Chino en LC
Chino en LC
Chino en LC
Electronic Resources for Chinese Studies at the Library of Congress
Yuwu Song
Chinese Studies Librarian, Asian Division, Library of Congress
For the past two decades, the dawn of the digital age with the exponential
development in information technology has revolutionized collection development
in the libraries all over the world. The new digital environment has created both
difficulties and opportunities for librarians.
This article provides an overview of the building of the Chinese studies
related electronic resources at the Library of Congress. It reviews the e‐resources
developed at the Library and the subscription‐based databases. In addition, it
discusses the services and the future plans for Chinese e‐collection development at
the Library of Congress.
I. Eresources Developed at the Library of Congress
Naxi Manuscript Collection
The first digital project related to China developed at the Library of Congress
is the Naxi Manuscript Collection. The language of the Naxi ethnic group in China,
most of whom live in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, is the only living pictographic
language in the world. The collection of 3,342 Naxi manuscripts held by the Library
of Congress is the largest outside of China and is considered the finest in the world.
In late 1990s, the Library of Congress started to create a freely available online
database that is made up of 185 manuscripts, a 39‐foot funerary scroll, and an
annotated catalog of the entire Naxi manuscript collection. The highlights of the
collection include a pictographic creation story, a sacrifice to the Serpent King, love‐
suicide stories, and accounts of Naxi warriors and other people of high social
standing ascending to the realm of the deities. The URL of the site is:
http://international.loc.gov/intldl/naxihtml/naxihome.html.
Chinese Maps
On October 1, 2004, the Library of Congress and the Academia Sinica in
Taiwan signed an agreement for the digitization of China‐related maps. Since then
78,151 digital images of the maps and records have been created. These digital files
are available online from the website Inventory of China Related Historical Maps
Archived at the Library of Congress at http://webgis.sinica.edu.tw/map_loc/.
20
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 153, October 2011
Chinese Rare Book Repository
In 2005, the Library of Congress and National Central Library of Taiwan
began a collaborative project to digitize Chinese rare books at the Library of
Congress. The two libraries’ goal is to share each others’ digitized databases of
Chinese rare books and make them freely accessible to researchers worldwide. So
far 553 titles in Chinese Rare Book Repository (on site only ‐‐
http://lsj9mbr21/rarebook/bookmain_list.php) have been put online and are ready
to be used in Asian Reading Room. Noteworthy items include Yongle Encyclopedia,
Illustrated Guide of Tilling and Weaving: Rural Life in China, and Life and Activities of
Shakyamuni Buddha Incarnate.
Other LC Online Collections
In 2000, the Asian Division developed an online guide, Library of Congress
Asian Collections: an Illustrated Guide (http://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/guide), which
provides researchers with information on the most important Chinese studies
related resources at the Library of Congress. In addition, the Asian Division created
the following online resources:
• Christianity in China: An Annotated Catalog of the 19th Century Missionary Works
in Chinese at Asian Division, the Library of Congress, U.S.A.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/files/2009%20Missionary%20Book%20PDF.pdf
• The Washington Document Center Collection, which includes a list of the late Qing
editions or the reprints of the Ming editions of Chinese ancient classics
http://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/wdcList/
Other divisions of the Library of Congress such as the Federal Research
Division, Geography & Map Division, Prints & Photographs Division, and Manuscript
Division also developed subject specific online resources. For instance, A Country
Study: China (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html), developed by the Federal
Research Division serves as a basic online encyclopedic source for studies of China.
Created by the Geography & Map Division, Library of Congress Geography and Maps:
an Illustrated Guide (http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/guide/), contains valuable
information on studies on Chinese geography and cartography.
Global Legal Information Network (GLIN); Guide to Law Online: China
(http://www.loc.gov/law/help/china.php) is an annotated compendium of sources
developed by the Library of Congress Law Library and accessible through the
21
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 153, October 2011
Internet with links to primary documents, legal commentary, and general
government information about China.
The Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division has designed Prints &
Photographs Online Catalog with which one can find well over 4,000 prints and
photographs about China, Chinese, or Chinese‐Americans.
The Library of Congress Manuscript Division has created numerous online
finding aids for archival materials of eminent people, such as U.S. diplomat Caleb
Cushing, media tycoon Henry R. Luce, Owen Lattimore, U.S. advisor to Chinese
Nationalist leader Chiang Kai‐shek during WWII, Chinese‐American architect I. M.
Pei, etc. All of these finding aids have descriptive information on China‐related
documents and records in different formats such as correspondence, diaries, photos,
telegrams, ephemera, etc.
Under the stewardship of the Library of Congress, the library community in
the United States has collaborated in making Chronicling America: American
Historical Newspapers (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/). This is a free database
which allows researchers to search and view newspaper pages from 1860‐1922 and
find information about American newspapers published between 1690‐present.
From this database one can find very useful American journalistic accounts of
events in China before 1923. For example, the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 is covered in
great detail.
World Digital Library
Inspired by the success of the Global Gateway site developed at the Library of
Congress, Librarian of Congress Dr. James H. Billington in 2005 proposed a project
called the World Digital Library. The goal of this project was to make available to
anyone with free access to the Internet digitized texts and images of “unique and
rare materials from libraries and other cultural institutions around the world.” The
Library of Congress China Team actively participated in this project by providing
original materials and metadata.
In April 2009, the World Digital Library was launched. At the time of the
launch, the Library included only 1,236 items. As of May 2011, the World Digital
Library has over 1,400 items, among which are 90 Chinese prints, photos, maps, and
books, contributed by the Library of Congress as well as by libraries in China and
Taiwan. Some highlights include New Atlas of China, Chinese Tartary and Tibet,
Kangxi Dictionary, and The Complete Library in Four Sections [Siku Quanshu]
(http://www.wdl.org/).
22
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 153, October 2011
II. Subscription Based Eresources on Chinese Studies
At present, thirty‐five of the Library of Congress’ six hundred‐plus
subscription databases deal with Chinese studies. Noteworthy English‐language
databases include Bibliography of Asian Studies from the Association for Asian
Studies, The Asian Development Bank, and ProQuest Asian Business and Reference
from ProQuest.
Since 2004, the Asian Division has exerted continuous efforts to acquire
online databases on Chinese studies and thus far has acquired 27 China‐related
databases. For the time being, the LC collection of Chinese studies related online
databases is the largest outside of China. Most of these databases are subscription‐
based and can only be accessed at the Asian Reading Room. Full‐text searchable,
these databases give researchers very useful online tools in finding information.
• Statistics show that in recent years, there have been a monthly average of
1,000 to 3,000 search sessions of our databases. Occasionally there has
unusually high usage of certain databases. For instance, in September 2009,
there were 1954 visits to one database alone, Duxiu.
The Chinese e‐resources available at Asian Division of the Library of
Congress (http://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/ChineseDB2.html) include the following
categories. They cover virtually all the research areas:
Scholarly Publications Databases
• DuXiu is a one‐stop shopping database covering over 3 million books and other
materials, including periodicals, newspapers, graduate theses, conference
proceedings, videos, and seminar talks published in mainland China. Users can
view a portion of searched e‐books.
• China Academic Journal contains more than 22,000,000 full‐text articles from
7,200 journals. This database is one of the most popular databases with readers.
• Century Journals Social Sciences features a full‐text archive of over 220,000
records from core journals in the social sciences published in Mainland China,
with the earliest journal dating back to 1915.
• China Reference Works Online is a database comprised of over 1,400 reference
works of major academic disciplines, including dictionaries, bilingual
dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias, illustrated books, table spectrum,
biography, quotations, and handbooks.
23
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 153, October 2011
• Academic Conferences in China offers over 600,000 full‐text and 800,000
abstracts of proceedings of national and international conferences held in China
since 1986.
• Dissertations of China includes over 800,000 full‐text and 1,000,000 abstracts of
dissertations and theses from major Chinese education and research institutions.
Chinese Government Databases
• Database of the Chinese Government includes archives and publications of the
Chinese central government, its ministries and subsidiaries, and regional
authorities.
• Database of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference is a collection of
archives and documents of the Chinese People's Political Consultative
Conference.
• Database of the Communist Party of China contains archives and publications of
the Communist Party of China since its establishment in 1921.
• Database of the National People’s Congress is a collection of reports and
documents on the National People’s Congress.
Newspaper Databases:
24
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 153, October 2011
Statistics Databases:
• China Yearbook Fulltext Database (Politics/Military Affairs/Law) covers
information including statistics, activities, events, etc. in the fields of politics,
military affairs, and law in China.
• China Infobank provides access to real time business news, general news articles
and magazines, information and statistics on government, and reports and
statistics of various industries and regions in China.
• Soshoo, as part of China Infobank, includes yearly and monthly statistical data on
social and economic situation of China. Users can download data into an Excel
sheet.
• China Data Online provides monthly and annual statistical information and
monthly reports on economic development, etc.
Chinese Classics Databases
• Basic Chinese Classics Database collects over 10,000 titles of Chinese books,
dated from the pre‐Qin era (770 to 476 B.C.) to the period of Republic of China
(1911‐1949). This database is the largest of its kind in the world.
Specialized Databases
• China: Trade, Politics and Culture, 17931980 is developed by a British company.
It provides a wide variety of original source material detailing China's
interaction with the West. An English language database, it provides a unique
Western perspective for examining China.
• Chinese Cultural Revolution Database includes primary source materials relating
to the Chinese Cultural Revolution of 1966‐1976, such as Chinese Communist
Party documents, reports, media editorials as well as documents of the Red
Guards.
III. Services
In order to promote our online databases, in the past few years the China
Team of the Asian Division has provided library instruction services for various
kinds of users, including students, professors, librarians, and congressional and
government researchers from the Congressional Research Service, Central
Intelligence Agency, Congressional Executive Commission on China, and the Defense
Department. We have provided library instruction briefings or customized
25
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 153, October 2011
individual sessions teaching users how to use our electronic resources. As a result
more and more researchers have become familiar with our unique e‐collections.
In addition to library instruction, we provide online reference services using
QuestionPoint, a worldwide online reference service operating on a 24‐hours‐a‐day
and 7‐days‐a‐week schedule at http://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/.
VI. Future Plans
Recently Deanna Marcum, the Associate Librarian of the Library of Congress,
asked Chinese librarians of the Library of Congress to explore possibilities of
acquiring more Chinese e‐books. In the near future we will examine and evaluate
the products and services of the leading Chinese e‐book suppliers, Apabi, Superstar,
and others, for acquisition.
We will also focus on databases featuring specialized and hard‐to‐find
materials. We are now in the process of acquiring China Antirightist Campaign
Database (1957). The Database contains historical documents and archival
materials on the Chinese Anti‐Rightist Campaign (1957), which was a series of
campaigns to purge alleged "rightists." The term “rightists” was used in the late
1950s in China to refer to intellectuals who appeared to favor capitalism and class
divisions and to oppose collectivization.
To fill a gap in our database collections in the field of scholarly publications
in Taiwan, we plan to acquire Taiwan Electronic Periodical Services from Airiti Inc.,
in Taiwan, which provides full‐text access to over 900 Chinese language journals
published in Taiwan covering the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences,
applied sciences, as well as medical and life sciences.
Other projects may include harvesting or archiving critical Web sites which
are likely to disappear due to the transient nature of the Internet. Creating online
finding aids may also become one of our targeted areas in the future.
Finally, we plan to further promote and publicize our online resources and
services by library instruction, conference attendance, and publications so that we
can better serve our patrons and achieve our library’s strategic goals.
References
Chu, Mi. “World Digital Library and E‐Resources in the Asian Division, Library of
Congress.” Journal of East Asian Libraries 138 (2006): 1‐4.
26
Journal of East Asian Libraries, No. 153, October 2011
Lee, Hwa‐Wei. “Sinological Resources in the Library of Congress.” Paper presented
at the International Conference on Sinological Resources in the Digital Era.
December 7‐9, 2004, Taipei, National Central Library.
Lu, Judy S. “The Contemporary China Collection in the Asian Division: The Library
of Congress.” American Journal of Chinese Studies 14 (2007): 45‐60.
27