driven, adequate
precautions to prevent injury should be taken, such as the provision
of personal protective equipment and barrier creams to prevent
workers receiving eye or skin injuries from splashes of creosote.
24.3.11. When piles are driven at an inclination to the ver-
tical, if necessary to prevent danger, they should rest in a guide.
24.3.12. No steam or air line should be blown down until
all workers are at a safe distance.
24.3.13. Loose fuel containers such as barrels and drums
should be kept in a safe place and adequately secured.
24.3.14. When a pile driver is not in use, the hammer should
be blocked at the bottom of the leads.
24.4 Floating pile drivers

24.4.1. When pile drivers are working over water, precautions
should be taken as required in paragraph 2.6.19 and in Chapter 19,
217
and in particular a suitable boat should be kept readily available

at all times.
24.4.2. All members of floating pile-driver crews should be
trained to handle boats.
24.4.3. Floating pile drivers should be provided with a whistle,
siren, horn or other effective signalling equipment.
24.4.4. Signalling operations should comply with the require-
24.4.5. If practicable, gangways complying with the require-
ments of section 3.3 should be provided for boarding floating pile
drivers.
24.4.6. Floating pile drivers should be provided with adequate
fire-fighting equipment.
24.4.7. The weight of machinery on a floating pile driver
should be evenly distributed so that the deck of the installation is
horizontal.
24.4.8. Steel pile-driver hulls should be divided into water-
tight compartments.
24.4.9. Watertight compartments should be provided with
siphons for the removal of water seepage.
24.4.10. Deck hatches should have firmly fastened covers that
fit flush with the deck.
24.4.11. Open hatches should be adequately fenced or guarded.
24.4. 12. Fuel tanks below deck should be vented to the out-
side air.
24.4.13. Vents referred to in paragraph 24.4.12 should be
provided with flame arrestors.
24.4.14. For each fuel tank below deck there should be an
emergency shut-off valve on deck.
24.4.15. Adequate precautions should be taken with respect
to any electrical equipment below deck, to avoid explosions.
218
Pile driving
24.4.16. Sufficient sheaves should be provided on deck to

enable the pile driver to be safely manceuvred in any direction and
safely secured in position.
24.4.17. The operator's cabin should afford an unrestricted
view of the operations.
24.5. Sheet piling

24.5.1. If necessary to prevent danger from wind or other
sources, a hand rope should be used to control the movement
of steel sheet sections that are being transported.
24.5.2. Workers who have to sit on a steel sheet section to
interlock sheets should be provided with stirrups or other devices
to afford them a safe seat.
24.5.3. Workers handling sheets should wear gloves.
24.5.4. If necessary to prevent danger from displacement
by the action of water, steel sheet sections should be braced until
they are firmly in position.
24.5.5. If necessary to prevent danger from undercutting of
the cofferdani by the action of water, a substantial berm should be
installed upstream.
24.5.6. When workers are assembling sheet piling in water:
precautions as required in paragraph 2.6.19 and in Chapter 19
should be taken;
working platforms complying with the requirements of sec-
tion 3.2 should be provided; and
safety belts complying with the relevant requirements of
Chapter 36 should be provided and worn.
24.5.7. Workers should not stand on sheet piling while it is
being released from the slings, lowered or moved into position.
24.5.8. While it is being weighted with stones, etc., sheet
piling should be securely moored.
24.5.9. Adequate pumping facilities should be available at
cofferdams to keep them clear of water.
219
24.5.10. Adequate means of escape such as ladders and boats

should be provided at cofferdams for the protection of workers
in case of flooding.
24.5.11. Adequate supplies of life-saving equipment should
be provided for workers employed on cofferdams, in particular
as required in paragraph 2.6.19.
24.5.12. When sheet sections are being removed, their move-
ments should be controlled by cables or other effective means.
24.5.13. When sheet piling is hauled over ice:
the ice should have been tested and found strong enough to
bear the maximum loads that it will have to carry;
a safe walkway should be constructed along gaps made in
the ice for lowering the piling;
staging erected on the ice for handling materials should rest
on grids;
passageways for workers and vehicles should be suitably
signposted;
the consistency of the ice should be constantly checked;
U) loads on the ice should be suitably reduced in the event of
a thaw;
above the piling at the workplace, a working platform com-
plying with the requirements of section 3.2 should be installed;
and
rescue equipment such as gaffs and ring buoys should be
kept available.
220
25. Concrete work

25.1.1. The construction of heavy reinforced concrete roofs
and other heavy overhead structures should be based on plans
that:
(a) include specifications of the steel and concrete and other
material to be used, including technical methods for safe
placing and handling;
(.5) indicate the type, strength and arrangement of load-bearing
parts; and
(c) provide, if appropriate, calculations of the strength of roofs
or other heavy overhead structures made with prefabricated
parts.
25.1.2. During the construction of heavy reinforced concrete
roofs and other heavy overhead structures, a daily record should
be kept of the progress of the work, including indications of all
data which could affect the curing of the concrete.
25.2. Preparation, pouring and erection of concrete

25.2.1. Workers handling cement and concrete should:
(a) wear close-fitting clothing, gloves, helmets or hard hats,
safety goggles and suitable footwear and, if necessary to
prevent danger, respirators or masks;
(.5) keep as much of the body covered as is practicable;
take all practicable precautions to keep cement and concrete
away from the skin; and
wash frequently and, if necessary, use appropriate cream on
exposed skin.
25.2.2. When work is done with cement, lime and other dusty
materials, or machines for crushing, grinding or sifting building
materials are operated in enclosed premises:
221
Safety and health In building and civIl engineering
the premises should be provided with adequate general and

exhaust ventilation; or
other precautions should be taken to prevent the dispersal
of dust.
25.2.3. Wherever work is done with unslaked lime, precau-
tions should be taken to prevent the dispersal of dust.
25.2.4. Where workers are handling unslaked lime, precautions
should be taken to prevent risks of burns.
25.2.5. The controls of machines processing cement, lime and
other dusty materials should be in a dust-free place.
25.2.6. Lime pits should be fenced or enclosed.
25.2.7. Lime pits should be ifiled and emptied by devices that
do not require workers to go into the pit.
25.2.8. Elevators, hoists, screens, bunkers, chutes and other
equipment for storing, transporting and working ingredients of
concrete, grouting, etc. should be securely fenced to avoid contact
with moving parts that are not safe by position.
25.2.9. Screw conveyors for cement, lime and other dusty
materials should be completely enclosed.
25.2.10. Blocked conveyors should be stopped before attempt-
ing to clear the blockage.
Buckets
25.2.11. Concrete buckets for use with cranes and aerial
cableways should be free from projections from which accumula-
tions of concrete could fall.
25.2.12. Movements of concrete buckets should be governed
by signals in conformity with the requirements of section 1.8.
25.2.13. Loaded concrete buckets should be guided into
position by appropriate means.
25.2.14. Concrete buckets positioned by crane or aerial
cableways should be suspended by safety hooks.
222
Concrete work
Pipes and pumps

25.2.15. Scaffolding carrying a pipe for pumped concrete
should be strong enough to support the pipe when filled and all
the workers who may be on the scaffold at the same time, with
a safety factor of at least 4.
25.2.16. Pipes for carrying pumped concrete should:
be securely anchored at the ends and at curves;
be provided near the top with air release valves; and
be securely attached to the pump nozzle by a bolted collar or
equivalent means.
25.2.17. While concrete pump pipes are being cleaned with
water or compressed air, they should not be coupled or uncoupled.
25.2.18. While pipes are being blown out with compressed
air, all workers not taking part in the operation should be kept
at a safe distance.
25.2.19. The operation of concrete pumps should be governed
by signals complying with the requirements of section 1.8.
25.2.20. Pressure gauges on pumps should be checked at the
beginning of every shift.
25.2.21. Workers employed around a concrete pump should
wear safety goggles.
Mixing and pouring concrete

25.2.22. Concrete should not contain any material that would
affect its setting, weaken it or attack steel.
25.2.23. When dry ingredients of concrete are being mixed
in confined spaces such as silos:
the dust should be exhausted; or
if the dust cannot be exhausted, the workers should wear
respirators.
25.2.24. Frozen building materials should not be used.
25.2.25. Concrete should be used immediately after continuous
mixing.
223
25.2,26. During pouring, shuttering and its supports should

be continuously watched for defects.
25.2.27. When concrete is being tipped from buckets, workers
should keep out of range of any kickback due to concrete sticking
to the bucket.
25.2.28. While concrete is beginning to set, it should be
protected against extremes of temperature, running water, chemical
agents and jolting.
25.2.29. Loads should not be dumped or placed on setting
concrete.
Concrete panels and slabs

25.2.30. All parts of a panel or slab should be hoisted uni-
formly.
25.2.31. Panels should be adequately braced in their final
position and the bracing should remain in place until the panel
is adequately supported by other parts of the construction.
25.2.32. When concrete slabs are lifted on to columns by
jacks:
a metal scaffold tower equipped with a lifting applianèe
should be provided;
the working platform should be about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) below
the top of the column;
if a hoist is mounted on the scaffold, it should allow adequate
clearance to manuvre the collars over the columns; and
access to the working platform should be by means of ladders
built in or attached to the scaffold.
25.2.33. During lifting operations with jacks:
collar clearances on columns should be kept free from obstruc-
tions;
openings in slabs should be suitably covered or barricaded;
slabs should be kept horizontal;
224
Concrete work
if slabs have to be placed temporarily on the columns, as in

tall structures, adequate shoring or other supports should be
used;
a jack should not be released at a column before the tempo-
rary support is complete;
adequate precautions should be taken to keep the columns
vertical; and
all column connections should be made and found to be safe
by inspection before a panel or slab raised by a hoisting
appliance is released from the appliance.
25.2.34. Temporary bracing should be securely fastened to
prevent parts from falling when panels are being moved.
25.2.35. When concrete slabs are tilted into position:
the slabs should be strong enough to be self-supporting; or
the slabs should be adequately braced while being lifted.
Stressed and tensioned elements

25.2.36. Workers should not stand directly over jacking
equipment while stressing is being done.
25.2.37. Pre-stressed concrete units should only be handled
at points on the unit and by devices specified by the manufacturer.
25.2.38. During transport, pre-stressed girders and beams
should be kept upright by bracing or other effective means.
25.2.39. Anchor fittings for pre-tensioned strands should be
kept in a safe condition in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions.
25.2.40. When any tensioning element is being jacked, the
anchor should be kept turned up close to the anchor plate if
practicable, sO as to reduce impact and damage if a hydraulic
line fails.
25.2.41. Workers should not stand behind jacks or in line
with tensioning elements and jacking equipment during tensioning
operations.
225
25.2.42. Workers should not cut wires under tension before

the concrete is adequately hardened.
Vibrators
25.2.43. Only workers in good physical condition should
operate vibrators.
25.2.44. All practical measures should be taken to reduce the
amount of vibration transmitted to vibrator operators.
25.2.45. Pipes delivering concrete to vibrators should:
have the couplings between sections secured with safety
chains or other effective means; and
have the delivery end secured against displacement.
25.2.46. When electric vibrators are used:
they should be earthed;
the leads should be heavily insulated; and
the current should be switched off when they are not in use.
25.3. Steel reinforcement

25.3.1. Where necessary to prevent danger, protection should
be provided for reinforcing rods projecting from flooring or from
walls.
25.3.2. When lashing reinforcing rods in structural parts such
as walls and pillars, projecting ends should not be left so as to
cause danger.
25.3.3. Reinforcing rods should not be so stored on scaffolding
or shuttering as to threaten its stability.
25.4. Concrete-bucket towers

25.4.1. Towers and masts with pouring gutters or conveyor
belts should:
be erected by competent persons; and
be inspected daily.
25.4.2. Concrete-bucket towers should be adequately guyed.
226
Concrete work
Enclosure
25.4.3. A concrete-bucket tower inside a structure, near a
scaffold or edge of a shaftway or floor opening, should be enclosed
on all sides with heavy wire netting, wood. slats or equivalent
material.
25.4.4. The enclosure should extend at least 2.40 m (8 ft) above
the adjacent scaffold or floor.
25.4.5. A concrete-bucket tower outside a structure should be
similarly enclosed to a height of at least 2.40 ni (8 ft) from the
bottom.
Gangways
25.4.6. At each floor level there should be a gangway leading
to the tower protected by guard-rails and toe-boards complying
with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
Working platforms
25.4.7. A substantial working platform should be constructed
at the point where the concrete is dumped into the chute.
25.4.8. The platform should be provided with:
an access ladder complying with the relevant requirements of
Chapter 4; and
guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the requirements of
Chutes
25.4.9. If a bucket discharges into a chute, the chute should:
be substantially constructed of metal or wood or equivalent
material;
be substantially supported; and
extend from the tower to the point where the concrete is to
be poured or transferred to vehicles or hoppers.
Spouts (gutters)
25.4. 10. Spouts (gutters) should be adequately guyed to
prevent displacement by wind or other causes.
227
25.4.11. Spouts (gutters) should be flushed out at the end of

each run of concrete.
25.4.12. Areas below spouts (gutters) should be fenced off as
far as practicable to prevent danger to workers from falling
concrete.
25.4.13. Spouts (gutters) should be so made that as far as
practicable:
they cannot be stopped up; and
stones are not flung out.
25.4.14. Outrigger and flying spouts (gutters) should be
equipped with a handrope or other secure hand-hold for workers
attaching the supporting lines.
25.4.15. Workers who have to go on spouts (gutters) should
wear a safety belt complying with the relevant requirements of
Chapter 36.
Hoisting equipment
25.4.16. The winch should be so placed that the operator can
see the filling, hoisting, emptying and lowering of the bucket.
25.4.17. If the winch operator cannot watch the bucket, he
should, where practicable, be provided with an adequate means
indicating its position.
25.4.18. Guides for the bucket should be correctly aligned
and so maintained as to prevent the bucket from jamming in the
tower.
25.4.19. The overhead sheaves should be firmly supported by
beams mounted on a framework or by other effective means.
25.4.20. Workers should not ride in the bucket except for
necessary inspection and maintenance purposes, and then ade-
quate measures should be taken for their safety.
Silos
25.4.21. No worker should enter the silo or the storage bin
on the tower to make adjustments or for other purposes unless
228.
Concrete work
the power has been cut off and effective steps have been taken to
prevent it from being switched on again.
Sumps
25.4.22. The tower should have a pit or sump deep enough
to hold any spillage from the bucket.
25.4.23. The pit or sump referred to in paragraph 25.4.22
should be drained.
25.4.24. No worker should be employed in the pit unless the
bucket has been securely blocked on supports at a safe height.
Track-mounted towers
25.4.25. If towers or masts are mounted on wheels, the load
should be taken off the wheels and axles while they are in operation.
25.4.26. Guard-rails and toe-boards for towers or masts
should comply with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
25.5. Form work

Placing of shuttering (forms)
25.5.1. Shuttering should be examined, erected and dismantled
under the supervision of qualified and experienced persons and,
as far as practicable, by workers familiar with the work.
25.5.2. The necessary information for the erection of shutter-
ing, including particulars of the spacing of stringers and props
and the fastening of props to stringers, should be provided for the
workers in the form of sketches or scale drawings.
25.5.3. Lumber and supports for shuttering (forms) should be
adequate, having regard to the loads to be borne, spans, setting
temperature and rate of pour.
25.5.4. Material for shuttering should be carefully examined
before being used.
25.5.5. Forms and form panels should be provided with
adequate U-bolts or other lifting attachments.
229
25.5.6. Heavy building materials should not be dumped or

stored on shuttering.
25.5.7. Where necessary to prevent danger, scaffolding should
be used:
for positioning and fastening panels or slabs; and
when high ceilings and arches, or heavy structural parts, are
being constructed.
25.5.8. Shuttering should be adequately braced horizontally
and diagonally in both longitudinal and transverse directions.
Shoring (supports)
25.5.9. Shoring (supports) should be strong enough to with-
stand safely:
vertical loads imposed by the shuttering, concrete, appliances,
impacts, vibrations, etc.; and
lateral thrusts from supports or neighbouring operations.
25.5.10. Shores and props should:
be suitably spaced;
provide adequate footing;
be adequately secured in position; and
be adequately braced horizontally and diagonally in both
directions.
25.5.11. Props should be of steel or sound straight and straight-
grained timber.
25.5. 12. If wooden props with joins in them are used:
the ratio of props with joins to props without joins should
not be greater than 1 to 2;
the props with joins should be distributed equally over the
shuttering;
no prop should have more than one join;
the joins should be secured by straps in a manner adequate to
prevent buckling of the props; and
diagonal bracing should be provided at the level of each join.
230
Concrete work
25.5,13. Shores and props should rest on sills of adequate

dimensions or other suitable firm bases, taking into account the
axial loads to be applied.
25.5.14. Sills should rest on a firm foundation, and never on
frozen ground or loose earth.
25.5.15. Extensible props should be fitted with a limiting
device to prevent them from being pulled or screwed to an excessive
length.
25.5.16. If possible, the maximum permissible length should
be clearly marked on extensible props.
25.5. 17. All adjustable shoring should be locked in position
when adjusted.
25.5.18. Shoring should be so arranged that when it is being
removed sufficient props can be left in place to afford suppoi t
necessary to prevent danger.
25.5.19. Shoring should be adequately protectedrom damage
from moving vehicles, swinging loads, etc.
25.5.20. Protruding nails, wires and other accessories should
be removed from shoring or otherwise made safe.
25.5.21. Shoring should be left in place until the concrete has
acquired sufficient strength to support safely not only its own
weight but also any imposed loads.
25.5.22. Shoring should be adequately braced or tied together
to prevent deformation or displacement.
Removal of shuttering
25.5.23. No shuttering should be removed until the authorisa-
tion has been given by a competent person who has made sure
that the concrete has sufficiently set to support itself and any
superimposed loads.
25.5.24. To prevent danger from falling parts when shuttering
is being taken down, the shuttering should as far as practicable
be taken down whole, or else remaining parts should be supported.
231
25.5.25. When shuttering is being removed, the props and

panels should be lowered steadily and not be knocked off.
25,5.26. Frozen concrete should not be subjected to any
load.
25.5.27. If necessary to prevent danger, workers stripping
forms should wear safety belts complying with the relevant require-
ments of Chapter 36.
25.5.28. Sh.uttering material that is taken down should be so
stored that it does not interfere with workplaces, passageways or
transport ways.
Lifting appliances
25.5.29. Mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic lifting appliances
for handling forms should be provided with automatic holding
devices to prevent danger if the lifting mechanism power fails.
25.5.30. Lifting appliances should be uniformly spaced and
securely anc1ored.
25.5.31. Vacuum lifting appliances should only be applied to
smooth clean surfaces.
25.5.32. Vacuum lifting devices should be provided with an
automatic cut-off to prevent loss of suction in the event of a power
or equipment failure.
Supporting of slabs and beams
25.5.33. Where necessary to prevent danger, adequate shor-
ing should be provided to support slabs and beams as a protection
against superimposed loads.
232
26. Roof work

26.1.1. Where necessary to prevent danger, precautions should
be taken to prevent:
workers employed on roofs from falling off them; and
tools or other objects and materials from falling from roofs.
26.1.2. Work on roofs should not be carried on in high
winds, violent storms or heavy snowfalls or when the roof is
covered with ice.
26.1.3. Crawling boards should be at least 25 cm (10 in)
wide.
26.1.4. Crawling boards should be securely fastened to a
firm structure.
26.1.5. Roofing brackets should fit the slope of the roof.
26.1.6. Roofing brackets should be securely supported.
26.2. Steep roofs

26.2.1. Work on steeply sloping roofs should only be done
by workers who are physically and psychologically fit for such
work.
26.2.2. When work is done on steeply sloping roofs, sufficient
and suitable crawling boards or ladders should be provided, and
firmly secured in position as soon as practicable.
26.2.3. When work is done on steeply sloping roofs, if practi-
cable, a working platform complying with the requirements of
section 3.2 should be provided and firmly secured in position.
26.2.4. If necessary to prevent danger when work is done on
steeply sloping roofs, a parapet wall or adequate guard-rail and
toe-board should be provided at the edge of the roof or a catch
233
platform or adequate safety nets should be provided or other

adequate precautions should be taken to prevent workers falling
over the edge.
26.2.5. On all roofs with a slope of more than 200 the workers
should be provided with a safety belt complying with the relevant
requirements of Chapter 36 if they could fall more than 1.5 m
(5 ft).
26.3. Fragile roofs

26.3.1. Where workers are employed on roofs of fragile
material through which they could fall more than 1.5 in (5 ft),
they should be provided with sufficient suitable ladders, duck
ladders or crawling boards or other safe workplaces and walkways.
26.3.2. Ladders, duck ladders, crawling boards and walk-
ways should be firmly secured in position.
26.3.3. Workers should not leave the workplaces, ladders,
walkways, etc. provided to go on the roof.
26.3.4. When necessary to prevent danger, suitable material
such as steel wire mesh should be placed in position before any
roof sheeting of asbestos cement or other fragile material is placed.
26.3.5. Corrugated asbestos cement sheeting for roofs should
be matire and free from dangerous cracks and other dangerous
defects.
26.3.6. Purlins or other intermediate supports for corrugated
asbestos cement sheeting should be sufficiently close together to
prevent danger.
26.3.7. Parts of roofs that cannot be walked on safely should
be provided with notices warning persons to keep oil' them.
234
27. Painting
27.1 .1. Paints, pigments, solvents, thinners, fillers, lacquers
and similar materials containing substances that are explosive,
flammable, toxic or otherwise dangerous should comply with the
relevant provisions of Chapter 21 and this chapter.
27.1.2. As far as practicable, use should not be made of paints:
containing lead, chrome, arsenic or other dangerous pigments
or dyestulTs; or
containing dangerous solvents such as benzene, dichioretbane,
methanol (methylated spirit), carbon tetrachioride, and
trichlorethylene.
27.1.3. No solvent, preservative, metal coating or other
chemical material should be used unless any fire, toxic or other
dangers that may occur in its handling or use are known to all
concerned in. the operations.
27.1.4. When not in use, containers or packages containing
paints, varnishes, lacquers and other volatile painting materials
should:
be kept tightly closed; and
kept away from sparks, flames, sources of heat and the sun's
rays.
27.1.5. Painting materials should not be heated except in a
water jacket at a moderate temperature or in a special device
approved by the competent authority.
27.1.6. No open flame or electrical appliances with open
heating elements should be used to dry paint or similar coating
material containing a highly flammable or explosive solvent.
27.1.7. Dirty wiping rags, paint scrapings, paint-saturated
debris, etc. should not be allowed to accumulate but should:
be cleaned up at frequent intervals; or
be kept in closed metal containers.
235
27.1.8. No smoking, open flames or sources of ignition should

be allowed in places where paint and other flammable substances
are stored.
27.1.9. Suitable fire extinguishers should be kept available at
places where flammable paints are stored,, mixed or used.
27.1.10. Workers using paint other than water-mixed paint
in a confined space such as a closed room, or using indoors paint
that liberates harmful fumes, should be provided with:
adequate natural or artificial ventilation; or
suitable respirators.
27.1.11. When necessary to protect the skin, painters should
wear gloves and use appropriate barrier creams.
27.1.12. When paint is removed by solvents containing
benzene, carbon tetrachloride or other harmful substances, the
workers should wear suitable respirators.
27.1.13. When such work is done in a confined space, ade-
quate exhaust ventilation should be provided and the workers
should wear suitable respirators.
27.1.14. Skin should be cleaned by suitable materials.
27.1.15. If solvents are used to clean skin, they should be
non-harmful.
27.1.16. When paint is being sanded by machine:
the sandpaper should be wet or the machine should be equipped
with an adequate dust collector; and
the worker should be provided with suitable protective clothing
and a suitable respirator.
27.1.17. Where work cannot be carried out from a scaffold,
the painting of the outside of window frames, etc. should be done
in compliance with the relevant requirements of section 29.11.
27.1.18. Particular care should be exercised when painting
near electrical installations where spark hazards, static or other-
wise, exist.
236
Painting
27.1.19. No person should work or walk on, or move or mani-

pulate, iron work or steel work covered with wet paint or cement
wash except in so far as is necessary for painting or cement-washing.
27.2. Lead paint

27.2.1. Women and young persons should not be employed
on work with lead paint.
27.2.2. Lead paint should not be used for painting buildings
except in the form of paste or of paint ready for use.
27.2.3. Red lead in the raw or dry state should only be used
for preparing stopping or filling material.
27.2.4. White lead or sulphate of lead should not be used or
manipulated in the preparation of painters' stopping material
except under an effective exhaust draught that removes the dust
produced at or near its source.
27.2.5. Lead paint should only be stored in receptacles plainly
marked to show the contents.
27.2.6. Lead paint should not be applied in the form of spray
inside buildings.
27.2.7. No lead-painted surface other than that of iron or
steel work should be rubbed down or scraped by a dry process.
27.2.8. No lead-painted surface of iron or steel work should
be rubbed down or scraped by a dry sandpapering process.
27.2.9. All debris produced by rubbing down or scraping any
lead-painted surface should be removed before it becomes dry.
27.2.10. Adequate washing facilities complying with the re-
quirements of section 37.5 should be provided for persons employed
in the painting of buildings and liable to come into contact with
lead paint.
27.2.11. Personal clothing of workers should be suitably pro-
tected from being soiled by lead paint.
237
27.2.12. Persons regularly employed on the painting of build-

ings with lead paint should undergo pre-employment examination
and periodical medical examinations.
27.2.13. Persons whose health has been or appears likely to be
injuriously affected by painting with lead paint should not be
further employed on such work.
27.2.14. All persons employed on painting with lead paint
should be given adequate instructions in the precautions to be
taken.
27.2.15. Persons employed in painting and liable to come into
contact with lead paint should:
wear head covering and overalls or other working clothes that
completely cover them while they are working;
wash their hands before eating, and before leaving work; and
prevent paint from entering their mouths in any manner
whatsoever.
27.2.16. Working clothes should not be worn at meal times.
27.2.17. Working clothes should be washed at least once a week.
27.3. Unsaturated polyesters

27.3.1. If unsaturated polyesters and organic peroxides are
used they should be treated as highly flammable and explosive
substances and the relevant precautions required by section 21.2
should be taken.
27.3.2. Containers of over 25 litres (5 1/2 gallons) of organic
peroxides should be stored in a special building or room.
27.3.3. Quantities up to 25 litres (5 '/2 gallons) of organic
peroxides should be kept in a cupboard ventilated by outside air.
27.3.4. A building, room or cupboard containing organic
peroxides should:
be of fire-resisting construction;
have the roof designed as an explosion vent;
233
Painting
be kept cool; and

not be used for any other purpose.
27.3.5. Before beginning work, workers using polyesters should
rub barrier creams on the hands.
27.3.6. Workers using synthetic resins should protect their
hands as far as practicable, for instance by wearing suitable gloves.
27.3.7. Resins and hardeners (setters) should be prevented
from getting into gloves.
27.3.8. Polyester spilled on the skin should be immediately
wiped off with tissue paper, but not rags.
27.3.9. Only competent persons should handle organic
peroxides.
27.3.10. In handling organic peroxides, persons should wear
goggles or face screens.
27.3.11. Organic peroxides should not be mixed directly with
accelerators or added to hot bases; the accelerators should first
be mixed with the resin.
27.3.12. Precautions should be taken to prevent peroxides and
polyesters from being spilled on floors and worktables.
27.3.13. Spilled liquid peroxide and polyesters should be
cleaned up immediately with suitable absorbent material, not with
a cloth.
27.3.14. Ignited solid peroxides should be extinguished with
water and liquid peroxides with sand or other powder extinguishers.
27.3.15. Waste peroxide should be destroyed by a method that
prevents explosions, for instance by dissolving it in sodium
hydroxide.
27.3.16. Polyester resins should be mixed with peroxides,
fillers, pigments, etc. in a place specially set aside for the purpose.
27.3.17. If harmful pigments and fillers, such as quartz,
asbestos or other harmful powders are used, local exhaust ventila-
tion should be provided.
239
27.3.18. Escaping styrene vapour should be exhausted as it

arises.
27.3.19. Places, appliances and tools used for work with
polyesters should be cleaned daily.
27.3.20. No flammable solvents should be used for cleaning
operations specified in paragraph 27.3.19.
27.3.21. Containers of organic peroxides should be:
kept closed;
kept clean and protected against dirt; and
distinctly identifiable.
27.3.22. When unsaturated polyesters and lacquers based on
them are sprayed:
the work should only be done in special booths in which no
other material is sprayed;
only centrifugal fans should be used to ventilate the booths;
and
residues from the booth should be burned in the open air, or
kept in closed metal containers.
27.4. Spray painting
27.4.1. Spray painting should not be done with any material
containing carbon bisuiphide, carbon tetrachioride, arsenic, arse-
nic compounds or more than 1 per cent of benzene or methyl
alcohol.
27.4.2. A sufficient number of fire extinguishers of the foam
or other suitable type should be maintained at the place where any
material having a nitro-cellulose or other flammable content is
being sprayed.
27.4.3. After use, cotton waste, cleaning rags and the like
should be kept in metal containers with close-fitting lids.
27.4.4. The containers referred to in paragraph 27.4.3 should
be removed from the building or structure at the close of work
each day.
240
Painting
27.4.5. No person should smoke, or have any fire, open

flame, or other source of ignition in any place in a building or
structure in which spray painting is being done with flammable
solvent.
27.4.6. The air at any place in which spray painting is being
done should be changed by natural ventilation, exhaust fan or
other effective means at least 20 times in each hour.
27.4.7. If spray painting is done in a confined space, the
workers employed in this space should be provided with suitable
respirators unless the ventilation provided in the space is adequate
to prevent danger.
27.4.8. Except when being mixed or sprayed, silica paint
should be kept in receptacles clearly marked to show their contents.
27.4.9. Workers employed in spray painting should be
provided with:
overalls, head covering and gloves; and
a sufficient quantity of material capable of removing paint or
spraying mixture from the hands arfd face.
27.4.10. Workers employed in spraying silica paint should be
provided with an adequate supply of hot water for washing, towels,
nail brushes and soap.
27.4.11. Workers employed in outside spray painting with
lead or silica paint or other harmful substance, or rubbing down or
scraping a surface painted with such a substance, should be
provided with suitable respirators.
27.4.12. Spray-gun operators should:
adjust the atomisation pressure of the gun so as not to create
excessive mist;
use the gun so that neither they themselves nor any other
workers remain between the gun and any ventilation fan; and
not test the gun by indiscriminate or careless spraying.
241
Safety and health in building and cvff edgneering
27.5. Airless spray painting

27.5.1. In addition to complying with the requirements of
section 4 of this chapter, airless spray painting should comply with
the requirements of this section.
27.5.2. Hoses, guns and pressure vessels used for airless spray
painting should have special high-pressure fittings not interchange-
able with low-pressure fittings.
27.5.3. Guns should be equipped with:
a guard over the trigger that prevents the gun from spraying if
it is dropped or struck; and
a safety latch that has to be unlocked before the gun can spray.
27.5.4. The safety latch should be kept in the non-operating
position when the gun is not spraying.
27.5.5. When the gun is spraying with flammable material, the
gun itself and the object being sprayed should be effectively earthed
to prevent static sparking.
27.5.6. The gun should not be disconnected from the fluid
hose or the hose from the pump until the pressure has been
released.
27.5.7. The operator should:
not touch the gun trigger while the gun is not spraying; and
take any other precautions required to prevent the gun from
discharging accidentally.
27.5.8. The gun should never be pointed at any person.
Guns should only be cleaned in accordance with the
27.5.9.
manufacturer's instructions.
242
28 Welding and flame cutting
28.1.1. Welders should wear fire-resistant protective clothing

and equipment such as fire-resistant gauntlets and aprons, helmets
and goggles with suitable ifiter lenses.
28.1.2. Welders should wear clothing that is free from grease,
oil and other flammable material.
28.1.3. Workers removing excess metal, slag, etc. should:
wear gloves and goggles or a face screen;
chip away from the body; and
ensure that other persons are not struck by chips.
28.1.4. Adequate precautions should be taken to protect per-
sons working or passing near welding operations from dangerous
sparks and radiation.
28.1.5. When welding or cutting is being done on materials
containing toxic or harmful substances or liable to produce toxic
or harmful fumes, adequate precautions should be taken to protect
workers from the fumes either:
by exhaust ventilation; or
by respiratory protective equipment.
28.1.6. At places where welding machines are operated by
internal combustion engines, adequate ventilation should be
provided.
28.1.7. A suitable fire extinguisher should be kept ready for
immediate use at places where welding is done.
28.1.8. The oxygen pressure for welding should always be
high enough to prevent acetylene flowing back into the oxygen
cylinder.
28.1.9. Acetylene should not be used for welding at a pressure
exceeding 1 atm. gauge.
243
28.1.10. Adequate precautions should be taken to prevent:

fires being started by sparks, slag or hot metal; and
damage to fibre ropes from heat, sparks, slag or hot metal.
28.1.11. Precautions should be taken to prevent flammable
vapours and substances from entering the working area.
28.1.12. Underwater welding and flame cutting operations
should comply with the requirements of paragraphs 34.4.31 to
34.4.40.
28.1.13. For cylinders containing gas, the requirements of sec-
tion 18.4 should be observed.
Welding at places with fire risks
28.1.14. Unless adequate precautions are taken, no welding
or cutting operations should be allowed near places where combus-
tible materials are stored, or near materials or plant where explosive
or flammable dusts, gases or vapours are likely to be present or
given off.
28.1.15. Combustible materials and structures that cannot be
removed from the vicinity of welding operations should be shielded
by asbestos or protected by other suitable means.
Welding in confined spaces
28.1.16. When welding and cutting operations are being
carried out in a confined space:
adequate ventilation, by means of exhaust fans or forced
draught as the conditions require, should be constantly pro-
vided; oxygen should not be used for this purpose;
no blowpipe should be left unattended inside a tank or vessel
or other confined space during meals or other interruptions
of the work;
the workers should take all necessary precautions to prevent
unburned combustible gas or oxygen from escaping inside a
tank or vessel or other confined space; and
244
Welding and flame cutting
(d) when necessary to prevent danger, an attendant should watch

the welder or welders from outside.
Welding on containers for explosive or flammable substances
28.1.17. Welding or cutting operations on containers in which
there are explosive or flammable substances should not be allowed.
28.1.18. Welding or cutting operations on any container that
has held explosive or flammable substances, or in which flammable
gases may have been generated, should only be undertaken:
(a) after the container has been:
thoroughly cleansed by steam or other effective means; and
found by air tests to be completely free from combustible
gases and vapours; or
(b) after the air in the container has been completely replaced by
an inert gas or by water.
28.1.19. If an inert gas is used as laid down in paragraph 28.1.18,
after the vessel has been filled with gas, the gas should continue to
flow slowly into it throughout the welding or cutting operation.
28.1.20. Before starting any welding operations on, or other-
wise applying heat to, closed or jacketed containers or other hollow
parts, such containers or parts should be adequately vented in a
suitable manner.
Gas cylinders
28.1.21. Gas cylinders should be inspected, stored, handled
and transported in conformity with the requirements of section 18.4.
28.1.22. When in use, cylinders should be held in an upright
position by straps, collars or chains.
28.1.23. Devices referred to in paragraph 28.1.22 should be
such that the cylinders can be rapidly removed in an emergency.
28.1.24. Welders should not tamper with or attempt to repair
safety devices and valves on gas cylinders.
245
28.1.25. When acetylene cylinders are coupled, flash arrestors

should be inserted between the cylinder and the coupler block, or
between the coupler block and the regulator.
28.1.26. Only acetylene cylinders of approximately equal
pressure should be coupled.
28.1.27. Gas should not be taken from a cylinder unless a
pressure-reducing regulator has been attached to the valve.
28.1.28. Only the right pressure-reducing regulator should be
used for the gas in the cylinder.
28.1.29. Cylinder valves should be kept free from grease, oil,
dust and dirt.
28.1.30. The emptying of leaky cylinders, referred to in para-
graph 18.4.14, should be carried out slowly.
Hose
28.1.3 1. Only hose specially designed for welding and cutting
operations should be used to connect an oxy-acetylene torch to gas
outlets.
28.1.32. Hose lines for oxygen and for acetylene should be of
different colours and preferably of different sizes.
28.1.33. Hose connections should be sufficiently tight to with-
stand without leakage a pressure twice the maximum delivery pres-
sure of the pressure regulators in the system.
28.1.34. Care should be taken that hose does not become
kinked or tangled, stepped on, run over or otherwise damaged.
28.1.35. Any length of hose in which a flashback has burned
should be discarded.
28.1.36. No hose with more than one gas passage should be
used.
28.1.37. Only soapy water should be used for testing hose for
leaks.
246
Torches
28.1.38. When torches are being changed the gases should be
shut off at the pressure-reducing regulators and not by crimping
hose.
28.1.39. Torches should be lit with friction lighters, stationary
pilot flames or other safe source but not with matches.
28.2. Electric welding

Equipment
28.2.1. Welding machines should be controlled by a switch
mounted on or near the machine framework that, when opened,
immediately cuts off the power from all conductors supplying the
machine.
28.2.2. Welding circuits should be so designed as to prevent
the transmission of high potential from the source of supply to the
welding electrodes.
28.2.3. The maximum open circuit voltage should be in
accordance with national or international codes or standards.
28.2.4. Electrode conductors or cables should not be exces-
sive in length and should not be longer than necessary to perform
the work.
28.2.5. Return conductors should be taken directly to the work
and securely connected mechanically and electrically to it or to the
work bench, floor, etc. and to an adjacent metallic object.
28.2.6. Cables should be supported so as not to create dan-
gerous obstructions.
28.2.7. Motor generators, rectifiers and transformers in arc-
welding or cutting machines, and all current-carrying parts, should
be protected against accidental contact with uninsulated live parts,
28.2.8. Ventilating slots in transformer enclosures should be so
designed that no live part is accessible through any slot.
28.2.9. Frames of arc-welding machines should be effectively
earthed.
247
28.2.10. In hand-operated arc-welding machines, cables and

cable connectors used in arc-welding circuits should be effectively
insulated on the supply side.
28.2.11. The outer surface of electrode holders of hand-
operated arc-welding machines, including the jaw so far as prac-
ticable, should be effectively insulated.
28.2.12. Electrode holders of hand-operated arc-welding
machines should, if practicable, be provided with discs or shields
to protect the operators' hands from the heat of the arcs.
28.2.13. Only heavy-duty cable with unbroken insulation
should be used.
28.2.14. Circuit connections should be waterproof.
28.2.15. When lengths of cable have to be joined, only insulated
connectors should be used, on both the earth line and the electrode
holder line.
28.2.16. Connections to welding terminals should be made at
distribution boxes, socket outlets, etc. by bolted joints.
28.2.17. Welding terminals should be adequately protected
against accidental contact by enclosures, covers or other effective
means.
28.2.18. Electrode holders should:
have adequate current capacity; and
be adequately insulated to prevent shock, short circuiting or
flashovers.
Operations
28.2.19. Arc-welding and cutting operations that are carried
on at places where persons other than the welders are working or
passing should be enclosed by means of suitable stationary or
iobile screens.
28.2.20. Walls and screens of both permanent and temporary
protective enclosures should absorb harmful rays from the welding
equipment and prevent reflection, and if necessary be painted or
otherwise treated for the purpose.
248
28.2.21. When arc-welding is done in damp confined spaces:

the electrode holders should be completely insulated; and
the welding machine should be outside the confined space.
28.2.22. Welders should take adequate precautions:
to prevent any part of their body from completing an electric
circuit;
to prevent contact between any part of the body and the
exposed part of the electrode or electrode holder when they
are in contact with metal; and
to prevent wet or damaged clothing, gloves and boots from
touching any live part.
28.2.23. Welding circuits should be switched off when not in
use.
28.2.24. Electrodes should only be inserted in the holder with
insulating means such as insulating gloves.
28.2.25. Electrode and return leads should be adequately pro-
tected against damage.
28.2.26. Live parts of electrode holders should be inaccessible
when they are not in use.
28.2.27. Live parts of electrode holders should not be allowed
to come into contact with metallic objects when not in use.
28.2.28. Electric arc-welding equipment should not be left
unattended with the current switched on.
249
29. Other building operations
29.1. Erection of prefabricated parts
General provisions
29.1.1. As far as practicable the safety of prefabricated parts
should be ensured by appropriate means, such as provision and
use of:
ladders;
gangways;
fixed platforms;
platforms, buckets, boatswain's chairs, etc. suspended from
lifting appliances;
safety belts and lifelines; and
catch nets or catch platforms.
29.1.2. Prefabricated parts should be so designed and made
that they can be safely transported and erected.
29.1.3. In addition to the conditions of stability of the part
when erected, when necessary to prevent danger the design should
explicitly take into account:
the conditions and methods of attachment in the operations
of stripping, transport, storing and temporary support during
erection; and
methods for the provision of safeguards such as railings and
working platforms, and, when necessary, for mounting them
easily on prefabricated parts.
29.1.4. The hooks and other devices incorporated in prefa-
bricated parts that are required for lifting and transporting them
should be so shaped, dimensioned and positioned as:
to withstand with a sufficient margin the stresses to which
they are subjected; and
not to set up in the part stresses that could cause failures,
or stresses in the building not provided for in the plans.
250
Other building operations
29.1.5. Prefabricated parts made of concrete should not be

stripped before the concrete has set and hardened sufficiently to
ensure the safety of the operation.
29.1.6. Storeplaces should be so constructed that:
there is no risk of prefabricated parts falling or overturning; and
storage conditions generally ensure stability having regard
to the method of storage and atmospheric conditions.
29.1.7. Prefabricated parts made of concrete should not be
erected before the concrete has set and hardened to the extent
provided for in the plans.
29.1.8. While they are being stored, transported, raised or
set down, prefabricated parts should not be subjected to stresses
prejudicial to their stability.
29.1.9. Every lifting appliance should:
be suitable for the operations; and
be approved by a competent person, or tested under a proof
load 20 per cent heavier than the heaviest prefabricated part.
29.1.10. Lifting hooks should be of the self-closing type or of
a safety type.
29.1.11. Lifting hooks should have the maximum permissible
load marked on them.
29.1.12. Tongs, clamps and other appliances for lifting pre-
fabricated parts should:
be of such shape and dimensions as to ensure a secure grip
without damaging the part; and
be marked with the maximum permissible load in the most
unfavourable lifting conditions.
29.1.13. Prefabricated parts should be lifted by methods or
appliances that prevent them from spinning accidentally.
29.1.14. While prefabricated parts are being lifted measures
should be taken to prevent workers from being struck by objects
falling from a height.
251
29.1.15. Prefabricated parts should be free from ice and snow

at the time of erection.
29.1.16. When necessary to prevent danger, before they are
raised from the ground, prefabricated parts should be provided
with safety devices such as railings and working platforms to
prevent falls of persons.
29.1.17. While prefabricated parts are being erected the work-
ers should be provided with and use appliances for guiding them
as they are being lifted and set down, so as to avoid crushing the
hands and to facilitate the operations.
29.1.18. Before it is released from the lifting appliance a
raised prefabricated part should be so secured that its stability
cannot be imperilled, even by external agencies such as wind and
passing loads.
29.1.19. If workers are exposed to danger when releasing
prefabricated parts from lifting appliances, adequate safety
measures should be taken.
29.1.20. At workplaces adequate instruction should be given
to the workers on the methods, arrangements and means required
for the construction, storage, transport, lifting and erection of
prefabricated parts.
Transport
29.1.21. During transport, attachments such as slings and
stirrups mounted on prefabricated parts should be securely fast-
ened to the parts.
29.1.22. Prefabricated parts should be so transported that
no conditions affecting the stability of the parts or the means of
transport result from jolting, vibration, or stresses due to blows,
or loads of material or persons.
Placing of prefabricated parts
29.1.23. When the method of erection does not permit the
provision of other means of protection against falls of persons, the
252
Other building operations,
workplaces should be protected by guard-rails, and if appropriate

by toe-boards, in conformity with the provisions of paragraphs
2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
29.1.24. When parts of outside walls are being placed, the
area below into which the part might fall should be barricaded
or guarded.
29.1.25. When weather conditions such as wind or reduced
visibility entail risks of accidents the work should be carried on
with particular care, or, if necessary, interrupted.
29.1.26. Before erecting prefabricated parts from work-
places from which a person could fall more than 2 m (6 ft 6 in),
guard-rails should be provided, completed if necessary by
toe-boards.
29.1.27. When it is not practicable to install protective guard-
rails and toe-boards the workers should be provided with and
use safety belts and lifelines to limit the height of the fall.
29.1.28. The safety devices (guard-rails, toe-boards, safety
belts and lifelines) should not be removed so long as the risk
remains.
29.2. Structural steel erection
General provisions
29.2.1. As far as practicable the safety of structural steel
erectors should be ensured by appropriate means, such as provi-
sion and use of:
ladders;
gangways;
fixed platforms;
platforms, buckets, boatswain's chairs, etc. suspended from
lifting appliances;
safety belts and lifelines; and
catch nets or catch platforms.
29.2.2. Structural steel erection operations should comply
with the relevant provisions of section 29.1 wherever applicable,
253
and in addition the provisions below should be observed whenever

they are stricter.
29.2.3. Steel structures should not be worked on during
violent storms or high winds, or when they are covered with ice
or snow, or are slippery from other causes.
29.2.4. If necessary to prevent danger, structural steel parts
should be equipped with attachments for suspended scaffolds,
lifelines or safety belts and other means of protection.
29.2.5. If necessary to prevent danger, written instructions
concerning the lifting, transport, erection and storage of structural
steel parts should be provided and kept available on the site.
29.2.6. Structural steel parts that are to be erected at a great
height should as far as practicable be assembled on the ground.
29.2.7. When structural steel parts are being erected, a suffi-
ciently extended area underneath the workplace should be barri-
caded or guarded.
29.2.8. Suitable devices should be used to raise or lower
structural steel parts.
29.2.9. Devices referred to in paragraph 29.2.8 should be
used in a manner to prevent slipping of the structural steel part
raised or lowered.
29.2.10. Before structural steel parts are lifted, care should
be taken that any object that could fail is fastened or removed.
29.2.11. Structural steel parts should not be dragged while
being lifted if that could cause danger.
29.2.12. Steel trusses that are being erected should be ade-
quately shored, braced or guyed until they are permanently
secured in position.
29.2.13. No load-bearing structural member should be
dangerously weakened by cutting, holing or other means.
29.2.14. Workers cleaning steel surfaces with harmful sub-
stances should wear appropriate protective equipment complying
with relevant requirements of Chapter 36.
254
Flooring
29.2.15. If steel erection work is performed from a temporary
working floor, workers employed directly underneath should be
protected by a close-planked floor above them.
29.2.16. If steel is stored on temporary flooring, the flooring
should be strong enough to support it safely, be close planked,
and be adequately secured in position, and the load should be
evenly distributed.
Hoisting
29.2. 17. While structural members are being moved into
place the load should not be released from the hoisting rope until
the members are securely fastened in place.
29.2.18. Structural members should not be forced into place
by the hoisting machine while any worker is in such a position
that he could be injured by the operation.
29.2.19. Open-web steel joists that are hoisted singly should
be directly placed in position and secured against dislodgement.
29.2.20. Bundles of joists should be secured against dislodge-
ment after being hoisted.
29.2.21. No load should be placed on open-web steel joists
until they have been placed in position and secured.
29.2.22. While panels or structural members are being
hoisted, hand ropes should be used to maintain control of the load.
Riveting
29.2.23. When hot riveting of structural steel is to be done in a
confined space the steel surfaces in the area of operations should
be free of any compound containing lead or any other substance
that could liberate toxic fumes when heated.
29.2.24. Rivet holes should be cleared of paint by reaming
or other effective method.
29.2.25. Rivets, bolts, nuts, wrenches and other loose articles
should be kept in boxes or otherwise prevented from falling from
a height.
255
29.2.26. Precautions should be taken to prevent fires being

caused by rivet-heating equipment.
29.2.27. Pails of water or other fire-extinguishing appliances
should be provided for rivet heaters.
29.2.28. Rivet heaters should extinguish their fires before
leaving work.
29.3. Work in shafts and stair wells

29.3.1. In buildings where stair wells or other shafts are being
constructed of masonry, floor slabs or planking should be installed
as the work progresses and should be maintained within two
floors of the floor on which any brickwork or masonry is being
erected.
29.3.2. During the installation or replacement of elevators,
or other work in a shaft, a close-planked platform should be
installed one floor above the floor at which the work is being done
so as to provide protection against falls of objects.
29.3.3. A close-planked platform should be installed at the
top of the shaft to prevent persons from falling into it.
29.3.4. Where necessary to prevent danger, an adequate
partition should be provided to prevent contact with an adjacent
elevator or counterweight when an elevator is being replaced.
29.3.5. When necessary to prevent danger, while men are
working at intermediate levels in a shaft:
a catch net should be installed not more than 6 m (20 ft)
below the working level; or
the workers should wear safety belts complying with the
relevant requirements of Chapter 36.
29.4. Erection of roof trusses

29.4.1. When roof trusses are being erected:
(a) the work should be done from a close-planked floor; or
256
suitable scaffolding or boatswain's chairs should be provided;

or
the workers should be protected by other effective means.
29.4.2. For raising heavy trusses suitable masts or other
lifting appliances should be used.
29.4.3. Parts of trusses or columns should be adequately
braced or guyed if necessary to prevent danger before the truss
is permanently stable.
29.4.4. Workers should not walk along the top members of
trusses.
29.4.5. If workers have to walk along the bottom members
of trusses a gangway complying with the requirements of section 3.3
should be provided.
29.5. Provision of temporary floors
29.5.1. All tiers of open joists and girders on which workers

are employed should be securely covered with close planking or
any other effective covering until the permanent floor is installed.
29.5.2. Parts of the protection should only be removed to
the extent required for the continuation of the work.
29.5.3. In halls and similar buildings without intermediate
walls, columns or chimneys, close planking may be replaced by
working platforms complying with the requirements of section 3.2
and at least 2 m (6 ft 6 in) wide.
workers from going on. or loading light false floors, vaulting or
ceilings.
29.5.5. In buildings or structures of skeleton steel construc-
tion, permanent floor ifiling should as far as practicable be installed
as the erection progresses.
257
29.6. Work on tall chimneys

Scaffolds
29.6.1. For the erection and repair of tall chimneys, scaffolding
complying with the relevant requirements of Chapter 3 should
be provided.
29.6.2. Fixed inside scaffolding should be securely anchored
in the chimney wall.
29.6.3. The scaffold floor should always be at least 65 cm
(26 in) below the top of the chimney.
29.6.4. Under the working floor of the scaffolding the next
lower floor should be left in position as a catch platform.
29.6.5. Suspended outside scaffolding (inspection scaffolds)
should comply with the requirements of section 3.5 or section 3.6,
as the case may be.
29.6.6. The distance between the inside edge of the scaffold
and the wall of the chimney should not exceed 20 cm (8 in) at
any point.
29.6.7. An adequate catch net should be maintained at a
suitable distance below the scaffold.
29.6.8. Bracket scaffolds should only be used for light work.
29.6.9. If bracket scaffolds are used the workers using them
should be secured by safety belts conforming to the relevant
requirements of Chapter 36; the lifeline should be anchored at a
point other than that where the brackets are attached.
29.6.10. When mobile inside suspended scaffolds are used:
the lifting appliance should be firmly secured against dis-
placement;
the working platform with the catch platform underneath
should be permanently attached to the lifting appliance; and
when the working platform is not being moved, it should
rest on adequate supports securely fastened in the chimney
wall.
258
Catch platforms
29.6.11. Catch platforms should be erected over:
the entrance to the chimney; and
passageways and working places where workers could be
endangered by falling objects.
Stairs, ladders
29.6.12. For climbing tall chimneys, workers should be
provided with:
stairs or ladders complying with the relevant provisions of
Chapter 4; or
a column of iron rungs securely embedded in the chimney
wall.
29.6.13. Ladderways should be separated from the hoisting
shaft throughout their length by a partition.
29.6.14. Iron rungs should:
(a) be spaced between 25 cm (10 in) and 30 cm (12 in) apart; and
(1,) be at the most 45 cm (18 in) long.
29.6.15. Iron rungs should be adequately protected against
corrosion.
29.6.16. If the chimney is over 6 m (20 ft) high, workers
should use a safety climbing belt to climb the chimney.
29.6.17. When workers use the outside rungs to climb the
chimney, a securely fastened steel core rope looped at the free end
and hanging down at least 3 m (10 ft) should be provided at the
top to help the workers to climb on to the chimney.
29.6.18. The climbing of chimneys by means of hooks, trestles,
rope ladders, ropes or other climbing aids should be prohibited.
Ljfling appliances
29.6.19. Winches and other lifting appliances should comply
with the relevant provisions of this Code, in particular those
contained in Chapter 5; and with the requirements of paragraphs
29.6.20 to 29.6.25.
259
29.6.20. Power-driven lifting appliances should only be used

inside chimneys whose clear width at working places is at least
1.5m (5 ft).
29.6.21. Outriggers for gin wheels and pulley blocks of lifting
appliances should be securely anchored in the chimney wall and
not be fastened to scaffolding.
29.6.22. Stiff-leg derricks should be protected against splitting
and slipping.
29.6.23. On the working platform the opening for the lifting
appliance should be protected by guard-rails and toe-boards
complying with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
29.6.24. Sections of the guard-rails and toe-boards that are
removed for attaching and detaching the bucket should be secured
in position when the bucket is not being handled.
29.6.25. Workers should not be carried on lifting appliances
intended only for materials.
Personal protective equipment
29.6.26. Workers employed on independent chimneys should
wear safety helmets and, when necessary to prevent danger, a
safety belt complying with the relevant requirements of Chapter 36.
Signalling
29.6.27. When necessary to prevent danger there should be
adequate means of signalling or other means of communication
between the working levels and the ground.
Operations
29.6.28. While work is being done on independent chimneys
the area surrounding the chimney should be enclosed by fencing
at a safe distance.
29.6.29. No unauthorised person should enter the area
referred to in paragraphs 29.6.28.
29.6.30. Workers employed on the construction, alteration,
maintenance or repair of tall chimneys should not:
260
work on the outside without a safety belt attached by a lifeline

to a rung, ring or other secure anchorage;
put tools between the safety belt and the body or in pockets
not intended for the purpose;
haul heavy materials or equipment up and down by hand to
or from the workplace on the chimney;
fasten pulleys or scaffolding to reinforcing rings without
first verifying their stability;
work alone;
climb a chimney that is not provided with securely anchored
ladders or rungs; or
work on chimneys in use unless the necessary precautions to
avoid danger from smoke and gases have been taken.
29.6.31. Materials, tools, etc. should be hoisted in containers
from which they cannot fall.
29.6.32. Bricks should not be hoisted in rope slings.
29.6.33. Care should be taken that loads being raised do not
catch on any fixed object.
29.6.34. Work on independent chimneys should not be car-
riedon in high winds, in icy conditions, in fog or during electrical
storms.
29.7. Work with hot asphalt, tar, etc.

Equipment
29.7.1. Asphalt plants should comply with the requirements
of section 15.5.
29.7.2. Tanks, vats, kettles, pots and other vessels for heating
tar, pitch, asphalt and other bituminous materials should:
be adequately resistant to damage by heat;
be capable of holding a full load without danger of collapse,
bursting, distortion or tipping; and
be provided with a close-fitting cover suitable for smothering
a fire in the vessel.
261
29.7.3. Gas and oil-fired asphalt and tar kettles or pots

should be equipped with burners, regulators and adequate safety
devices.
29.7.4. Heating appliances for vessels should distribute the
heat uniformly over the heating surface so as to avoid overheating.
29.7.5. Only electrically heated vessels should be used inside
buildings; but if other types of heating are employed, special
safety precautions should be observed.
29.7.6. Buckets for hot asphalt, bituminous materials or tar
should have:
the bail or handle firmly secured; and
a second handle near the bottom for tipping.
29.7.7. When vessels containing asphalt solutions are heated
by gas burners or other fuel producing open flames, the flame
should be of the jet or pressure burner type and be enclosed by a
hood or surrounded by baffles.
29.7.8. While vessels containing asphalt solutions are being
heated they should be kept open.
Operations
29.7.9. Asphalt should be kept dry.
29.7.10. Workers employed at vessels or handling hot bitu-
minous materials should be provided with suitable protective
equipment.
29.7.11. Vessels in operation should be kept at a safe distance
from combustible materials.
29.7.12. When vessels are used in confined spaces the gases,
fumes and smoke generated should be removed:
by exhaust ventilation; or
if exhaust ventilation is not adequate, by forced ventilation.
29.7.13. Vessels that are being heated should not be left
unattended.
262
29.7.14. Pieces of asphalt or other bituminous material should

not be thrown into hot vessels so as to cause dangerous splashing.
29.7.15. Covers should be kept closed when vessels are not
in use.
29.7.16. Buckets should not be filled with hot asphalt or
other bituminous materials to a level that might cause danger
when they are carried or hoisted.
29.7.17. Workers should not carry buckets of hot bituminous
material on ladders.
29.7.18. Mops and other applicators contaminated with bitu-
minous materials should not be stored inside buildings.
29.8. Work with wood preservatives

29.8.1. Before any work is done with wood preservatives the
employer should ascertain whether the preservatives contain any
chlorinated derivatives of phenol or naphthol or salts of arsenic
and chromium or other dangerous substances.
29.8.2. If wood preservatives contain dangerous substances
the requirements of paragraphs 29.8.3 to 29.8.9 should be complied
with.
29.8.3. As far as practicable, wood should be impregnated
with preservatives before it reaches the construction site.
29.8.4. Wood that has been impregnated by dipping on the
construction site or in the timber yard should not be used before
it has dried sufficiently or, in special cases, the precautions required
by paragraphs 29.8.5 to 29.8.7 have been taken.
29.8.5. When work is being done with wood preservatives,
including creosote, the necessary personal protective equipment
should be provided and used as follows:
for dipping: protective clothing, gauntlets and eye protection
and, if necessary, protection of exposed skin;
for brush painting: gauntlets, and, if splashing may occur,
eye protection and, if necessary, protection of exposed skin;
263
(c) for spraying: protective clothing, respiratory protection and

eye protection and, if necessary, protection of exposed skin.
29.8.6. Workers using wood preservatives should be provided
with suitable barrier creams not soluble in oil, or other appro-
priate creams, for applying to the exposed parts of the skin.
29.8.7. The creams referred to in paragraph 29.8.6 should be
applied before the work begins.
29.8.8. Creosote should not be allowed to come into contact
with the skin or eyes.
29.8.9. Creosote burns should be washed immediately and
receive medical attention.
29.9. Laying floors, facing walls, etc. with flammable materials

29.9.1. When in work such as laying or treating floors, gluing
sheets of linoleum, plastic, rubber, etc. on floors, walls or equip-
ment, use is made of glue or other highly flammable material, the
requirements of this section should be complied with during the
work and the drying time.
29.9.2. The place or space where the work is being done should
be well ventilated, for example, by a through draught or a suitable
fan.
29.9.3. When a fan is used it should be placed outside the
place or space.
29.9.4. Before the work begins, outside the entrance to the
place or space a suitable warning notice should be affixed.
29.9.5. Smoking, gas and electric welding, and cutting with
gas or other open flame should be prohibited in the place or space
and its vicinity.
29.9.6. Doors to adjoining places or spaces where there are
open flames should be kept closed.
29.9.7. All inside electrical installations should be flameproof.
29.9.8. Fire-extinguishing equipment should be provided in
accordance with the relevant provisions of this Code.
264
29.10. Insulation work

Work with asbestos
29.10.1. Every effort should be made to replace materials
containing asbestos by less dangerous materials.
29.10.2. When material containing asbestos is used the mate-
rial should be kept wet.
29.10.3. When material containing asbestos is used:
equipment processing or handling the material should be
enclosed; or
unenclosed equipment should be provided with exhaust venti-
lation; or
the workers should wear respiratory protective equipment.
29.10.4. When asbestos compounded slabs are being processed
in a stationary machine the machine should be equipped with a
system for exhausting the dust.
29.10.5. When asbestos compound slabs are being processed
by a portable machine or by hand, the workers should be pro-
tected, if necessary to prevent danger, by exhaust ventilation or
respiratory protective equipment.
29.10.6. When insulating blocks, slabs, cloth, tapes, cords,
etc. containing asbestos are used, the workers should wear respir-
atory protective equipment, and cloth, tapes, cords and the like
should be kept wet.
29.10.7. Insulating mattresses enclosed and filled with
asbestos should be prepared in enclosed equipment provided with
exhaust ventilation.
29.10.8. When asbestos is sprayed in buildings:
machines for shredding and spreading asbestos should be
equipped with means of keeping the asbestos wet;
valves for the water and asbestos supplies should be so inter-
locked in spraying equipment that the water must be turned on
first and the asbestos turned off first.
29.10.9. When asbestos is sprayed in buildings:
265
the workers should wear respiratory protective equipment;

all workers not employed on spraying should be at a safe
distance.
29.10.10. When asbestos is sprayed in buildings, asbestos dust
deposited on the floor, ledges, etc. should be kept wet and removed
as soon as practicable, and in any case at the end of the shift.
Work with glass wool and similar materials
29.10.11. When insulating work is being done with glass
wool, glass fibres, mineral wool and the like, the workers should
wear protective clothing that, as far as practicable, prevents such
substances from coming into contact with the skin.
29.10.12. Protective clothing worn during work with insulating
material, such as glass fibres, mineral wool and the like, should not
be utilised as street clothes.
29.11. Window cleaning

General provisions
29.11.1. Safety devices such as anchors, safety belts, scaffolds,
boatswain's chairs and ladders should be provided for window
cleaners at all windows through which they could fall more than
2m (6ft 6in).
29.11.2. Ladders should not be used for window cleaning if
the windows can be cleaned safely by other means.
29.11.3. No person should -clean a window having broken
sash chains or cords.
29.11.4. No person should clean a window for which anchors
are required unless he is wearing a safety belt complying with the
relevant requirements of Chapter 36 and has effectively secured it
to the anchors.
29.11.5. If a window for which anchors are required has a sill
that is not safe for the cleaner to stand on, a safe auxiliary sill or
other device enabling the cleaner to stand safely should be provided.
266
29.11.6. Anchors should not be deemed to be adequate

safety devices unless the window and its approaches are so con-
structed that the cleaner can reach the sill and attach one terminal
of the belt to the anchor before stepping on the sill, and one terminal
can remain attached to the anchor while the cleaner steps back into
the building.
29.11.7. No corrosive substance other than dilute hydro-
chloric acid or dilute hydrofluoric acid should be used for
window cleaning.
29.11.8. If acid is used for window cleaning:
scaffolding complying with the requirements of Chapter 3
should be used;
no fibre rope should be used on the scaffold;
the window cleaner should wear rubber gloves;
the acid should be applied with a brush; and
all parts of the scaffold and other equipment used should be
thoroughly washed with water after each use.
29.11.9. Where necessary to prevent danger to window
cleaners, windows more than 1.80 m (6 ft) wide should be provided
with a safe back rest, such as a cable.
29.11.10. Scaffolds and boatswain's chairs for window
cleaners should comply with the relevant requirements of Chapter 3.
29.11.11. Ladders for window cleaners should comply with
the relevant requirements of Chapter 4.
29.11.12. A window cleaner should not pass from one window
to another on the outside of a building unless he is on a safe sup-
port all the time and one end of his safety belt is continuously
attached.
Anchors
29.11.13. Anchors should be forged or machined from
corrosion-resistant rolled metal alloy.
29.11.14. The forging should be given suitable heat treatment.
267
29.11.15. Anchors should be provided with means that pre-

vent them from inadvertently turning, backing off, or becoming
loose.
29.11.16. Windows more than 1.80 m (6 ft) wide for which an
anchor is required should have two anchors at each end for fasten-
ing the window cleaner's safety belt.
29.11.17. Before being taken into use, anchors should be
tested by a competent person and found to be safe for use.
29.11.18. No window cleaner should work on a window that
has a loose or otherwise insecure or missing anchor.
29.12. Stone dressing

29.12.1. Structures, machines and appliances used in stone
dressing should be so designed or protected that, as far as practi-
cable, workers using them are not exposed to danger from siliceous
dust.
29. 12.2. Enclosed workplaces for stone-dressing operations
with a silicosis risk should:
have an adequate air space;
be adequately ventilated by dust-free and clean air;
be equipped with adequate dust-collection or dust-suppression
appliances; and
be cleaned daily by wet or exhaust methods.
29. 12.3. Workplaces in the open air or in open-sided sheds
for stone-dressing operations with a silicosis risk should:
(a) be separated one from another by a distance of at least 4 m
(13 ft); and
(1,) be so placed with regard to the prevailing wind direction that
neighbouring workplaces are not endangered by siliceous dust.
29.12.4. If workers cannot be protected from siliceous dust
by other means they should be provided with suitable respirators.
29.12.5. Workers dressing stone should take adequate pre-
cautions to prevent:
268
persons in the vicinity from being injured by flying stone

splinters;
injury to themselves from splinters from neighbouring work-
places; and
eye injury.
29.12.6. If necessary to prevent danger, stone dressers'
workplaces should be separated by stout partitions or screens.
289
30. Demolition
30.1. Preparatory work

30.1.1. Before demolition operations begin:
adequate inspection should be made; and
if necessary to prevent danger, unstable parts of the building
should be made secure.
30.1.2. Before demolition operations begin, the power on all
electric service lines should be shut off and the lines cut or discon-
nected at or outside the property line.
30.1.3. Before demolition operations begin, all gas, water
and steam service lines should be shut off and capped or otherwise
controlled at or outside the building line.
30.1.4. If it is necessary to maintain any electric power, water
or other service lines during demolition operations, they should be
adequately protected against damage.
30.1.5. The danger zone round the building should be ade-
quately fenced off or signposted.
30.2. General provisions on demolition operations

30.2.1. All demolition operations should be under the super-
vision of a competent person.
30.2.2. Demolition operations should only be carried out by
competent workers.
30.2.3. Demolition operations should begin by the removal of:
glass in doors, windows, etc.;
loose objects; and
projecting parts.
30.2.4. Workers should not be employed at different levels
unless adequate precautions are taken to ensure the safety of those
at lower levels.
270
Demolition
30.2.5. Demolition operations should begin at the top of the

structure and proceed downwards.
30.2.6. Masonry and other material should not be allowed to
accumulate or fall in quantities liable to endanger the stability of
any floor or structural support.
30.2.7. Care should be taken not to demolish any parts which
would destroy the stability of other parts.
30.2.8. Demolition activities should not be continued under
climatic conditions, such as high winds, which could cause collapse
of already weakened structures.
30.2.9. When necessary to prevent danger, parts of structures
should be adequately shored, braced or otherwise supported.
30.2.10. Structures should not be left in a condition in which
they could be brought down by wind pressure or vibration.
30.2.11. Where necessary to keep down dust, buildings being
demolished should be sprayed with water at suitable intervals.
30.2.12. If parts of buildings are pulled down:
only adequate wire cables should be used; and
all workers should be at a safe distance.
30.2.13. Special precautions should be taken when any
structure is being demolished by undermining.
30.2.14. If buildings or parts of buildings are demolished by
explosives, the relevant requirements of Chapters 22 and 23 should
be complied with.
30.2.15. Foundation walls serving as retaining walls to support
earth or adjoining structures should not be demolished until the
adjoining structure has been underpinned or braced, and the earth
removed or supported by sheet piling or sheathing.
Areas of access and egress
30.2.16. Safe passageways should be provided for workers on
demolition sites.
30.2.17. Stairs should be kept in place as long as practicable.
271
30.2.18. So long as stairs are in place, stair railings should not

be removed.
30.2. 19. When necessary to prevent danger, all passageways,
stairs, ladderways and other parts of a building where workers have
to work or pass should be adequately lit.
Personal protective equipment
30.2.20. Workers employed in demolition operations should
wear safety boots, safety helmets and heavy gloves.
30.2.21. Workers employed in dusty operations should wear
respirators of an appropriate type.
30.3. Demolition equipment

30.3.1. When equipment such as power shovels and bull-
dozers is used for demolition, due consideration should be given
to the nature of the building or structure, its dimensions, etc.,
as well as to the power of the equipment being used.
30.3.2. If a swinging weight is used for demolition, a safety
zone having a width at least 1 Y2 times the height of the building
or structure should be maintained around the points of impact.
30.3.3. Swinging weights should be so controlled that they
cannot swing against any structure other than the one being
demolished.
30.3.4. If a clamshell bucket is used for demolition, a safety
zone extending 8 m (25 ft) from the line of travel of the bucket
should be maintained.
30.3.5. No person other than a worker operating the demoli-
tion equipment should enter the safety zone.
30.3.6. Mechanical demolition equipment should be operated
from a safe place.
30.3.7. If derricks are used for the demolition of structural
steelwork, they should be installed and operated in conformity
272
Demolition
30.3.8. Scaffolds used for demolition operations should, to

ensure their stability, be independent of the structure to be
demolished.
30.3.9. If ladders are required, only travelling mechanical
ladders should be used, except that ordinary ladders may be used
as means of access to the scaffolds referred to in paragraph 30.3.8.
30.3.10. Ladders should not lean against any part of the
structure to be demolished.
30.3.11. Wherever practicable, hoists or chutes should be
provided to lower material.
30.3.12. Material chutes should have a gate at the bottom
with suitable means for regulating the flow of material.
30.4. Catch platforms for demolition operations

30.4.1. Where necessary during the demolition of buildings
or other structures, catch platforms should be provided along
the outside of exterior walls so as to prevent danger from falling
objects; provided that they may be dispensed with if a sufficient
safety zone is established.
30.4.2. Where necessary, catch platforms should be moved
as demolition proceeds so as to be always not more than two
floors below the demolition level until demolition is within three
floors of ground level.
30.4.3. Catch platforms should be at least 1.5 m (5 ft) wide
and close planked.
30.4.4. Catch platforms should be inclined so that the outer
edge is higher than the inner edge.
30.4.5. Catch platforms should be able to withstand safely
a live load of 600 kg/rn2 (120 lb/ft2).
30.5. Demolition of walls

30.5.1. Walls should be demolished storey by storey beginning
at the roof and working downwards.
273
30.5.2. Masonry and brickwork should be taken down in

reasonably even courses.
30.5.3. Where necessary, unsupported walls should be pro-
tected against falling by means such as shoring and ties.
30.5.4. If walls are pushed over, workers should be kept
at a safe distance and, if necessary to prevent danger, be protected
against flying fragments.
30.5.5. Workers demolishing walls from which they could
fall a dangerous distance should be provided with scaffolding, or
protected by a catch platform or other effective means.
30.5.6. Workers demolishing walls that are thin or structur-
ally weak should be provided with scaffolding.
30.5.7. Walls should not be subjected to dangerous lateral
pressure by stored material.
30.6. Demolition of floors

30.6.1. When necessary to prevent danger, workers demo-
lishing floors should be provided with planking or walkways on
which to stand or move.
30.6.2. Openings through which material is dropped should
be adequately fenced or barricaded to prevent danger.
30.6.3. Floor openings for ladders or stairs should be provided
with guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the requirements
of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
30.6.4. When floors are being demolished, the area immedi-
ately underneath should be fenced off, and no worker should
be allowed to enter it.
30.6.5. All work above each tier of floor beams should be
completed before the safety of the tier supports is impaired.
274
Demolition
30.7. Demolition of structural steelwork
30.7.1. All practicable precautions should be taken to prevent

danger from any sudden twist, spring or collapse of steelwork,
ironwork or reinforced concrete when it is cut or released.
30.7.2. Steel construction should be demolished tier by tier.
30.7.3. Structural steel parts should be lowered and not
dropped from a height.
30.8. Demolition of tall chimneys, steeples, etc.
30.8.1. Tall chimneys should not be demolished by blasting

or overturning unless a protected area of adequate dimensions
can be established in which the chimney can fall safely.
30.8.2. Tall chimneys should only be demolished by compe-
tent persons under constant competent supervision.
30.8.3. If tall chimneys are demolished by hand, scaffolding
complying with the relevant requirements of Chapter 3 should
be used.
30.8.4. The scaffolding should be shifted as demolition pro-
ceeds so that the working platform is always more than 25 cm
(10 in) but not more than 1.5 m (5 ft) below the top of the chimney.
30.8.5. Supports for hoisting appliances should be indepen-
dent of the scaffolding.
30.8.6. Workers should not stand on top of the chimney
wall.
30.8.7. If material is thrown down inside the chimney, an
appropriate opening should be made at the bottom to prevent
accumulations.
30.8.8. Material thrown down should only be removed
during breaks in the work.
30.8.9. If workers are hoisted for the demolition of chimneys,
they should be conveyed:
275
in a boatswain's chair complying with the requirements of

section 3.17; or
in an equally safe manner.
30.8.10. The relevant provisions of this section should apply
also to the demolition of steeples and similar structures.
276
31. Excavations

31.1.1. Before excavation begins on any site, the stability
of the ground should be verified by a competent person.
31.1.2. Before work begins on any excavation site, the
employer should verify the position of all underground installa-
tions such as sewers, gas pipes, water pipes and electrical conduc-
tors that may cause danger during the work.
31.1.3. If necessary to prevent danger before an excavation
is started, gas, water, electrical and other public utilities should
be shut off or disconnected.
31.1.4. If underground pipes, conductors, etc. cannot be
removed or disconnected, they should be fenced, hung up or
otherwise protected.
31.1.5. If necessary to prevent danger, land should be cleared
of trees, boulders and other obstructions before excavation begins.
31.1.6. Sides of excavations should be thoroughly inspected:
after an interruption in work of more than one day;
after every blasting operation;
after an unexpected fall of ground;
after substantial damage to supports;
after a heavy frost;
after heavy rain; and
when boulder formations are encountered.
31.1.7. Safe means of access and egress should be provided
to every place where persons are employed in excavation.
31.1.8. No person should work on loose ground if the slope
is too steep to ensure a safe foothold.
31.1.9. When ground does not ensure a safe foothold, ade-
quate support should be provided.
277
31.1.10. No ground should be undermined without adequate

support.
31.1.11. No person should work under an overhanging or
undermined tree stump, wall or other structure.
31.1.12. When loose masses or large boulders and rocks are
encountered:
they should be removed as soon as practicable from above;
and
workers should leave and keep out of the danger zone until
it is safe to return.
31.1.13. Where persons are working at different levels, ade-
quate means, such as flooring, should be provided to prevent
persons below from being struck by tools or other objects falling
from above.
31.1.14. Openings in flooring referred to in paragraph 31.1.13
should be provided with covers opening upwards and kept closed
when not in use.
31.1.15. If necessary to prevent danger, sides of excavations
and piles of excavated material should be adequately lit during
the hours of darkness.
31.1.16. As far as practicable, excavations should be kept
free from water.
31.1.17. In any excavation where there is reason to fear
danger from inrushes of water or falls of material, a safe way of
escape should, as far as practicable, be provided for every worker.
31.1.18. No person should enter a sewer, shaft or other under-
ground space or chamber unless it has been tested and found free
from dangerous quantities of harmful gases.
31.1.19. If persons have to enter an underground chamber
or other place to test for gas, they should be provided with a safety
belt, safety line and breathing apparatus complying with the
relevant requirements of this Code.
278
Excavations
31.1.20. If necessary to prevent danger, adequate mechanical

ventilation should be provided in excavations to disperse harmful
gases and fumes.
31.1.21. When internal combustion engines are operated
in an excavation, steps should be taken to avoid the accumulation
of dangerous gases by providing exhaust scrubbers, improved
ventilation or other effective means.
31.1.22. Every accessible part of an excavation into which
a person could fall should, where necessary, be protected by an
adequate barrier.
31.1.23. No material should be placed or stacked near the
edge of any excavation so as to endanger persons employed below.
31.1.24. No load, plant or equipment should be placed or
moved near the edge of any excavation where it would be likely
to cause a collapse of the side of the excavation and thereby
endanger any person.
31.1.25. If an excavation is likely to affect the security of a
structure on which persons are working, precautions should be
taken to protect the structure from collapse.
31.2. Support of excavation workings

31.2.1. Sides of excavations where workers are exposed to
danger from moving ground should be made safe by sloping,
shoring, portable shields or other effective means.
31.2.2. An adequate supply of timber or other suitable shoring
material should be available where excavation work is being
carried out.
31.2.3. Timber and other supports should only be erected,
substantially altered or dismantled under the supervision of a
competent person and by competent workers.
31.2.4. All struts, braces and wallings in excavations should
be adequately secured so as to prevent their accidental displace-
ment.
279
31.2.5. If necessary to prevent danger, masonry walls pro-

tecting excavations should be adequately braced or shored.
31.2.6. Temporary sheet piling installed for the construction
of a retaining wall should not be removed until the wall has
attained its full strength.
3 1.2.7. Earth banks should not be undercut unless they are
adequately shored.
31.2.8. Heavy equipment such as power shovels and derricks
should not be placed near the edges of excavations unless pre-
cautions such as the provision of shoring or piling are taken to
prevent the sides from collapsing.
31.2.9. In frozen ground, shoring should not be dispensed
with unless the depth and duration of frost and the consistency
of the soil are sufficient to prevent danger of collapse.
31.3. Trenches
31.3.1. Trenches in built-up areas and on traffic routes should
be fenced.
3 1.3.2. Depending on the type of soil, the sides of trenches
should be secured against falling in by adequate sloping, shoring,
portable shields or other effective means. -
31.3.3. If necessary to prevent danger, workers installing

shoring should be protected by frames, bracing or other effective
means.
31.3.4. Trenches more than 1 20 m (4 ft) deep should be pro-
vided with ladders at suitable intervals.
31.3.5. Ladders should extend from the bottom of the trench
to at least 90 cm (3 ft) above the ground.
31.3.6. Where workers use hand tools such as picks and
shovels they should keep a safe distance apart from each other
while working in trenches.
31.3.7. When a mechanical digger is used for trenching, the
timbering should follow the digger as closely as practicable.
280
Excavatjons
31.3.8. Trenches in unstable ground such as loose sand

should be close timbered.
31.3.9. Foot-boards and platforms supported by bracing
should be adequately secured by brackets or other effective means.
31.3.10. Bracing should not be used as a ladder.
31.3.11. Heavy objects should not be placed on bracing.
31.3.12. When buckets of hot material are lowered, special
precautions should be taken to prevent injury to the workers.
31.3.13. If heating appliances are used in or near trenches in
frozen ground, precautions should be taken to ensure that they
do not dangerously weaken the sides.
31.3. 14. When trenches are being ifiled in, the shoring should
be kept in place so long as is necessary to prevent danger from
collapse of the sides.
31.4. Wells
31.4.1. Hoisting equipment installed over wells should:
possess adequate strength and stability; and
not endanger workers below.
31.4.2. Wells should be securely cased or lined to within
1.5 m (5 ft) from the bottom as they are sunk.
3 1.4.3. A ladderway complying with the relevant requirements
of Chapter 4 should be installed from the top to the bottom
of wells as they are sunk.
3 1.4.4. In water-bearing ground, wells should be provided
with means for the rapid evacuation of the workers.
31.4.5. If a well has to be continuously pumped out, a reserve
set of pumping equipment should be kept available.
31.4.6. Buckets of earth should be guided while being hoisted,
if necessary to prevent danger.
3 1.4.7. Workers should not remain at the bottom of a well
in which a grab is working.
281
32. Underground construction
32.1.1. Tunnelling operation should be carried on in accord-
ance with plans approved by the competent authority.
32.1.2. All occupied workplaces underground should be
inspected at least once in every shift.
32.1.3. Places occupied by solitary workers should be inspect-
ed at least twice in every shift.
32.1.4. At least once in every week, thorough inspections
should be made of all machinery, equipment, structures, supports,
roadways, means of egress, magazines, medical facilities, sani-
tation and working places.
32.1.5. All workers should be withdrawn from underground
workings if:
the ventilation fails; or
other imminent danger threatens.
32.1.6. Parts of underground workings found to be dangerous
should be fenced off.
32.1.7. A telephone system should be maintained from the
vicinity of the face of underground workings to the surface with
stations at intermediate workplaces.
32.1.8. In underground workings that are Wet, the workers
should be provided with waterproof clothing and boots.
32.1.9, In tunnels and other underground workings where
an explosive mixture of gas such as methane and air may form,
operations should be carried on in accordance with national
or other official regulations applying to gassy mines.
32.1.10. In these cases referred to in paragraph 32.1.9, in
particular:
(a) all electrical equipment and conductors should be flame-
proof or intrinsically safe;
282
Underground construction
the current should be cut off from all electrical equipment

and conductors when the content of flammable gas in the
general body of the air exceeds safe limits;
no blasting should be done at any place where the content
of flammable gas in the atmosphere exceeds safe limits;
suitable gas detectors and gas alarms should be provided;
the atmosphere should be tested at suitable intervals in every
shift;
all workers should be withdrawn from the underground
workings when the content of flammable gas in the general
body of the air exceeds a percentage to be determined by the
competent authority; and
no worker should be allowed to carry matches or cigarette
lighters underground.
32.2. Shaft sinking

General provisions
32.2.1. Every shaft not sunk through solid rock should be
cased, lined or otherwise made safe.
32.2.2. Shuttering for masonry lining of shafts should only be
removed gradually as the masonry progresses.
32.2.3. As far as practicable, workers employed in sinking
shafts should be protected against falls of objects.
32.2.4. Workers employed on sinking shafts should be provided
with staging, scaffolds or cradles from which they can work safely.
32.2.5. Staging, scaffolds and cradles should, if necessary for
the maintenance of adequate ventilation in the shaft, be provided
with grids or other suitable devices.
32.2.6. As soon as practicable, the shaft top should be protect-
ed by adequate fencing, or guard-rails and toe-boards and gates.
32.2.7. When a shaft is being sunk through water-bearing
strata, adequate means of escape from the bottom should be
provided.
283
32.2.8. All entrances between the bottom of a shaft and the

top should be securely fenced.
32.2.9. Where a fence or cover has been removed from a shaft
entrance to allow work to proceed, it should be replaceable by two
horizontal bars, ropes or chains at heights of about 60 cm (2 ft) and
1.20 m (4 ft) from the floor.
32.2.10. All shafts should have a ladderway from the surface
to the workings, in addition to any mechanical means of ingress
and egress.
32.2.11. Ladders should comply with the relevant requirements
of Chapter 4.
32.2. 12. Shafts used for hoisting should have a ladder com-
partment separated from the haulage compartment by fencing ade-
quate to prevent danger.
32.2.13. In blasting operations, all shots should be fired by
electricity.
32.2. 14. If shaft sinking is carried on at night, the shaft top
should be adequately lit.
32.2.15. A thorough inspection of the shaft should be made:
before a shift descends; and
after blasting.
32.2.16. While persons are in the shaft, the bottom should be
adequately lit.
Hoisting during shaft sinking
32.2.17. Hoisting installations should comply with the relevant
requirements of this Code, in particular, those contained in Chap-
ter 5; and the requirements of paragraphs 32.2.18 to 32.2.31.
32.2.18. An adequate clear space should be provided between
the hoisting pulley and the bucket when it is at the top of the shaft.
32.2.19. As soon as practicable, guides for the bucket should
be provided.
32.2.20. The bucket should be so fastened to the hoisting rope
that it cannot become detached.
284
32.2.21. Winches should:

comply with the requirements of section 5.11; and
be provided with an adequate depth indicator.
32.2.22. Winches at shaft tops should be so installed that the
bucket can be attached and detached safely.
32.2.23. Shafts equipped with a hand-operated winch should
have the top protected by a toe-board.
32.2.24. When persons are raised and lowered in a bucket, at
the top and working level the shaft should be closed by doors or
flaps, which should only be opened to allow the passage of the
bucket or material.
32.2.25. Hoisting operations in shaft sinking should be govern-
ed by signals in conformity with the relevant requirements of
section 1.8.
32.2.26. No person should be hoisted without a light.
32.2.27. No person should enter or leave the bucket at the top
of the shaft or at any working level before the flaps or trap doors
at the top or the level in question have been closed.
32.2.28. No person should be carried in a bucket in which
material is carried.
32.2.29. If two buckets are used, men and materials should not
be hoisted at the same time.
32.2.30. Buckets should not be filled to the brim.
32.2.31. Objects projecting outside the bucket should be
securely fastened to the suspension gear or the hoisting rope.
32.3. Hoisting shaft installations
Shaft tops
32.3.1. Tops of shafts should be adequately protected against
inrushes of water.
32.3.2. Tops of shafts should be protected by guard-rails and
toe-boards complying with the requirements of paragraphs 2.6.1
to 2.6.5.
285
Shaft supports
32.3.3. Structures in shafts should be:
kept free of stones and other objects; and
cleaned at suitable intervals.
Headframes
32.3.4. All shafts over 30 m (100 ft) in depth should have an
adequate headframe.
32.3.5. Headframes should be strong enough to withstand
safely the maximum loads that they will have to carry.
32.3.6. Headframes should preferably be of open steelwork
construction.
32.3.7. If headframes are of timber, they should be treated to
make them fire-resistant.
32.3.8. Headframes should be earthed or otherwise adequately
protected against lightning.
Landings
32.3.9. All landings in shafts should be provided with gates
thateffectively close the opening to a height of at least 2 m (6 ft 6 in).
32.3.10. At all landings where it is necessary to cross the shaft, a
safe passageway should be provided.
Ladderways
32.3.11. Ladderways in shafts should comply with the relevant
32.3.12. Ladderways should:
be adequately lit from top to bottom;
be installed in a separate shaft; or
be installed in a separate compartment of the hoisting shaft; or
not be used while hoisting is being carried on.
286
Signalling installations
32.3.13. Shafts should be equipped with a signalling system
that warns the hoisting engineer when a conveyance passes beyond
the safe limit of travel.
32.3.14. It should be possible to exchange signals effectively
between all the landings in the shaft.
32.3.15. Before tunnelling operations are begun from a shaft,
two separate signalling systems of different types should be
installed.
32.3.16. The signal code should be posted in the hoisting
machine room and at each landing.
Hoisting machines
32.3.17. Hoisting machines should be equipped:
with an adequate brake that will automatically stop and hold
the conveyance if the hoisting power fails; and
with a reliable depth indicator.
32.3.18. Hoisting drums or ropes should be provided with such
distance markings as are required for safe operation.
32.3.19. All parts of hoisting machines and other hoisting
equipment should be readily accessible for inspection.
32.3.20. All hoisting machines should be inspected at least once
a day by the hoisting engineer.
Cages and buckets
32.3.21. Shafts exceeding 30 m (100 ft) in depth should have
an installation for conveying persons.
32.3.22. In completed shafts, the installation for conveying
persons should be a cage or car.
32.3.23. Cages or cars for conveying persons should be equip-
ped with safety gear that automatically hol4s the cage or car when
fully loaded if the suspension rope breaks or becomes slack.
32.3.24. Cages or cars for conveying persons should:
(a) be solidly enclosed from floor to roof on at least two sides;
287
be provided on open sides with a gate or other adequate

barrier; and
be provided with a roof affording adequate protection against
falling objects.
30.3.25. The cage or car roof (or roofs in the case of multiple
deck cages) should have a trap door or other suitable emergency
exit.
32.3.26. There should be adequate means of blocking the cage
or car at every landing.
32.3.27. Buckets used for conveying persons in shafts should:
have no projections on the outside that could catch in an
obstruction;
be not less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep;
be provided with adequate means to prevent them from inad-
vertently tipping; and
not be self-opening.
32.3.28. Unguided or free-hanging buckets should not be
raised or lowered at a speed exceeding 30 m (100 ft) a minute.
Wire ropes, chains and accessories

32.3.29. Only steel wire ropes should be used in shaft installa-
tions for hoisting operations.
32.3.30. Steel wire ropes should have a safety factor of at least
10.
32.3.31. Only steel wire ropes fitting the hoisting machine
drum should be used.
32.3.32. No spliced steel wire rope should be used for hoisting.
32.3.33. All hoisting steel wire ropes should be suitably lubri-
cated to prevent corrosion and wear.
32.3.34. All hooks used with hoisting equipment should be
provided with devices to prevent them from becoming detached
from the load while in use.
288
32.4. Hoisting operations

32.4.1. Notices should be posted at conspicuous places at the
hoisting installation stating:
the maximum speed for transporting persons in the shaft; and
the maximum number of persons and the maximum weight of
material that may be safely carded in each conveyance.
32.4.2. Hoisting operations in shafts should be governed by
signals in conformity with the relevant requirements of section 1.8.
32.4.3. Regular hoisting of persons in shafts should be subject
to the authorisation of the competent authority.
32.4.4. When workers are being hoisted at the beginning or end
of a shift:
(a) no material should be hoisted in any compartment of the shaft;
(b) a competent person should be in attendance at all shaft land-
ings in use to:
give the necessary signals to the hoisting engineer;
prevent overloading of the conveyance; and
observe all required safety precautions; and
(c) the hoisting engineer should be accompanied by another com-
petent person who could operate the hoisting machine in an
emergency.
32.4.5. Cages or cars should be blocked while persons are
entering or leaving or material is being loaded or unloaded at
landings.
32.4.6. No person should ride in a conveyance when material
or heavy equipment is being conveyed.
32.4.7. Landing gates should be kept closed except when the
conveyance is stationary at the landing.
32.4.8. In the hoisting machine room, there should be a light
or other signal showing whether all the landing gates are closed
or not.
32.4.9. Cages or cars should not be raised or lowered:
289
at a speed in excess of the authorised maximum; or

with a greater number of persons or a heavier load of material
than the authorised maximum.
32.4.10. After every stoppage of hoisting for repairs or other
reason, the conveyance should be run empty up and down the work-
ing part of the shaft at least once.
32.4.11. Except for repair purposes, hoisting operations should
not be carried on in shafts any part of which is being repaired.
32.5. Supports
32.5.1. When necessary to prevent danger, roofs and sides of
tunnels and other underground workings should be adequately
supported by timbering or other effective means.
32.5.2. If supports are required, adequate supplies of suitable
support material should be kept readily available.
32.5.3. Supports should be maintained as close as practicable
to the tunnel face.
32.5.4. The sides and roof and supports of tunnels should be
inspected at least once in every shift.
32.5.5. When a tunnel is to be lined with masonry or concrete,
the supports should not be removed from any part until it is safe
to remove them.
32.5.6. When supports are being withdrawn or changed, ade-
quate precautions should be taken to prevent danger from loose
masses.
32.5.7. Additional supports should be installed:
when any part of existing supports is found to be deformed;
and
when any part of existing supports is being changed.
32.6. Ventilation
32.6.1. All underground workings should be traversed by a
regular air current to keep them in a fit state for working and, in
particular:
290
to avoid excessive rises in temperature;

to dilute harmful dusts, gases and fumes to safe concentrations;
and
to prevent the oxygen content of the atmosphere from faIling
below 17 per cent.
32.6.2. In all underground workings it should be possible to
reverse the air flow.
32.6.3. When natural ventilation is inadequate, mechanical
ventilation should be provided.
32.6.4. The air supply should be free from contamination.
32.6.5. Ventilation ducts should be airtight.
32.6.6. In tunnels where blasting is done:
an adequate supply of air should be taken to the face by
mechanical ventilation;
after every blast the face should be cleared of dust as far as
practicable by exhaust ventilation; and
if necessary to remove the fumes, auxiliary ventilation should
be provided.
32.6.7. Sufficient additional ventilation to prevent danger
should be provided if diesel engines are used.
32.6.8. In tunnels where there is danger from dust, the ventila-
tion should comply with the relevant requirements of section 32.14.
32.7. Fire protection
32.7.1. No combustible structure other than the headframe

should be erected over a shaft or a tunnel mouth.
32.7.2. No combustible structure, such as a storage building,
should be built within 30 m (100 ft) of a shaft, tunnel mouth,
hoisting-engine house or ventilation-fan house.
32.7.3. No flammable oils or other highly flammable material
should be stored within 30 m (100 ft) of a shaft, tunnel mouth or
explosives magazine.
291
32.7.4. Oil escaping from tanks and drums should not be able
to flow to within 30 m (100 ft) of a shaft or tunnel mouth.
32.7.5. As far as practicable, combustible materials should be
kept out of tunnels.
32.7.6. No flammable liquids should be stored underground
in bulk.
32.7.7. Lubricating oils, grease and rope dressings underground
should:
be kept in closed metal containers; and
be stored in a safe place away from shafts, hoists, explosives
magazines and timber.
32.7.8. Large supplies of grease or lubricating oil should not
be kept underground.
32.7.9. Oily waste and rags used with machinery should:
be kept in closed metal containers; and
be removed to the surface at frequent intervals.
32.7. 10. Waste and decayed timber should be promptly
removed from the underground workings.
32.7.11. No combustible rubbish of any kind should be
allowed to accumulate underground.
32.7.12. Unless there is complete freedom from fire or explo-
sion risk, no naked lights and no smoking should be allowed
underground.
32.7.13. Petrol engines should not be used underground
except under conditions approved by the competent authority.
32.7.14. If welding or flame cutting is done underground:
timber supports and other combustible structures or materials
should be protected by a fireproof screen;
suitable fire extinguishers should be kept readily available; and
a constant watch should be kept for outbreaks of fire.
32.7.15. Sufficient fire-fighting equipment of suitable types
should be provided in tunnelling operations.
292
32.7.16. All shaft landings should be provided with:

hose connections and an adequate length of hose; and
suitable portable fire extinguishers.
32.8. Electricity
32.8.1. Electrical installations in shafts and tunnels should

comply with the requirements of Chapter 17 and with the require-
ments of this section.
Cutting offpower on surface
32.8.2. Main switchgear for cutting off the supply of electri-
city from all underground installations should:
be installed on the surface;
be accessible only to authorised persons; and
be attended by a competent person authorised to operate it.
Cutting off power underground
32.8.3. Efficient means should be provided to cut off the supply
of electricity at the origin of every underground circuit.
Earthing
32.8.4. Where the voltage exceeds safety extra-low voltage1
(or 65 V for telephones), the following should be effectively earthed:
armouring and metallic coverings of cables;
external metallic parts of electrical appliances such as gener-
ators, transformers and motors which are not normally live;
and
metallic parts in the immediate vicinity of live conductors.
32.8.5. Earthing systems should be so installed that no dan-
gerous voltage can arise between earthed parts and the earth.
defined in section 17.1.
293
Lightning protection
32.8.6. Where necessary, suitable lightning arresters should be
installed on the surface to protect the installation below ground
from abnormal voltage due to atmospheric electricity.
Conductors
32.8.7. The main cables supplying current to electric motors
installed in the vicinity of shafts (such as those for underground
fans or drainage pumps) should be duplicated if the stopping of
these motors would cause danger.
32.8.8. The external coverings of cables should be such that
they cannot contribute to the spread of fire.
32.8.9. Cables should be heavily insulated.
32.8.10. The metal sheathing of any armoured cable should:
be electrically continuous throughout its length;
be earthed;
be effectively protected against corrosion wherever necessary;
and
not be used as a current-carrying conductor.
32.8.11. Cables should be so placed and secured as to ensure
maximum protection against mechanical damage of all kinds, and
particularly that due to their own weight, to bending or twisting, to
traffic or to ground movements.
32.8.12. Supporting devices for cables should:
be of adequate mechanical strength;
permit the cable to move when it is subjected to any unusual
pull, except in shafts; and
be spaced sufficiently close to prevent dangerous sagging.
32.8.13. Electric conductors should not be supported on
spikes or other makeshift supports.
32.8.14. Cables in shafts should have an armouring strong
enough to support, without dangerous sagging, their weight, taking
into account the spacing of supports.
294
32.8.15. The armouring referred to in paragraph 32.8.14

should have a stress safety factor of at least 3.
Switches
32.8.16. Switches should be of the enclosed safety type.
Fixed lighting
32.8.17. Fixed lamps underground should be fitted with a
strong protective cover of glass or other transparent material.
32.8.18. If the cover is not highly resistant to impact, it should
be provided with a guard.
32.8.19. Whenever required by local conditions, the lamp
fitting should be proof against dust and water.
32.8.20. Fixed lighting apparatus should be so constructed
that the lamp bulb or tube can be replaced without danger of elec-
tric shock, unless there are sufficient switches for all supply con-
ductors in the circuit to be made dead.
32.8.21. When the installation is supplied from a trolley wire
system, the lighting should be limited to the parts of the roadway
containing the trolley wire and the immediate vicinity of those
parts.
32.8.22. When the installation is supplied from a trolley wire
system, each lamp should:
be protected by a fuse inserted in the circuit between the lamp
and the trolley wire;
have an earthing conductor separate from the return conduc-
tor; and
be sufficiently well insulated from any metal road support.
Handlamps
32.8.23. The voltage of handlamps (portable lamps) used
underground should not exceed safety extra-low voltage.
295
Transport of workers
32,8.24. The conveyance of persons in trains hauled by electrie
trolley locomotives should oniy be permitted under conditions to
be specified by the competent authority.
32.8.25. Unless other effective safeguards are provided, the
conveyance of persons should be permitted only in cars with well-
earthed roofs adequately protecting passengers against contact
with live conductors.
32.8.26. At all stations where persons enter or leave roofless
cars:
there should be a switch by means of which the supply of
electricity can be switched off from the trolley wire throughout
the length of the station;
there should be light signals to indicate whether the trolley
wire is live or dead, so arranged that at least one can be seen
from any part of the train; and
adequate fixed lighting should be provided.
32.9. Underground lighting
32.9.1. All places where workers have to work or pass should

be adequately lit.
32.9.2. In addition to the main lighting, there should be emer-
gency lighting that functions long enough to enable the workers to
reach the surface safely.
32.9.3. All hoisting, pumping and other machinery should
be sufficiently lit to enable moving parts to be readily
distinguished.
32.9.4. Floodlights in tunnels should:
only be installed at places at least 3 m (10 ft) high; and
shine through frosted glass.
32.9.5. Workers should not enter unlit workings without
a portable light.
296
32.10. Drilling
32.10.1. When drilling is done in rock, loose rock should be
scaled down to protect drillers against falls of ground; where this
is not practicable, a protective canopy or overhead screen should
be provided.
32.10.2. High drilling rigs should be provided with:
safe means of access such as a ladder or stairs complying with
the relevant requirements of Chapter 4;
guard-rails and toe-boards complying with the requirements
of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5; and
suitable storage accommodation for drill steels, such as racks
or boxes.
32.10.3. Air hoses should be secured by chains, or have self-
locking couplings, or otherwise be prevented from causing danger
if a coupling fails.
32.10.4. Drillers should wear goggles and heavy gloves.
32.10.5. Precautions against dust in drilling should be taken
in compliance with the requirements of paragraphs 32.14.9 to
32.14.12.
32.11. Transport, storage and handling of explosives

32.11.1. The transport, storage and handling of explosives
should comply with the requirements of Chapter 22 and with the
requirements of this section.
32.11.2. Explosives should, not be conveyed in a shaft cage
or bucket together with other materials.
32.11.3. Explosives and detonators should not be conveyed
together in a shaft unless they are in a suitable powder car.
32.11.4. If explosives are conveyed to the face by rail:
explosives should not be in the same car as detonators; or
a suitable powder car should be used; and
not more than the amount of explosive required for one shift
should be placed in the powder car.
297
32.11.5. Powder cars should have separate compartments for

explosives and detonators.
32.11.6. Both compartments should be adequately insulated
from the car frame and other conducting material.
32.12. Blasting
32.12.1.Only electric blasting should be allowed in tunnels.

32.12.2. Electric blasting operations in tunnels should comply
with the relevant provisions of Chapter 23.
32.12.3. Blasting circuits should be independent of any power,
lighting or other circuit.
32.12.4. Blasting circuits should be tested before detonators
are attached.
32. 12.5. No other electrical circuit should be installed on the
same side of the tunnel as the blasting circuit.
32.12.6. Before any shot is fired, all electrical circuits other
than the blasting circuit should be de-energised for an adequate
distance from the firing point.
32.12.7. Only suitable battery lamps should be used for loading
shotholes.
32.12.8. After every blast, the sides and roof should be
inspected and cleared of loose rock.
32.12.9. Precautions against dust in blasting should be taken
in compliance with the requirements of paragraphs 32.14.13 to
32.14.15.
32.12.10. When an electrical storm is approaching, blasting
operations and preparations for them should be discontinued.
32.12.11. Arrangements should be made to warn blasting
crews of the approach of electrical storms.
298
32.13. Haulage
General provisions
32.13.1. Rail tracks and rolling stock of mechanical haulage
systems should comply with the relevant requirements of section 9.1.
32.13.2. Electric trolley haulage should comply with the re-
quirements of section 17.6.
32.13.3. In tunnels where there are rail tracks, unless there is
adequate clearance between the rolling stock and the sides, recesses
should be provided at suitable intervals.
32.13.4. Recesses referred to in paragraph 32.13.3 should be
large enough to accommodate two persons and should be at least
60 cm (2 ft) deep.
32.13.5. No locomotive producing smoke should be allowed
in tunnels.
32.13.6. Cars for the transportation of workers should be
provided with seats.
32.13.7. When cars are moved by hand, they should be pro-
vided with handles protecting the workers' hands.
Operations
32.13.8. Mechanical haulage operations should be governed
by signals in conformity with the relevant requirements of sec-
tion 1.8.
32.13.9. A warning signal should be given:
before a train leaves or arrives at a station;
when a train approaches a curve; and
when otherwise necessary to prevent danger.
32.13.10. Trains and single cars entering unlit workings
should have headlights and tail lights.
32.13.11. Diesel engines for driving locomotives should be
shut off whenever the locomotive stops.
32.13.12. Standing cars should be blocked to prevent them
from running away.
299
0
32.13.13. Derailed cars should be rerailed with levers, jacks

or cranes.
32.13.14. Rerailing by hauling with a winch should only be
done under the control and supervision of a competent person.
32.13.15. On inclines, derailed cars should be blocked while
being rerailed.
32.13.16.Cars moved by hand should be pushed, not pulled.
32.13.17.Workers should not be transported on locomotives
or in cars other than those specially provided for man trips.
32.13.18. Explosives should be transported in conformity
32.14. Dust
General provisions
32.14.1. Adequate measures should be taken to prevent the
formation of, or to suppress, all dust in tunnelling operations.
32.14.2. Particular care should be taken to prevent the forma-
tion of, or suppress, siliceous dusts consisting of particles less than
5 microns in size.
32. 14.3. Dust should be suppressed as close as possible to its
source.
32.14.4. The ventilation in tunnelling operations should:
supply air that is as clean as practicable to the workplaces;
effectively dilute and remove airborne dust; and
not have a velocity high enough to raise dust.
32. 14.5. The air in tunnelling operations should be sampled
for dust at suitable intervals by competent persons.
Water
32.14.6. If water is used for the prevention and suppression of
dust, an adequate supply of water should be available in tunnelling
operations.
300
Underground construction,
32.14.7. Water used for dust-suppression purposes should not

present any health risk.
32.14.8. Water used for consolidating dust should not be
applied with such force as to raise dust into the air.
Drilling
32.14.9. If drilling in rock is done dry, the dust produced
should be effectively exhausted and collected.
32.14.10. If drilling in rock is done wet, the drill should be
so constructed that it cannot be operated unless the water feed is
operating.
32.14.11. In wet drilling, the water should penetrate to the
bottom of the hole in sufficient quantity and under sufficient pres-
sure to render the dust harmless.
32. 14.12. Pneumatic drills with an axial water feed should not
carry air with the water through the drill steel.
Blasting
32.14.13. The times for blasting should be chosen so that the
smallest practicable number of workers are exposed to the dust
produced.
32.14.14. Before any shots are fired, the floor, roof and sides
in the vicinity should be thoroughly wetted, if practicable.
32.14.15. The dust from blasting should be actively removed
by ventilation and, where necessary, be allayed with sprays or fog
guns, or passed through filters.
Transport
32.14.16. Loose rock should be adequately wetted during
loading, transport and unloading underground.
32.14.17. Excavated material should not be exposed to high-
velocity air currents during transport.
32.14.18. Either transfer and loading points should be so
designed as to prevent the dispersal of dust into the air, or the
dust produced should be suppressed by suitable wet or dry methods.
301
Safety and hea'th in building and civil engineering
32.14.19. Spillage occurring during transport should be

constantly cleaned up.
32.14.20. Adequate precautions should be taken to reduce
the formation and spillage of dust on conveyors as much as
practicable.
32.14.21. Fine dust adhering to the belts of belt conveyors
should be removed continuously and collected.
32.14.22. The movement of conveyors should, as far as practi-
cable, be so regulated that no material will accumulate at transfer
points.
Stone crushing
32.14.23. If any stone-crushing equipment is used under-
ground, adequate measures should be taken to prevent any dust
from it penetrating to areas occupied by workers.
Airborne dust
32.14.24. Airborne dust should be precipitated, filtered or
removed to the outside air.
32.14.25. Extracted dust should be removed in dust-tight
containers or in the form of mud after wetting.
32.14.26. Filters should be cleaned at suitable intervals to
maintain them in an effective working condition.
32.15. Underground pipelines
32.15.1. Adequate ventilation should be provided for workers

in pipelines.
32.15.2. When laying pipes in water-bearing ground, a flood
gate should be provided at the end section.
32.15.3. When high-pressure pumps are used:
they should be tested before they begin to work;
the pressure gauge should be kept under observation; and
the maximum safe working pressure should not be exceeded.
302
32.15.4. When bodies of water or explosive gases may be

encountered, trial b9reholes should be drilled ahead of the workings.
32.15.5. There should be reliable means of communication
between workers inside pipes and persons outside.
32.15.6. It should be possible for workers employed in piping
to reach a safe place quickly in an emergency.
32.15.7. Workers installing pipelines should not work beyond
the excavating blade of boring equipment.
32.15.8. Where boring equipment is used, pipe should be
laid as close as possible to the excavating blade so that workers
will not be exposed to the danger of collapsing earth.
32.15.9. Adequate arrangements should be made to rescue
workers who are in danger and cannot reach a safe place.
303
33. Work in compressed air caissons and
tunnels
33.1.1. No person should be subjected to a pressure exceeding
3.5 kg/cm2 (50 lb/in2) except in emergencies.
33.1.2. For every shift a record should be kept showing the
time every worker spends in the working chamber and the time
taken for decompression.
Personnel
33.1.3. No person should be employed in compressed air
unless:
he has experience of such work; or
he is under the constant supervision of an experienced person.
in compressed air.
33.1.5. When begimiing employment in compressed air every
worker should be given a leaflet setting out the precautions that
he should observe before, during and after work.
Medical supervision
33.1.6. No person should be employed in compressed air
unless he has been medically examined and found fit for such
employment.
33.1.7. If the air pressure exceeds 1.25 kg/cm2 (18 lb/in2) the
medical examination should have been made within the four
weeks preceding his employment.
33.1.8. Workers who have been employed continuously in
compressed air at a pressure less than 1.5 kg/cm2 (21 lb/in2)
should be medically re-examined every two months; if the pressure
is higher, the period between re-examinations should be shorter.
304
Work In compressed air caissons and tunnels
33.1.9. Workers who have been absent from work in compres-

sed air for any period due to illness or for ten days or more for
reasons other than illness should be medically re-examined.
33.1.10. Persons employed in compressed air should be under
competent medical supervision.
33.1.11. For every project on which workers are employed in
compressed air, a physician and a registered nurse or a qualified
first-aid attendant familiar with compressed air work should be
appointed.
33.1.12. The physician should be readily available at all times.
33.1.13. The nurse or the qualified first-aid attendant should
be in attendance in the first-aid room while work in compressed air
is going on.
33.1.14. Superintendents, foremen, and a sufficient number of
workers, at least one in each team, should be competent to admi-
ulster first aid.
33.1.15. A first-aid room complying with the requirements of
section 38.2 should be provided near the entrance shaft.
33.1.16. In caissons there should be a first-aid box in the
working chamber.
33.1.17. In tunnels with a bulkhead there should be a first-aid
box on each side of the bulkhead near the man-lock entrance.
33.1.18. When persons are employed in compressed air at a
pressure exceeding 1.25 kg/cm2 (18 lb/in2) the employer should
inform a neighbouring hospital of the position of the work site
and of the name and address of the physician exercising medical
supervision.
33.1.19. Every person employed in compressed air at a pres-
sure exceeding 1.25 kg/cm2 (18 lb/in2) should be provided with a
badge or label to be worn next to the body indicating that he has
been employed in compressed air and giving the address of the
medical lock at his place of employment.
305
33.1.20. The identification badge should state that the wearer

should be taken to the medical lock and not to a hospital if lie is
ill.
Hygiene, welfare
33.1.21. For the use of persons employed in compressed air
there should be provided:
accommodation for clothing and facilities for changing com-
plying with the requirements of section 37.7;
facilities for washing complying with the relevant requirements
of section 37.5; and
adequate and suitable facilities for remaining on the site after
decompression, including shelters with seats.
33.1.22. Toilet facilities complying with the relevant provisions
of section 37.4 should be provided at a suitable place outside the
air chambers.
33.1.23. Where practicable at least one chemical toilet should
be provided in the working chamber.
33.1.24. No person should commit a nuisance underground
or on the surface.
33.1.25. When persons are employed in compressed air at a
pressure exceeding 1.25 kg/cm2 (18 lb/in2) they should be supplied
with hot thinks when they leave the man lock and while they are
in the medical lock.
33.1.26. No person should consume alcohol while in com-
pressed air, or before going into compressed air.
33.1.27. No person should smoke in compressed air.
33.1.28. All parts of caissons and facilities for the workers
employed in. them should be kept in a clean and sanitary condition.
Compression, decompression
33.1.29. Compression and decompression should be carried
out in accordance with requirements which should be laid down by
the competent authority.
306
Work in compressed air caissons and tunnels
33.1.30. During compression the pressure should not be

raised to more than about 0.35 kg/cm2 (5 lb/in2) until the lock
attendant has ascertained that no person is complaining of dis-
comfort, and thereafter it should be raised at a rate not exceeding
about 0.7 kg/cm2 (10 lb/in2) per minute.
33.1.31. If during compression any person is suffering from
discomfort, compression should stop and the pressure be gradually
reduced.
33.1.32. Decompression should be carried out in conformity
with timetables laid down in national or other official regulations
respectively for normal and for phase decompression.
Hours of work
33.1.33. The length of shifts and rest periods should be spe-
cified in national or other official regulations in accordance with
the air pressure.
33.2. Work in caissons

Means of access and egress
33.2.1. Safe means of access should be provided to every
place where persons are employed in a cofferdam or caisson.
33.2.2. Adequate means for persons to reach places of safety
should be provided in every cofferdam and caisson in case of an
inrush of water.
33.2.3. Where practicable, a stairway complying with the
requirements of section 4.7 should be provided in shafts.
33.2.4. Where stairways are impracticable, ladders complying
with the relevant requirements of sections 4.1 and 4.6 should be
provided.
Shaft and caisson construction
33.2.5. When necessary to prevent danger, caissons and shafts
should:
307
be adequately braced; and

be firmly secured in position.
33.2.6. The bracings and ties of caissons should be adequately
secured to prevent their accidental displacement.
33.2.7. Locks and shafts should be constructed of steel or
other suitable metal of adequate thickness.
33.2.8. Before being taken into use shafts should undergo an
adequate hydrostatic or air-pressure test at 5.25 kg/cm2 (75 lb/in2).
33.2.9. Every shaft and caisson containing flammable material
should be provided with a water line, sufficient hose connections
and sufficient hose or appropriate extinguishers.
Working chambers
33.2.10. Every working chamber should be provided with a
wet-bulb thermometer.
33.2.11. Work under pressure when the wet-bulb temperature
exceeds 28 °C (80 °F), should be restricted unless it is absolutely
necessary.
33.2.12. While any person is in a working chamber, the door
between the chamber and a man lock leading to a lower pressure
should as far as practicable be kept open if the lock is not in use.
Medical locks
33.2.13. Where the pressure in a working chamber ordinarily
exceeds 1.25 kg/cm2 (18 lb/in2), a suitable medical lock should be
provided for the treatment of workers employed in compressed air.
33.2.14. The medical lock should have two compartments so
that it can be entered under pressure.
33.2.15. Medical locks should be adequately ventilated, heated
and lit.
33.2.16. Medical locks should be provided with suitable
equipment including a couch, blankets, dry woollen garments, a
food locker, means of communication and signalling to the outside
308
and between the compartments, and windows by which persons

in either compartment can be observed from the outside.
33.2. 17. Medical locks should be kept ready for use at all
times.
33.2.18. While any person is employed in compressed air a
medical lock should be in the charge of a suitably qualified person.
Man locks
33.2. 19. Every man lock should be of adequate internal
dimensions for the purpose for which it is used.
33.2.20. Every man lock should be equipped with:
(a) pressure gauges that:
indicate to the man lock attendant the pressure in the
lock and in each working chamber to which it affords
direct or indirect access; and
indicate to the persons in the lock the pressure in it;
(b) a clock or clocks so placed that the lock attendant and the
persons in the lock can readily ascertain the time;
(c) efficient means of verbal communication between the lock
attendant, the lock and the working chamber or chambers;
(d) means of enabling the persons in the lock to convey visible or
other non-verbal signals to the lock attendant; and
(e) efficient means enabling the lock attendant, from outside the
lock, to reduce or cut off the supply of compressed air to the
lock.
33.2.21. In every man lock there should be a suitable notice
indicating the precautions to be taken by persons during com-
pression and decompression, and after decompression.
33.2.22. Man locks should only be used for compression and
decompression of persons and not for the passage of plant and
material other than hand tools.
33.2.23. Man locks should be kept clean and suitably warm.
309
33.2.24. Every man lock should, while any person is in it or

in any working chamber to which it affords direct or indirect
access, be in the charge of an attendant who should:
control compression and decompression in the lock; and
if the pressure exceeds 1.25 kg/cm2 (18 lb/in2), keep a register
showing:
the times at which each person enters and leaves the lock;
the pressures at the times of entering and leaving; and
the times taken to decompress each person.
Air supply
33.2.25. Compressed-air installations should be provided
with air-supply plant capable of supplying any working chamber
with sufficient fresh air at the pressure in the chamber, and not
less than 0.3 m3 (10 ft3) per minute per person in the chamber.
33.2.26. Pollution of the air fed in the caisson from a com-
pressor or any other source should be carefully prevented.
33.2.27. All air lines should be in duplicate and be equipped
with non-return valves that will prevent air from escaping from
the working chamber into the air line if the pressure in it falls.
33.2.28. There should be a sufficient reserve of air in com-
pressor installations to allow a safe margin for breakdowns or
repairs.
33.2.29. There should be a stand-by or reserve compressor for
emergencies.
33.2.30. Two separate power units supplied from independent
sources should be provided for each compressor.
33.2.3 1. Valves or taps for controlling the air flow should
enable it to be controlled accurately.
33.2.32. Persons in the lock should not be able to reduce the
air pressure except:
under the control of the lock attendant; or
in an emergency, by special means that should normally be
kept sealed or locked.
310
Work n compressed afr catssons. and funnels
33.2.33. Working chambers should be provided with exhaust

valves for clearing the air when necessary, as after a blasting
operation.
Signalling
33.2.34. Reliable means of communication such as bells,
whistles or telephones should be maintained at all times between
the working chamber and all surface installations.
33.2.35. Signalling arrangements should comply with the
33.2.36. The code of signals should be conspicuously displayed
in convenient positions at workplaces.
33.2.37. Before any cage, skip, bucket or elevator is moved
the starting signal should be repeated by the persons to whom it
is sent.
Lighting
33.2.38. All locks and working chambers should be provided
with adequate electric lighting.
33.2.39. There should be two separate lighting installations
supplied from independent sources of current.
33.3. Work in tunnels in compressed air

33.3.1. Work in tunnels in compressed air should comply
with the requirements of section 33.2 and with the requirements of
this section.
Bulkheads
33.3.2. The bulkhead separating the working chamber from
areas of lower pressure should be of sufficient strength to with-
stand safely the maximum pressure to which it will be subjected.
33.3.3. When necessary to prevent danger in the event of
rapid flooding, the bulkhead should be sufficiently close to the face
or shield to allow the workers to escape in an emergency.
311
Safety curtains
33.3.4. Safety curtains should be provided within 60 m
(200 ft) of the working face in all tunnels where there is a danger
of an inrush of water or material.
33.3.5. Safety curtains should:
be made of incombustible material;
be installed in the crown of the tunnel;
provide an airtight seal with the lining of the tunnel;
be adequately braced and reinforced; and
extend to the centre line of the tunnel or other safe distance.
Air supply
3 3.3.6. If the compressor is driven by electricity, stand-by
compressor plant should be provided capable of maintaining at
least 50 per cent of the air supply if the electrical power fails.
33.3.7. If the compressors are not driven by electricity, not
more than half of them should be driven from any one power
source.
33.3.8. Each air line should be equipped with an adequate
air receiver, a stop valve, a pressure-reducing valve, and a non-
return valve close to the man locks.
33.3.9. The air supply should be provided by duplicate air
lines between the air receiver and the working chamber.
33.3.10. An adjustable safety valve should be fitted on the
outside of the bulkhead to a separate pipe leading from the working
chamber through the bulkhead to the outside air.
33.3.11. An oil separator should be provided between the
air compressor and the air receiver, and a ifiter between the air
receiver and the working chamber.
33.3.12. After compression the air should be cooled if neces-
sary to keep the temperature of the working chamber below 28 °C
(80 °F) wet bulb.
312
Man locks
33.3.13. Where practicable, in addition to a man lock and a
material lock, tunnels should have an emergency lock capable of
holding an entire heading shift.
33.3.14. Emergency man locks should be kept open towards
the face, and be ready for use at all times.
33.3.15. Emergency man locks should be installed in the
crown of the tunnel.
33.3.16. Man locks should be installed as high in the tunnel
as is practicable.
Medical locks
33.3.17. A medical lock complying with the relevant provi-
sions of section 33.2 should be provided when work in compressed
air is carried on in tunnels at pressures exceeding 1.25 kg/cm2
(18 lb/in2).
Gangways
33.3.18. In all tunnels 5 m (16 ft) or over in diameter or height
an overhead gangway should be provided from the working surface
to the nearest airlock with an overhead clearance of at least 1.80 m
(6 ft).
33.3.19. Overhead gangways should be provided with guard-
graphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5.
Fire protection
33.3.20. Every tunnel should be provided with a water line
extending into the working chamber to within 30 m (100 It) of
the working face, sufficient hose connections at suitable places,
and sufficient hose.
33.3.21. If there is a danger of fire a suitable hose should be
provided on both sides of the tunnel bulkhead.
33.3.22. In areas under pressure, walkways, stairways and
ladders should be of incombustible material.
313
Rail haulage
33.3.23. An automatic stop block or derailing device should
be provided:
at the top of every haulage incline; and
at a suitable distance upgrade from any point where runaway
cars could damage the shield or the airlock.
33.3.24. Holding devices should be used while cars are being
loaded.
Blasting
33.3.25. When blasting work is being done in compressed
air in tunnels:
no worker other than the blaster and his assistants should be
in a working chamber while boreholes are being loaded; and
no worker should re-enter a working chamber after a blast
until the fumes have cleared.
314
34. Diving

34.1.1. The following provisions are intended to apply to div-
ing with specialised suits or helmets. Diving with self-contained,
underwater breathing apparatus is of a specialised nature and is
not covered in this Code.
Personnel
34.1.2. No person under the age of 20 or over the age of
55 should be employed as a diver.
34.1.3. No person should be employed as a diver unless he
has experience of the work or is being trained under the super-
vision of an experienced diver.
34.1.4. No diving operations should be undertaken unless a
team consisting of two divers, one attendant (signalman) and one
or more pumpmen is provided.
34.1.5. In all diving operations a second diver with a complete
set of diving equipment should be constantly available for employ-
ment in an emergency.
34.1.6. On boats used for diving operations there should be
at least one properly qualified sailor.
Medical supervision
34.1.7. No person should be employed as a diver unless he
has been medically examined within the previous six months and
been found fit for such employment.
34.1.8. If by reason of disease or injury a diver is incapacitated
for employment as a diver for more than two weeks he should nOt
be employed again as a diver until he has been medically examined
and found to be fit for such employment.
34.1.9. Divers should be medically re-examined at appro-
priate intervals as determined by the competent authority.
315
Safety and health in building and civil engIneering
34.1.10. Unless authorised by a doctor, divers should not be

employed at a depth exceeding 10 in (33 ft) or in dangerous
operations.
34.1.11. Divers should immediately report any indisposition
to a doctor, first-aid attendant or supervisor.
34.1.12. If a diver meets with an accident under water:
he should receive medical attention as soon as practicable;
if he has ascended too quickly he should be put under the
appropriate pressure under medical supervision, in an air
lock.
34.1.13. At a suitable position at the workplace, notices
should be displayed giving:
the name, address and telephone number of the nearest doctor
familiar with diving conditions;
the name, address and telephone number of the nearest
available diver; and
the address and telephone number of the nearest recompres-
sion chamber.
34.1.14. If extensive diving operations are carried on in deep
water a medical lock complying with the relevant requirements of
section 33.2 should be provided.
Hours of work
34.1.15. The hours of work and rest periods of divers should:
be suited to their physical fitness and underwater depths and
pressures; and
conform to scales that should be laid down in national or
other official regulations.
34.2. Provision of diving equipment

Dress
34.2.1. Divers should be provided with adequate diving
equipment including means of access to and from the water, and
means of communication and a lifeline with an adequate belt.
316
Diving
34.2.2. Separate sets of warm clothing, woollens or flannels

should be provided for each diver.
34.2.3. If necessary to prevent danger incold water the diver
should be equipped with woollen undersuit, helmet and gloves.
Means of entering and leaving the water
34.2.4. For entering and leaving the water the diver should be
provided with equipment such as steps, a ladder with a hand rope,
or a platform.
Air supply
34.2.5. If a diver is supplied with air through a pipeline the
diving equipment should include air pumps and compressors or
cylinders.
34.2.6. If air compressors are used a sufficient reserve of air
should be provided to enable the diver to reach the surface if the
compressors fail.
34.2.7. While under water divers should be provided with
respirable air in adequate quantity aid at a pressure suitable for
the diving equipment and the working conditions.
34.2.8. As long as the diver is wearing his diving suit or diving
helmet the pumps should be kept in operation.
34.2.9. The air line between the compressor and the diver
should:
be made of rubber reinforced with webbing or of equivalent
construction;
be capable of withstanding without deformation the highest
hydraulic pressure to which it will be subjected; and
possess adequate breaking strength.
34.2.10. The resistance to hydraulic pressure and the breaking
strength of the air line referred to in paragraph 34.2.9 should have
been verified by pressure and tensile tests.
34.2.11. Joins in air lines should be made by screw couplings
secured against coming apart.
317
34.2.12.The air line should be equipped with:

an air receiver;
oil and water filters;
a safety valve;
a stop valve;
a reducing valve; and
a pressure gauge.
34.2.13. The air receiver should be large enough to ensure
an adequate air supply to the diver if the compressor fails until
the regular supply can. be restored by a hand pump, reserve corn.
pressor or other effective means.
34.2.14. There should be a non-return valv between the air
receiver and compressor.
34.2.15. If the air pump is power-driven:
it should be possible to convert it quickly for manual opera-
tion; or
a manual pump of suitable capacity and producing a sufficient
pressure should be kept readily available.
34.2.16. Where divers are using pneumatic tools, air for the
tools should be taken from a source entirely separate from the
divers' air supply, for example, from a separate air receiver.
Lfelines
34.2.17. The lifeline should:
be of good quality rope;
have an adequate breaking strength as verified by a tensile
test; and
be of adequate length for the operations in which it is used.
Signalling and communication
34.2.18. Diving operations should be governed by signals in
accordance with accepted standards.
34.2.19. The attendant (signalman) should be responsible for
the safety and the proper working of the signal and air lines.
318
Diving
34.2.20. When diving operations are conducted from land,

signals should be flown at a equate distances above and below
the point of operation.
34.2.21. When diving operations are conducted in a fairway,
appropriate signals should be flown.
34.2.22. When diving operations are conducted from a boat,
the boatshould fly signals to indicate this.
34.2.23. In dangerous operations such as blasting under-
water and working in a swift current, there should be telephonic
communication between the diver and the surface.
34.2.24. The diver's telephone should be so designed that he
does not have to hold it in his hands.
Lighting
34.2.25. For work at night or in dark places underwater,
electric lighting should be provided.
34 .2.26. Hand lamps for divers should be:
battery lamps; or
lamps supplied at a voltage not exceeding 24 V a.c.; or
lamps with reinforced insulation.
Boats, rafts, etc.
34.2. 27. When diving operations are conducted from a moored
vessel or from land, a suitable boat provided with rescue equipment
such as gaffs and ropes should be kept in readiness.
34.2.28. Boats, rafts, platforms, etc. from which diving opera-
tions are carried on should:
have adequate space for working and the storage of material
and equipment;
possess adequate stability; and
be securely anchored having regard to the prevailing wind and
current conditions.
a'9
First-aid and rescue equipment

34.2.29. At places where diving operations are carried on,
first-aid and rescue equipment complying with the relevant pro-
visions of section 38.2 should be provided.
34.3. Inspection, testing and care of diving equipment
34.3.1. No diving equipment should be taken into use for

the first time unless it has been thoroughly inspected and tested
and found to be safe to use.
34.3.2. Diving equipment should be thoroughly inspected at
least once in three months.
34.3.3. No air pump, compressor, cylinder or pipeline should
be used in any diving operation unless within the previous 24 hours
it has been tested for leakage and a pressure exceeding that at
which the diver has to descend is maintained for a sufficient
period when the pump or compressor is not working.
34.3.4. No diving equipment should be used unless any inlet
and outlet valves on the diver's dress, and any demand or regulator
valve on the equipment, have been inspected within the previous
24 hours and found to be in safe working order.
34.3.5. No self-contained diving equipment should be used
unless it has been tested within the previous 24 hours and found to
be functioning efficiently.
34.3.6. All diving dresses and equipment should be kept
when ijot in use in a suitable room or locker which should not be
used for any other purpose.
34,3.7. All diving dresses nd equipment should be cleaned
with fresh water, drained and dried before being stored in the
room or locker provided.
34.3.8. Diving dresses and air pipes should be kept free from
condensed moisture and contact with grease, oil or tar.
320
Diving
34.4. Diving operations

General provisions
34.4.1. Before diving operations begin, the diver should
familiarise himself with current conditions, traffic, and dangers
such as underwater cables, suction pipes, and hawsers.
34.4.2. Divers should not enter the water if:
they are suffering from any illness or are feeling unwell;
they are under the influence of alcohol;
they are fatigued;
they have just had a heavy meal; or
they have no food in the stomach.
34.4.3. When the diver enters the water:
he should use the ladder or other equipment provided for the
purpose and not jump in;
the attendant (signalman) should make sure that the diving
suit is watertight;
the attendant (signalman) should lower him slowly;
if he sinks too fast the attendant (signalman) should stop
him, and if he fails, to signal, bring him to the surface.
34.4.4. So long as the diver is in the water he should be under
the constant supervision of an attendant (signalman).
34.4.5. In particular the attendant (signalman) should:
watch the air and lifelines;
exchange signals with the diver at suitable intervals;
ensure that the iver is not endangered by activities in the
vicinity; and
bring the diver to the surface if he is endangered.
34.4.6. In freezing weather, precautions should be taken to
prevent danger to the diver from ice in the air line, valves, etc.
34.4.7. When necessary to prevent danger, precautions should
be taken to prevent vessels from approaching a diver in the water.
321
34.4.8. When diving is done from a boat or other floating

equipment, the equipment should be securely anchored before
diving operations begin.
34.4.9. When a diver is lowered by a derrick or other lifting
appliance, the appliance should not be used for any other purpose
while the diver is attached to it.
34.4.10. The operation of the appliance referred to in para-
graph 34.4.9 should be governed by the diver's attendant (signal-
man).
34.4.11. While a diver is working from a ship, adequate
precautions should be taken to prevent any movement by the
screws or the rudder, and any discharge from underwater valves.
34.4.12. In salvage operations no material should be raised
until the diver has given the appropriate signals:
for taking the strain; and
alter he has moved to a safe place, for lifting to the surface.
34.4.13. If the signal and air lines cannot be kept clear when
heavy or bulky loads such as sheet piling, pipes and metal sheets
are being raised or lowered the diver should be brought to the
surface.
34.4.14. So long as the diver is in the water nothing should be
thrown down or conveyed over the workplace.
34.4.15. If the diver rises too quickly:
the signal and air lines should be rapidly hauled in;
the diver should be lowered again as soon as practicable and
then raised after a short interval.
34.4.16. Divers should be brought to the surface slowly and
in stages conforming to scales that should be laid down in national
or other official regulations.
Underwater blasting
34.4.17. Underwater blasting should only be done under the
supervision of a qualified blaster.
322
Diving
34.4.18. Explosives and ignition equipment used in under-

water blasting should be so constituted as to remain waterproof for
the duration of their immersion in water.
34.4.19. Only low-tension submarine detonators should be
used.
34.4.20. Electric leads and fuses should be protected against
damage due to the force of waves.
34.4.21. Blasting cables should be effectively insulated two-
core cables.
34.4:22. The insulation of connections in electric leads should
be watertight.
34.4.23. Precautions should be taken to ensure that divers are
not exposed to danger from:
objects striking against blasting equipment;
dragging of leads orfuses;
kinks in leads or fuses; and
entangling of the air line or lifeline in leads or fuses.
34.4.24. Charges should only be prepared and detonators
attached on the diving vessel or on land.
34.4.25. The blasting cable should be firmly secured at the
blasting position, by tying, weighting or other effective means.
34.4.26. The blasting position should be made clearly
recognisable from the surface.
34.4.27. Only one blasting cable should be used and only one
shot at a time should be connected to the cable.
34.4.28. No shot should be fired:
before the diver is out of the water;
until it has been made sure that the charge has not been
accidentally displaced by the diver;
until all boats, rafts, etc. are at a safe distance; and
until all other necessary precautions have been taken.
34.4.29. Blasting under ice should comply with the relevant
323
Safety and health In building and clvii engineering
34.4.30. Charges under ice should be prevented from being

displaced by water currents.
Underwater welding and flame cutting
34.4.31. Underwater welding and flame cutting should only
be done by persons who:
are properly qualified divers; and
are competent to do the work.
34.4.32. Special equipment for underwater welding and flame
cutting should be of types approved by the competent authority.
34.4.33. When work is done on containers, hollow objects and
the walls of confined spaces, precautions should be taken to
prevent the formation of explosive mixtures inside.
34.4.34. When work is done with oxygen and liquid fuel such
as petrol, precautions should be taken to prevent fires on the
surface being caused by fuel escaping from the burner,.
34.4.35. Containers for fuel should be constructed and hand-
led in conformity with the relevant requirements of section 21.2.
34.4.36. When electric-arc welding or cutting is done:
the welder's dress and helmet should be adequately insulated
inside; and
the welder should wear insulating gloves.
34.4.37. Only direct current should be used for underwater
welding and cutting.
34.4.38. It should be possible for the welder to have the current
cut off immediately from the welding generator by the attendant
(signalman) for operational reasons or in an emergency.
34.4.39. All conductors, connections, electrodes and electrode
holders should be adequately insulated with waterproof material.
34.4.40. Electrodes should only be changed when the electrode
holder has been made dead and the attendant (signalman) has so
informed the welder.
324
35. Handling materials
35.1. Manual lifting and carrying

35.1.1. Where reasonable and practicable, mechanical ap-
pliances should be provided and used for lifting and carrying loads.
35.1.2. Workers required to handle loads should be iii-
structed how to lift and carry safely.
35.1.3. In particular, the strain of lifting should be taken by
the legs and not by the back.
35.1.4. No person should be employed to, lift, carry or move
any load which, by reason of its weight, is likely to jeopardise his
health or safety.
35.1.5. No adult male worker should lift or carry a load
exceeding 50 kg (110 ib) in weight.
35.1.6. No male young person should lift or carry a load
exceeding 20 kg (44 ib) in weight.
35.1.7. No female young person should lift or carry a reason-
ably compact load exceeding 15 kg (33 lb) in weight.
35.1.8. No adult woman should lift or carry a load exceeding
20 kg (44 ib) in weight.
35.1.9. No pregnant woman, and no young person under tle
age of 16, should lift or carry loads.
35.1.10. When long objects such as poles are being carried by
a number of workers;
the last worker should give the signals for lifting and dropping;
all the workers should lift and drop the object simultaneously
on being given the appropriate signals;
all the workers should be on the same side of the object;
when crossing slopes the workers should be on the uphill side
of the object; and
the object should not be thrown down over the head.
325
35.2. Stacking and piling

General provisions
35.2.1. Materials and objects should be so stacked and
unstacked that no person can be injured by materials or objects
falling, rolling, overturning, falling apart or breaking.
35.2.2. Persons not directly concerned with the operations
should keep out of areas where stacking and unstacking operations
are in progress.
35.2.3. Workers should not climb on to stacks while stacking
and unstacking operations are in progress.
35.2.4. Safe means of climbing stacks, such as ladders, should
be provided for workers who have to climb them.
35.2.5. No worker should be employed out of sight of other
workers in stacking or unstacking operations.
35.2.6. If workers have to pass regularly along the tops of
stacks and from one stack to another, safe walkways and bridges
protected by guard-rails or toe-boards coinp1yin with the require-
ments of paragraphs 2.6.1 to 2.6.5 should be provided.
35.2.7. Material should not be placed or stacked near the
edge of any excavation, shaft, pit or other opening in the ground or
floor so as to cause danger to any person.
35.2.8. Before starting to take down stacks,' workers should
clear the ground around them of any obstacles, snow, etc. that
might cause danger.
35.2.9. Stacks should only be taken down from the top, and
no object should be pulled out from under another;
35.2. 10. Stacks that lean heavily, become unstabie or threaten
to collapse should only be taken down under competent super-
vision.
Lumber
35.2.11. Lumber should be stored on supports above the
ground.
36
Handling. matriaIs
35.2.12. Supports should be level and rest on firm ground.

35.2.13. Layers of lumber should he separated by strips laid
crosswise.
Bags of cement, lime or other similar materials

35.2.14. Cement, lime or other similar materials in bags
should:
have the mouths of the bags placed inwards;
have the four lowest corner bags cross tied;
have a step back of one bag at every fifth row.
35.2.15. Piles should not be more than ten bags high unless
they are in an enclosure or are otherwise adequately supported.
35.2.16. When bags are removed from the pile they should be
so taken that the height of the pile remains uniform.
35.2.11. Bags of lime, cement or other similar materIals should
be stored in a dry place.
Bricks, tiles; blocks
35.2.18. Bricks, tiles and blocks should be stored on fir.mlevel
bases such as pallets, planking pr concrete.
35.2.19. Piles should not be more than 2.3 m (7 ft 6 in) high.
35.2.20. Piles higher than 1.2 m (4 ft) high should be stepped
back every 30 cm (12 in) above 1.2 m ft).
35.2,21. When bricks or blocks are removed from a pile they
should be so taken that the height of the pile remains uniform and
the taper is maintained.
Reinforcing and structural steel

35.2.22. Reinforcing steel should be stored with only one size
in a group so as to facilitate handling.
35.2.23. Stacks of reinforcing steel should be kept low and
adequately blocked to prevent pieces from rolling or the stack from
collapsing.
327
Pipes and bars

35.2.24. Pipes should be stored on racks or in stacks that are
blocked so that the pipes cannot roll.
35.2.25. Large pipes should be removed from the ends and
not the sides of stacks.
Earth, sand, gravel, crushed stone
35.2.26. Piles of loose material such as earth, sand, gravel
and rubble should:
slope at the natural angle of repose of the material in question;
or
be enclosed by stout fencing.
35.2.27. The natural angle of repose should if necessary be
restored after the addition or removal of material.
35.2.28. Frozen piles of earth, sand, gravel, etc. should not be
undermined.
35.2.29. Care should be taken that piles of earth, sand, gravel,
etc. do not exert dangerous pressure on walls, partitions, etc.
Dusty loose material
35.2.30. Dusty loose material should be kept in silos, bunkers,
bins or the like.
35.2.31. When dusty loose material is stored or handled,
precautions should be taken to prevent the dispersal of dust.
Prefabricated parts
35.2.32. Prefabricated parts should be stored in such a way as:
to keep them stable; and
to allow them to be easily withdrawn.
328
36 Working clothes and personal
protective equipment
36.1. GeneraL provisions
36.1.1. Where necessary, workers should be provided with ad
wear protective clothing and other personal protective equipment
as conditions may require.
36.1.2. There should be national standards applicable to per-
sonal protective equipment.
36.1.3. If necessary, workers should be instructed in the use of
the personal protective equipment provided.
36.1.4. Workers should make proper use of and take proper
care of the personal protective equipment provided.
36.1.5. All workers should wear close-fitting clothing and stout
boots or other suitable footwear.
36.1.6. All personal protective equipment should be kept fit
for immediate use.,
36.1.7. All necessary measures should be taken by the employer
to ensure that protective clothing and the personal protective
equipment are effectively worn.
Waterproof clothing
36.1.8. Workers required to work in the rain or in similar
wetting conditions should be provided with waterproof clothing
and head covering.
36.1.9. Oilskin clothing should be kept in a well-ventilated
place away from stoves, radiators and other sources of heat, and
not be rolled or put in lockers or other confined spaces.
Head protection
36.1.10. Safety helmets or hard hats should be worn by work-
ers employed at any place where they might be exposed to head
injury from:
329
falling;
falling or flying objects; or
striking against objects or structures.
36.1.11. Where necessary to prevent danger from electricity,
hard hats should be made of insulating material.
36.1.12. Workers working in the sun in hot weather should
wear suitable head covering.
Eye protection
36.1.13. Workers should be protected by a screen, clear or
coloured goggles or other suitable device when employed at places
Where they might be exposed to eye injury from:
flying particles;
dangerous substances; or
harmful light or other radiation.
Hand and arm protection
36.1.14. Where necessary, workers should wear suitable gloves
or gauntlets or be provided with appropriate barrier creams
when employed at places where they might be exposed to hand or
am injuries from:
hot, corrosive or toxic substances; or
sharp or rough points, edges or surfaces of objects.
Foot protection
36.1.15. Workers should wear footwear of an appropriate
type when employed at places where they might be exposed to
injury from:
falling or crushing objects;
hot, corrosive or poisonous substances;
sharp-edged tools such as axes;
nails;
abnormal wet; or
slippery or ice-covered surfaces.
330
Working clOthes and personal protective equpmeñt
Safety belts and lfelines

36.1.16. Workers who cannot be protected against falls from
heights by other means should be protected by safety belts and
lifelines.
36.1.17. Safety belts should be attached by a line of high grade
manila or equivalent material to a fixed anchor.
36.1.18. Where necessary, when working with ,a safety belt,
there should be in addition an independently secured lifeline.
36.1.19. The lifeline should be anchored above the work to a
secure object and the free end should extend to the ground level or
working platform.
36.1.20. Lifelines should be independent of blocks and tackles
from which workers may be suspended.
36.1.21. Only safety belts and lifelines that have been tested in
accordance with requirements to be established by the competent
authority should be issued to workers.
36.1.22. All metal parts of safety belts and lifelines should be
made of forged steel or equivalent material.
36.1.23. Safety belts, safety straps, lifelines, permanent anchors
and connections should both separately and when assembled:
(a) be capable of supporting safely a suspended load of at least
450 kg (1,000 ib); and
(b)have a breaking strength of at least 1,150 kg (2,500 lb).
36.1.24. If hooks are used for attaching safety belts to fixed
anchors, they should be safety hooks.
36.1.25. When a lifeline or safety strap is liable to be severed,
cut, abraded or burned, it should consist of a wire rope or a wire-
cored fibre rope.
36.1.26. Safety straps should be so fastened to safety beit that
they cannot pass through the belt fittings if either end conies loose
from its anchorage.
36.1.27. Metal thimbles should be used for comiecting ropes
or straps to eyes, rings and snaps.
31
36.1.28. Safety belts, safety straps and lifelines should be so

fitted as to limit the free fall of the wearer to 1 m (3 ft 3 in).
36.1.29. Not more than one worker should be attached to any
lifeline.
36.1.30. Safety belts, safety straps and lifelines should be
inspected before each occasion of use.
36.1.31. When a worker's safety depends on a safety belt he
should not work in. isolation.
Catch nets
36.1.32. Where workers cannot be protected against falls from
heights by other means they should be protected by catch nets.
36.1.33. Catch nets should be made of good quality fibre
cordage, wire or woven fabric or material of equivalent strength
and durability.
36.1.34. The perimeter of catch nets should be reinforced with
cloth-covered wire rope, manila rope or equivalent material.
36.1.35. Catch nets should be provided with adequate means
of attachment to anchorages.
Protection against moving vehicles
36.1.36. Workers who are regularly exposed to danger from
moving vehicles should wear:
distinguishing clothing, preferably bright yellow or orange in
colour; or
devices of reflecting or otherwise conspicuously visible material.
Protection against drowning
36.1.37. Life preservers, vests or belts should be worn by
workers employed:
on floating pipelines, pontoons, rafts pilings, coffer cells,
stages and the like;
on open-deck floating plant not equipped with bulwarks,
guard-rails or other adequate protection;
332
Working clothes and personal protective equipment
on structures extending over or adjacent to water and not

equipped with guard-rails or other adequate protection;
alone at night at places where they might drown;
in skiffs, small boats and launches if not in the cabin or other
enclosed space.
Respiratory protective equipment

36.1.38. Workers who cannot be protected against airborne
dust, fumes, vapours and gases by ventilation or other means should
be protected by respiratory equipment.
36.1.39. Workers employed at places where they might be
exposed to injury from lack of oxygen should wear a suitable self-
contained air line or respirator.
36.1.40. All persons required to use respiratory protective
equipment should be adequately instructed in its care and use.
36.1.41. Respiratory protective equipment used by one person
should not be used by another before it has been cleaned and steri-
lised.
36.1.42. When not in use, respirators should be kept in closed
containers.
36.1.43. Air supplied to airline respirators should be free from
harmful contaminants and obnoxious odours.
36.1.44. When compressed air is used to supply airline res-
pirators:
the compressor should be so placed as to avoid contamination
of the air supply;
the air should be supplied at a suitable temperature; and
the compressor should be provided with a safety device to
prevent excessive heating so as to eliminate the possibility of
generating toxic gases.
36.1.45. Air supplied to a respirator should not be at an
excessive pressure.
333
36.1.46. In the supply line from a compressor or from a

cylinder for compressed air there should be:
a pressure-reducing valve;
a relief valve pre-set to function at a pressure slightly above the
setting of the reducing valve if the latter fails; and
a filter that effectively retains pipe scale, oil, water and harmful
vapours.
334
37. Hygiene and welfare

37.1.1. Shelters, toilet facilities, washing facilities, meal rooms
and cloakrooms should:
be adequately lighted and ventilated;
if necessary for reasons of health or welfare, heated; and
maintained in a clean and sanitary condition.
37.1.2. In all cases, both underground and on the surface,
workers should be required to use only the sanitary facilities
provided.
37.2. Drinking water

37.2.1. An adequate supply of cool and wholesome drinking
water should be provided for and be readily accessible to all workers.
37.2.2. All drinking water should be from a source approved
by the competent health authority.
37.2.3. Where such water is not available, the competent
health authority should ensure that the necessary steps are taken
to make any water to be used for drinking fit for human consumption.
37.2.4. The use of common drinking cups should be prohibited.
37.2.5. Drinking water for common use, if stored, should only
be stored in closed containers from which the water should be
dispensed through taps or cocks.
37.2.6. Where practicable, hygienic drinking fountains should
be provided.
37.2.7. Supplies of water that is unfit to drink should be
conspicuously indicated by notices prohibiting workers from
drinking it.
37.2.8. There should be no means of connecting a supply of
drinking water with a supply of water that is unfit to drink.
335
37.2.9. Water from wells should not be used for drinking

unless it has been approved by the competent health authority.
37.2.10. Salt drinks or tablets should be supplied to workers
working in great heat, and should be taken as prescribed by a doctor.
37.2.11. If a treatment and purification system is installed to
provide drinking water, the system should be approved by the com-
petent health authority before it is used.
37.2.12. If drinking water from an approved public supply has
to be transported to the work site, the transport arrangements
should be approved by the competent health authority.
37.2.13. The transport and storage tanks and dispensing
containers should:
be made of non-corrodible and non-toxic materials, be air-
tight and be easy to clean;
be cleaned and disinfected at suitable intervals; and
be disinfected in a manner approved by the competent health
authority.
37.2.14. Transported and stored drinking water should at all
times have a free chlorine residual of not less than one part in a
million.
37.2.15. All water dispensed from transport or storage tanks
and dispensers should be maintained free from bacteriological
contamination.
37.3. Shelters
37.3.1. Suitable shelters should be provided to afford protection
for the workers in bad weather.
37.3.2. Shelters should, as far as practicable, provide suitable
facilities, unless such facilities are available in the vicinity:
for washing, in conformity with the requirements of sec-
tion 37.5;
for taking meals, in conformity with the requirements of
section 37.6; and
338
Hygiene and welfare
(c) for drying and storing clothing, in conformity with the require-
37.3.3. Shelters on the surface should be provided for under-
ground workers.
37.4. Toilet facilities

37.4.1. Adequate toilet facilities should be provided for the
workers at easily accessible places.
37.4.2. Toilet facilities should be separate for each sex.
37.4.3. When practicable, water flush toilets connected to
public sewage systems should be provided.
37.4.4. No toilet other than a water flush toilet should be
installed in any building containing sleeping, eating or other living
accommodation.
37.4.5. If a public sewage system is not available, a temporary
sewage system should be provided in accordance with the require-
ments of the competent health authority.
37.4.6. Toilets should be so constructed as to screen the occu-
pants from view and afford protection against the weather and
falling objects.
37.4.7. Toilets, including privies, should have a smooth and
impervious floor.
37.4.8. For personal cleansing, toilets should be provided with
an adequate supply of toilet paper or, where conditions require,
water.
37.4.9. Plumbing and other toilet fixtures should comply with
the requirements of the competent health authority.
37.4.10. Adequate washing facilities should be provided as
near as practicable to toilet facilities.
37.4.11. A sufficient quantity of disinfectants and deodorisers
should be provided for chemical closets.
37.4.12. If water flush toilets cannot be provided and privies
have to be built:
337
each privy should be in a fly-tight box over an earth pit with

impervious wall;
urinals should discharge directly into the pit through a fly-
tight drain.
37.4.13. No privy should be built within 30 m (100 ft) of any
well, or within such greater distance as may be made necessary by
the quality of the soil.
37.4.14. Privies should be disinfected daily.
37.4.15. The contents of earth-pit privies should be covered
daily with sand, lime, wood ash or other suitable material.
37.4.16. When the contents of an earth pit are within 60 cm
(2 ft) of the surface of the ground it should be filled with earth.
31.4.17. The contents of privy pits should only be removed
Or buried in compliance with the requirements of the competent
health authority.
37.4.18. Privy pans should have a double flap seat that forms
a flyproof joint when closed.
37.4.19. Chemical closets should comply with the requirements
of the competent health authority.
37.5. Washing facilities
37.5.1. Adequate washing facilities should be provided for all

workers, in which:
there should be a sufficient flow of clean water;
there should be adequate means of removing waste water;
suitable non-irritating soap should be supplied in sufficient
quantity; and
there should be an adequate supply of drying facilities.
37.5.2. Washing facilities should not be used for any other
purpose.
37.5.3. Where workers are exposed -to skin contamination by
poisonous, infectious or irritating substances, or oil, grease or
338
Hygiene and welfare
dust, there should be a sufficient number of shower baths supplied

with hot and cold water.
37.5.4. Shower-bath equipment should be thoroughly cleaned
at least once in every day of use and effectively disinfected.
37.6. Meal rooms and canteens

37.6.1. If at least 25 workers are employed on a project,
a suitable room in which they can take their own meals should
be provided for them unless they can spend mealtimes in their
own homes or in another suitable place.
37.6.2. Meal rooms should be provided with:
a sufficient number of tables and chairs or benches;
drinking water;
adequate facilities for cleaning utensils, table gear, etc;
adequate facilities for heating food and boiling water; and
covered receptacles for the disposal of waste food and litter.
37.6.3. Receptacles for waste shOUld be emptied after each
meal and thoroughly cleaned and, if necessary, disinfected.
37.6.4. Meal rooms should not be used for any other pur-
pose.
37.6.5. The floor of meal rooms should be easily washable.
37.6.6. Dining tables should be covered with suitable non-
absorbent washable material and kept clean.
37.6.7. Meal rooms should be cleaned daily.
37.6.8. Tables should be cleaned after each meal.
37.6.9. Where necessary for reasons of health or welfare, a
canteen should be provided where workers can obtain hot meals.
37.6.10. Where necessary, suitable provision should be made
to prevent the entry of insects and vermin.
37.7. Cloakrooms
37.7.1. Cloakrooms should be provided for the workers at
easily accessible places.
339
37.7.2. Cloakrooms should not be used for any other purpose.

37.7,3. Cloakrooms should be provided with:
suitable facilities for drying wet clothes;
suitable facilities for hanging clothing including, where
necessary to avoid contamination, suitable lockers separating
working from street clothes;
benches or other suitable seats.
37.7.4. Suitable arrangements should be made for disinfecting
cloakrooms and lockers in conformity with the requirements of the
competent health authority.
37.8. Waste disposal

37.8.1. A sufficient number of receptacles should be provided
at suitable places for the disposal of garbage and other waste.
37.8.2. Receptacles for waste should be covered, non-
corrodible, fly-tight and easy to clean.
37.8.3. Waste receptacles should be kept closed and emptied
37.8.4. Waste receptacles should be cleaned and disinfected
37.8.5. The contents of waste receptacles should be incinerated,
buried or otherwise harmlessly disposed of at suitable intervals.
37.8.6. Garbage should not be placed or kept elsewhere than
in the containers provided.
340
38. Medical care and supervision
38.1. Medical examination
38.1.1. All workers should undergo as far as practicable a

medical examination:
before or shortly after entering employment for the first time
(pre-employment examination with special emphasis on
physical fitness and personal hygiene); and
periodically, at such intervals which the competent authority
should prescribe taking due account of the risks inherent in the
work, and the conditions under which the work is performed
(periodical re-examination).
38.1.2. All medical examinations should:
be free to the workers; and
include, if necessary, X-ray and laboratory examinations.
38.1.3. Workers under 18 years of age should receive special
medical supervision, including regular periodical medical re-
examination.
38.1.4. The data obtained by medical examinations should
be suitably recorded and kept for reference.
38.1.5. When the work presents a special risk to the health of a
worker, he should not be employed on that work.
38.1.6. When a worker is found at the medical examination to
constitute a risk to the health or safety of other workers, he should
not be allowed to work whilst the risk remains but, if practicable,
he should be assigned to work free from such risks;
38.1.7. Workers.whc have been severely injured or ill shoild
not return to work without permission from a doctor.
341
38.2. First aid

General provisions
38.2.1. A plan for emergencies and first-aid organisation
should be set up in advance for every working area, covering all
first-aid personnel and equipment, means of communication,
means and ways of transportation.
3 8.2.2. Every worker should be informed of the plan referred
to in paragraph 38.2.1 and instructed accordingly.
38.2.3. Supervisors and/or other responsible personnel should
ensure that the plan referred to in paragraph 38.3.1 is strictly
adhered to.
38.2.4. First aid in case of accident or sudden illness should be
rendered by a physician, a nurse or a person trained in first aid.
38.2.5. Adequate means and perscnnel for rendering first aid
should be readily available at camps, if any, and during working
hours at places where work is carried on.
38.2.6. Medical aid should be available on call.
38.2.7. All injuries, however slight, should be reported,
treated and recorded as soon as practicable at the nearest first-aid
post.
First-aid kits and boxes
38.2.8. First-aid kits or boxes, as appropriate, should be
provided at the workplaces and on motor vehicles, locomotives
and speeders, and be protected against contamination by dust,
moisture, etc.
38.2.9. National regulations or standards should be laid
down to specify the minimum contents of first-aid kits and boxes.
38.2.10. Where standards referred to in paragraph 38.2.9 do
not exist, the kits or boxes should contain at least compresses and
triangular bandages, sterile gauze, antiseptics, adhesive tape,
forceps, a tourniquet, blunt-end scissors, splints and, if required, a
snake-bite outfit.
342
Medical care and supervision
38.2.11. First-aid kits and boxes should not contain anything

besides material for first aid in emergencies.
38.2.12. First-aid kits and boxes should contain simple and
clear instructions to be followed.
38.2.13. First-aid kits and boxes should be in the charge of a
responsible person who is qualified to render first aid.
38.2.14. The contents of every first-aid box should be in-
spected regularly by the person in charge of it, and the box should
be kept stocked.
Stretchers or carrying baskets
38.2.15. Stretchers or carrying baskets so constructed that
persons can be transported without having to be transferred from
the stretcher or the carrying baskets should be readily available.
38.2.16. Two clean blankets should be provided for each
stretcher or carrying basket.
Rescue and resuscitation equipment
38.2.17. When workers are employed underground or in other
conditions in which they may need to be rescued, suitable rescue
equipment should be readily available at or near the construction
site.
38.2.18. When rescue equipment may be needed, a sufficient
number of trained rescue workers should be constantly available
at or near the construction site.
38.2.19. When workers are exposed to risks of drowning or
gassing, suitable resuscitation equipment should be kept readily
available at or near the construction site.
38.2.20. When resuscitation equipment may be needed, a
sufficient number of persons trained to use it should be constantly
available at or near the construction site.
First-aid rooms
38.2.21. If as a rule 100 or more workers are employed
on any shift at least one suitably equipped first-aid room or
343
station should be provided at a readily accessible place for the

treatment of minor injuries and as a rest place for seriously sick or
injured workers.
38.2.22. A responsible person qualified to render first aid
should be in charge of the first-aid room or station and be readily
available during working hours.
Anthulances
38.2.23. Arrangements should be made to ensure the prompt
transport, where necessary, of sick or injured workers to a hospital
or other equivalent treatment centre.
38.2.24. Where practicable, such arrangements should include
facilities for promptly obtaining an ambulance carriage from some
place situated within a reasonable distance of the worldng area.
38.2.25. If an ambulance is not available other reasonably
comfortable means of transport should be provided.
Notices
38.2.26. Notices should be conspicuously exhibited at suitable
places stating:
the position of the nearest first-aid box, first-aid room, am-
bulance and stretcher and the place where the person in charge
can be found;
the place of the nearest telephone for calling the ambulance,
and the thiephone number and name of the person or centre to
be called; and
the name, address and telephone number of the doctor,
hospital and rescue station to be called in an emergency.
First-aid personnel
38.2.27. All supervisors should receive instruction in first aid.
38.2.28. Workers should be encouraged to take first-aid
training when available.
344
Medical care and supervision
Register
38.2.29. A first-aid register should be kept in each first-aid
room for recording the names of persons to whom first aid has been
rendered and the particulars of injuries and treatment.
38.2.30. The first-aid register should only be accessible to
authorised persons.
38.3. Medical services

38.3.1. If the workers live in a camp, the employer should be
responsible for emergency medical care, including the provision of
medicines and removal to hospital.
3 8.3.2. The employer may arrange for the necessary services
to be provided by medical practitioners and hospitals.
38.3.3. Employers should provide for:
first-aid and emergency treatment;
pre-employment, periodical and special medical examinations;
periodical training of first-aid personnel;
surveillance of, and advice on, all conditions at workplaces
and facilities that affect the health of workers; and
promotion of health education among workers.
38.3.4. Medical services should be directed by a doctor and
should be provided with an adequate staff of appropriate para-
medical personnel.
38.3.5. Nurses employed in the medical service should possess
a certificate of proficiency acceptable to the competent authority.
38.3.6. The premises occupied by the medical service should:
be at ground level;
be conveniently accessible from all workplaces;
be so designed as to allow stretcher cases to be handled easily;
and
so far as practicable not be exposed to excessive noise.
38.3.7. The premises should comprise at least a waiting room,
a treatment room, a rest room and toilet and washing facilities.
345
38.3.8. The rooms referred to in paragraph 38.3.7 should:

be sufficiently spacious, suitably lit and ventilated, provided
with drinking water and, where necessary, heated or cooled;
have washable walls, floor and fixtures.
38.3.9. Rest rooms should be provided with beds and be so
located and arranged as to allow their use for isolation purposes.
38.3.10. The medical service should keep such records of its
activities as will provide adequate information on:
the workers' state of health; and
the nature, circumstances and outcome of occupational
injuries.
346
39. Construction camps

39.1.1. On construction sites employing considerable numbers
of workers at places remote from their hOmes or other suitable
living accommodation, employers should provide suitable accom-
modation.
39.1.2. The competent authority should be notified of the
opening of any construction camp.
39.1.3. Construction camps should be maintained in a good
state of repair, and in a clean and sanitary condition.
39.1.4. The employer should appoint a competent person to
be in charge of the camp and to be responsible for its proper
maintenance.
39.1.5. Camp sites should:
be properly drained;
be cleared of trees that might cause danger by falling;
be at a sufficient distance from animal pens, stables, sheds,
accumulations of refuse, manure or other offensive matter;
be at a safe distance from construction railways and roads;
and
be at an adequate distance from streams, lakes, springs,
wells and other watercoiirses, and from potential sources of
water pollution.
39.1.6. Living accommodation should be sufficient and
suitable, and, in particular:
the accommodation should be effectively protected from the
weather, ground moisture and vermin;
the sleeping quarters should be separate from the dining
quarters;
there should be a sufficient supply of furniture and the neces-
sary utensils;
347
suitable provision should be made for supplies of drinking

water and washing water;
suitable provision should be made for lighting, ventilation,
sanitation and, if necessary, heating;
suitable provision should be made for storing perishable
provisions;
suitable provision should be made for washing and drying
clothes;
(Ii) suitable first-aid material should be provided;
suitable provision should be made for the hygienic disposal
of kitchen garbage, and for drainage from the dining, cooking
and washing quarters and toilet facilities; and
camps should be constructed and maintained in conformity
with regulations to be laid down by the competent authority
concerning protection against fire.
39.1.7. The supply of drinking water should comply with the
39.1.8. Toilet facilities should comply with the requirements of
section 37.4.
39.1.9. Washing facilities should comply with the relevant
39.1.10. Meal rooms should comply with the requirements of
section 37.6.
39.1.11. Arrangements for waste disposal should comply
39.1.12. Heating installations should comply with the require-
39.1.13. In living quarters the use of braziers should be
prohibited.
Camps should be provided with a recreation room.
39.1.14,
Workers should take good care of the living accom-
39.1.15.
modation and its equipment and should not wilfully damage or
dirty it.
348
Construction camps
39.1.16. No building, structure or enclosure in a construction

camp should be used for the manufacture, storage or handling of
toxic and other harmful substances.
39.1.17. Camps should be inspected at sufficiently frequent
intervals for vermin.
39.1.18. Premises or persons found to be infested with vermin
should be suitably treated.
39.1.19. As soon as any communicable disease occurs or is
suspected in a camp the employer should notify the competent
health authority.
39.1.20. Caves, straw huts, tentsunless spccifically designed
for the purposestorerooms and stables should not be used as
living accommodation.
39.1.21. Boats used as living quarters should comply with the
relevant provisions of this chapter.
39.2. Sleeping quarters

39.2.1. Adequate and properly ventilated sleeping quarters
should be provided.
39.2.2. Where necessary, sleeping quarters should be protected
against the penetration of animals, mosquitoes and other winged
insects.
39.2.3. A separate bed should be provided for each worker.
39.2.4. Beds should:
be suitably elevated from the floor; and
be provided with a mattress or sleeping bag, a pillow and the
necessary sheets and blankets.
39.2.5. Bedding should be kept in good condition and washed
39.2.6. The bedding should be washed and disinfected:
when occupancy of a bed changes; and
when an occupant contracts an infectious or contagious
disease.
349
39.2.7.Walls of sleeping quarters should be easily washable.

39.2.8. Floors of sleeping quarters should:
be of impermeable material; and
be adequately raised from the ground.
39.2.9. Sleeping quarters should be cleaned daily by a method
that does not raise dust, for instance a vacuum method or a damp
method.
39.2.10. Sleeping quarters and bedding should be disinfected
39.2.11. Main meals should not be eaten in sleeping quarters.
39.3. Catering
39.3.1. Furniture, equipment and appliances of kitchens and
dining rooms should be so constructed and installed as to facilitate
thorough cleaning, and the maintenance of the kitchen or dining
room in a clean and sanitary condition.
39.3.2. Kitchens and dining rooms should not be used for
any purpose other than preparing, storing, serving or consuming
food.
39.3.3. All food should be adequately protected against conta-
mination and deterioration.
39.3.4. Utensils and tableware used in the preparation, serving,
storage or consumption of food should be adequately cleaned after
each occasion of use.
39.3.5. Dining rooms and kitchens should be adequately
ventilated.
39.3.6. Dining rooms and kitchens should be constantly
maintained in a clean and sanitary condition.
39.3.7. Cooks and other persons handling or preparing food
should be free from any communicable disease.
350
Construction camps
39.4. Medical facilities

39.4.1. In camps, where necessary there should be suitable
accommodation for sick persons.
39.4.2. Hospitals or infirmaries should comply with the re-
quirements of section 38.3.
351
40 Safety organisation
4cM. General provisions

40.1.1. On all projects on which 25 or more workers are
regularly employed, the employer should appoint a safety officer
to be in charge of all matters relating to safety and hygiene on the
project.
40.1.2. On all projects on which 250 or more workers are
regularly employed, the safety officer should be employed full
time on safety and health activities.
40.1.3. Safety committees should be established in any project
where the circumstances Warrant it.
40.1.4. Safety officers should compile an individual report
containing full information on the causes and circumstances of
every lost-time accident, minor accident and dangerous occurrence
with a view to preventing recurrences.
40.1.5. Copies of the report referred to in paragraph 40.1.4
should be sent to the management.
40.1.6. Safety officers or safety committees should:
consider circumstances and causes of all accidents occurring
on a project;
make recommendations to the employer for preventing the
occurrence or recurrence of accidents;
make periodical inspections of the work site and all its equip-
ment in the interests of safety and hygiene;
watch over the execution of particular measures taken for
the prevention of accidents;
watch over compliance with official regulations, instructions,
etc. relating to safety and hygiene;
endeavour to secure the co-operation of all workers in the
promotion of safety and hygiene;
participate in the drawing-up of the undertaking's safety rules;
352
Safety organisation
(h) study the statistics of accidents occurring on the project;

(1) see that all new workers, and workers transferred to new
jobs, receive adequate safety training, instruction and guidance;
and
(j) if necessary to prevent danger, report to the competent offi-
cial inspector any unsatisfactory conditions as regards safety
and health that the employer fails to remedy within a reason-
able time.
40.1.7. Safety committees should consist of representatives
of the employer and of the workers and should include:
a high executive official;
the safety official or officials;
foremen; and
a representative of the undertaking's medical service if there
is one.
40.1.8. The workers' representatives on safety committees
should be elected by all the workers in such a manner that all
suitably qualified workers are enabled to serve on a committee in
turn.
40.1.9. Safety committees should meet at suitable intervals
and keep adequate records of all meetings.
40 110 Employers should:
give safety committees all reasonable encouragement and
facilities in the performance of their duties;
consult safety committees in all matters relating to safety and
health on the project;
take all practicable steps to give effect to recommendations
of the safety committee; and
in cases where they do not adopt a recommendation of the
safety committee, inform the committee of the reasons within
a reasonable time.
40.1.11. On all projects records should be kept of all lost-time
accidents, minor accidents and dangerous occurrences.
353
40.1.12. The records should include statistics that will:

show the accident record of each operation, occupation and
individual; and
show the distribution of accidents by causes.
40.1.13. Accident statistics should be compiled by methods
approved by the competent authority so as to ensure their com-
parability with those for other projects and construction under-
takings.
40.1.14. Where appropriate, employers should make arrange-
ments whereby workers can submit suggestions relating to safety
and health on the project.
40.1.15. Where two or more employers are engaged on a
project they should co-ordinate their safety activities by:
the appointment of a joint safety officer;
the appointment of a joint safety committee; or
40.1.16. Employers' and workers' organisations should, in
the course. of their joint activities, pay particular attention to the
question of safety and health propaganda, and should endeavour
to improve all safety measures by this means.
354
41... Miscellaneous provisions
41.1. Workshops
41.1.1. Maintenance and repair shops and other workshops
should comply with:
national or other official regulations concerning occupational
safety and health in industrial establishments; or
in so far as concerns matters not dealt with in such regulations,
with the Model Code of Safety Regulations for Industrial
Establishments published by the International Labour Office.
41.2. Land clearance

41.2.1. Land-clearance operations should comply with the
relevant requirements of the Code of Practice Safety and Health
in Forestry Work published by the International Labour Office.
41.3. Poisonous plants, insects, snakes, etc.

General provisions
41.3.1. In regions infested with poisonous plants, dangerous
insects or venomous snakes, workers should be taught how to
identify them, and instructed in precautionary measures, symptoms
of i1lnss and emergency first-aid treatment.
Poisonous plants
41.3.2. Persons known to be hypersensitive to plant poisons
should not be employed in regions infested with poison oak,
poison ivy, poison sumac or other poisonous plants.
41.3.3. Persbns working in regions infested with poisonous
plants should keep as much of the body coveted as practicable, as
by wearing tight-fitting clothing, gauntlets and leggings.
355
41.3.4. After the day's work:

exposed parts of the body should be thoroughly washed with
soap and water;
clothes should be dry cleaned or washed; and
tools should be cleaned.
41.3.5. Poisonous plants around camps and other places
where workers congregate should as far as practicable be destroyed.
41.3.6. If poisonous plants are burned:
an isolated place should be chosen for the purpose; and
workers should avoid all contact with the smoke and residual
ash.
Insects, etc.
41.3.7. Persons working in regions infested with dangerous
insects should keep as much of the body covered as practicable, as
by wearing tight-fitting clothing, gauntlets and leggings.
41.3.8. In regions infested with ticks, workers should:
inspect the body and clothing at least once a day;
at night ensure that ticks cannot get into clothing or beds; and
get medical treatment if they become feverish.
41.3.9. Ticks found on the body should be removed, if pos-
sible without causing any skin, puncture.
41.3.10. In regions infested with chigoes (chiggers), workers
should:
avoid low vegetation if practicable;
avoid sitting on the ground or on logs;
dust legs and arms with sulphur and take sulphur tablets;
use insect repellents such as dimethyl phthalate;
take a hot bath every day; and
get medical treatment immediately if a bite becomes rapidly
inflamed.
41.3.11. In regions infested with black-widow or other
poisonous spiders, workers should:
(a) wear gloves;
356
Miscellaneous provisions
inspect objects before handling them; and

inspect outdoor toilets before using them.
Snakes
41.3.12. In regions infested with venomous snakes, workers
should:
always carry a snake bite kit;
wear high boots;
keep a good look-out in surroundings where snakes could be
concealed by foliage, rocks, logs, etc.;
move stacked lumber and other stacked material with an
appliance such as a bar, and not with the hands; and
if bitten keep still and use the kit as directed.
41.4. Intoxicants
41.4.1. Persons under the influence of alcohol or other intoxi-
cauts should not be allowed to work in construction operations.
41.4.2. No alcohol or other intoxicants should be furnished
to workers while they are engaged in construction operations.
41.5. Reporting and investigation of occupational accidents

and diseases
41.5.1. All accidents to workers causing loss of life or serious
injury should be reported forthwith to the competent authority.
41.5.2. Other injuries and occupational diseases causing
incapacity for work should be reported to the competent authority
within such time and in such form as may be specified in
national or other official regulations.
41.5.3. Dangerous occurrences such as explosions, collapse
of cranes or derricks and serious fires as may be specified in national
or other official regulations should be reported forthwith to the
competent authority whether any personal injury has been caused
or not.
357
41.5.4. When a fatal accident has occurred, the scene of the

accident should as far as practicable be left undisturbed until it
has been visited by a representative of the competent authority.
41.5.5. Plant or gear on which a dangerous failure has occurred
should as far as practicable be kept available for inspection by
the competent authority.
358
INDEX
Access and egress, means of application to body 16.2.11
general requirements 2.1 for caissons 33.2.25-33.2.33
for asphalt plants 15.5.1-15.5.2 for divers 34.2.5-34.2.16;
for caissons 33.2.1-33.2.4 34.2. 19
for crane cabs 5.3.3; 5.5.12; for pneumatic tools 16.2
5.5.16; 5.6.7; 5.7.19-5.7.20 for tunnels 33.3.6-33.3.12
in demolition operations work in 33; 34
30.2.16-30.2. 19 Airline respirators
for excavations 31.1.7 see Proteôtive equipment, respir-
for silos 20.1.4 atory
storage of fuel prohibited in Air lines
2.4.31 compressor 18.2.10-18.2.12;
underground 32.1.4 33.3.6-33.3.7
Accidents for divers 34,2.9-34.2.12
reporting to competent authority for pile drivers 24.1.9-24.1.12
41.5 for pneumatic tools 16.2.1-16.2.2;
reporting to first-aid personnel 16.2.7-16.2.10
38.2.7 Air locks
Accident statistics see Locks, man
see Statistics, accident Locks, medical
Accommodation, living Air pumps
see Camps
Acetylene cylinders see Pumps
see Cylinders, gas Air receivers
Acetylene generators 18.5 general requirements 18.3
Acids for divers 34.2.12-34.2.14;
transferring 21.3.8 34.2.16
for window cleaning 29.11.7- Alarms
29.11.8 fire 2.4.35
Aerial-basket trucks 3.18 gas 32.1.10
Aerial cableways Alcohol
general provisions 8.1 general prohibition 41.4
for persons 8.2 prohibited for workers in com-
inspection and maintenance 8.3 pressed air 33.1.26
operation 8.4 Ambulances 38.2.23-38.2.25
A-frames 5.9 Anchorage, anchors
Air, for compressors 18.2.18 for catch nets 36.1.35
Air-cleaning equipment 21.1.7- for cranes 5.2.27; 5.3.5; 5.3.36-
21.1.8 5.3.38; 5.6.12
Air, compressed for ladder scaffolds 3.8.8
for airline respirators 36.1.43- for safety belts 36.1.17-36.1.19;
36.1.46 36.1.35
359
for scaffolds 3.8.8; 3.15.20- Ballast

3.45.21 cranes, general requirements
for window cleaners 29.11.4- 5.3,5-5.3.7
29.11.6; 29.11.13-29.11.18 tower slewing cranes 5.6.11-
Animals 5.6.13
for moving railway vehicles Band saws
9.1.47 see Saws, band
for transport 10.11 Barrier creams
Annealing for hand and arm protection
see Heat treatment 36.1.14
Appliances for painters 27.1.11
see Lifting appliances for work with wood preservatives
Tools 29.8.6-29.8.7
Architects, general duties of 1.3 Baskets
Arc welding see Aerial-basket trucks
see Welding, electric Boatswain's chairs
Arm protection 36.1.14 Baths, shower 37.5.4
Asbestos 29.10.1-29.10.10 Bedrooms, in camps 39.2
Asphalt, hot 15.5; 29.7 Beds, in camps 39.2
Asphalt plants Belt conveyors
general provisions 15.5.1- see Conveyors
15.5.14 Belts, safety
maintenance 15,5.29-15.5.31 general requirements 36.1.16-
operation 15.5.15-15.5.33 36.1.31
Atmospheres, dangerous in building operations 29.1.27-
in confined spaces 31.1.18- 29.1.28
31.1.21 in chimneys 29.6.16
testing in tunnels 32.1.9-32.1.10 with sheet piling 29.5.6
Atmospheric contaminants for shuttering 25,5.27
see Contaminants, atmospheric in silos 20.2.2
Authorisation, official Belts, transmission 8.2.11; 13.1;
cranes 5.3.32-5.3.33 13.2.5
electric trolley transport of Beverages
workers 32.8.24-32.8.26 see Drinks
lifting appliances, alterations to Bitumen
5.1.9 see Asphalt
Authority, competent Blasting
definition 1.1 general provisions 23.1
inspection of equipment and in compressed air 33.3.25
structures 2.9,7 drilling and loading boreholes
Axes, carrying 16.1.12 23.2
dust suppression underground
32.14.13-32.14.15
Bags, cenent and lime 35.2.14- firing, general provisions 23.4.1-
35.2.17 23.4.7
360
Index
firing with electijcity 23.6.1- for scaffolds 3.10; 29.6.8-29.6.9

23.6.14; 23.7.2 Brakes
firing with fuse 23.5.1-23.5.10; lifting appliances .1.17-5.1.22
23.7.14; 23.8.12; 23.8.14 motor trucks 10.2.13-10.2.14;
in fissures or pockets 23.10 10.5
procedure after firing 23.7 power shovels 15.2.4
in shaft sinking 32.2.13; 23.2.15 tractors 10.2.13-10.2.14; 10.5
tamping boreholes 23.3 weights 5.7.5
underground 32.12 Braziers
under water or ice 34.4.17- see Heating appliances
34.4.30 Breathing apparatus
well-hole blasting 23.9 see Protective equipment,
with liquid oxygen 23.8 respiratory
Blocks and tackle Bricks 35.2.18-35.2.21
see Lifting gear Bridges
Blowpipes inspection 10.1.7
see Torches, welding railway 9.1.14
Boats on travelling cranes 5.5.19-
general requirements 19.2 5.5.21
for diving operations 34.1.6;
34.2.27-34.2.28; 34.4.9 Bucket elevators
for transport of explosives see Elevators, bucket
22.2.16 Bucket excavators
Boatswain's chairs 3.17 see Excavators
Boilers, steam Buckets
general requirements 18.1 asphalt and tar 29.7.6; 29.7.16-
donkey engine 12.3 29.7.17
steam shovel 15.2.10-15.2.11 concrete 25.2.11-25.2.14;
Bolt guns 25.2.27
see Tools, powder-actuated for hoisting shafts 32.3.21-
Boom platforms 32.3.28
see Aerial-basket trucks for shaft sinking 32.2.18-32.2.31
Boots, safety tip-up 5.1.23; 8.1.4
general provisions 36.1.5 Buffers, for crane tracks 5.4.3;
use of 15.5.19; 32.1.8; 36.1.15 5.7.7
Boreholes Buggies, power 10.9
drilling and loading 23.2 Buildings
tamping 23.3 demolition 30
Bottles, glass 16.1.10 steel-framed 29.5.5
Bracing Bulkheads, tunnel 33.3.1-33.3.3
for ladder scaffolds 3.8.4-3.8.7 Bulldozers 15.3
for wooden pole scaffolds Bunkers 2.5.4
3.4.25-3.4.28 Burners
Brackets asphalt 15.5.12; 15.5.20; 15.5.26
for roof work 26.1.5-26.1.6 welding 28.1.38-28.1.39
361
Cabins, aerial cablesvay inclined rope railways 9.2.9-

see Cages 9.2.10
Cabins, lifting appliances railways with locomotive haulage
see Cabs 19.1.20; 19.1.38-19.1.41
Cable-reel haulage 17.3.17-17.3.18 Cartridges
Cables liquid oxygen 23.8.1-23.8.16;
see Conductors, electric 23.9.2-23.9.3
Ropes powder-actuated tools 16.3.10-
Cableways 16.3.11; 16.3.21-16.3.25;
see Aerial cableways 16.3.37-16.3.44
Cabs, operators' underground blasting 23.2.3-
earth-moving equipment 15.1.3- 23.2.4; 23.2.7
15.1.5; 15.1.10 well-hole blasting 23.9
lifting appliances 5.1.10 see also Explosives
loading machines 15.9.1-15.9.8 Catch nets
monorail hoists 5.7.17-5.7.20 see Nets, catch
motor trucks 10.2.2; 10.2.4- Catch platforms
10.2.12 see Platforms, catch
tractors 10.2.3-10.2.12 Catering 39.3
Cages Cement 25.2.1-25.22
aerial cableways 8.2.16-8.2.24 Certificates, cranes 5.3.32-5.3.34
hoists 32.3.21-32.3.28 Chains 6.1; 6.4
Caissons Chambers, working, in caissons
construction 33.2.5-33.2.9 33.2.10-33.2.12
man locks 33.2.19-33.2.24 Changing rooms, for compressed
medical locks 33.2.13-33.2.18 air workers 33.1.21
work in 33.1-33.2 Checking system, personnel 1.2.14
working chambers 33 .2.10- Chiggers, chigoes 41.3.10
33.2.12 Children
Camps, construction see Young persons
general provisions 39.1 Chimneys
medical services 38.3.1 insulation 2.4.20
Canteens 37.6 tall, demolition 30.8
Capstans 9.1.45-9.1.46 tall, work on 29.6
Care, medical Chisels 16.1.27
see Supervision, medical Chutes
Carrying, manual 35.1 concrete-bucket towers 25.4.9
Cars entering 2.5,4
see also Cages Circuit breakers 17.4.10-17.4.13
Wagons, railway Circular saws
Cars, passenger see Saws, circular
construction 10.4 Cleaning
electric trolley haulage under- see Maintenance
ground 32.8.24-32.8.26; Clearance
32.13.6-32.13.7 aerial cableways 8.1.2
362
!ndex
crane tracks 5.4.6 Competent authority

lifting appliances 5.1.6 see Authority, competent
rail tracks 9.1.7-9.1.13; 9.2.15 Competent person
shafts and towers 5.2.7 definition 1.1
Cloakrooms operation of equipment by
general requirements 37.7 2.9.15
for compressed air workers Compressed air
33.1.21 see Air, compressed
Closets, chemical 37.4.11; 37.4.19 Compression
Clothing of air in caissons, etc. 33.1.29-
general requirements 1.4.9; 36 33.1.32
for asphalt plant workers 15.5.19 in man locks 33.2.21-33.2.24
for divers 34.2.1-34.2.3; 34.3.6- Compressors
34.3.8 for airline respirators 36.1.44-
drying facilities for 37.3.3; 36.1.46
37.7.3 for caissons 33.2,25-33,2.33
for electric welders 28.2.24 construction 18.2.1-18.2.15
for lead paint work 27.2.11; for diving operations 34.2.5-
27.2.15-27.2.17 34.2.16
for machinery operators 13.3.2 operation 18.2.16-18.2.24
for pneumatic tool operators Concrete-bucket towers
16.2.4 see Towers, concrete-bucket
for powder-actuated tools Concrete mixers
16.3.28 general provisions 15.8.1-15.8.5
for protection against moving operation 15.8.6-15.8.10
vehicles 36.1.36
for spray painting 27.4.9 Concrete panels
for tractor and truck drivers installation 25.2.30-25.2.35
10.6.3 pouring 25.2
waterproof 36.1.14-36.1.15 Concrete slabs
for welders 28.1.1-28.1.3; see Concrete panels
28.2.22; 28.2.24 Concrete work
for wet underground workings general provisions 25.1
32.1.8 mixing 25.2.22-25.2.29
for workers handling toxic or pouring 25.2.22-25.2.29
corrosive substances 21.3.1- preparation 25.2
21.3.4 pre-stressing 25.2.36-25.2.42
Cofferdams Conductors, electrical
see Caissons general provisions 17.3.1-17.3.12
Collapse of structures and materials, blasting 23.6.2-23.6.6
general requirements 2.5 contact with 17.2.26
Colour of road construction equip- disconnection 17.2.18-17.L20
ment 10.8.7 flexible 17.3.19-17.3.26
Combustible materials trolley lines 17.6.11-17.6.17
see Materials, combustible underground 32.8,7-32.8.15
363
Confined spaces Covers,

combustible materials in 2.4.25 for floor, etc. openings 2.6.6-
precautions when entering 2.6.12
21.1.4-21.1.6; 31.1.18-31.1.21 Crabs
welding and flame-cutting in see Hoists, monorail
28.1.16; 28.2.21 Cranes
Connections, electrical 17.4.23- general provisions 5.1; 5.3
17.4.28 On motor trucks 10.2.26
overhead travelling, general re-
Construction equipment 15 quirements 5.5
Containers tower slewing, general provisions
for dangerous substances 21.1.9 5.3.10-5.3.12, 5.6.1-5.6.8
for drinking water 37.2.13 travelling, general requirements
for explosives 22.2. 5-22.2.7 5.4
for flammable liquids 2.4.30; Cranks, starting
21.2.5-21.2.8 motor vehicle 12.2.1
for flammable waste 2.4.27 winches 5.11.1-5.11.14
for organic peroxides 27.3.2 Crawling boards 26.1.3-26.1.4;
for paint 27.1.4 26.2.2
for waste 27.4.3-27.4.4; 37.8 Creams, barrier
welding on 28.1.17-28.1.20 see Barrier creams
Contaminants, atmospheric, general Creosote 24.3.10; 29.8.5; 29.8.8-
provisions 21.1 29.8.9
Controls Crossings, level
crane 5.3.14-5.3.26 general requirements 9.1.16
electric 17.4.1 tractors and motor trucks at
engines 12.1.1 10.7.2-10.7A
lifting appliances 5.1.11-5.1.16 Curtains, safety 33.3.4-33.3.5
machines 13.1.2; 13.1.7 Cylinders, gas
monorail hoists 5.7.11-5.7.16 general provisions 18.4.1-18.4.3
handling 18.4.20-18.4.26
Conveyances, aerial cableways inspection, testing 18.4.4
see Cages storage 18.4.5-18.4.19
Conveyors transport 18.4.27-18.4.29
general requirements 7 use of, in welding operations
dust suppression underground 28.1.21-28.1.30
32.14.20-32.14.22
Cooks 39.3.7 Dangerous occurrences 41.5.3
Corrosive substances Dangerous places, sleeping and
see Irritant substances resting in 1.4.6
Counterweights Dangerous substances
derricks 5.8.5 general provisions 21.1
hoists 5.2.36-5.2.37 in camps 39.1.16
tower slewing cranes 5.6.11- combustible 21.2
5.6.13 instructions for use 1.4.2; 1.5.2
364
Index
irritant 21.3 equipment, provision of 34.2

in silos 20.1.15-20.1.21; 20.2.5 equipment, inspection and testing
toxic 21.3 of 34.3
Danger signs operations 34.4
see Notices Doctors
Dealers, obligations of 1.5 see Physicians
Decompression of workers Donkey engines 12.3
33.1.29-33.1.32 Draw gear, for tractors 10.2.16-
Defects, general provisions 1.2.13; 10.2.18
2.9.1; 2.9.4; 2.9.11-2.9.12 Dredges
Definitions see Floating operational equip-
general 1.1 ment
electrical 17.1 Dress
Demolition of buildings and struc- see Clothing
tures 30 Drilling
Derricking jib 5.3.32 underground, general require-
Derricks ments 32.10
general requirements 5.8 underground, dust suppression
in demolition work 30.3.7 32.14.9-32.14.12
Scotch 5.3.13; 5.3.40 Drinks, for workers in cothpressed
used for diving 34.4.9 air 33.1.25-33.1.26
Designers, general duties of 1.3 Drivers
Detectors, gas 32.1.10 see Operators
Detonators Drowning, protection against
see Explosives
see Life-saving equipment
Diesel engines Drums
see Engines, diesel 5.11.7-5.11.10
winch
Dining rooms Containers
see also
general requirements 37.6
in camps 39.1.10; 39.3 Dumping, of trucks on stages 3.14
Disconnection devices, electrical Dust
17.2.18-17.2.20 in asphalt plants 15.5.14
Diseases dusty material, storage 25.2.23
communicable 39.1.19 flammable 21.2.10
occupational 41.5 in silos 20.1.19-20,1.21
Disinfection in stone dressing 29.12
bedding in camps 39.2.6; 39.2.10 in tunnelling 32.14
cloakrooms 37.7.4
toilet facilities 37.4.11; 37.4.14
waste receptacles in meal rooms Earth 35.2.26-35.2.29
37.6.3 Earthing
Divers, qualifications 34.1.2- general requirements 17.2.13
34.1.3 for containers of flammable
Diving liquids 21.2.6
general provisions 34.1 for electric derricks 5.8.4
365
Safety and)iealih in building and civil engineering
for hoisting engines 5.2.14 Engineers, general duties of 1.3

underground 32.8.4-32.8.5 Engines
Earth-moving equipment general provisions 12.1
general provisions 15.1 aerial cableways 8.1.15-8.1.17;
operation 15.1.9-15,1.26 8.2.6-8.2.15
Education diesel in tunnels 32.6.7; 32.13.11
see Instructions, safety and donkey 12.3
health hoist, general requirements
Egress 5 .2. 11-5.2.21
see Access and egress, means of hoist, in shafts 32.3.17-32.3.20
Electrical installations internal combustion, general
general provisions 17.2 requirements 12.2
for blasting, general requirements petrol, prohibited in tunnels
23.6 32.7.13
for blasting underground 32.12 Equipment
conductors 17.3 general requirements 2.9
definitions 17.1 for air cleaning 21.1.7-21.1.8.
equipment, general provisions for aerial cableways 8.4.1
17.4.1-17.4.3 for demolition 30.2.20-30.2.21;
equipment, portable 17.5 30.3
equipment, transportable 17,5 fire-extinguishing 2.4.1-2.4.12
for garages 11.1.2 precautions when ordering 1.2.2
inspection, maintenance 17.7 report on 1.4.2
for monorail hoists 5.7.11-5.7.16 unauthorised use of 1.4.5
operation 17.2.28 welding 28.2.1-28.2.18
transformers 17.4.4-17.4.6 Examination
underground 32.9 see Inspection
for welding and cutting 28.2 Examination, medical
work in vicinity of 17.8 general requirements 38.1
Electricity divers 34.1.7-34.1.14
definitions 17.1 workers in compressed air
static 15.2.14; 21.2.6 33.1.6-33.1.20
see also Electrical installations workers using lead paint 27.2.12
Electric shovels 15.2.15-15.2.16 Excavations
Electric trolley haulage general provisions 31.1
see Haulage, electric trolley excavation workings, support of
Electrodes 28.2.11-28.2.18; 31.2
28.2.21-28.2.27; 34.4.39-34.4.40 Excavators, general provisions 15.2
Elevated workplaces Exhaust, of tractors and trucks
see Workplaces, elevated 10.2.15
Elevators Exhaust ventilation
installation, repair 29.3.2-29.3.4 see Ventilation
passenger 5,2.33; 5.2.39 Explosives, commercial
Elevators, bucket 7.2 general provisions 22.1
Employers, general duties of 1.2 disposal 22.5
366
Index
handling 22.4 for sinking shafts 32.2

storage 22.3; 32.11 underground 32.1.16
transport, general provisions Fibre ropes
22.2.1-22.2.4 see Ropes, fibre
transport by aerial cableways Files 16.1.26
8.4.5 Filters, dust 32.14.24-32.14.26
transport by boat 22.2.16 Firedamp
transport by rail 22.2.1-22.2.4; see Methane
22.2.8-22.2.10
transport by road 10.6.16; Fire-extinguishing equipment
22.2.1-22.2.4; 22.2.11-22.2.15 general requirements 2.4.1-
transport underground 32.11.1- 2.4.12
32.11 6 for asphalt plants 15,5.1; 15.5.18
see also Blasting for floating pile drivers 24.4.6
Explosive substances in garages 11.1.10
general provisions 22.1; 22.2 for internal combustion engines
12.2.5
in silos 20.1.21 for painting operations 27.1,9
welding on containers of
28.1.17-28.1.20 for petrol-operated shovels
15.2.14
Eyes for power-driven boats 19.2.6
protection of, general require- for silos 20.1.18
ments 36.1.13
protection of, on machines for spray painting 27.4.2
13.3.11 underground 32.7.14-32.7.16
for welding operations 28.1.7
Fire protection
Falls of objects, general require- general requirements 2.4
ments 2.5 for compressed air work in tun-
Falls of persons nels 33.3.20-33.3.22
general requirements 2.6 in garages 11
into water 2.6.19 for internal combustion engines
Fans, use in flammable atmospheres 12.2.5
29.9.3 for stores of combustible mate-
Fencing rials 21.2.2
general provisions 13.1.1; underground 32,7
13.2.2-13.2.3 for welding operations 28.1.7;
for conveyors 7.1.6 28. 1. 10-28.1.12
at entrance of shafts 32,2.8- Fires, forest 8.1.10
32.2.9 First aid
for floating operational equip- general provisions 38.2
ment 19.1.4 in camps 39.1.6
for hoist shafts 5.2.1 for divers 34.2.29
for lime pits 25.2.6 for workers in compressed air
for machines 13,1; 13.2.2 33.1.11-33.1.17
on roads 10.1.2 Fissures, blasting in 23.10
367
Flame-cutting on concrete-bucket towers 25.4.6

see Welding in tunnels 33.3.18-33.3.19
Flame proof electrical equipment Garages 11
17.2.23 Garbage
Flammable liquids see Waste
see Liquids, flammable Gas alarms
Floating operational equipment see Alarms
general provisions 19.1 Gas cylinders
for diving operations 34.4.8 see Cylinders, gas
dredges 19.1.18 Gas detectors
pile drivers 24.4 see Detectors
Floor openings Gas, flammable
see Openings, floor general provisions 21,2.10
Floors underground 32.1.9
demolition of 30.6 Gas, harmful
in structural steel erection general provisions 21.1
29.2.15-29.2.16 in confined spaces 31.1.18-
temporary 2.95 3 1.1.21
of working platforms 3.2.14- Gas masks
3.2.15 see Protective equipment, per-
work with flammable materials on sonal, respiratory
29.9 Gasoline
Flues see Petrol
see Chimneys Gas piping
Foot protection 36.1.15 see Pipes, piping
Fork-lift trucks Gauntlets 36.1.14
see Trucks, lift Gin poles 5.10
Form work 25.5 Gin wheels
Foundations, demolition of 30,2.15 general requirements 5.10.7
Frames, prefabricated, for scaffolds on tall chimneys 29.6.21
3.1.34-3.1.38 Girders
Fuel see Steel, structural
see Liquids, flammable Glass
Fuelling of internal combustion removal of, in demolition opera-
engines 12.2.5 tions 30.2.3
Fuses use of, for insulation 29.10.11-
blasting 23.5 29.10.12
detonating 23.1.3-23.1.4 Glass woOl 29.10.11-29.10.12
electrical 17.4.14-17.4.15 Gloves, protective
general requirements 36.1.14
for blasting 23.8.5
Gallows in welding 28.2.24
see Jibs Glue 2.99.1-29.9.8
Gangways Goggles, protective
general requirements 3.3 general requirements 36.1.13
368
Index
in drilling 32.10.4 Hand protection 36,1.14

when piping cement 25.2.21 Hand tools
with powder-actuated tools see Tools, hand
16.3.28 Hats, hard
in welding 28.1,1; 28.1.3 general requirements 36.1.10-
in work with asphalt 15.5.9 36.1.12
in work with peroxides 27.3.10 for powder-actuated tools
Grabs, filling at silos 20.1.11 16.3.28
Gravel 35.2.26-35.2.29 for work on chimneys 29.6.26
Gravel spreaders 15.5.13; 15.5.32- Haulage
15.5.33 electric trolley 17.6
Grease locomotives 17.6.1-17.6.10
see Liquids, flammable tracks 17.6.11-17.6.17
Grounding underground 32.8.24-32.8.26;
see Earthing 32.13
Guard-rails, general requirements see also Transport
2.6.1-2.6.5 Haulage inclines
Guards in tunnels 33.3.23-33.3.24
band saw 14.3.1-14.3.6 see also Railways, inclined rope
circular saw 14.2.1-14.2.9 Headframes 32.3.4-32.3,8
machine, general requirements Head protection 36.1.10-36,1.12
13.1 Heating appliances
planing machine 14.4.1-14.4.47 general requirements 2.4.13-
powder-actuated tool 16.3.5- 2.4.23
16.3.7 for asphalt and tar 29.7
power take-offs 12.4 in garages 11.1.3
use of, by workers 1.4 in silos 20.1.7
Guides, in hoist shafts 5.2.5 Heating, general requirements
Gutters, on concrete-bucket towers 2.2.1-2.2.2
25.4.10-25.4.15 Heat treatment, of lifting gear 6.1.8
Guy derricks 5.8.7-5.8.10 Helmets, safety
Guys see Hats, hard
see Ropes, guy Hoisting appliances
see Hoists
Lifting appliances
flails, temporary floors for, 25.9.3 Hoisting engines
Hand-held electrical apparatus see Engines
17.5. 1-17.5.6 Hoisting equipment
Hand lamps see Lifting appliances
electric 17.5.5-17.5.6 Lifting gear
in silos 20.1.21 Hoisting operations
used underground 32.8.23 general requirements 5.1.29-
Handles crank, of winches 5.11.14 5.1.47
Handling materials, general require- with cranes, general requirements
ments 35 5.3.39-5.3.45
369
with derricks 5.8.10-5.8.13 lifting gear 6.1.1

with hoists 5.2.42-5.2.44 Illness
in shafts 32.4 reporting, by divers 34.1.11
in shaft sinking 32.2.17-32.2.31 see also Diseases
with tower slewing cranes Indicators
5.6.14-5.6.18 safe load, on cranes 5.1.1-5.1.4
Hoisting shafts 32.3 see also Detectors, gas
Hoists Infirmities, mental, physical 1.2.6
general requirements 5.2 Injuries
concrete bucket 5.2.45 eye, prevention of 13.3.11
monorail or single track-mounted reporting 38.2.7
5.7 Insects 41.3.7-41.3.11
Hooks, lifting Inspection
general requirements 6.5.2; 6.7 general requirements 1.2.12;
for shaft hoisting installations 2.9.6-2.9.13
32.3. 34 aerial-basket trucks 3.18.16-
Hoppers 3.18.21
on concrete mixers 15.8.4 aerial cableways 8.3
on conveyors 7.1.9 band saws 14.3.7-14.3.10
Hose camps 39.1.17
for pile drivers 24.1.9-24.1.11; chains 6.4.6
24.2.4 circular saws 14.2.10
for pneumatic tools 16.2.2; by competent authority 2.9.6-
16.2.10 2.9.10
for welding and cutting equip- compressors 18.2.19
ment 28.1.31-28.1.37 concrete mixers 15.8.10
Hours of work conveyors 7.1.15-7.1.17
of compressed air workers cranes 5.3.32-5.3.38
33.1.33 diving equipment 34.3
of divers 34.1.15 earth-moving equipment 15.1.17
Housekeeping 2.3 electrical installations 17.7
Hygiene equipment, general requirements
general provisions 37.1 2.9.6-2.9.13
in compressed air work 33.1.21- excavations 31.1.6
33. 1.28 fibre ropes 6.3.2
floating operational equipment
19.1.19-19.1.20
Ice gas cylinders 18.4.4
handling sheet piling on 24.5.13 hoisting engines in shafts 32.3.20
slipping on 2.3.5 hoists 5.2.40-5.2.41
traffic on 10.7 inclined rope railways 9,2.10
Identification markings ladders 4.1.12-4,1.15
electrical conductors and appli- lifting appliances 5.1.26-5.1.28
ances 17.2.6-17.2.8 lifting gear 6.1.1-6.1.7
gas cylinders 18.4.2 load on motor truck 10.6.34
370
Index
machines 13.2; 13.3.3 Intoxicants

motor vehicles 10.5 see Alcohol
pile drivers 24.2 lonising radiations
places with fire risks 2.4.32- see Radiations, ionising
2.4.33 Irritant substances
powder-actuated tools 16.3.15- general provisions 21.3
16.3.17 for window cleaning 29.11.7-
railways 9.1.25-9.1.28 29.11.8
roads 10.1.7
scaffolds 3.1.23-3.1.27
shaft-sinking operations 32.2.15 Jacks
shuttering material 25,5.1 construction 5.12.1-5.12.6
structures, general requirements ladder scaffolds 3.9
2.9.6-2.9.13 use 5.12.7-5.12.9
tractors 10.5 window scaffolds 3.13
underground workplaces 32.1.2- Jibs, for hoisting 3.1.30-3.1.31
32.1.4 Joists, steel 29.2.19-29.2.21
by workers before beginning work Junction boxes 17.4.24-17.4.25;
1.3.2 17.4.27-17.4.28
Inspection pits
see Pits Kettles, for asphalt and tar 29.7.2-
Instructions, safety and health 29.7.3
general requirements 1.2.7-1.2.9 Kitchens, camp 39.3
for compressed air workers
33.1.5 Labelling, for containers of danger-
for compressor operation ous substances 21.1.9
18.2.16 Ladder jack scaffolds
for handling dangerous sub- see Scaffolds, ladder jack
stances 21.1.9 Ladders
for lead paint work 27.2.14 general provisions 4.1
for railway operation 9.1.29 for chimneys 29.6.12-29.6.18
for structural steel erection for divers 34,2.4
29.1.20 extension 4.4
for tower slewing crane operation fixed 4.6
5.6.15 for ladder scaffolds 3.1.13-
for using powder-actuated tools 3.1.15; 3.8
16.3.26 mechanical 4.5
workers to comply with 1.4.7 metal, portable 4.1.28
Insulation for shafts 32,3.11-32.3.12
asbestos 29.10.1-29.10.10 for shaft sinking 32.2.10-32.2.12
electrical 17.2 for silos 20.1.4
glass wool 29.10.11-29.10.12 step, portable 4.2
Internal combustion engines trestle, portable 4.3
see Engines, internal combustion for window cleaning 29.11.2
371
Ladderways Lifting appliances

for hoist towers 5.2.10 general provisions 5.1
in shafts 32.3.11-32.3.12 accessory gear, general provisions
in shaft sinking 32.2.10-32.2.11 6.1
Lamps on chimneys 29.6.10; 29.6.19-
electric portable 17.5.5-17.5.6 29.6.25
fixed, underground 32.8,17- for concrete-bucket towers
32.8.20 25.4.16-25.4.20
guards for 2.2.6 on excavators 15.2.7-15.2.9
Lamps, hand platforms suspended from
general requirements 17.2.21- 3.2.23-3.2.28
17.2.22; 17.5.5-17.5.6 for prefabricated parts 29.1.9;
for divers 34.2.26 29.1.13; 29.1.17-29.1.20
underground 32.8.23 on scaffolds 3.1.28-3.1.33;
Land clearance 41.2 3.6,7-3.6.12
Landings in shaft sinking 32.2.17-32.2.23
of hoists 5.2,38 for shuttering 25.5.29-25.5.32
of shafts 32.3.9-32.3.10 for wells 31.4
Laser radiations Lifting gear
see Radiations, laser general provisions 6.1
Lead on excavators 15.2.7-15.2.8
red 27.2.3 for hoisting shafts 32.3.29-
white 27.2.4 32.3.32
Lead paint for prefabricated parts 29.1.10-
see Painting, lead paint 29.1.12
Ledgers Lifting, manual 35.1
general requirements 3.4.9- Lifts, passenger
3.4.16 see Elevators
of metal scaffolds 3.15.11- Lift trucks
3.15. 15
Level crossings 9.1.16 see Trucks, lift
Lifelines Lighting
general requirements 36.1.16- general requirements 2.2.3-2.2.6
36.1.31 for caissons 33.2.38-33.2.39
for divers 34.2.1; 34.2.17 for diving operations 34.2.25-
see also Belts, safety 34.2.26
Life-saving equipment for explosives magazines 22.3.2
general requirements 36.1.37; fixed, underground 32.8.17-
38.2.17-38.2.20 32.8.22; 32.9
on boats 19.2.4 for flammable and explosive
for cofferdams 24.5.11 atmospheres 21.2.10
for divers 34.2.27; 34.2.29 for silos 20.1.8; 20.1.21
on floating operational equipment for tractors and motor trucks
19.1.2; 19.1.5-19.1.6 10.2.20
372
Index
Lightning for diving operations 34.1,14

protection of electrical installa- in tunnels 33.3.17
tions 17.2.10 Locomotives
protection of underground work- general requirements 9.1.17-
ings 32.8.6 9.1.18
Lights, naked, in underground electric trolley 17.6.1-17.6.10
workings 32.7,12 inspection 9.1.25-9.1.26
Lime smoke-producing, in tunnels
handling 25.2.2-25.2.7; 25.2.9 32.13.5
in silos 20.1.17 Lorries
Liquids, flammable see Trucks, motor
general requirements 2.4.29- Lumber
2.4.31; 21.2.3-21.2.9 see Wood
in garages 11.1.7
rail transport 9.1.40
road transport 10.6.15 Machines
storage underground 32.7.3- general provisions 13
32.7.6 construction 13.1
use of, for laying floors, etc. 29,9 inspection 13.2; 13,3.3
Loading installation 13.1
motor vehicles 10.6.31-10.6.34; maintenance 13.2
15.2.7-15.2.8 operation 13.3
railway vehicles 9.1.50-9.1.55
road vehicles 10.6.31-10.6.34 Machines, electric portable
trucks from excavators 15.2.26- see Tools, electric portable
15.2.27 Machines, loading 15.9
Loading machines 15.9 Machines, planing
Load, maximum safe construction 14.4.1-14.4.7
of cranes 5.3.31-5.3.33 operation 14.4.8-14.4.9
of excavators 15.2.7-15.2.8 Machines, woodworking, general
indicators, on cranes 5.1.1- provisions 14.1
5.1.4; 5.3.27-5.3.31 Magazines, explosives 22.3
of lifting appliances 5.1.1-5.1.4 Maintenance
of lifting gear 6.1.1 aerial-basket trucks 3.18.16-
Loads, manual lifting and carrying 3.18.21
35.1 aerial cableways 8.3
Locks, emergency, in tunnels air receivers 18.3.3; 18.3.5;
33.3.13-33.3.15 18.3.9
Locks, man asphalt plants 15.5.5; 15.5,29-
general requirements 33.2.19- 15.5.31
33.2.24 band saws 14.3.7-14.3.10
in tunnels 33.3.13-33.3.16 circular saws 14.2.10
Locks, medical conveyors 7.1.10-7.1.11; 7.1.15-
general requirements 33.2.13- 7.1.17
33.2.18 diving equipment 34.3
373
earth-moving equipment Medical examination

15.1.23-15.1.24 see Examination, medical
electrical installations 17.7 Medical locks
eqtjipment, general requirements see Locks, medical
2.9.6-2.9.13 Medical services
hand tools 16.1.5-16.1.7 general requirements 38.3
hoists 5.2.40-5.2.41 for camps 39.4
ladders 4.1.12-4.1.15 Medical supervision
lifting appliances 5.1.26-5.1.28 see Supervision, medical
machines 13.2 Metal parts of structures 2.9.3
motor vehicles 10.5 Methane 32.1.9
near machines 13.2.7 Mineral wool 29.10.11-29.10.12
pile drivers 24.2 Misfires
power shovels, excavators blasting 23.7.5-23.7.6
15.2.23-15.2.24 powder-actuated tools 16.3.40-
railways 9.1.25-9.1.28 16.3.41
scaffolds 3.1.23-3.1.27 Mixers
silos 20.2.7 asphalt 15.5.4-15.5.7
structures, general requirements Concrete 15.8
2.9.6-2.9.13 Mobile scaffolds
tractors 10.5 see Scaffolds, mobile
Man locks Monorail hoists
see Locks, man see 1oists, monorail
Manufacturers, obligations of 1.5 Motors, electric 17.4.19-17.4.22
Marking, for containers of danger- Motor trucks
ous substances 21.1.9 see Trucks, motor
Masks
see Protective equipment, per-
sonal, respiratory Nails
Masts, conCrete bucket 25.4.1 projecting in wood, etc. 2.3.2
25.4.25-25.4.26 on scaffolds 3.1.8; 3.1.21-3.1.22
Materials Nets, catch 36.1.32-36.1.35
carrying, manual 35.1 Noise 2.7
combustible 2.4.24-2.4.28; 21.2 Notices
dangerous, general provisions 21 general requirements 1.2.8-1.2.9
handling, general provisions 35 for dangerous atmospheres
for hand tools 16.1.1-16.1.4 21.3.9
lifting, manual 35.1 for compressors 18.2.1; 33.1.5
piling 35.2 for diving stations 34.1.13
for scaffolds 3.1.3-3.1.11 for earth-moving equipment
stacking 35.2 15.1.1
Maximum safe load for electrical installations
see Load, maximum safe 17.2.26-17.2.27
Meal rooms first aid 38.2.26
see Dining rooms for hoists 5.2.39
314
Index
for inclined rope railways 9.2.2 Operator's stand 13.1.4-13.1.7

instructions in case of fire 2.4.35 Outriggers
for man locks 33.2.21 for lifting appliances on tall chim-
operation of powder-actuated neys 29.6.21
tools 16.3.26 for outrigger scaffolds 3.7.
on roads under construction for suspended scaffolds with ma-
10.8.1-10.8.4 chine operated platform
for road traffic 10.1.3 3.6.1-3.6.2
for shaft hoisting installations for suspended scaffolds with man-
32.4.1 uaily operated platform 3.5.1-
for silos 20.1.9 3.5.5; 3.5.7
Nurses Oxygen, liquid, blasting with 23.8
for compressed air work
33.1.11; 33.1.13
for medical services 38.3.5 Painting
general provisions 27.1
airless spray painting 27.5
Oil lead paint 27.2; 27.4.11
slipping on 2.3.5 silica paint 27.4.8; 27.4.10-
see also Liquids, flammable 27.4.11
Openings, floor spray painting 27.4
for machines 13.1.11 with unsaturated polyesters 27.3
protection of, general require- Paint, wet 27.1.19
ments 2.6.6-2.6.12 Passageways
Openings, wall alongside conveyors 7.1.2
protection of, general require- alongside crane tracks 5.4.4-
ments 2.6.13-2.6.15 5.4.5
Operators in demolition operations
aerial cableways 8.4.1 30.2.16-30.2.19
asphalt plants 15.5.15 on floating operational equip-
compressors 18.2.16 ment 19.1.2; 19.1.16
electrical equipment 17.2.28 on floating pipelines 19.1.17
engines 12.1.2 on inclined rope railways 9.2.14
excavators 15.2.17 under inclined rope railways
lifting appliances 5.1.29-5.1.30 9.2.11
locomotives 9.1.29-9.1.31 alongside railway tracks 9.1.14-
machines 13.3.1-13.3.2 9.1.15
motor trucks 10.6.2-10.6.3 Passenger lifts
pile drivers 24.3.1 see Elevators
powder-actuated tools 16.3.27 Passenger vehicles
power shovels 15.2.17 see Cars, passenger
steam boilers 18.1.2 Payers 15.6
tractors 10.6.2-10.6.3 Personal protective equipment
woodworking machines 14.1.1- see Protective equipment, per-
14.1.3 sonal
375
Petrol, use for cleaning 21.2.9 for demolition operations 30.4

Petrol engines underground for wooden pole scaffolds 3.4.29
32.7.13 Platforms, hoist 5.2.30-5.2.35
Petrol-operated shovels 15.2.14 Platforms, working
Physicians, for compressed air work general provisions 3.2
33.1.11-33.1.12 for asphalt plants 15.5.1-15.5.2
Pile driving bracket scaffolds 3.10.3
general provisions 24.1 concrete-bucket towers 25.4.7-
floatin8 pile drivers 24.4 25.4.8
inspection, maintenance of on gin poles 5.10.6
equipment 24.2 on outrigger scaffolds 3.7.3;
operation 24.3 3.7.5-3.7.6
sheet piling 24.5 suspended from lifting appliances
Piling material 3,2.21-3.2.28
see Stacking on suspended scaffolds with ma-
Pipelines chine operated platform
3.6.13-3.6.14
floating 19.1.17
underground 32.15 on suspended scaffolds with
manually operated platform
Pipes, piping 3.5. 13-3.5.17
air compressor 18.2.10-18.2.12
asphalt plant 15.5.10-15.5.11; Pneumatic drills
15.5.21; 15.5.27 see Drilling
for concrete 25.2.15-25.2.18 Pneumatic tools
gas 18.2.13-18.2.14 see Tools, pneumatic
steam 18.2.14-18.2.15 Pockets, blasting in 23.10
steam, for pile drivers 24.1.9- Poison ivy 41.3.2
24.1.12; 24.2.5 Poison oak 41.3.2
storage of 35.2.24-35.2.25 Poisonous plants
Pits see Plants, poisonous
of concrete-bucket towers Poison sumac 41.3.2
25.4.22-25.4.24 Polyesters, unsaturated, in painting
inspection pits in garages 11.1.4 27.2
lime 25.2.6-25.2.7
for machines 13.1.11 Pontoons 19.1
Pivoting cranes Portable equipment
see Cranes, tower slewing electric 17.5
Planing machines pneumatic 16.2
see Machines, planing powder-actuated 16.3
Plans Pots, tar
for concrete work 25.1.1 see Kettles
for tunnelling operations 32.1.1 Powder-actuated tools
Plants, poisonous 41.3.1-41.3.6 see Tools, powder-actuated
Platforms, catch Power buggies
for chimneys 29.6.11 see Buggies, power
376
Index
Power lines, overhead 17.3.3- Qualifications

17.3.12 of compressed air workers
Power shovels 33.1.3-33.1.4
see Shovels, power see also Operators
Power take-offs 12.4
Prefabricated frames, for scaffolds
3.1.34-3.1.38 Radiations
Prefabricated parts ionising 21.4
erection of 29.1 laser 21.4
storage of 35.2.32 Rafts 34.2.27-34.2.28
Railing, protective
Preservatives, wood 29.8 general requirements 2.6.1-2.6.5
Pressure plant 18 for asphalt plants 15.5.2
Pre-stressed concrete 25.2.36- for working platforms 3.2.18-
25.2.42 3.2.21
Pre-tensioned concrete Rails
see Concrete work crane tracks 5.4.1-5.4.3
Privies 37.4.7; 37.4.12-37.4.18 electric trolley haulage 17.6.17
Projectiles railways 9.1
see Cartridges third rails 17.3.13-17.3.16
Props, for shoring of shuttering Railways
25.5.2; 25.5.9-25.5.18 see also Explosives
Protective equipment, personal Tracks, crane
general provisions 36.1 Railways, inclined rope
for demolition operations general provisions 9.2.1-9.2.11
30.2.20-30.2.21 equipment 9.2.12-9.2.13
respiratory 2.2.9; 36.1.38- operation 9.2.16-9.2.21
36.1.46 track 9.2.12-9.2.15
for welding 28.1.1-28.1.3; Railways, locomotive haulage
28.2.24 inspection, maintenance 9.1.25-
for work on tall chimneys 9.1.28
29.6.26 locomotives 9.1.17-9.1.24
Public utilities loading and unloading vehicles
in demolition operations 30.1.2- 9.1.50-9.1.55
30.1.4 movement of vehicles 9.1.42-
in excavations 31.1.3 9.1.49
Pulleys, pulley blocks 6.6; 29.6.21 operation 9.1.29-9.1.41
Pumps rolling stock 9.1.17-9.1.24
air, for divers 34.2.15 track 9.1.1-9.1.16
for concrete 25.2.15-25,2.21 Ramps
Putlogs see Gangways
for tubular metal scaffolds Receivers, air
3.15.16-3.15.19 see Air receivers
for wooden pole scaffolds Recesses, for underground rail
3.4.17-3.4.24 tracks 32.13.3
377
Recklessness 1.4.8 Roofs

Records of accidents 40.1.11- fragile 26.3
40.1.12 reinforced concrete 25.1
Register, first aid 38.2,29-38.2.30 steep 26.2
Regulations, official 1.2.9; 1.2.11 Roof trusses
Reinforcement, steel, for concrete see Trusses, roof
25.3 Roof work 26
Repairs Ropes
see Maintenance general provisions 6.1
Reporting for boatswain's chairs 3.17
of accidents and diseases, to for hoists 5.2.22-5.2.29
competent authority 41.5 for lifting appliances 5.1.25
of injuries, to first-aid personnel for scaffolds 3.1.5-3.1.6
38.2.7
for shaft hoisting installations
5.2.22-5.2.29; 32.3.29-32,3.33
Rescue equipment for suspended scaffolds with ma-
see Life-saving equipment chine operated platform
Respiratory protective equipment 3.6.3-3.6.6; 3.6.15
see Protective equipment, per- for suspended scaffolds with man-
sonal ually operated platform 3.5.8-
Resting at dangerous places 1.4.6 3.5.12
Rest-rooms, for compressed air Ropes, fibres, general requirements
workers 33.1.21 6.3
Resuscitation equipment 38.2.17- Ropes, guy, for derricks 5.8.2;
38.2.20
5.8.9
Rigs, drilling 38.10.2
Riveting, rivets Ropes, wire, general requirements
cutting rivets with pneumatic 6.2
tools 16.2.6 Rubbish
riveting structural steel 29.2.23- see Waste
29.2.28 Rules
Riving knives 14.2.4 see Instructions, safety and health
Road rollers Rungs, for climbing chimneys
see Rollers, road 29.6.12-29.6.17
Roads Runways
general requirements 10.1 see Gangways
under construction 10.8
Rollers, road 15.7
Rolling stock, railway Sacks
general requirements 9.1.17- see Bags
9.1.24 Safeguards
inclined rope railways 9.2.7- see Safety devices
9.2.8 Safety belts
Roofing brackets see Belts, safety
see Brackets Safety committees 40.1
378
Index
Safety curtains Scaffolds, ladder jack 3.9

see Curtains, safety Scaffolds, metal
Safety devices see Scaffolds, tubular metal
interference with 1.4.4 Scaffolds, mobile 3.16; 29.6.10
workers to use properly 1.4.3 Scaffolds, outrigger 3.7
Safety officers 40.1 Scaffolds, square 3.12
Safety organisation, general provi- Scaffolds, tubular metal 3.15
sions 40.1 Scaffolds, suspended
Salamanders for chimneys 29.6.1-29.6.10
see Heating appliances with machine operated platform,
Salvage operations 34.4.12 general requirenlents 3.6
Sampling with manually operated platform,
see Testing general requirements 3.5
Sand 35.2.26-35.2.29 Scaffolds, trestle 3.11
Sanitation Scaffolds, window jack 3.13
general requirements 37 Scaffolds, wooden pole 3.4
in caissons and tunnels 33.1.21- Scotch derricks 5.3.13; 5.3.40
33.1.28 Scrapers 15.4
Saws, carrying 16.1.11 Seats
Saws, band earth-moving equipment 15.1.6
construction 14.3.1-14.3.6 motor trucks 10.2.10-10.2.11
inspection, maintenance 14.3.7 tractors 10.2.10-10.2.11
operation 14.3.8-14.3,10 Sewers 31.1.18
Saws, circular Shackles 6.8
construction 14.2.1-142.9 Shafts
inspection, maintenance 14.2.10 in buildings 29.3
operation 14.2.11-14.2.16
Scaffolding machines 3.6.7-3.6.12 for caissons 33.2.5-33.2.9
Scaffolds
for underground workings 32,2
general provisions 3.1 Shafts, hoist
for chimneys 29.6.1-29.6.7 general requirements 5.2.1-
5.2.10
lifting appliances on 3.1.28- of underground workings, general
3.1.33
Scaffolds, bracket requirements 32.3
general requirements 3.10 Shaft sinking
for tall chimneys 29.6.8-29.6.9 general provisions 32.2.1-
Scaffolds, cantilever 32.2.16
see Scaffolds, outrigger hoisting installations 32.2.17-
Scaffolds, figure 32.2.23
see Scaffolds, bracket hoisting operations 32.2.24-
Scaffolds, horse 32.3.31
see Scaffolds, trestle Sheaves
Scaffolds, jib see Pulleys, pulley blocks
see Scaffolds, outrigger Sheer legs 5.9
Scaffolds, ladder 3.8 Sheet piling 24.5
379
Shelters for work on chimneys 29.6.27

general requirements 37.3 Signs, danger
for compressed air workers see Notices
33.1.21 Silicosis
for floating operational equip- see Dust
ment 19.1.3 Silos
Shoes on concrete-bucket towers
see Boots, safety 25.4.21
Shoring construction and equipment
of excavations 31.2 20.1
of shuttering 25.5.9-25.5.22; entering 20.1.4; 20.2.5-20.2.6
25.5.33 operation 20.2
of trenches 31.3 Skeleton steel construction
Shotfiring provision of floors 29.2.15-
see Blasting 29.2.16; 29.5.5
Shotholes structural steel erection 29.2
see Boreholes Skips
Shovels, power for concrete mixers 15.8.2;
general provisions 15.2 15.8.5
electric 15.2.15-15.2.16 see also Boatswain's chairs
maintenance 15.2.17; 15.2.24 Sleeping in dangerous places 1.4.6
operation 15,2.17-15.2.28 Sleeping quarters, in camps 39.2
petrol-operated 15.2.14 Slings
steam shovels 15.2.10-15.2.13 general requirements 6.5
Shower baths for prefabricated parts 29.1.21
see Baths, shower Slipping, protection against
Shuttering general requirements 2.3.5
see Form work see also Boots, safety
Signalling Smoking
general requirements 1.8; in compressed air 33.1.27
17.2.11 during transport of explosives
for asphalt spreader tank cars 22.2.3
15.5.32 in underground workings
for diving operations 34.2.18- 32.7.12
34.2.24 Snakes 41.3.1; 41.3.12
for electric trolley haulage under- Snow 2.3.5
ground 32.13.9 Solvents 27.1.12; 27,1.15
in hoisting shafts 32.3,13-32.3.16 Spiders, black widow 41.3.11
for lifting appliances 5.1.30 Spouts, on concrete-bucket towers
for payers 15.6.1-15.6.2; 15.6.4 25.4.10-25.4.15
for railway operations 9.1.30 Sprayers
for road trafllc 10.6.20 airless paint 275
for starting machines 13.3.5 asbestos 29.10.8-29.10.10
for work in caissons 33.2.34- asphalt 15.5.3; 15,5.8
33.2.37 paint 27.4
380
Index
Spray painting Steel reinforcement

see Painting, spray see Reinforcement, steel
Spreaders Steel, structural
asbestos 29.10.8-29.10.10 demolition of 30.7
asphalt 15.5.2; 15.5.13; 15.5.32- erection of 29.2
15.5.33 storage 35.2.22-35.2.23
gravel 15.5.13; 15.5.32-15.5.33 Steeples, demolition of 30.8
Squares, for square scaffolds 3.12 Step ladders, portable
Stacking 35.2 see Ladders, step, portable
Stages, for dumping railway trucks Stone, crushed 35.2.26-35.2.29
3.14 Stone crushing 32.14.23
Stairs Stone dressing 29.12
general requirements 4.7 Stopping devices
in chimneys 29.6.12-29.6.18 machines 13.1.3
in demolition operations power shovels 15.2.5
30.2.17-30.2.19 Storage
work in stair wells 29.3 dusty material 35.2.30-35.2.31
Standpipes 2.4.12 explosives 22.3; 32.11
Stands, operators' fibre ropes 6.3.8
on asphalt plants 15.5.1-15.5.2; flammable liquids, 21.2.1-21.2.7
15.5.13 flammable liquids, in under-
on concrete mixers 15.8.3 ground workings 32.7.3-
on machines 13.1.4-13.1.7 32.7.7
Starting mechanism, for tractors gas cylinders 18.4.5-18.4.19
and motor trucks 10.2.21- hand tools 16.1.13-16.1.14
10.2.23 highly combustible solids
Static electricity 21.2.1-21.2.2
on petrol-operated shovels ladders 4.1.13
15.2.14 lifting gear 6.1.9-6.1.10
transferring flammable liquids piling materials 35.2
21.2.6 powder-actuated tools 16.3.21-
Stations 16.3.25
for aerial cableways 8.1.11- prefabrication parts 29.1.3;
8.1.14 29.1.6; 29.1.8
for mechanical and electrical scaffold materials 3.1.10
haulage systems 32.13.9 stacking materials 35.2
for inclined rope railways 9.2.1 Stoves
Statistics, accident 40.1.6; 40.1.12- see Heating appliances
40.1.13 Stretchers 38.2.15-38.2.16
Steam boilers Structural steel
see Boilers, steam see Steel, structural
Steam piping Structures, general requirements
see Pipes, piping 2.9
Steam shovels 15.2.10-15.2.13 Suggestion schemes 40.1.14
381
Sumps Temperature, in caissons 33.2.10-

see Pits 33.2.11
Supervision Testing
general requirements 1.2.3 aerial cableways 8.3
of places with fire risks 2.4.32- anchors for window cleaning
2.4.33 29.11.1; 29.11.4-29.11.6;
Supervision, medical 29.11.13-29.11.18
general requirements 38 atmospheres in underground
of compressed air workers workings 32.1.9
33.1.6-33.1.20 caisson shafts 33.2.8
of divers 34.1.7-34.1.14 by competent authority 2.9.6
cranes 5.3.32-5.3.38
Supports dangerous atmospheres 21.1.3
excavation workings 31.2 diving equipment 34.3
scaffolds 3.1.18-3.1.19
shuttering 25.5.9-25.5.22; donkey engine boilers 12.3.6-
12.3.7
25.5.33
underground workings 32.5 equipment, general requirements
working platforms 3.2.2-3.2.3 2.9.6-2.9.13
gas cylinders 18.4.4
Switches hoists 5.2.40-5.2.41
general requirements 17.4.16- jacks 5.12.9
17.4.18 lifting gear 6.1.7-6.1.8
in underground workings 32.8.16 structures, general requirements
Switches, limit 2.9.6-2.9.13
on cranes 5.3.21-5.3.23 Thermometers 33.2.10-33.2.11
on jacks 5.12.4 Thicknessing machines 14.4.4-
on monorail hoists 5.7.12 14.4.6
on overhead travelling cranes Third-rail systems 17.3.13-17.3.16
5.5. 10-5.5.11 Throwing objects 2.5.2-2.5.3
Switchgear Ticks 41.3.8-41.3.9
general requirements 17.4.7- Tidiness
17.4.9 see Housekeeping
for underground workings 32.8.2 Tiles 35.2.18-35.2.21
Timber
see Wood
Tackle Toe-boards, general requirements
see Lifting gear 2.6.1-2.6.5
Tamping of boreholes 23,3 Toilet facilities
Tar 29.7 general requirements 37.4
Team work 1.2.4 for compressed air workers
Telephones 33. 1.22-33.1.23
for divers 34.2.23-34.2.24 Tongs 16.1.27; 29.1.12
in underground workings 32,1.7 Tools, electric portable 17.5
Telfers Tools, hand
see Aerial cableways construction 16.1.1-16.1.4
382
Index
maintenance 16.1.5-16.1.7 starting mechanism 10.2.21-

storage 16.1.13-16.1.14 10.2.23
transport 16.1.8-16.1.12 Traffic, road
use 16.1.15-16.1.27 control 10.6.1
Tools, pneumatic on ice 10.7
construction 16.2.1-16.2.3 on roads under construction 10.8
use 16.2.4-16.2.11 Trailers 10.3
Tools, powder-actuated Transformers 17.4.4-17.4.6
construction 16.3.5-16.3.9 Transmissions, operation 13.3.7;
definitions 16.3.1-16.3.2 13.3.12
inspection, maintenance 16.3.15- Transport
16.3.20 dust suppression in, underground
storage 16.3.21-16,3.22; 16.3.26 32.14.16-32.14.22
use 16.3.26-16.3.44 of explosives 22.2; 32.11
Torches, welding 28.1.38-28.1.39 gas cylinders 18.4.27-18.4.29
Towers hand tools 16.1.8-16.1.12
aerial cableways 8.1.18-8.1.20 liquid oxygen 23.8.6-23.8.8
concrete-bucket 25.4 prefabricated parts 29.1.21-
29.1.22
Towers, hoist see also Haulage
see Shafts, hoist Transport, animal 10.11
Toxic substances Transport, passenger
see Dangerous substances, toxic aerial cableways 8.2
Tracks, rail boat 19.2
cranes 5.4.1-5.4.9; 5.5.1-5.5.8 electric trolley haulage 17.6;
electric trolley haulage 17.6.17 32.8.24-32.8.36; 32,13.2
inclined rope railways 9.2.12- railway, locomotive haulage
9.2.15 9.1.20; 9.1.33-9.1.40
monorail hoists 5.7.7-5.7.10 road 10.4; 10.6.15; 10.6.30
railways with locomotive haulage Transport, rail
9.1.1-9.1.16 electric trolley 17.6
Tractors inclined rope 9.2
general provisions 10.2. 1-10.2.3 locomotive haulage 9.1
brakes 10.2.13-10.2.14 in tunnels 32.13
cab 10.2.4-10.2,12 Transport, road, general require-
draw gear 10.2.16-10.2.18 ments 10.1
equipment 10.2.24-10.2.25 Travelways
exhaust pipes 10.2.15 see Roads
hitching point 10.2.19 Trenches 31.3
on ice 10.7 Trestle scaffolds
inspection 10.5 see Scaffolds, trestle
lights 10.2.20 Trolley lines
maintenance 10.5 general requirements 17.6.11-
operation 10.6 17.6.17
power take-offs 12.4 crane 5.4.10-5.4.11
383
Trucks electricity 17.2.24; 32.8; 32.9

see also Wagons, railway explosives 32.11
Trucks, aerial-basket 3.18.2-3.18.8 fire protection 32.7
Trucks, lift 10.10 haulage 32.13
Trucks, motor hoisting equipment 32.2.17;
general provisions 10.2.1-10.2.3 32.3
brakes 10.2.13-10.2.14 hoisting operations 32.4
cab 10.2.4-10.2.12 lighting 32.8.17-32.8.23; 32.9
cranes on 10.2.26 pipelines 32.15
draw gear 10.2.16-10.2.18 shaft installations 32.3
equipment 10.2.24-10.2.25 shaft sinking 32.2
exhaust pipes 10.2.15 supports 32.3.3; 32.5
on ice 10.7 ventilation 32.6
inspection 10.5 Units, building
lights 10.2.20 see Prefabricated parts, erection
loading and unloading 10.6.31- of
10.6.34 Unloading
maintenance 10.5 see Loading
starting mechanism 10.2.21- Uprights
10.2.23 for tubular metal scaffolds
Trusses, roof 29.4 3.15 .8-3.15. 10
Tubular metal scaffolds for wooden pole scaffolds 3.4.1-
see Scaffolds, tubular metal 3.4.8
Tunnels Urinals 37.4.12
see Underground construction
Vacuum lifting appliances 25.5.31-
Unauthorised persons 25.5.32
on chimneys 29.6.28-29.6.29 Vapour
on construction sites 2.8 see Gas
in electrical equipment rooms Vehicles
17.4.3 protection against moving
on floating operational equip- 36.1.36
ment 19.1.12 see also Cages
on inclined rope railways 9.2.21 Cars, passenger
on power shovels 15.2.20 Trucks, motor
on vehicles transporting explos- Wagons, railway
ives 22.2.4 Vendors
Underground construction see Dealers, obligations of
general provisions 32.1 Ventilation
blasting 32.12 general requirements 2.2.7-2.2.9
compressed air work in tunnels excavations 31.1.20-31.1.21
33.3 for spray painting 27.4.6-27.4.7
drilling 32.10 underground workings 32.1.15;
dust 32.14 32.6; 32.14.4-32.14.5
384
Index
for welding operations 28.1.5- Welding

28.1.6; 28.1.16 general provisions 28.1
Vermin 39.1.6; 39.1.17-39.1.18 in confined spaces 28.1.16
Vibrations 2,7 of containers for explosive or
Vibrators 25.2.43-25.2.46 flammable substances 28.1.17-
28.1.20
fire risks 28.1.14-28J.15
Wagons, railway gas cylinders 28.1,21-28,1,30
construction 9.1.19-9.1.24 hose 28.1.31-28.1.37
loading, unloading 9.1.50- torches 28.1.38-28.1.39
9.1.55 underground 32.7.14
movement 9.1.42-9.1.49 underwater 34.4.31-34.4.30
Walkways Welding, electric
see Passageways general requirements 17.2.25;
Wall openings 28.2
see Openings, wall underwater 34.4.36-34.4.40
Walls, demolition of 30.5 Welfare
Warnings general provisions 37.1
see Notices compressed air workers 33.1.21-
33.1.28
Washing facilities Well-hole blasting 23.9
general requirements 37.5 Wells 31.4
compressed air workers 33.1.21 Wells, stair 29.3
lead paint work 27.2.10 Wheelbarrows 10.12
spray painters 27,4.10 Winches
toilets 37.4.10 general provisions 5.1.24;
Waste 5,11.1-5.11.6
general requirements 2.3.4; for aerial cableways 8.2.7
37.8 drums 5.11.7-5.11.10
disposal 37.8 hand-operated 5.11.11-5.11.15
flammable, in garages 11.1.9 for hoisting concrete 25.4.16
in underground workings for inclined rope railways 9.2.3-
32.7.9-32.7.11 9.2.5
Watchmen for shaft sinking 32.2.21-32.2.23
for fire protection 2.4.33 for suspended scaffolds 3.6.9
for road traffic 10.8.6 Wind, protection of lifting appli-
Water ances against 5.1.8; 5.5.22;
for dust suppression in tunnels 5.6.10
32.14.6-32.14.8; 32.14.11 Winding engines
in electrical installations 17.4.2 see Engines, hoist
in excavations 31.1.16-31.1.17 Window cleaning 29.11
falls, into 2.6.19 Window jacks
piping in tunnels 33.3.20-33.3,21 see Jacks, window
Water, drinking, general require- Wire ropes
ments 37.2 see Ropes, wire
385
Satety and health in building and civil engineering
Women, employment of 1.7 infirm 1.2.6

Wood injured, return to work 38.1.7
creosoted 24.3.10; 29.8.5 instruction of 1.2.7
projecting nails, etc., in 2.3.2 reckless behaviour 1.4.8
for scaffolds 3.1.4 Working platforms
storage 35.2.11-35.2.13 see Platforms, working
wooden parts of structures 2.9.4 Workplaces, elevated, protection of
Wooden pole scaffolds 2.6.16-2.6.18
see Scaffolds, wooden pole Workshops 41,1
Wood preservatives 29.8 Wrenches 16.1.20-16.1.25
see Machines, woodworking
Workers Young persons
general duties 1.4 employment of 1.6
foreign 1.2.7 medical examination of 38.1.3
illiterate 1.2.7 on tractors 10.6,17
386

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ILO Codes of Practice

Safety and health

International Labour Office Geneva 1972

Printed by ATAR S.A. - Geneva (Switzerland)

of consultants specialising in the various aspects of the subject,

3.12. Square scaffolds 46

4. Ladders and stairs 56

6. Ropes, chains and accessories 90

Aerial cableways 100

Construction equipment 142

Hand tools, portable power-driven tools 154

Pressure plant 178

Floating operational equipment 186

21. Dangerous substances and radiations 193

21.2. Highly combustible materials 194

27.2. Lead paint 237

Underground construction 282

32.5. Supports 290

Construction camps 347

Code of Safety Regulations for Industrial Establishments, which

Earthed or grounded means connected to the general mass of earth

on putlogs or crossbeams, the outer ends of which are supported

Square scaffold means a scaffold, the platform of which is composed

1.2. General duties of employers

1.2.1. Employers should so provide and maintain buildings,

1.2.3. Employers should provide such supervision 'as will

1.2.13. Employers should not permit buildings, equipment

1.3. General duties of architects, engineers, de&gners

1.4. General duties of workers

1.4.2. Before beginning work workers should examine their

1.5. Obligations of manufacturers and dealers

equipment such as machines, appliances and vehicles used

1.6. Employment of young persons under 18

1.6.4. The restrictions of this section apply to all building and

1.7. Employment of women

more assistant signallers as may be necessary to transmit signals

1.8.18. Only competent persons should repair, alter or adjust

2.1. Means of access and egress

2.2. Heating, lighting, ventilation

2.4. Fire protection

2.4.11. Extinguishers containing chlorinated hydrocarbons

2.4.21. Heating systems for stores of flammable or combus-

mable liquids and combustible materials, welding operations,

2.5. Protection against falls of objects and collapse of struc-

the worker wears a safety belt with a lifeline securely attached

2.6. Protection against falls of persons

2.6.15. If the protection of openings is removable:

2.7. Noise and vibrations

2.7.3. If noise cannot be rendered harmless, workers should

2.8. Protection against unauthorised persons

2.9. Structures and equipment

Inspection, testing, maintenance

2.9.13. Particulars and results of all inspections of structures

3.1. General provisions

nails, adequate clamps, or other means approved by the competent

Ljfting appliances on scaffolds

3.1.30. Jibs or gallows for hoisting materials should not be

3.1.36. Frames should be sufficiently strong and rigid to avoid