The Effect of Semantic Mapping Strategy Instruction on EFL

Elementary Stage Students' Vocabulary Acquisition

Hussein El-ghamry Mohammad Hussein

Associate Prof. of TEFL, Curriculum and Instruction Department, Ismailia Faculty of Education, Egypt
[email protected]

Journal of Faculty of Education (Benha University), 2016

Abstract

The present study sought to investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategy
instruction on EFL elementary stage students' vocabulary acquisition. The study sample
comprised fifty-two sixth-grade elementary students at Sufan Primary School in Bisha,
K.S.A. The participants were randomly assigned either to the control group (N = 26) or
the experimental group (N= 26). Both groups were pre-post tested using a vocabulary
test prepared by the researcher. Then, the experimental group was taught the course-
book 'WE CAN' supplemented with semantic mapping strategy instruction whereas the
control group was taught the same course-book in the traditional method. Two
hypotheses were formulated and tested. A T-test was used in the statistical analysis of
the collected data. Results revealed that semantic mapping strategy instruction is
effective in enhancing vocabulary acquisition among the participants in the
experimental group. In addition, compared to traditional instruction, semantic mapping
strategy instruction was more effective in developing the participants' vocabulary
acquisition. These results substantiate the importance of implementing semantic
mapping strategy instruction in EFL classrooms as it helps learners to move vocabulary
knowledge to the long-term memory for storage purposes and retrieving it from long-
term as needed for use.
Introduction

Vocabulary is one of the most important language

constituents without which neither language acquisition nor
production is possible. Word knowledge is an essential component
of EFL/ESL learners' communicative competence; it plays a
pivotal role in language comprehension and production. In
addition, vocabulary is the basic means for language learning as it
represents the building blocks of language which enable EFL/ESL
learners to convey their intended message.

The importance of vocabulary knowledge in EFL/ESL

language learning has been recently emphasized by theorists and
researchers in the field (Barcroft, 2004; Bromley, 2007; Ghazal,
2007; Hansen, 2009; Abdollahzadeh & Amiri-Vardani, 2009;
Zahedi & Abdi, (2012) and Afrin,2014). These studies found
positive correlation between vocabulary acquisition and language
performance. For example, while Barcroft (2004: 201) identified
three reasons highlighting the importance of vocabulary in
language acquisition: (1) the relationship between vocabulary and
learners' ability to communicate, (2) learners' perceptions about the
importance of vocabulary, and (3) the central role of vocabulary
acquisition in enhancing learners' grammatical competence.
Bromley also (2007: 528) concluded that "vocabulary is a principal
contributor to comprehension, fluency, and achievement".
 Given that vocabulary plays a vital role in language learning,
vocabulary acquisition is a complex and challenging task to EFL
learners as it involves much more than learning word meanings; it
also involves learning word pronunciation, forms and use. In
addition, not only do EFL/ESL learners need to know meanings of
the target vocabulary items, but they should also know how and
when to use them in context. Thus, as indicated by (Al-Jarf,
2006:2),"vocabulary teaching and learning constitute a major
problem for EFL instructors and students". One way to mitigate the
burden is to equip learners with suitable vocabulary learning
strategies and encourage them to apply these strategies as
efficiently as possible in real situations. Such strategies help
learners become independent and self- directed. Accordingly, they
assume responsibility for their own learning and gradually gain
confidence which ensures better vocabulary acquisition.

Semantic mapping is one of the vocabulary learning strategies

which empower EFL/ESL to effectively learn vocabulary
independently. It involves drawing graphic tools (a graph, diagram
…etc.) which display word/concept relationships. It enhances word
learning and retention as it enables learners to incorporate new
words into what they previously know; it guides learners to use the
words and information in their word and concept repertoire to
associate meanings with the new words. This leads to deeper
vocabulary learning and thus longer retention of the target
vocabulary items. Previous research on vocabulary reveals a
significant improvement in vocabulary acquisition whenever
semantic maps were used (Keshavarz et al.,
2006:149;Abdollahzadeh & Amiri-Vardani ,2009:1; Baleghizadeh
& Yousefpoori ,2011:15 ; Nilforoushan , 2012:165;Abbasian &
Arianezhad , 2013: 139; Jang, 2014:25; Afrin, 2014:65 and
Avrianti ,2015:95).
Context of the Problem:

As the field of English language teaching has changed

worldwide in the last decade, changes were also observed in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. New English courses have been
designed and implemented as a compulsory subject for sixth grade
elementary students eight years ago and for fourth and fifth grade
students two years ago. However, as revealed by Alamri (2008:81-
82) pupils, teachers and supervisors have complained that sixth
grade English course-book (English for Saudi Arabia) is teacher
centered. It does not provide ample opportunities for students to
participate in class activities. It emphasizes rote learning and
memorization which do not develop students' communicative
competence. Although, the Ministry of Education in KSA
developed a new English course (WE CAN) in 2013, Aljuhaish
(2015:33) revealed that a plethora of learners, teachers and
supervisors stated that the book is too vocabulary-based and
beyond the level of the learners. He concluded also that there is
disagreement between the course contents and the time allotted for
the English lessons.

Moreover, the Saudi context is a typical example of the

traditional grammar-translation method which focuses on learning
grammatical rules then applying them by means of translation both
into and from the mother tongue (Elyas & Picard, 2010:136).
Thus, as concluded by Alshammari, 2011:95) and Al-Nasser
(2015:1613) and Alharbi (2015:3), Alharbi (2015:106) Mudawi
(2015:51)), Saudi teachers use Arabic in English classes as a
means of communication and explanation. Accordingly, the
adopted teaching method (The Grammar-Translation Method) does
not create real-life situations that provide students with ample
opportunities for full language exposure and use Al-Nasser
(2015:1613).

Accordingly, since the English course book prescribed to sixth

grade elementary students is too vocabulary-based and beyond the
level of the learners as revealed by Aljuhaish (2015:33), good
vocabulary instruction is the most powerful means for enhancing
students' vocabulary acquisition. Semantic mapping is an effective
method which has proved to be felicitous in enhancing EFL/ESL
learners' vocabulary acquisition (Keshavarz et al.,
2006:149;Abdollahzadeh & Amiri-Vardani , 2009:1;
Baleghizadeh & Yousefpoori ,2011:15 ; Nilforoushan ,
2012:165;Abbasian & Arianezhad , 2013: 139; Jang, 2014:25 and
Afrin, 2014:65).
Statement of the Problem

Although the EFL course prescribed to the sixth grade

elementary students in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was developed in
2008 (English for Saudi Arabia) and 2013 (WE CAN), EFL
teachers and supervisors have complained that 'English for Saudi
Arabia' was teacher-centered and 'WE CAN' was too vocabulary-
based. Accordingly, they do not provide ample opportunities for
students to participate in class activities. In addition, they
encourage rote learning and memorization which do not develop
students' communicative competence. In addition, Aljuhaish
(2015:33) concluded that the newly developed course (WE CAN)
is too vocabulary-based and beyond the level of the learners.
Furthermore, there is disagreement between the course contents
and the time allotted for the English lessons Aljuhaish (2015:33).

Moreover, Alshammari (2011:95), Al-Nasser (2015:1613),

Alharbi (2015:3), Alharbi (2015:106), Mudawi (2015:51) and
AlMalihi (2015:86) revealed that Saudi EFL teachers adopt the
grammar-translation method which encourages learners to
memorize grammatical rules and vocabulary lists for use in
translation exercises. In addition, Al-Nasser (2015:1613)
concluded that most of those teachers were not fully ready to teach
at this level since more than half of them did not receive enough
pre-service nor in-service training on how to teach EFL to young
learners. So, they use Arabic in English classes as a means of
communication and explanation. Therefore, the adopted teaching
method (The grammar-translation method) does not create real-life
situations in which learners use English for real communication.

Accordingly, being a supervisor of college trainees for eight

years in primary schools around Bisha, the researcher observed
that adopting the grammar translation method led teachers to
depend on translation as the only technique for presenting
vocabulary. In addition, students achieve little in terms of language
proficiency (Alqahtani , 2009:3; Khan, 2011: 1248;Alresheed,
2012:15 and Alhaisoni, 2013:114). Learners are faced with
difficulty in speaking English, due to their inability to understand
meanings of words which are learned on lists, not in a context.

Since the English course book prescribed to sixth grade

elementary students (WE CAN) is too vocabulary-based and
beyond the level of the learners (Aljuhaish, 2015:33), good
vocabulary instruction is the most powerful means for enhancing
students' vocabulary acquisition.
 The present study attempted to improve sixth grade elementary
students' vocabulary acquisition by examining the effect of
semantic mapping strategy instruction on their vocabulary
acquisition. To this end two research questions were addressed:

1. What is the effect of semantic mapping strategy instruction on

sixth grade elementary students' vocabulary acquisition?
2. Which is more effective, the traditional method or semantic
mapping strategy instruction, in enhancing students' vocabulary
acquisition?

Purpose of the Study

The primary focus of this study was to investigate the effect

of applying semantic mapping strategy instruction on sixth grade
elementary students' vocabulary acquisition. A secondary purpose
was to provide a framework which would illustrate how to adopt
semantic mapping strategy instruction on teaching English to sixth
grade elementary students.

Hypotheses

To probe into the effect of semantic mapping strategy

instruction on the participants' vocabulary acquisition, two
hypotheses were formulated and tested.
1. There are significant differences at 0.05 level between the pre-
and-posttest mean scores of the experimental group in the
vocabulary test, in favor of the post test.

2. There are significant differences at 0.05 level between the post-

test mean scores of the control group and the experimental group in
the vocabulary test, in favor of the experimental group.

Limitations of the Study:

This study was limited to:

1.sixth grade elementary students at Sufan elementary School in

Bisha, K.S.A. Sixth grade students were chosen as they are in a
transitional grade between the elementary stage and the
intermediate stage. If semantic mapping strategy instruction proves
to be effective in enhancing the participants' vocabulary acquisition,
it will be beneficial to adopt it in teaching vocabulary to fourth and
fifth year students.
2.the second term of the academic year 2015-2016.
3.Student' s Book 'WE CAN', second term ( from unit 1to 6).

Definition of Terms:

Some terms were repeatedly used in this study. The definition

of these terms is presented below.
Semantic Mapping

This term is used in this study to mean a method of vocabulary

instruction that allows students to make connections between
vocabulary items and other related words or words that are already
known.

Vocabulary

In this study, the term 'vocabulary' is used to mean the words or

combinations of words (such as collocations, compound nouns,
phrasal verbs and idioms) which are explicitly and/or implicitly
taught in the EFL course (WE CAN) prescribed for sixth grade
elementary students in K.S.A

Vocabulary Acquisition

Vocabulary acquisition is learning and understanding new

terminology to such a degree that it can be used accurately in oral
and/or written communication.

Elementary School

The primary level in Saudi schools extending from grade 1 at the

age of six to grade 6 at the age twelve.

Review of Literature:

This section consists of two parts. Part one 'Semantic Mapping'

deals with the definitions of semantic mapping, advantages of
semantic mapping strategy, and disadvantages of semantic mapping
strategy. It also sheds light semantic mapping strategy instruction.
Part two 'vocabulary' deals with the definition of vocabulary,
importance of vocabulary, explicit versus implicit vocabulary
instruction. In addition, it highlights taxonomies of vocabulary
learning strategies.

Part one: Semantic Mapping

Semantic mapping is a strategy which visualizes meaning-based

connections between words or concepts and other related words or
concepts. It helps EFL learners to identify and recall meanings of
the target words.

1. Definition of 'Semantic Mapping'

The term 'semantic mapping' has been defined by many
researchers. For example, while Nilforoushan (2012:165) looks
upon 'semantic mapping' "as a tool for discovering the conceptual
relationship between vocabulary items ", Zahedi & Abdi (2012:
2274) consider it a tool which "has the effect of bringing
relationships in a text to consciousness for the purpose of deepening
the understanding of a text and creating associative networks for
words". In addition, Tateum (2007: 7) defines 'semantic mapping' as
the "process for constructing visual displays of categories and their
relationships." Moreover, Baleghizadeh & Yousefpoori (2011:12)
state that 'semantic mapping' is a strategy which "falls under the
general category of graphic organizers and is used in different
subject areas in order to help learners understand relationships and
form concepts about broader topics. Avrianti (2015:97) agrees with
Baleghizadeh & Yousefpoori (2011) that semantic mapping is "one
type of graphic organizers that relates with concept mapping. It is a
visual strategy by graphic displaying words in categories and
showing how they are related to one another
In this study, 'semantic mapping' is used to mean a method of
vocabulary instruction that allows students to make connections
between vocabulary items and other related words or words that are
already known. The following is a sample semantic map created by
participants in the experimental group (Unit two: Life's Ups and
Downs, p.15)

Foods

fruits vegetables

tomatoes onions
bananas orange apples carrots

A Sample Semantic Map (Unit two: Life's Ups and Downs, p.15)
2. Advantages of Semantic Mapping Strategy

Review of literature about 'semantic mapping' offers a

number of advantages (Barcoft, 2004: 201;Tateum ,2007:19;
Zahedi and Abdi ,2012: 2274).These are:
2.a. Ensuring Better Vocabulary Retention
Semantic mapping seems to ensure better word learning and
retention by enabling EFL learners to incorporate new
information into their previous knowledge. It helps learners to use
vocabulary items in their word repertoire to associate meaning
with the new vocabulary. Thus, semantic mapping, as concluded
by Barcoft (2004:201), positively affects learners' memory for (a)
previously acquired words (b) new words recorded as known
words. This was supported by Tateum (2007: 18 ) who revealed
that semantic mapping in language classes involves a variety of
basic memory and comprehension strategies (such as grouping,
marking associations, and using visual memory of semantic maps)
which associate relevant previous vocabulary knowledge to the
new one.
2.b. Enhancing Interaction and Collaboration
Semantic mapping encompasses drawing webs or maps
displaying relationships between words according to their use in
particular texts. It is best used as a collaborative work between the
teacher and the learners. It encourages student-student and
teacher-student interaction and collaboration. For example, in this
study, the participants were encouraged to create semantic maps
in collaboration with the teacher. The teacher used to introduce
several target vocabulary items, put them on maps and elaborate
on them with the participants who then added other vocabulary
items while studying the prescribed course (WE CAN). In
addition, the participants used to work in groups to gather related
words simultaneously. Moreover, while creating their maps with
the teacher learners were not only encouraged to visualize words
relationships, but also to categorize the target vocabulary items.
Such collaborative effort triggered classroom interaction and
enabled learners to share their ideas. It also enabled the
participants to make sense of the studied topics.
2.c. Fostering Learners' Independence and Self-confidence
Language learning strategies ensure better learner
independence as they enable learners to assume responsibility for
their own learning and gradually gain confidence. So is the case
with semantic mapping strategy which assists learners in
becoming independent, confident learners (Chamot, 2005:113). In
this study, the participants were trained on developing guided
semantic maps in collaboration with the teacher and peers and
then were encouraged to create their free semantic maps while
studying their course (WE CAN).
2.d. Addressing Learners' Different Learning Styles
Each learner has different areas of interest, different
strengths, different weaknesses and different abilities. So, EFL
teachers and educators should create an environment in which
equal attention is given to all learners. Thus, only by recognizing
the fact that learners are different and learn differently can EFL
teachers fully encourage them to try harder and at the same time
create a meaningful and enjoyable learning environment.
Semantic mapping strategy helps teachers address their students'
different learning styles and create a rich learning environment for
all. For instance, teachers can introduce semantic maps in
different forms such as squares, circles, or ovals with connecting
lines, which appeal to various learning styles. In addition,
semantic mapping strategy amalgamates a variety of other
memory strategies such as categorizing, grouping, using imagery
and associating as well as elaborating, which also appeal to
various learning styles. Thus, as indicated by Zahedi and Abdi
(2012: 2274), it is important for teachers to decide what kind of
semantic maps they should choose to focus on based on their
student’s needs, learning styles, proficiency level as well as the
task’s requirements.
2.e. Creating Meaningful Vocabulary Learning
Meaningful learning is important for EFL learners as it
helps them integrate new knowledge into their existing
knowledge in their cognitive structures. Although vocabulary
semantic maps are generally considered as word webs or
networks, parts of these maps have hierarchical tree-like
structures. When vocabulary semantic maps are created in a
hierarchical structure, the broader and more general vocabulary
items are located at the top of the maps, with progressively
narrower and more specific words arranged below them. It is this
hierarchical attribute of vocabulary semantic maps which enhance
meaningful vocabulary learning since new vocabulary items are
subsumed under broader, more general items.
2.f. Overcoming Vocabulary Learning Difficulties
Memory strategies play a vital role in vocabulary
acquisition. According to Oxford (1990:8), memory strategies are
powerful mental tools for language learners to cope with
vocabulary learning difficulties as they make learning easier,
faster, more enjoyable, more self–directed, more effective, and
more transferable to new situations. In addition, the hierarchical
and organizational nature of semantic maps help learners clarify
and discriminate confusing vocabulary items.
3. Disadvantages of Semantic Mapping Strategy
Apart from the advantages of using semantic maps in
vocabulary learning, there are some disadvantages associated with
using this strategy (Baleghizadeh & Yousefpoori (2011:13) :
3.a. Shackling Learners' Imagination and Creativity
One of the major problems with semantic mapping is that it
might shackle learners' imagination or creativity if it is limited to
grouping related words. Also, presenting only one fixed structure
or shape of maps to the learners might hinder their creativity. In
addition, the presented semantic maps might be based on some
grouping procedures that are discrepant with the way learners
would group the target vocabulary items. In this study, some
techniques were adopted to overcome this potential problem. For
example, after presenting the target vocabulary maps, the teacher
used to ask learners to provide new words to be added or to
change the map structure by connecting the words differently
according to their perspective. Other times, the teacher asked
individual learners to create their own maps for a set of words and
at the end, asked them to choose the best ones.
3.b. Interference among Semantically-Related Words.
There is dispute among EFL teachers and educators about
the effectiveness of presenting semantically related words using
semantic maps strategy. While proponents advocate this strategy,
opponents argue that the presentation of semantically related
words enhances interference among them. Opponents also claim
that due to "cross - association and possible overloading in the
short term memory," vocabulary retention might be even hindered
because learning lexical sets, synonyms, opposites or free
associates together also leads to interference (Erten & Tekin,
2008:408).
4. Semantic Mapping Strategy Instruction
Learning new vocabulary is a hard and demanding task
for EFL learners but they can overcome by adopting a variety
of vocabulary learning strategies. Learners should be trained
to use strategies appropriate for them. So, vocabulary
instruction should not be confined to teaching specific
vocabulary items, but rather equipping learners with the
strategies they need to enhance their vocabulary acquisition.
In this study, two types of semantic maps were taught to the
experimental group: guided semantic maps and free semantic
maps.
4a.Guided Semantic Maps
Guided semantic maps aimed to help the participants
adopt semantic mapping strategy while learning vocabulary.
The teacher collaborated with the learners to create these
maps. The phases, proposed by Morin & Goebel (2001:208)
were carried out for teaching guided semantic mapping
strategy to the experimental group. Arabic was used as a
medium of instruction to ensure better understanding on the
part of the participants who were sixth grade elementary
learners.
Phase 1: In the first phase, the teacher described and presented
explicitly the semantic mapping strategy to the learners. Then, he
showed sample semantic maps as a brainstorming activity to
encourage learners to discuss why, when and how to use this
strategy.
Phase 2: In second phase, whether the strategy was used before,
during, and after the assigned activity, the teacher wrote the
central theme of the text on the board.
Phase 3: Then, the class was divided into small groups. Each
group was given a central word and was invited to provide related
words. The participants were encouraged to look up the words
they didn't know and suggest words other than the ones in the
text. The teachers moved around the class to provide help when
needed. In this phase, all responses were accepted as long as they
relate to the central word or concept.
Phase 4: In this phase, the teacher wrote the suggested words on
the board and connected them with lines and arrows to the main
word. All the guided semantic maps were drawn on the board so
that they could be shared with all learners in the class. Also, the
teacher used different colored markers at each step of semantic
mapping instruction to boost learners' conceptualization and
structuring of the topic and enable them to recognize the different
sources of information Olson & Gee (1991:299).
Phase 5: After creating the target semantic maps, participants in
each group had to elaborate on the words they suggested,
explaining to the other groups why they included them in their
semantic maps and how they were related to the central word.
Learners also explained the words that were not in the text and were not
known by the other participants.
Phase 6: At the last phase, feedback is provided by the teacher and/or
participants. Then, participants were asked to copy the maps in their
notebooks. Then, participants were asked to use new vocabulary items
in new contexts either in class or as homework.
4.b. Free Semantic Maps
In addition to guided semantic maps, learners were
encouraged to create their own maps idependently. Learners were
taught the directions proposed by Zorfass & Gray (2016:2) for
creating their free semantic maps. The directions were taught in
Arabic to suit the participants who were sixth grade students.
-Find a word you don’t know from the text you are reading and mark
the word. Make sure the word is central to the topic.
-Draw a map/web (either on paper or a digital tool).
-Put the word in the center of the map/web.
-Pronounce the word. If possible, use an online dictionary for better
pronunciation.
-Read the text around the word to find a definition of the word in
addition to related words you can add to the map.
- If the definition is not in the text, use an online dictionary or online
thesaurus to look up the word and find a definition.
-Look for the words and phrases that fit with the meaning. Choose
 pictures/images (online or from available resources) or draw pictures
that fit with the meaning.
-Add these words, phrases, or images to your semantic map.
-Read the text again, applying the meaning of the word to the text.
-Share and compare your map with your peers.
Part two: Vocabulary

Vocabulary is a necessary component of communication in the

foreign language. Thus, EFL learners should acquire an adequate
numbers of vocabulary items and should know how to use them
accurately for communication.

1. Definition of Vocabulary
Vocabulary is defined in many different ways. While Afrin
(2014:66) defines vocabulary as "all the words known and used by a
particular person", Thuy (2013:630) looks upon vocabulary "as the
words or a set of words in a language or knowledge of words regarding
its forms, meanings and how to use it accurately in the context". In
addition, Ghazal (2007: 84) describes vocabulary as the "building
blocks of a language since they label objects, actions, ideas without
which people cannot convey the intended meaning". In this study, the
term 'vocabulary' is used to mean the words or combinations of words
(such as collocations, compound nouns phrasal verbs and idioms)
which are explicitly and/or implicitly taught in the EFL course (WE
CAN) prescribed for sixth grade elementary students in K.S.A.

1. Importance of Vocabulary (and Language Acquisition)

Vocabulary plays a vital role in language acquisition as it

constitutes an integral part of the four main language skills: listening,
speaking, reading and writing. It provides much of the basis for how
well EFL learners listen, speak, read, and write (Richards &Renandya,
2002:386). Thus, if learners lack adequate vocabulary knowledge, their
ability to express themselves in the foreign language will be limited.
Agreeing with Richards & Renandya, Barcroft (2004:201) defined three
points that underline the importance of vocabulary in language
acquisition including: (1) the relationship between vocabulary and the
ability to communicate, (2) student perceptions about the relative
importance of vocabulary, and (3) the critical role of vocabulary
knowledge in the development of grammatical competence.

Afrin (2014:66) also identified the following reasons for

encouraging learners to acquire rich vocabulary:

-It helps learners express subject matter and ideas clearly and
accurately.
-Learners can have more prestige if their listening, speaking, reading,
and writing vocabularies are adequately developed,
-Leaners can read and comprehend better if they have good
vocabulary repertoire.
- Having good vocabulary repertoire ensures better opportunity for
success in professional life.
- For EFL learners, appropriate level of vocabulary knowledge is
necessary for successful communication to occur.

-Flexible use of vocabulary is necessary to convey intended messages.

-Vocabulary development is necessary for practicing the main four
language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
 Explicit versus Implicit Vocabulary Instruction
Previous research about vocabulary reveals two types vocabulary
instruction: explicit and implicit vocabulary instruction Morin &Goebel
(2001: 10) and Decarrico (2001:286).
3.a. Explicit Vocabulary Instruction

Explicit vocabulary instruction encourages EFL learners to learn

vocabulary items directly. It enables them to guess meanings of words
from context, use dictionaries, memorize word lists and perform other
direct procedures for vocabulary learning. It also motivates learners to
adopt appropriate word learning strategies. The efficiency of explicit
vocabulary instruction was proved by Morin & Goebel (2001) who
conducted three experimental studies, all of which concluded that
incidental vocabulary instruction is not sufficient on its own and that
explicit instruction of vocabulary is both needed and beneficial. Morin
and Goebel (2001: 10) also proved the effectiveness of explicit
vocabulary instruction in terms of quality of word knowledge and the
number of learnt words.
3.b. Implicit Vocabulary Instruction

Unlike explicit vocabulary instruction, implicit vocabulary

instruction provides learners with various activities such as intensive
reading and extensive reading, which enable them to learn vocabulary
items indirectly. Thus, as indicated by Decarrico (2001:286),"implicit
vocabulary instruction occurs when the mind is focused elsewhere,
such as understanding a text or using language for communicative
purposes". This means that meanings of the new vocabulary items are
acquired subconsciously and unintentionally. Accordingly, implicit
vocabulary instruction takes place through multiple exposures to words
in different contexts; the more learners are exposed to vocabulary items
in different contexts, the more they acquire them.

Previous studies concluded that both types (explicit and implicit

vocabulary instruction) are important for vocabulary acquisition since
some aspects of vocabulary can be learned consciously and some
other aspects can acquired incidentally For example, Barcroft
(2009:97) revealed that "by getting students to intentionally learn
target words during reading and informing them that they will be
tested on them led to an increase in the learning of word forms
compared to students who only read for meaning". Accordingly, both
explicit vocabulary instruction and implicit vocabulary instruction
were adopted in this study. For instance, in reading lessons, explicit
vocabulary instruction was used at the pre and post reading stages by
presenting the new words and their associates before reading in
semantic maps form and elaborating on target vocabulary items after
reading in semantic maps form. Implicit vocabulary instruction was
adopted at the during reading stage.
4. Taxonomies of Vocabulary Learning Strategies
According to Nation (1990:16), knowing a word involves
knowing its pronunciation, spelling, collocations (i.e. words it
collocate with), and appropriate use. Thus, lexical competence is not
confined to the ability to define a number of words but encompasses a
wide range of vocabulary knowledge which can be achieved by
adopting various vocabulary learning strategies. Accordingly,
EFL/ESL researchers have proposed some taxonomies of vocabulary
learning strategies. Examples of such taxonomies are presented below
Gu and Johnson (1996) and Nation (2001).

Gu and Johnson (1996) classified vocabulary learning

strategies into cognitive, metacognitive, memory and activation
strategies. Cognitive strategies include guessing strategies, dictionary
use and note-taking strategies. Guessing strategies enable EFL
learners to use their background knowledge and linguistic clues of
sentences to guess meanings of words. In addition, Metacognitive
strategies involve selective attention and self-initiation strategies.
While learners adopting selective attention strategies know which
words are important for them to learn and which ones are essential for
adequate text comprehension, learners using self-initiation strategies
employ various strategies for clarifying word meanings. Memory
strategies include rehearsal strategies which encompass word lists and
repetition and encoding strategies such as association, imagery,
visual, auditory, semantic, and contextual encoding as well as word-
structure (prefixes, stems, and suffixes…etc.). Activation strategies
involve the strategies which enable learners to use new vocabulary
items in different contexts.
In a more recent classification, Nation (2001: 222) provided
taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies which included three
general strategies of 'planning', 'source' and 'processes', each of which
is divided into a subset of strategies. 'Planning' strategies involves
determining when, where, how and why to focus attention on specific
vocabulary items. Examples of planning strategies are choosing
vocabulary items and aspects of word knowledge. 'Source' strategies
consist of getting information from different sources about vocabulary
items. This information can come from the word form itself, word
contexts, reference sources like dictionaries or glossaries and
analogies and connections with other languages. 'Process' strategies
include establishing word knowledge through noticing, retrieving and
generating strategies. Noticing means seeing the vocabulary items to
be learned. Strategies at this level contain putting the word in a
vocabulary note-book or list; putting the word on a word card and
orally and visually repeating the word. Retrieval means recalling
vocabulary items in the same way they were originally stored.
Generating strategies comprise "attaching new aspects of knowledge
to what is known through instantiation (i.e., visualizing examples of
words), word analysis, semantic mapping and using scales and grids"
(Nation, 2001: 222). Generating strategies include rule-driven
generations about vocabulary items such as using words in different
contexts through the four skills and creating contexts, collocations and
sentences containing the new words.
In general, although the taxonomies cited above may slightly
differ in terms of the strategies they categorize, they all provide a list
of vocabulary learning strategies which all attempt to enhance
learners' vocabulary acquisition. In addition, these strategies ensure
better learner involvement and participation in vocabulary learning;
they encourage learners to play an active role the vocabulary learning
process (guessing strategies, skillful dictionary use, note-taking
strategies, planning, source and processes). Accordingly, since
vocabulary acquisition cannot occur within the class time limits, EFL
learners should be equipped with a number of the abovementioned
strategies which will enable them to deal with vocabulary items on
their own and as a result guarantee better vocabulary acquisition.
Methodology
This section deals with the design of the study, participants,
instruments and procedures.
Design
The design of the study is quasi-experimental design consisting
of two groups: a control group (N=26) and an experimental group
(N=26). At the beginning of the second week of the second term of
the academic year 2015-2016, the pre-test (The Vocabulary Test) was
administered to the two groups. Then, the experimental group was
taught the course-book 'WE CAN' using semantic mapping strategy,
while the control group was taught the same course-book in the
traditional method. The duration of the experiment was fourteen
weeks, four forty-five minute periods a week. At the end of the
experiment, both groups were post-tested using the same vocabulary
test.
Participants
Two classes (Fifty two sixth-grade elementary students) from
Sufan elementary School in Bisha participated in this study. One of
the classes (class 6/B) was assigned to the experimental group (N=26)
and the other (class 6/A) was assigned to the control group (N=26).
Instruments
To collect data, a vocabulary test was prepared and used as a
pre-posttest. The test was designed to measure students' vocabulary
acquisition in the prescribed course 'WE CAN'. The test consisted of
three dimensions with thirty items (Appendix One).
Test Validity
Two methods were used for determining the test validity, namely,
face validity and intrinsic validity.

a) Face Validity
The vocabulary test was submitted to a jury of three college staff
members and five EFL teachers to state how far the test items measure
the skills they were intended to measure and make the necessary
modifications (Appendix two). Based on the jury members' remarks,
items of questionable validity were revised or deleted. In addition, other
new items were added.
b)Intrinsic Validity
The test intrinsic validity was determined through the square root
of the test reliability coefficient (El-Said, 1979:553). The test reliability
coefficient was √0.810. The intrinsic validity is 0.90. Thus, the test was
valid.
Test Reliability
The test-retest reliability was adopted. The test was administered to
forty-five sixth-grade elementary students at Sufan Primary School by the
end of the first term of the academic year 2015-2016 with an interval of
two weeks. Pearson Product-moment correlation coefficient was
calculated (Brown, 1996:155). It was 0.810 Thus, the calculated
correlation coefficient is larger than the critical value (0.3218). This
means that the calculated correlation coefficient is statistically significant
(Brown, 1996:163).
Procedures
Before the experiment, the vocabulary test was designed. Then, the
test validity and reliability were identified by the end of the first term of
the academic year 2015-2016. At the beginning of the experiment (the
second week of the second term of the academic year 2015-2016), the
participants were introduced to the purposes of the study. Then, they were
assigned either to the control group (N=26) or the experimental group
(N=26). Afterwards, the teacher explained to each group what to do
during the experiment. Next, the pre-test (The Vocabulary Test) was
administered to the two groups.
During the experiment which lasted for fourteen weeks, the teacher
,who had ten years of teaching experience, taught the prescribed course-
book 'WE CAN' applying the semantic mapping strategy with the
experimental group whereas the control group received traditional
instruction.
At the end of the experiment, the post-test (The Vocabulary Test)
was administered to the two groups. Finally, based on the statistical
analysis of the obtained data, results were discussed and
recommendations were made.
Materials
1. The General Goals of Teaching English Language for the Elementary Stage

By the end of the course, learners were expected to be able to:

1.learn the basics of the English language that would form foundation for
its mastery in the future
2. use the basic structures of English sentences.
3. learn the core vocabulary assigned for this stage.
4. listen and understand simple English language.
5. express themselves orally using simple English language.
6. read and understand simple written English language materials.
7. write simple guided sentences in English language.
8. appreciate the importance of English language as an international
language of communication, for introducing Islam, the Islamic nation's
culture and the cultural achievements of Muslims to other nations.
9. appreciate the importance of English language as an international
language of communication to benefit from the achievements of other
cultures in accordance with Islam.
2. The Course Content

The course-book of the second term includes six units. The topics of
the units are: Fun on the Weekend, Life's Ups and Downs, My School is
Cool, A Healthy Life, Hanging Out in Town and My Dream Vacation.
Results and Discussion

In this section, results will be presented along with a discussion

based on the statistical analysis of the collected data.
To make sure that there were no significant differences between the
experimental group and the control group at the beginning of the
experiment, Independent Samples T-test was used to compare the mean
scores of the two groups on the pre-test. Table (1) shows means, standard
deviations and t-values of the two groups.

Table (1) Means, Standard Deviations and T-Values of the Experimental Group and the Control
Group on the Pre-Vocabulary Test.

Dimension Group No. Mean S.D. T- df Sig.

Values

Control 26 1.8846 1.27521

One Experimental 26 2.0769 1.01678 0.601 50 N.S.

 Control 26 2.4231 1.06482

two Experimental 26 2.4615 1.17408 0.124 50 N.S.

Control 26 2.4231 1.06482

Three Experimental 26 2.5769 1.02657 0.530 50 N.S.

Control 26 6.7308 2.35894

Total Experimental 26 7.1154 2.17857 0.611 50 N.S.

Results in table (1) show that there were no significant differences

between the pre-test mean scores of the control group and the
experimental group at the beginning of the experiment. This indicates that
the two groups were homogeneous at the beginning of the experiment.
Results also reveal that the mean scores of the two groups were very low.
This, as concluded by Al-Mohanna (2010:72), may be attributed to the
traditional vocabulary teaching methods which encouraged learners to
memorize words in vocabulary lists, not in context. So, they did not
acquire vocabulary items in a way which enabled them to store and
retrieve these words for use in new situations. Another interpretation is
that students had come from the mid-term vacation in which they might
not have practiced any language activities.

In response to the first research question, "What is the effect of

semantic mapping strategy instruction on sixth grade elementary students'
vocabulary acquisition?, Paired Samples T-test was used. Table (2) shows
means, standard deviations and t-values of the experimental group in the
pre-and-posttest.
Table (2) Means, Standard Deviations and T-Values of the Experimental Group in the Pre-and-
Post Test.

Mean S.D. T- df Sig.

Values
Dimension Pre Post Pre Post

One 2.0769 5.8846 1.01678 1.58308 12.469 25 .000

Two 2.4615 6.6923 1.17408 1.04954 18.239 25 .000

Three 2.5769 6.5769 1.02657 1.17211 16.737 25 .000

Total 7.1154 19.1154 2.17857 1.17211 19.187 25 .000

Results in table (2) show that, in spite of the low performance of

the participants in the pretest, there were significant differences at 0.01
level between the pre-and-post mean scores of the experimental group in
the three dimensions of the vocabulary test as well as the whole test, in
favor of the post-test. Thus, the first hypothesis stating that " there are
significant differences at 0.05 level between the pre-and-posttest mean
scores of the experimental group in the vocabulary test, in favor of the
post-test", was verified. These results mean that semantic mapping
strategy instruction led to significant improvement in the participants'
vocabulary acquisition. This improvement may be due to the cognitive
feature of semantic mapping. According to Tateum (2007: 19), the
relationships among the words account for this cognitive feature of
semantic mapping. These results agree with the conclusions of Shapiro
and Waters (2005) who concluded that increasing the cognitive effort
equals an enhancement in vocabulary retention. They are also supported
by Morin and Goebel (2001:10) who revealed that semantic mapping
engages a very deep level of cognition which enables learners to organize
their cognitive mental frameworks into more powerful integrated
structures. Accordingly, as concluded by Chiou (2008: 375), adopting a
semantic mapping strategy instruction can significantly improve EFL
learners' vocabulary acquisition, compared to using the traditional
teaching method.

Another plausible reason why semantic mapping strategy

instruction boosted the participants' vocabulary acquisition is that it
triggered classroom interaction and collaboration which are important
aspects of effective learning environment. The participants used to
collaborate with the teacher and their classmates to develop vocabulary
semantic maps. Also, the teacher used to introduce several target
vocabulary items, put them on maps and elaborate on them with the
participants. In addition, the participants used to work in groups to find
related words simultaneously. Such collaborative effort created a
scaffolding learning environment which had positive effects on their
vocabulary acquisition.
A third possible interpretation is that, since semantic mapping has
different structures (squares, circles, or ovals ...etc.), it appealed to the
participants' various learning abilities. It enabled them to access the
vocabulary items at their own pace and offered various map structures
appealing to a broad range of learning abilities. Accordingly, by
addressing the participants' different abilities, semantic mapping strategy
encouraged them to try harder and at the same time made the learning
environment as meaningful and enjoyable as possible for them. Thus,
semantic mapping strategy enhanced the participants' motivation and
created more positive attitudes towards vocabulary acquisition. These
results agree with previous conclusions about the positive effects of
semantic mapping strategy on vocabulary acquisition (Keshavarz et al.,
2006:149;Abdollahzadeh & Amiri-Vardani (2009:1; Baleghizadeh &
Yousefpoori ,2011:15 ; Nilforoushan , 2012:165;Abbasian & Arianezhad
, 2013: 139; Jang, 2014:25; Afrin, 2014:65 and Avrianti ,2015:95).
To answer the second research question: " Which is more
effective, the traditional method or semantic mapping strategy
instruction, in enhancing students' vocabulary acquisition? , results in
table (3) show that there were significant differences at 0.001 level
between the post-test mean scores of the control group and the
experimental group in the vocabulary test, in favor of the experimental
group. Table (3) shows means, standard deviations and t-values of the
two groups in the post test.

Table (3): Means, Standard Deviations and T-Values of the Two Groups in the Post Test.

Dimension Group No. Mean S.D. T-Values df Sig.

Control 26 2.5385 1.20767

One Experimental 26 5.8846 1.58308 8.569 50 0.000

Two Control 26 2.9615 1.28002

Experimental 26 6.6923 1.04954 11.492 50 0.000

Three Control 26 3.2692 0.87442

Experimental 26 6.5769 1.17211 11.533 50 0.000

Total Control 26 8.7692 2.30318

Experimental 26 19.1154 2.88897 14.279 50 0.000

Results in table (3) reveal that there were significant differences at

0.01 level between the post-test mean scores of the control group and the
experimental group in the three dimensions of the vocabulary test as well
as the test as a whole, in favor of the experimental group. This means that
semantic mapping strategy instruction was more profitable to the
participants than the traditional method. These results verify the second
hypothesis stating that "There are significant differences at 0.05 level
between the post-test mean scores of the control group and the
experimental group in the vocabulary test, in favor of the experimental
group." These results may be attributed to the fact that compared the
control group, the participants of the experimental group were trained and
encouraged to use semantic mapping strategy which appealed to all the
participants' different learning styles. The teacher used to introduce
semantic maps in different forms such as squares, circles, or ovals …etc.
This created an environment in which equal attention is given to all the
participants and encouraged them to try harder and at the same time
created a meaningful and enjoyable learning environment. These results
are commensurate with conclusions of Johnson (2007: 20) that addressing
learners' different learning styles and abilities ensures better learning.

In addition, semantic mapping strategy encompasses a variety of

other memory strategies such as categorizing, grouping, using imagery
and associating as well as elaborating. Such strategies helped the
participants to categorize words and distinguish one word from another. It
also enabled the participants to visualize how word meanings can be
categorized. Thus, as indicated by Hsiao and Oxford (2002: 371)
semantic mapping strategy aided "learners in moving information to long-
term memory for storage purposes and retrieving it from long-term when
needed for use." These results are congruent with the conclusion of
Oxford's (1990:37) that semantic mapping strategy helped learners to
store and retrieve new information and thus, enabled them overcome the
problem of remembering large amounts of vocabulary necessary to
achieve fluency.

5. Conclusion
The present study sought to investigate the effect of semantic
mapping strategy instruction on EFL sixth-grade elementary students'
vocabulary acquisition. Results are encouraging as far as the effect of
semantic mapping strategy instruction on the participants' vocabulary
acquisition is concerned. They revealed that semantic mapping
strategy was effective in enhancing the participants' vocabulary
acquisition. In addition, compared to traditional instruction, semantic
mapping strategy instruction was more effective in improving the
participants' vocabulary acquisition. The superiority of semantic
mapping strategy instruction over traditional instruction, theoretically,
highlights the beneficial role of such a strategy in teaching vocabulary
to EFL elementary stage students and implies that, pedagogically,
semantic mapping strategy instruction is a better choice for EFL
teachers at the primary stage. These results substantiate the
importance of integrating semantic mapping strategy instruction into
the EFL courses as it proved to be conductive to better vocabulary
acquisition through its cognitive features which enabled the
participants to move their vocabulary knowledge to the long-term
memory for storage purposes and retrieving it from long-term as
needed for use. In addition, it enabled the participants to organize
vocabulary items in hierarchical map structures in which the broader
and more general vocabulary items are located at the top of the maps,
with progressively narrower and more specific words arranged below
them. This hierarchical feature of semantic mapping strategy
enhanced meaningful vocabulary learning which improved
vocabulary acquisition among the participants of the experimental
group.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations are
made:
1. EFL teachers should be encouraged to adopt semantic mapping
strategy on teaching English to sixth grade elementary students.
2. EFL teachers should be trained to use semantic mapping strategy on
teaching English at primary stage.
3. Semantic mapping strategy should be integrated into the teaching
strategies proposed in The Teacher's Book.
4. EFL teachers should empower primary stage students by creating
learner-centered environment in which they can create their own semantic
maps.
5. EFL primary stage students should have a clear idea of why they use
semantic mapping strategy, what they use it for and how they use it.
6. EFL teachers should encourage all forms of semantic maps (squares,
circles, ovals ...etc.).

Suggestions for Further Research

-Future research can investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategy
instruction on EFL learners' vocabulary acquisition at other stages
(intermediate and secondary stages).
-Future research can investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategy
instruction on EFL learners' listening, speaking, reading and writing
skills.
-It is possible to investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategy
instruction on EFL learners' attitudes towards the prescribed course (WE
CAN).
-Since this study was conducted on male students and it is likely that
male and female students learn better through different teaching methods,
the present study needs to be replicated with female students.
-Future research studies can direct due attention to investigating the effect
semantic mapping strategy instruction on EFL teachers' attitudes towards
the teaching profession.
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Appendix One

Vocabulary Test for Sixth Grade Elementary in Saudi Arabia

Answer the following questions:

I.Fill in the blanks using the following words: (10 pts )

What – hot -welcome - please - juice - dinner- fish - green - eat –bananas – rice -
bread

A: Good evening. What would you like to …………?

B: Hi. ……. do you have?
A: Beef or ……..? Noodles or ……….,.
B: Fish and rice, ………..
A: What are you going to drink after ……..?
B: What do you have?
A: Orange or apple ……….
B: Orange juice, please. What …….. drinks do you have?
A: Black tea, ………. tea and coffee.
B: Green tea, please.
A:Thank you.
B: You're ……….

II.Choose the correct words: (10 pts)

1. The name of my …….. is Sufan ……… school.

(car – friend- school) (elementary- intermediate-lunch)
2. There …… about 500 ………… in my school.
(am – are- is) (students – friend- school)
3. We ……… school lunch at ……. school
( have – his- has) (her – his- our)
4. We have a school ……….. We ……….. it at school.
(scarf – shirt- uniform) (wear – were- was)
5. Our school ……….. at 7 o'clock in the …………..
(happy – starts- sells) (evening – afternoon- morning)

III. Fill in the missing words using the following words: (10 pts)

little-went- made- against- had- laugh- fleece- children-school- snow- NO- back-
followed

Ali …….. a little lamb. Its ………… was white as ………. Everywhere that Ali …, it
followed him to ……… one day. This was ……….. the rules. There was a sigh
saying " …….. LAMBS ". The lamb made the ………. laugh and play. The ………..
lamb was happy too. It went …….. with Ali at the end of school day.

GOOD LUCK

Appendix Two

The Jury Members of the Vocabulary Test

1-Prof. Dr. Mohammad H. Adam

Associate Professor of TEFL , Bisha Facuty of Education.

2- Dr. Humod A. El-Said

Assisstant Professor of TEFL, Bisha Teachers'College

3-Dr. Mohammad N. Al-Mofles

 Assisstant Professor of TEFL, Bisha Faculty of Science and Arts

4- Mr. Abdullah S. Alhadi

EFL Teacher, Prince Sultan Intermediate and Secondary School.

5- Mr. Abdul-Rahman A. Aldossary

EFL Teacher, Prince Sultan Intermediate and Secondary School

6- Mr. Mohammad F. Aldossary

EFL teacher, Bisha Intermediate School

7- Mr. Abdul-Rahman S. Alshahrani

EFL teacher, Sufan Elementary School

8- Mr. Saod M. Musaed

EFL teacher, Al-Hazmy Intermediate School