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Handbook of Materials For ASM

The document discusses stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and key factors that influence SCC, including materials factors, environmental factors, and mechanical factors. It provides examples of how alloy composition and microstructure can affect susceptibility to SCC. It also lists some common alloy/environment combinations where SCC is known to occur and discusses important environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, electrochemical potential, and concentrations of solute species and oxygen.

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Lilian Rose
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143 views3 pages

Handbook of Materials For ASM

The document discusses stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and key factors that influence SCC, including materials factors, environmental factors, and mechanical factors. It provides examples of how alloy composition and microstructure can affect susceptibility to SCC. It also lists some common alloy/environment combinations where SCC is known to occur and discusses important environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, electrochemical potential, and concentrations of solute species and oxygen.

Uploaded by

Lilian Rose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PINERIDGE, U.K.

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CAVITATION," ICM 6 PERGAMON, 1991
32. F.R. LARSON AND J. MILLER, TRANS. ASME, VOL 74, 1952, P 765

Failure Control in Process Operations

P.F. Timmins, Risk Based Inspection Inc.

References

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REFINERY SERVICE," PAPER PRESENTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF
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ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING," RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 942, 2ND ED., AMERICAN
PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, 1983
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WELDS IN CORROSIVE PETROLEUM REFINERY ENVIRONMENTS," NACE RP-04-72 (1976
REVISION), NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORROSION ENGINEERS, 1976
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ENGINEERS, 1980
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PINERIDGE, U.K., 1981, P 617
31. J.M. BREAR ET AL, "POSSIBILISTIC AND PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF CREEP
CAVITATION," ICM 6 PERGAMON, 1991
32. F.R. LARSON AND J. MILLER, TRANS. ASME, VOL 74, 1952, P 765

Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement

Gerhardus H. Koch, CC Technologies, Inc.

Introduction

STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING (SCC) is a cracking phenomenon that occurs in susceptible alloys, and is caused by
the conjoint action of a tensile stress and the presence of a specific corrosive environment. For SCC to occur on an
engineering structure, three conditions must be met simultaneously, namely, a specific crack-promoting environment
must be present, the metallurgy of the material must be susceptible to SCC, and the tensile stresses must be above some
threshold value. This cracking phenomenon is of particular interest to users of potentially susceptible structural alloys,
because SCC occurs under service conditions, which can result, often without any prior warning, in catastrophic failure.
Many different mechanisms for SCC have been proposed, but in general these mechanisms can be divided into two
general groups, namely the anodic dissolution mechanisms and cathodic mechanisms. The parameters that control SCC
can be divided into materials, environmental, and mechanical parameters. In this article, an overview of the SCC behavior
of different engineering materials is presented with emphasis on carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength steels,
stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys. Although these materials do not encompass all
materials susceptible to SCC, they comprise the most commonly used materials in a wide range of industries.

Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement

Gerhardus H. Koch, CC Technologies, Inc.

Key Factors of SCC

Materials Factors. The alloy composition and microstructure have a great effect on the susceptibility of a material to
SCC in a particular environment. The bulk alloy composition may affect the formation and stability of a protective film
on the surface. The alloy composition includes the nominal composition, the presence of constituents, and the presence
and composition of impurities or trace elements. The metallurgical condition, which affects the susceptibility to SCC,
includes the strength level, the presence of phases in the matrix and at the grain boundaries, the composition of the
phases, the grain size and orientation, grain-boundary segregation, and residual stresses.

An example of strong influence of alloy composition and microstructure on the susceptibility to SCC is given by
austenitic stainless steels, where chromium and molybdenum promote the formation of passive films on the surface. Trace
elements such as carbon at concentrations greater than 0.03 wt%, may cause sensitization by forming chromium carbides
at the grain boundaries and depleting zones around the carbides of chromium, thereby rendering the steel susceptible to
intergranular SCC (IGSCC). Austenitic stainless steels will fail transgranularly in high-temperature chloride solutions.

Similarly, the susceptibility of aluminum alloys to SCC strongly depends on the microstructure, which can be modified by
heat treatment. The 7000 series aluminum alloys are precipitation-hardening alloys, and the peak-aged microstructure
(T6) is the most susceptible to SCC. Overaging to the T76 or T73 condition usually reduces or eliminates the
susceptibility to cracking. Peak aging of this alloy results in a fine distribution of coherent precipitates, which give
strength to the alloy. However, the heat treatment also results in the formation of large incoherent precipitates at the grain
boundaries and the depletion of solute in the region adjacent to the grain boundaries.

Environmental Factors. Stress-corrosion cracking of susceptible alloys is environment specific. The environmental
effects can simply be summarized by listing the alloy/environment combinations in which SCC has been observed. Table
1 (Ref 1) shows a partial list of alloy/environment combinations, which has, in recent years, increased in number. For
example, transgranular SCC of copper and SCC of stainless steels and nickel-base alloys in high-purity water can be
added to the list. Although a list such as shown in Table 1 can be used as a general guideline for materials selection, it
should be realized that SCC depends on a great many factors other than the bulk environment. Environments that cause
SCC are usually but not necessarily aqueous, and specific environmental parameters must be in specific ranges for
cracking to occur. These include, but are not limited to:

• TEMPERATURE
• PH
• ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL
• SOLUTE SPECIES
• SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
• OXYGEN CONCENTRATION

TABLE 1 ALLOY/ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS EXHIBITING SCC

ALLOY ENVIRONMENT

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