UNIT – I

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
PART - A
lim x sin 1x =0
2

1. Show that x →0
Ans:
we know that sin of a function lies between -1 and 1
1
−1≤sin ≤1
therefore x

− lim x ≤ lim x sin 1x ≤ lim x

2 2 2

x →0 x→0 x →0
2 2 1
f ( x )=−x g ( x )=x sin h ( x )=x 2
x
lim f ( x )= lim h( x )=h lim g( x )=h
by Sequeeze theorem, if x →0 x→ 0 then x →0

lim f ( x )= lim ( −x ) =0 2

x →0 x→ 0

lim h( x )= lim x =0 2

x →0 x →0

then lim g( x )=0

x→0

lim x cos 2x =0
4

2. Show that x →0
Ans:
we know that cos of a function lies between -1 and 1
2
−1≤cos ≤1
therefore x

− lim x ≤ lim x cos 2x ≤ lim x

4 4 4

x →0 x →0 x→0
4 4 2
f ( x )=−x g( x )=x cos h( x )=x 4
x
lim f ( x )= lim h( x )=h lim g( x )=h
by Sequeeze theorem, if x →0 x→ 0 then x →0

lim f ( x )= lim ( −x ) =0 4

x →0 x→ 0

lim h( x )= lim x =0 4

x →0 x →0

then lim g( x )=0

x→ 0

lim √ x + x sin πx =0
3 2

3. Show that x →0
Ans:
we know that sin of a function lies between -1 and 1
π
−1≤sin ≤1
therefore x

− lim √ x + x ≤ lim √ x + x sin πx ≤ lim √ x + x

3 2 3 2 3 2

x →0 x→0 x →0
π
f ( x )=−√ x 3 + x 2 g ( x )=√ x 3 + x 2 sin h ( x )= √ x 3 + x 2
x
lim f ( x )= lim h( x )=h lim g( x )=h
by Sequeeze theorem, if x →0 x→0 then x →0
 lim f ( x )= lim (−√ x + x )=0 3 2

x →0 x→0

lim h( x )= lim √ x + x =0 3 2

x →0 x →0

then lim g( x )=0

x→0

lim 1+cos 2 x
( π −2 x )2
π
x→
4. Evaluate 2

π
1+cos2
lim 1+( π −2
cos2 x
x)
= 2
π
2
2
=
1+cos π 1−1 0
0
=
0
=
0
x→
π
2 ( π −2
2 )
by L’ hospital rule
π
−sin2
lim 1+cos2 x
= lim
−2 sin2 x
2
2 ( π −2 x ) ( 0−2 )
= lim
−sin 2 x
( π −2 x ) (−2 )
=
2
=
0
0
( π −2 x )
x→
π
2
x→
π
2
x→
π
2 (π −2 π2 ) (−2)
again by L’ hospital rule
π
cos 2
lim ( π−sin 2x
−2 x ) (−2 )
= lim
−2 cos 2 x
(−2 ) ( 0−2 )
= lim
cos 2 x
( 2)
=
( 2)
2
=
−1
2
π π π
x→ x→ x→
2 2 2

lim tan xx−x 3

5. Find x →0

lim tan xx−x =tan 00−0 = 00

3 3
x →0
by L’ hospital rule

lim sec3 x−1

x
= lim
2
sec 0−1 0
2
3 (0 )
=
0
2

2
x →0 x →0
by L’ hospital rule

lim
sec2 x−1
3 x2
= lim 2 sec3xxtan x = 00
x →0 x →0
by L’ hospital rule

lim 2sec3xxtan x = lim 2 (sec x ( sec x )+3tan x sec x tan x ) = 2 ( 1+0

2
) 2
=
x →0 x→0
3 3

lim ln x
√x
5. Find x →∞

lim ln√ xx = ∞∞
x →∞
by L’ hospital rule

1
lim ln√ xx = lim x
1
= lim 1x × 2 √1 x = lim √2x =0
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
2√x
 ex
lim x2
6. Find x →∞

lim ex = ∞∞
x

2
x →∞
by L’ hospital rule

lim ex = lim e2 x =∞∞

x x

2
x →∞ x →∞

lim e2 = lim ∞2 =∞
x

x →∞ x →∞
4 2
7. Find the points on the curve y=x −6 x +4 where the tangent line is horizontal?

dy
=0
The tangent line is horizontal if dx
dy d 4
= ( x −6 x 2 +4 )
dx dx
¿ 4 x 3 −12 x+0
¿ 4 x ( x 2−3 )
dy
=0
dx
4 x ( x 2−3 )=0
4 x=0 x2 −3=0
x=0 x 2=3
x=±√3
x=0,+ √ 3,− √3
4 2
the curve y=x −2 x +2 is horizontal at x=0,+ √ 3,− √3

when x=0, y=4

4 2
x=+ √ 3 y=( √3 ) −6 ( √ 3 ) +4=9−18+4=−5
4 2
x=−√3 y=(−√ 3 ) −6 (−√3 ) +4=9−18+4=−5
the corresponding points on the curve are (0, 4), ( √ 3 ,-5), ( −√3 , -5)

4 2
8. Find the points on the curve y=x −2 x +2 where the tangent line is horizontal?

dy
=0
ans: The tangent line is horizontal if dx
dy d
= ( x 4 −2 x 2 + 2 )
dx dx
¿ 4 x 3 −4 x+ 0=4 x ( x 2 −1 )
dy
=0⇒ 4 x ( x 2 −1 )=0
dx
4 x =0 x2 −1=0
x=0 x 2=1 ⇒ x=±1
x=0,+1,−1
 4 2
the curve y=x −2 x +2 is horizontal at x=0,+1,−1
when x=0, y=2
4 2
x =+ 1 y=( 1 ) −2 (1 ) +2=1−2+2=1
4 2
x=−1 y=(−1 ) −2 (−1 ) +2=1−2+2=1
the corresponding points on the curve are (0, 2), (1,1), (1, -1)

9. Define odd and even function

Ans:
A function f(x) is said to even function if f (x )=f (−x )
A function f(x) is said to odd function if f (x )=−f (−x )
8. Define limit of a function?
Ans:
lim f ( x )=L
suppose f(x) is defined when x is near the number a then the limit of a function is x →a
2
x −4 x
lim 2
9. Evaluate x →4 x −3 x−4 if it exists
x 2−4 x 16−16 0
lim 2 = =
x →4 x −3 x−4 16−12−4 0
x 2−4 x x (x −4 ) x 4
lim 2 =lim =lim =
x →4 x −3 x−4 x →4 ( x+ 1 )( x−4 ) x →4 ( x+ 1 ) 5
10. Define a continuty of a function?
Ans:
lim f ( x )=f ( a)
A function f is continuous at a number “a” if x →a

11. where is the function continous in f (x )=log(1+cos x )

Ans: Given f (x )=log(1+cos x )
we know that log of a function is continuous and also trignometric functions are continuous.
∴ f ( x )=log(1+cos x ) is continuous function.
−1
here (1+cos x )=0⇒ cos x=−1⇒ x=cos (−1 )=±π ,±3 π . ..
∴(1+cos x) is not contiuous at x = ±π ,±3π ...
f (x )=log(1+cos x ) is contiuous expect at x = ±π ,±3π ...
4
12. show that the function is continuous at a = -1 for f (x )=( x +2 x 3 )
Ans:
4
Given f (x )=( x +2 x 3 )
4 4
lim f ( x )= lim ( x +2 x3 ) =( −1+2 (−1 )3 ) =(−1−2 )4 =81
x →−1 x →−1
4
Hence the function is continuous at a = -1 for f (x )=( x +2 x 3 )
13. If f (1 )=10 , f ' (x )≥2 for 1≤x≤4 how small can f(4) possibly be?
Ans:
by mean value theorem,
f (b )−f (a )
=f ' (c )
b−a
 f (4 )−f (1)
≥2
4−1
f (4 )−10
≥2
3
f (4 )−10≥6
f (4 )≥16

the minimum value is 16

14. If f (0)=−3, f ' ( x )≤5 for 1≤x≤2 how large can f(2) possibly be?
Ans:
by mean value theorem,
f (b )−f (a )
=f ' (c )
b−a
f (2)−f (0 )
≤5
2−0
f (2)+3
≤5
2
f (2)≤10−3
f (2)≤7
the maximum value is 7
3 4
15. Show that the function is continuous at a = -1 for f (x )=( x +2 x )
Ans:
3 4
Given f (x )=( x +2 x )
4 4
lim f ( x )= lim ( x +2 x3 ) =( −1+2 (−1 )3 ) =(−1−2 )4 =81
x →−1 x →−1
4
Hence the function is continuous at a = -1 for f (x )=( x +2 x 3 )
16. If f (1 )=10 , f ' (x )≥2 for 1≤x≤4 how small can f(4) possibly be?
Ans:
by mean value theorem,
f (b )−f (a )
=f ' (c )
b−a
f (4 )−f (1)
≥2
4−1
f (4 )−10
≥2
3
f (4 )−10≥6
f (4 )≥16
the minimum value is 16
17. . If f (0)=−3, f ' ( x )≤5 for 1≤x≤2 how large can f(2) possibly be?
Ans:
by mean value theorem,
f (b )−f (a )
=f ' (c )
b−a
 f (2)−f (0 )
≤5
2−0
f (2)+3
≤5
2
f (2)≤10−3
f (2)≤7
the maximum value is 7

18. What are the conditions for absolute maximum and minimum values.
Ans: Let c be a number in the domain D of the function f then f (c) is the
(i) Absolute maximum value of f on D if f (c) >f (x) for all x in D.
(ii) Absolute minimum value of f on D if f (c) < f (x) for all x in D.
An absolute maximum or minimum is called a global maximum and minimum. The maximum and minimum
values of f are called extreme values of f.
dy
if y=xe x sin x
19. Find dx
Ans: x
Given dyy=xex sin x
=e sin x(1 )+ x sin x (e x )+ xe x cos x=e x (sin x+x sin x+cos x )
dx 2
dy x −1
if y= 2
20. Find dx x +1
Ans: x −1
2
y=
Given x 2 +1
dy ( x 2 + 1 ) (2 x )−( x 2−1 ) ( 2 x ) ( 2 x ) ( x 2 + 1−x 2 +1 ) 4x
= 2
= 2
=
dx 2
( x +1 ) 2
( x +1 ) ( x +1 )2
2

dy
if x2 + y 2=a2
21. Find dx
Ans: dy
2 x +2
2 y2 2=0
Given x + y dx=a
dy
2 y =−2 x
dx
dy dy x
y =−x ⇒ =−
dx dx y

dy
if y=log(sec x +tan x )
22. Find dx
Ans:
Given y=log(sec x +tan x )

dy 1 sec x
= (sec x tan x +sec 2 x )= (tan x+sec x )=sec x
dx sec x +tan x sec x+ tan x
 PART – B
Problems on Continuous and Discontinuous
1. For what value of the constant "c" is the function " f " continuous on (−∞, ∞ )
2
cx +2 x x <2
x 3− cx x ≤2
¿
f ( x )= ¿ { ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
Derivatives using First Principle Rule
n n
x −a
=na n−1
im
1. For any rational number n , prove that x → a x−a
n
2. Find the derivative of X , where n is a rational number, using first principle rule.
3. Find the derivative of sin x , using first principle rule.
4. Find the derivative of cos x , using first principle rule.
5. Find the derivative of loga x , using first principle rule.
6. Derive the derivative of product rule.
7. Derive the derivative of quotient rule.
Derivatives of Elementary Functions
4 4
1. Find y '' if x + y =16
dy
4 3 2
2. Find dx if y=2 x −3 x +12 x +5
dy
3. Find dx if y=( 2 x+1 ) ( 4 x 2−3 )
dy
2 x
4. Find dx if y=x e sin x
dy 1+tan x
y=
5. Find dx if 1−tan x
dy
sin x
6. Find dx if y=e
dy
7. Find dx if x 3 +8 xy+ y 3 =64
dy
log x
8. Find dx when y=( tan x )
dy
9. Find dx when y=√ sin x+ √ sin x+√ sin x...∞
( 1−x ) ( √ x2 +2 )
dy y=
10. Find dx when ( x+3 ) ( √ x−1 )
Tangent and Normal to the curve
 3 3
11. Find the tangent line to the equation x + y =6 xy at the point 3,3 and at what point the tangent line
horizontal in the first quadrant.
Maxima and Minima of functions of one variable
4 3 2
12. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x )=x −3 x +3 x −x
3 2
13. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f (x )=2 x −3 x −12 x+1
on the interval [-2,3] .
4
14. Find the local maximum and minimum values of f (x )=√ x−√ x using both the first
and second derivative tests. (Jan 2018)
15. Find two numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum.

UNIT – II
FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
PART – A
2 2
∂u ∂u
y =
1. If u=x , Show that ∂ x∂ y ∂ y ∂x
y
Ans: Given u=x
log u=log x y
log u= y log x
1 ∂u ∂u 1 ∂u y ∂u uy
=log x ⇒ =u log x ; = ⇒ =
u ∂y ∂y u ∂x x ∂x x
∂2 u 1 ∂ u u uy u
∂x∂ y ()
=u +log x = + log x= [ 1+ y log x ]
x ∂x x x x
(1)
2
∂ u 1 1 u
=
∂ y∂x x ( )(u+ y
∂u
∂y )()
= (u+ yu log x )= [ 1+ y log x ]
x x
(2 )
from (1) & (2 ),
∂2 u ∂2 u
= .
: ∂x∂ y ∂ y∂x
∂r
x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ find .
2. If ∂x
Ans:
x 2=r 2 cos2 θ , y 2 =r 2 sin 2 θ ⇒ r 2 =x 2 + y 2 ⇒r =√ x2 + y 2
−1
∂r 1 2 2 2 x x
= ( x + y ) ⋅2 x= 2 2 =
∂x 2 √x +y r
∂r
x=r cosθ , y=r sin θ find interms of θ .
3. If ∂x
Ans:
x 2=r 2 cos2 θ , y 2 =r 2 sin 2 θ ⇒ r 2 =x 2 + y 2 ⇒r =√ x2 + y 2
−1
∂r 1 2 2 2 x x
= ( x + y ) ⋅2 x= = =cos θ
∂x 2 √x +y r
2 2
2 2
∂ u ∂u
u=e x sin y prove that + =0
4. If ∂ x2 ∂ y2
Ans:
 2
∂u x ∂2 u ∂u x ∂u
=−e x sin y
=e sin y ; 2 =e x sin y =e cos y ; 2
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
2 2
∂ u ∂ u x
∴ 2
+ 2 =e sin y−e x sin y=0
∂x ∂ y
∂z
2 2
5. If z=u +v , u=r cosθ , v=r sin θ . Find ∂θ .
Ans:

2 2
Given: z=u +v , u=r cosθ , v=r sin θ
z =r 2 cos 2 θ +r 2 sin2 θ
2 2 2
¿ r ( cos θ +sin θ )
2
¿ r (1)
z =r 2
∂z
( )
∂θ r
=0
6. State Euler’s theorem for homogeneous functions.
∂u ∂u
Ans: If u=f ( x , y ) is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree n, then x
∂x
+y
∂y
=nu .

7. Using Euler’s theorem, given u(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n, prove that

x 2 uxx +2 xyu xy + y 2 u yy=n (n−1 )u

∂u ∂u
Ans: By Euler’s theorem x +y =nu . (1)
∂x ∂y
Diff p.w.r. to x and y we get
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂u
x2 2
+ y =( n−1) (2)
∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂x
2 2
∂ u ∂u ∂u
x2 +y 2
=(n−1) (3)
∂x ∂ y ∂y ∂y
Multiplying (2) by x and (3) by y and adding we get
2 2
x uxx +2 xyu xy + y u yy =n (n−1 )u

√ x−√ y
8. If u=
sin−1
( √ x +√ y ) , find
x
∂u ∂u
+y
∂x ∂ y
Ans:
√ x−√ y
Given: u=
sin−1 (
√ x +√ y )
√ x− √ y
sin u = √ x+ √ y
√ x− √ y
Let f (x,y)= sin u = √ x+ √ y
√tx−√ ty = √t √ x−√ y =t 0 √ x− √ y
f (tx,ty)= sin u = √ tx+ √ ty √ t √ x + √ y √ x +√ y [ ]
 ∴ f (x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree 0 in x & y.
∴ By Euler’s theorem,

∂u ∂u
x + y =nu
∂x ∂ y
∂u ∂ u
⇒ x + y =0 ( u )
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
x + y =0
∂x ∂ y

9. Given
u ( x , y )=x 2 tan−1 ( xy ) . Find the value of
2 2
x uxx +2 xyu xy + y u yy .

Ans: Given
u ( x , y )=x 2 tan−1 ( xy )
ty
u ( tx ,ty )=t 2 x 2 tan −1 ( )
tx

¿ t 2 x 2 tan−1 ( xy )
∴ u is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
∴ By Euler’s Theorem,

x 2 uxx +2 xyu xy + y 2 u yy =n (n−1 )u

x 2 uxx +2 xyu xy + y 2 u yy =2(2−1)u
x 2 uxx +2 xyu xy + y 2 u yy =2 u
∂u ∂u
2 2 x + y =2
10. If u=log ( x + xy+ y ) . Prove that ∂x ∂ y
Ans:

Given: u=log ( x2 + xy+ y 2 )

e u= x2 +xy+ y 2
u 2 2
Let f(x,y) = e = x +xy+ y

f(tx,ty) = e u=t 2 x 2 +txty +t 2 y 2

=t 2 ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
∴ f (x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x & y.

∂f ∂f
x + y =nf
∴ By Euler’s theorem, ∂x ∂ y
∂ (eu) ∂ (eu)
⇒x +y =2 ( e u )
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
xeu + ye u =2 eu
∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f
(
eu x + y
∂x ∂ y
=2e u )
∂f ∂f
x + y =2
∂x ∂ y
 du y
Find , if u=tan−1 ( ), where y = tan 2 x
11. dx x
y
u=tan −1 ( ), where y = tan 2 x .
Ans: Given x
du ∂ u ∂ u dy
= + ⋅
dx ∂ x ∂ y dx
−y x dy
= 2 2 + 2 2⋅
x +y x + y dx
2
dy d ( tan x )
= =2 tan x sec 2 x
dx dx
du −y x 1
= 2 2 + 2 2⋅2 tan x sec 2 x= 2 2 (−y +2 x tan x sec 2 x )
dx x + y x + y x +y
du
12. If u = x3 y 2 +x 2 y 3 , where x=at 2 , y=2 at then find .
dt
Ans:
du ∂u dx ∂ u dy
= ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
u = x3 y 2 +x 2 y 3
∂u
=3 x 2 y 2 +2 xy 3=xy 2 (3 x+2y )
∂x
∂u
=2 x 3 y +3 x 2 y 2 =x 2 y (2 x +3y )
∂y
dx
x=at 2 ⇒ =2 at
dt
dy
y=2 at ⇒ =2a
dt
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
=xy 2 (3 x+2y )(2 at )+x 2 y (2 x +3y )(2 a )
¿(at 2 )(4 a 2 t2 ) ((3 at 2 +4 at )(2 at ) ) +(a2 t 4 )(2 at ) ((2 at 2 +6 at )(2 a ) )
4 5 2 4 5 2
¿8 a t (3 at +4 at )+4 a t (2 at +6 at )
¿24 a5 t 7 +32a5 t 6 +8 a5 t7 +24 a5 t 6
¿32 a5 t 7 +56 a 5 t6
¿8 a5 t 7 (4 t +7 ).
du
given u = y 2−4 ax , x=at 2 , y =2 at
12. Using definition of total derivative, find the value of dt
Ans:
du ∂u dx ∂ u dy
= ⋅ + ⋅ =(−4 a )(2 at )+2 y (2 a )=−8 a 2 t+8 a 2 t=0
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
x du
u=sin( ), x=e t and y = t 2 , find .
13. Given y dt
Ans:
 du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
x et x −x et et
=cos ( )⋅ + cos( )⋅ 2 ⋅2t= 2 cos( 2 )(1−2 t )
y y y y t t
du
x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy =1 find
14. If u = log (xy) where dx
du ∂u ∂u dy
= + ⋅
Ans: u = log (xy) dx ∂ x ∂ y dx
1 x dy
=x⋅ +(log x +log y )+ ⋅
x y dx
x dy
=1+(log x+log y )+ ⋅ (1)
y dx
3 3
Given x + y +3 xy=1
Differentiate with respect to x,
∂f
=3 x 2 + 3 y
∂x
∂f
=3 y 2 +3 x
∂y
∂f
− 2 2 2
dy ∂ x −(3 x +3 y ) −3( x + y ) −( x + y )
= = 2 = =
dx ∂ f 3 y +3 x 3 ( y 2+ x ) ( y 2+ x )
∂y
2
du x (x +y)
=1+log x +log y−
dx y ( y 2+ x )
(1) ⇒
∂(r ,θ)
15. Find the Jacobin ∂( x , y) if x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ .
Ans:

x y
∂( r , θ) r x ry r r x2 y2 1 1 r2 1
=| |=| |= 3 + 3 = 3 ( x2 + y 2 ) = 3 ( r 2 cos2 θ+ r 2 sin 2 θ )= 3 ( cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ )=
∂( x , y ) θ x θy −y x r r r r r r
r2 r 2

∂( x , y ) 1
= =r
∂(r , θ) 1
Also : r
2 2 2
y x +y ∂(u , v )
u= , v= , find .
16. If 2x 2x ∂( x , y )
Ans:
∂u ∂u y2 y
− 2 3 2 2 3 2 3
x
∂( u , v ) ∂ x
=|
∂( x , y ) ∂ v
∂y
∂v
|=| 2
2x
x − y2 y
|=−
y
2x 3
−
x 2x (
y x −y
2
y yx y
)
=− 3 − 3 + 3 =−
2 x 2x 2x
y
2x
∂x ∂y 2 x2 x
∂( x , y)
17. Find the Jacobian ∂(u ,v ) if x + y = u and y = uv.
Ans: x = u – y = u – uv and y =uv
 ∂x ∂x
∂( x , y ) ∂u ∂ v |=|1−v −u |=( 1−v ) u+uv =u−uv +uv=u
=|
∂(u , v ) ∂ y ∂y v u
∂u ∂v

y2 x2 ∂(x , y )
u= , v= , find .
18. If x y ∂(u , v )
Ans:
2
∂u ∂u − y 2y
2
∂( u , v ) ∂ x ∂ y x x x 2 y 2 4 xy
=| |=| |= − =1−4=−3
∂( x , y ) ∂ v ∂ v 2 x −x 2 y 2 x 2 4 xy
∂x ∂ y y y2
∂( x , y ) 1 1 −1
= = =
∂(u , v ) ∂(u , v ) −3 3
∂( x , y )
∂(u , v ,w)
J=
19. If u = u(x, y, z), v = v(x, y, z), w = w(x, y, z), ∂( x, y , z ) are said to be functionally dependent
and functionally independent if ?
∂(u ,v ,w)
J=
Ans: If u = u(x, y, z), v = v(x, y, z), w = w(x, y, z), ∂( x, y ,z ) are said to be functionally dependent if

J= 0 and functionally independent if J ≠0 .

∂( x , y)
20. Find the Jacobian ∂(u ,v ) if x = u(1 + v) and y = v(1 + u).
Ans: x = u(1 + v) and y = v(1 + u).
∂ x ∂x
∂( x , y ) ∂u ∂ v 1+v u
=| |=| |=(1+v )(1+u)−uv=1+u+v .
∂(u , v ) ∂ y ∂ y v 1+u
∂u ∂ v
∂(u,v )
u=2 xy , v=x 2 − y 2 and x = rcos θ ,y=rsin θ Evaluate
21. If ∂( x,y ) without actual substitution.
Ans:
∂u ∂u
u=2 xy⇒ =2 y and =2 x
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
v =x2 − y 2 ⇒ =2 x and =2 y
∂x ∂y
∂x ∂x
x = rcosθ ⇒ =cosθ and =−rsin θ
∂r ∂θ
∂y ∂y
y=rsin θ ⇒ =sin θ and =r cosθ
∂r ∂θ
∂u ∂u ∂ x ∂ x
∂( u,v) ∂( u,v) ∂(x,y ) ∂ x ∂ y ∂r ∂θ
= × ==| |×| |
∂( x,y) ∂( x,y) ∂(r,θ ) ∂ v ∂ v ∂ y ∂ y
∂ x ∂ y ∂r ∂θ
=|2 y 2 x |×|cosθ −r sin θ |=( −4 y 2 −4 x 2 )( r cos2 θ+r sin 2 θ )
2 x −2 y sin θ r cosθ
¿−4 ( x2 + y 2 )(r)=−4(r 2 )(r )=−4 r 3
 2 2
22. If x=u −v ∧ y=2uv . Find the Jacobian of x & y With respect to u & v.
Ans:

Given : x=u2 −v 2 y =2uv

∂x ∂y
=2u ; =2 v
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y
=−2 v ; =2u
∂v ∂v
∂x∂x
∂ ( x,y ) ∂u
∂v 2 u −2 v 2 2
∴J= =| |=| |=4 ( u + v )
∂ ( u,v ) ∂ y
∂ y 2v 2u
∂v∂u
x π
e cos y near (1, )
23. Expand 4 by taylors series up to first degree terms only.
Ans:
x
f (x , y)=e cos y ⇒ f ( x, y)=f (0,0)=1
π e
f x =e x cos y ⇒ f x (1, )=
4 √2
π −e
f y =−e x sin y ⇒ f y (1, )=
4 √2
e π −e
f (x , y )=1+( x−1) +( y− )( )+⋯
√2 4 √2
24. Expand f(x, y) as a Taylors series expansion about x = a and y = b.
Ans:
1
1! [ x
f (x , y )=f (a , b )+ f ( a ,b )( x−a)+f y (a , b)( y −b ) ]+⋯
x+ y
25. Expand e in power of (x - 1) and (y + 1) by Taylors series up to first degree terms only.
Ans:
x+ y x y 1−1 0
f (x , y)=e = e e ⇒ f ( x, y )=f (1,−1)=e =e =1
x+ y 1−1 0
f x =e ⇒ f x ( 1,−1 )=e =e =1
f y =e x + y ⇒ f y (1,−1)=e 1−1 =e 0=1
f (x , y )=1+( x−1)+( y+1)+⋯
26. Write the sufficient condition for f(x,y) to have a maximum value.

Ans: The sufficient condition for f(x, y) to have a maximum value is

f x =0 ;f y =0 and AC – B2 > 0 ,

or B < 0, where A = f xx ,
B=f xy and C=f yy
A<0

27. Write the sufficient condition for f (x,y) to have a minimum value.
Ans: The sufficient condition for f(x, y) to have a minimum value is
f x =0 ;f y =0 and AC – B2 > 0 ,
or B > 0, where A = f xx ,
B=f xy and C=f yy
A>0

2 2
f (x , y )=x 2 + y 2 + +
28. Find the possible extreme point of x y
∂f ∂f
=0 and =0
Ans: The extreme points are given by ∂ x ∂y
 ∂f 2 ∂f 2
⇒ =2 x− 2 =0 and =2 y− 2 =0
∂x x ∂y y
1 1
⇒ x− 2 =0 and y− 2 =0
x y
3 3
⇒ x −1=0 and y −1=0
⇒( x−1)( x 2 +x +1)=0 and ( y−1)( y 2 + y+1)=0
⇒ x=1, y=1
2 2
f (x , y )=x 2 + y 2 + +
The possible extreme point of x y is (1, 1).

UNIT II
FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
PART – B
EULERS THEOREM
∂2 u ∂2 u ( )
1. If u=x y show that ( i ) = ii u xxy=u xyx
∂ x ∂ y ∂ y ∂x
 2 2 −1 y
2. If u=log ( x + y ) + tan ( ) prove that u xx +u yy =0
x
1 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
3. If u= (¿) If prove that 2
+ 2 + 2 =0
√ ( x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2
) ∂ x ∂ y ∂z
−1 x+ y ∂u ∂ u −1
4. If u=cos , prove that x +y = cot u
√ x+ √ y ∂ x ∂ y 2
x+ y ∂2u ∂2 u ∂2 u −sin u cos 2u
5. If u=sin−1 , prove that x 2 2 +2 xy + y2 2 = 3
√ x +√ y ∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂y 4 cos u
2 2
6. If u=sin (
−1 x + y
x+ y ) , prove that
∂u ∂u
(i) x +y =tanu
∂x ∂y
2 2 2
( ii ) x2 ∂ u2 + 2 xy ∂ u + y 2 ∂ u2 =tan 2 u
∂x ∂x ∂ y ∂y
3 3
∂u ∂u
7. If
x +y
u=tan −1
x+ y( )
, prove that
2
x
∂ x
+y
∂ y
=sin 2 u

∂2 u 2
y 2∂ u 2 ∂ u
8. If u= x − y f
( )
x ()
prove that x
∂x
2
+ 2 xy
∂x ∂ y
+y
∂y
2
=0
x y z ∂u ∂u ∂u
9. If u=f ( , , ), prove that x +y + z =0
y z x ∂x ∂y ∂z
TOTAL DERIVATIVES
2 2 2 2
u=x 2 − y 2 , v=2xy
1. If g( x, y )=ψ (u , v) where prove that
∂ g ∂ g
2
+ 2 =4( x 2 + y 2)
∂x ∂ y (
∂
2
∂u ∂v
∂
+ 2 )
(OR)
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂ 2 z ∂2 z
If z = f(x, y), where
2 2
x=u −v , y=2uv prove that +
∂u 2 ∂ v 2
=4 (u 2
+v 2
) + (
∂ x2 ∂ y2 )
x x
2. Given transformation u=e cos y and v=e sin y and that ϕ is a function of u and v and also of x and

∂2 φ ∂2 φ 2
∂2 φ
y prove that +
∂ x2 ∂ y 2
=(u2
+ v 2 ∂ φ
) + (
∂u 2 ∂ v 2 ) . (OR)
x x
Given transformation u=e cos y and v=e sin y and that ϕ is a function of u and v and also of x and y

∂2 φ ∂2 φ 2 x ∂2 φ ∂2 φ 2x 2 2x
prove that +
∂ x2 ∂ y 2
=e +
∂ u2 ∂ v 2( ) y +e sin y=¿ e
. [Hint:
u2 +v 2=e2 x cos 2 ¿
]

∂ u 2 ∂u 2 ∂ u 2 1 ∂u 2
3. If u = f(x, y), where x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ prove that
∂x
+
∂y
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∂r
+ 2
r ∂θ
.

4. If z be a function of x and y and u and v are other two variables, such that u=lx+ my , v =ly−mx
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
Show that +
∂ x2 ∂ y2
=(l 2
+m 2
) + (
∂ u2 ∂ v 2
.
)
∂ ∂ ∂ 2
3 3 3
5. If u=log ( x + y + z −3 xyz ) show that +
∂x ∂ y ∂z( + u=
−9
(x+ y+z) )
2
.

∂2 V ∂2 V ∂2 V ∂2 V
6. If x=ucosα−vsinα , y =usinα−vcosα∧V =f (x , y ) show that +
∂ x2 ∂ y2
= +
∂u2 ∂ v 2 ( ) .

2 2 2 t 2t 2t du
7. If u=x + y + z ∧x=e , y=e cos 3 t , z= y =e sin 3 t find .
dt
∂ u ∂ u ∂u
8. If w = f (y –z, z-x, x-y) show that + + =0
∂x ∂ y ∂z
9. If
u= ( y−x
xy
,
z −x
xz ) prove that
x2
2

∂x
2
∂y
2
∂ u 2∂ u 2∂ u
+y 2
+z
∂z
2
=0
2

JACOBIANS
∂( x , y , z) 2
1. If x+ y+ z=u , y+ z =uv , z=uvw prove that =u v . (OR)
∂(u , v , w)
∂ (u , v , w) 2
If u=x ( 1− y ) , v= y ( 1−z ) , w=xyz prove that =x y
∂( x , y , z )
x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x 2
x 1 , x 2 , x 3 if y 1 = , y 2= , y 3=
2. Find the Jacobian of
y 1 , y 2 , y 3 with respect to x1 x2 x 3 . (OR)
yz xz xy
If u= ,v= , w= find ∂(u , v , w)
x y z .
∂( x , y , z )
2 2 2
3. Find the jacobian of u=x + y +z , v=xy+ yz +zx , w=x + y +z
∂( x , y , z)
4. Find the Jacobian of the transformation x=rsinθcosφ , y=rsinθsinφ∧z=rcosθ .
∂( r ,θ , φ)
5. If u=2 xy , v=x 2− y 2 x=rcosθ , y=rsinθ evaluate with out actual substitution .
6. Verify whether the following functions are functionally dependent and if so find the relation between them.

−1
x+ ¿ tan y
x+ y .
u= ∧v=tan−1 ¿
1−xy
7. Verify whether the following functions are functionally dependent and if so find the relation between them.
u=x + y −z∧v =x− y + z , w=x 2 + y 2+ z2 −2 yz . [Hint: To find relation between u, v, w find
u + v The relation is u2 + v2 = 2w]
2 2.

∂(u , v )
8. If x = u (1-v), y = uv find ∧ prove that J J ' =1.
∂(x, y)
TAYLOR’S SERIES
π
1. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of e x sin y at the point (−1, ) up to third degree terms.
4
x π
2. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of e cos y at the point (0, ) up to third degree terms.
2
x
3. Expand e log ⁡( 1+ y ) in powers of x and y upto terms of third degree using Taylor’s series.
4. Expand e x cos y in powers of x and y upto terms of third degree using Taylor’s series.
5. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of e xy at (1,1) upto third degree terms.
6. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of x 2 y 2 +2 x 2 y +3 x y 2 in powers of (x+2) and (y-1) up to third degree
terms.
7. Use Taylor’s formula to expand the function defined by f ( x , y ) ¿ x 3+ y 3+ x y 2 in power of (x-1) and
(y-2).
8. Expand x 2 y +3 y−2 in power of (x-1) and (y+2) upto terms of third degree using Taylor’s series.
π
9. Expand sinxy in power of (x-1) and (y - 2 ) upto terms of second degree using Taylor’s series
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
3 3
1. Find the extreme values of the function f (x , y)=x + y −3 x−12 y+20 .
4 4 2 2
2. Find the maxima and minima values of the function f (x , y)=x + y −2 x +4 xy−2 y .
4 4 2 2
3. Test for an extreme of the function f (x , y )=x + y −x − y −1 .
 2 2
4. Find the maxima and minima values of the function f (x , y )=x −xy+ y −2 x+ y .
3 2
5. Examine the function f (x , y)=x y (12−x− y ) .
6. Find the maximum value of sinxsinysin(x+y), 0 < x, y < π.
2
7. Find the point on the surface z =xy+1 whose distance from the origin is minimum.
8. A flat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point u( x , y )=x 2 +2 y 2 −x . Find the coldest
point on the plate.
3 2 2 2
9. Find the maxima and minima values of the function f (x , y)=x +3 xy −15 x −15 y +72 x.
3 3
10. Discuss the maxima and minima values of the function f (x , y)=x + y −3 axy.
1 1
f (x , y )=x 2 + xy+ y 2 + + .
11. Test for an extreme of the function x y
METHOD OF LAGRANGIAN MULTIPLIER
2 2 2
1. Find the minimum value of x + y +z subject to the condition
1 1 1
+ + =1 .
i. x y z
ii. x+ y+ z=3 a .
3
iii. xyz=a
2
iv. xy+ yz +zx=3 a
2 2 2
2. Find the point on the plane ax +by +cz= p at which f=x + y +z has a stationary value and find the
stationary value of f using Lagrange’s method of multipliers.
2 3
3. Find the minimum value of xy z subject to the condition x+ y+ z=24 .
m n p
4. Find the minimum value of x y z subject to the condition x+ y+ z=a .
5. A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume of 32cc. Find the dimensions of the box, that requires the
least material for its construction.
x2
6. Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelepiped inscribed in the ellipsoid whose equation is 2 +
a

y2 z2
+¿ = 1.
b2 c2
7. Prove that a rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a unit sphere is a cube.
2 2 2
8. Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1, 2, -1) to the sphere x + y + z =24 Lagrange’s
method of constrained maxima and minima. (OR)
Find the shortest and longest distances of the point (3, 4, 12) from the unit sphere whose centre is at orgin .
9. The temperature u (x, y, z) at any point in space is u=400 xyz 2 . Find the highest temperature on surface of
2 2 2
the sphere x + y +z =1 .(OR )
2
The temperature u (x, y, z) at any point in space is u=cxyz . Find the highest temperature on surface of the
2 2 2
sphere x + y + z =1 .
10. Using Lagrange’s multipliers method determine the maximum capacity of a rectangular tank, open at the top,
if the surface area is 108 sq.m.
25
(0,0, )
11. Find the length of the shortest line from the point 9 to the surface z = xy.
12. Show that if the perimeter of a triangle is a constant, the triangle has maximum area when it is equilateral.
 UNIT – III
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
PART – A
1

1. Evaluate
∫0 √1−x2 dx in terms of areas?
Ans:

Let f (x )=√ 1−x 2 This integral as the area under the curve y=√ 1−x 2 from 0 to 1.
y=√ 1−x 2

y 2 =1−x 2
x 2 + y 2 =1
Which is the quarter circle with radius 1

∫0 √1−x 2 dx= 14 πr 2
1

1
[ ] r=1
=
π
4

∫ (4+3 x 2 )dx
2. Evaluate 0
1 1

10
0
x3
0
[
∫ (4+ 3 x )dx= 4 x+3 3 =[ 4 +1 ] −[ 0 ] =5
2

8
] 10

∫ (f ( x )dx=17 ∫ (f ( x )dx=12 ∫ (f ( x)dx

3. If 0 and 0 then find 8
8 10 10
∫ (f ( x )dx +∫ ( f ( x )dx=∫( f ( x )dx
0 8 0
10 10 8

∫ (f ( x )dx=∫ (f ( x )dx−∫ (f ( x )dx=17−12=5

8 0 0
x
g( x )=∫ √1+t 2 dt
4. Find the derivative of the function 0
x
g( x )=∫ √ 1+t 2 dt
Ans: Given 0

The function f (t )=√ 1+t 2 is continuous .

Therefore by fundamental theorem of calculus g '( x)= √1+x 2

3

∫ e x dx
5. Find the integral of the function 1
3

∫ e x dx
Ans: Given 1
x
The function f (x )=e is continuous .
 3

∫ e x dx=F(3 )−F (1)=e3−e1

Therefore by fundamental theorem of calculus 1
2
6. Find the area of the parabola y=x from 0 to1
Ans :
2
Given y=x
1

Area =
∫a f (x
b
)dx =∫0 x dx=
x3 1
3 0
=
3
1 2
[]
π
0≤b≤
7. Find the area of the cosine curve from 0 to b where 2
Ans :
Given y=cos x
b b π
∫a f (x )dx =∫0 cos x dx= [ sin x ]b0=sin b−sin 0=sin 2 =1
Area = =
3 1 −1 −4
∫−1 x2
dx=
3
−1=
3
8. What is the wrong with the following calculation
Ans:
3 1 −1 −4
∫−1 x 2 dx = 3 −1=
3 = negative
Given
1
f ( x )= ≥0
 The calculation is wrong because the answer is negative but x2 . It says that if
b
f (x )≥0 then ∫a f (x )dx ≥0
 The fundamental theorem of calculus applies only to continuous functions. Here we cannot apply
1
f (x )=
because x 2 is continuous on (-1,3)
3 1
∫−1 x2 dx
 So does not exist.
2
4
[ ]
−2 3
2
∫−1 x 3
dx= 2
x
=
2
9. What is the wrong with the following calculation −1
Ans:
2
4 −2
[ ] 3
2
∫−1 x 3
dx= 2
x
=
2
Given −1
 The fundamental theorem of calculus applies only to continuous functions. Here we cannot apply
4
f (x )=
because x 3 is continuous on (-1,2)
2 4
∫−1 x3 dx
 So does not exist.
4 2
10. Find
∫ (10 x −2sec x )dx
Ans:

[ ]
5
∫ (10 x −2sec x )dx= 10 x5 −2 tan x +c=[ 2 x 5+2 tan x ] +c
4 2

Given
∞ 1
∫4 √ x dx
11. Evaluate
Ans :
 ∞ 1 t 1 ∞
∫4 √ x dx=lim
t →∞
∫4 √ x dx =[ lim
t→∞ ]4 t →∞
2 √ x =lim [ 2 √t−4 ] =∞
Given
∞ 1
∫4 √ x dx
The limit does not exist as a finite number and so the integral is divergent.
1 1
∫−1 x dx
12. Evaluate
Ans :
1 1 0 1 1 1
∫−1 x dx=∫−1 x dx +∫0 x dx
Given
1 1 1 1 1
∫0 x dx= lim ∫t x [t →0 ]
dx = lim log|x| =lim [ log1−log t ] =∞
t t →0
t→0 =
1 1
∫−1 x dx
The limit does not exist as a finite number and so the integral is divergent.

∞ dx
∫1 xe x converges
13. Does the integral
Ans
dx dx
We have 0 < xe < e x
x

∫1
∞ dx
e
x
=∫
∞ −x
1
e dx=lim
t→∞
∫
t −x
1
e dx=lim
t→∞
[ −e ]1 =lim [−e−t +e−1]= [−e−∞ +e−1 ]= 0+ 1 =0 .3678
−x t
t →∞ e [ ]
∞ dx
∫1 xe x converges
Hence the integral
∞ 2+sin x
∫2 x−1
dx
14. Does the integral converges
Ans
1 2+sin x
We have 0 < x < x−1
∞ dx
∫2 x
Then is divergent
∞ 2+sin x
∫2 x−1 dx
Therefore divergent.
3
x
∫ dx
15. Evaluate √ 4+x 2
Ans
3
x
I =∫ dx
Given √ 4+x 2
2
Let 4 + x =t ⇒2 xdx=dt
3 1
3 1
3 2 2
x t−4 1t t 1 2 2
I =∫ dx=∫ dt = −2 +c= [ x 2 + 4 ] −4 [ x 2 + 4 ] + c
√ 4+ x 2 2 √t 2 3 1 3
2 2
b b2 −a 2
∫a xdx= 2
.
16. Prove that the integral by interpreting each in terms of areas
Ans: given f(x) = x ,that is y = x.
 b
∫a xdx= A1+ A 2
A 1 =area of the rectangle ABCD=length x breadth =a×( b-a)=ab-a 2
1 1 1
A 2 =area of the triangle CDE= bh= (b−a )(b−a )= (b 2−2 ab +a2 )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
b 1 b 2ab a b a b −a
∫a xdx= A1 + A 2 =ab-a 2 + ( b2 −2 ab+a 2 )=ab-a 2 + −
2 2 2
+ = − =
2 2 2 2
1

17. Evaluate
∫0 √1−x 2 dx in terms of areas
2
Ans: given f(x) = √ 1−x2 ,that is y = √ 1−x2 ⇒ y 2 =( √1−x 2 ) =1−x 2 ⇒ x 2 + y 2=1 .

2 2
x + y =1 is the equation of the circle with centre (0, 0) and radius = 1

1 1
∫0 √1−x 2 dx=4 ×area of the cirle x2+ y 2=1
1 1 π
¿ πr 2= π (1 )2=
4 4 4
1

18. Evaluate
∫0 tan−1 xdx
Ans :
1
I=∫0 tan xdx
−1
Given
1
let u = tan -1 x ⇒du= dx dv =dx ⇒ v=x
1+ x 2
We know that ∫ udv=uv−∫ vdu
 1 1 1
∫0 tan−1 xdx=[ x tan −1 x ]0 −∫ x 1+ x 2 dx
1 1
¿ ([( 1) tan−1 1 ]−0 ) − ∫ 2x dx
2 1+ x 2
π 1 1
¿ − [ log ( 1+ x 2 ) ]0
4 2
π 1
¿ − ( [ log ( 1+1) ] −log ( 1+0 ) )
4 2
π 1 π 1 π 1
¿ − ( [ log ( 2) ] −log ( 1) ) = − ( log 2−0 )= − log 2
4 2 4 2 4 2
cosθ
∫ sin3 θ dθ
19. Evaluate by the method of substitution.
Ans :
cos θ
I =∫ dθ
Given sin3 θ
Let t =sin θ ⇒dt =cos θdθ
cos θ
I =∫ 3 dθ
sin θ
dt −1 1 −1 1
¿∫ 3 = =
t 2 t 2 2 sin 2 θ

20. Evaluate ∫ sin 4 xsin 5 xdx

1
sin A sin B= ( sin( A−B )+sin( A+ B ) )
We know that 2
1
∫ sin 4 x sin 5 xdx=∫ 2 ( sin( 4 x−5 x )+sin( 4 x+5 x )) dx
1
= ∫ ( sin(−x )+sin(9 x ) ) dx
2
1
[
= ∫ (−sin x +sin( 9 x )) dx
2
]
1
[
= −(−cos x )+
2
(−cos9 x)
9 ]
1
[
= cos x−
2
cos 9 x
9 ]
+c
 PART – B
RIEMANN SUM METHOD AND FUNDAMENTAL CALCULUS THEOREM
2

1. Evaluate the integral

∫0 (2 x−x3 )dx by using Riemann sum method and verify the answer by
fundamental theorem of calculus
1

2. Evaluate the integral

∫0 ( x 3−3 x2 )dx by using Riemann sum method and verify the answer by
fundamental theorem of calculus
1

3.
Evaluate the integral
∫0 ( x 2−2x)dx by using Riemann sum method and verify the answer by
fundamental theorem of calculus
PROBLEMS ON AREAS

∫0 ( 3x −2) dx .
9

1. Evaluate the integral by interpreting each in terms of areas

2

2. Evaluate the integral by interpreting each in terms of areas

∫−1|x|dx.
5

3. Evaluate the integral by interpreting each in terms of areas

∫−5 ( x−√ 25−x2) dx .
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
π
sin √ x
∫ 2
0 sin √ x +cos √ x
dx
1. Evaluate
π

2. Evaluate ∫ 2
0
log( tan x )dx

∫0 √ x+√√x2−x dx
2

3. Evaluate
π
1
∫ 3
π
1+ √ tan x
dx
4. Evaluate 6
tan x
∫ sec x+cos x dx
5. Evaluate
 2
∫ x −5x x+1 dx
6. Evaluate

7. Evaluate ∫ (2x−5)(4+2x )dx

x
∫ e e+1
x
dx
8. Evaluate

9. Evaluate ∫ sin 3 xcos 2xdx

10. Evaluate ∫ sec xdx
1−tan x
∫ 1+tan x dx
11. Evaluate

12. Evaluate ∫ log xdx

13. Evaluate ∫ xex dx
−1
∫ tan1+x 2x dx
14. Evaluate
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

1. Evaluate ∫ e ax cos bxdx

2. Evaluate ∫ e ax sin bxdx
REDUCTION FORMULA
π

1. Evaluate ∫2
0
sinn x dx
π

2. Evaluate ∫2
0
sin 5 x dx
π

3. Evaluate ∫2
0
sin6 x dx
π

4. Evaluate ∫2
0
cos n x dx
π

5. Evaluate ∫2
0
cos 5 x dx
π

6. Evaluate ∫2
0
cos 4 x dx

7. Evaluate
∫ cosn x dx
8. Evaluate
∫ secn x dx
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS
1
∫ x 2+4 x −11 dx
1. Evaluate
x
∫ ( x−1 )2( x+2) dx
2. Evaluate
5x
∫ ( x 2+4 )(x +1 ) dx
3. Evaluate
1
∫ dx
4. Evaluate √ 2 x +3 x +4
2
 x +1
∫ dx
5. Evaluate √ x 2−x +1
6. Evaluate ∫ √ 3 x2−4 x+1dx
7. Evaluate ∫ (3 x−2 ) √ x 2+x+1dx
x+1
∫ dx
8. Evaluate √ x −x+1 2

1
∫ dx
9. Evaluate ( x +1) √2 x 2 +3 x +4
10. Determine whether the integrals are convergent or divergent .Evaluate if the integral is convergent
3 dx
∫0 √ x
(i)
∞ log x
∫1 x
dx
(ii)

UNIT IV
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
PART A
2
1 x

∫∫ ( x 2+ y 2 ) dydx
1.Evaluate 0 0
2 2

[( ) ] ( ) [ ]
1 x 1 3 x 1 1 7 1

[ ]
6 6 5
y x x x x
∫∫ ( x + y ) dydx=∫
2 2 2
x y+
3
dx=∫ x + −0 dx= ∫ x 4 +
4
3 3
dx= +
5 21
Ans: Let I = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

=
[ ]
1 1 26
+ =
5 21 105
a b
Evaluate ∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dxdy
2. 0 0
 a b
Ans: Let I =∫∫ ( x + y ) dxdy
4. 0 0

a b a a
=∫
0
[ ]
x2
2
+ yx dy=∫
0 0
b2
2
b2
+ yb −0 dy= y +b
2
y2
2 0
=
b2
2 [( ) ] [
a2
a+b −0 =
2
ab 2 ba2 ab 2 +ba 2
2
+
2
=
2 ] [( ) ]
ab ( a+b )
=
2
1 √x

∫ ∫ xy ( x + y ) dxdy
Evaluate 0 x
1 √x

∫ ∫ xy ( x+ y ) dxdy
Ans: Let I = 0 x
1 √x
Correct form: ∫ ∫ xy ( x+ y ) dydx
0 x

[( )]
1 √x 1 √x 1 √x 1 2 3
∫ ∫ xy ( x + y ) dydx=∫ ∫ [ x
0 x 0 x
2
y+xy ] dydx=∫
2

0
[ x 2 y 2 xy 3
2
+
3 ]
x
dx=∫
0
x2 (√ x ) x (√ x )
2
+
3 )(
x4 x 4
− +
2 3
dx

[( ) ( )] [( ) ( ) ]
3 5 5
1 3 2 4 4 1 3 2 4 1
x x .x 3 x +2 x x x 5x x x 5 x4
3 2
¿∫ + − dx=∫ + − dx=∫ ( + − )dx
0 2 3 6 0 2 3 6 0 2 3 6
1

[ ](
7 7

¿ +
4
1x 1x 5x
−
24 37 65
2
2 5
= +
2
11 1 2 5 1
24 3 7 6 5
1 2 1 1
− . −0= + − = .
8 21 6 84 )
0
1 2

∫∫ e x+ y dxdy
3. Evaluate 0 0
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
Ans: Let I= ∫ ∫ e x + y dxdy=∫ ∫ e x e y dxdy=∫ e x dx ∫ e y dy=[ e x ]0 [ e y ]0
0 0 0 0 0 0
¿ [ e −e ][ e −e ]=[ e−1 ] [ e −1 ]
1 0 2 0 2

π /2 2 cosθ

∫ ∫ r 2 dr dθ.
4. Evaluate −π /2 0
π /2 2 cosθ π /2 π /2
π /2 2 cosθ

∫ ∫ 2
r dr d θ
∫
−π /2
[]
r3
3 0
dθ ∫
23 cos3 θ
−π /2 3
8
dθ= ∫ cos 3 θ dθ
3 −π /2
Ans: Let I = −π /2 0 =
 π /2
8 8 2 32
= (2 ) ∫ cos3 θ dθ= ( 2 ) ×1=
3 0 3 3 9 ()
[ ]
π /2
n ( n-1 )( n−3 ) .. . .
∵ ∫ cos θ d θ= ×1 when n is odd
0 n ( n−1 ) .. . .
π sin θ

∫ ∫ r dθ dr
5. Evaluate 0 0
π sin θ
Ans : Correc t f orm : Let I=∫ ∫ r drd θ
0 0
π 2 sin θ π π π π
¿∫
0
[ ] r
2 0
1
2 0
1
2 0
1 1−cos 2θ
dθ= ∫ [ sin2 θ−0 ] dθ= ∫ [ sin2 θ ] dθ= ∫
2 0 2
1
[
dθ= ∫ [ 1−cos 2θ ] dθ
4 0 ]
π
1
¿ θ−
4 2[
sin 2θ
=
0 4
1
] [(
sin 2 π
2
− 0−π−
sin 0
2 )( 1
)]
= [ ( π −0 )−0 ]=
4
π
4
a √a − x
2 2

∫ ∫ dxdy
0
6. Shade the region of integration √ ax−x2
a √a − x a √a − x
2 2 2 2

∫ ∫ dxdy ∫ ∫ dydx
0 0
Ans: Let I = √ ax−x2 = √ ax−x
2
(correct form)

x varies from x = 0 to x = a and y varies from y=√ ax−x 2 to y=√ a 2−x 2

x 0 a -a x 0 a a/2
y=√ a 2−x 2 ±a 0 0 y=√ ax−x 2 0 0 ±a

y=a

x=0

y=0

x=a

1 x

∫∫ f ( x , y ) dydx
7. Sketch roughly the region of integration for 0 0

1 x

∫∫ f ( x , y ) dydx
Ans: Given 0 0 x 0 1 2
x varies from x=0 to x=1 y 0 1 2
y varies from y=0 to y=x
 Y=1

Y=x
X=0
X=1

Y=0

a √ a2 − y2
∫∫ f ( x, y ) dxdy
8. Sketch roughly the region of integration for the following integral Evaluate 0 0
a √a −y
2 2

∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dxdy
Ans: Let I = 0 0
x 0 a -a
Here y varies from y=0 to y=a
y=√ a −x 2 2 ±a 0 0
x varies from x=0 to x=√ a − y 2 2

i. e . , x 2=a2 − y 2 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 =a2 ⇒ y=√ a2 −x 2

2 2 2
9. Find the limits of integration in
y=0, x+y=1.
∬ f ( x , y )dxdy
R
x +y =a
, where R is the region in the 1st quadrant bounded by x=0,

Ans: The region of integration is the area bounded by the lines x=0, y=0 and x+y=1.

The limits for x and y are x varies from x=0 to x=1-y and y varies from y=0 to y=1

y 0 1 2
x=1-y 1 0 -1
 1 1− y
The limit ∫ ∫ f ( x , y)dxdy
0 0
Y=1a

x=1-y
x=0
x=1aa

Y=0

a a

∫∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy.
10. Change the order of integration 0 y the region of integration is bounded by y=0, y=a, x=y,
x=a.
Ans :Here y various from y=0 to y=a &x various from x=y to x=0.
Y=aa

x 0 A
y=x y A
X=0 0
X=aaa

Y=0

Y=aa

y=x
X=0
X=a

Y=0

a a a x

∫∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy=∫∫ f ( x, y ) dydx
To change the order of the integration 0 y 0 0
 a a

∫∫ ( x 2+ y 2 ) dydx
11. Change the order of integration and then evaluate 0 x .
Ans: Here x varies from x = 0 to x = a y varies from y = x to y = a.
Y=aa y=aa

y=x
X=0 x=0
X=a x=a x 0 a
y=x y 0 a

Y=0 y=0

To change the order of integration,

a a a y a a a a

[ ]
y
x3 2 y3 3 4 y3 4 y4 4 a4 a 4
I =∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dydx=∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dxdy =∫
0 x
2 2

0 0
2 2

0
( 3 )
+ y x dy=∫
0 0 3
+ y dy=∫
0
(3
dy = )
=
3 4 0 3×4 3
= .( )
12. Why do we change the order of integration in multiple integrals? Justify your answer with an example.

Ans: Some of the problems connected with double integrals, which seem to be complicated, can be made
easy to handle by a change in the order of integration.
∞ ∞ −y
e
∫∫ y
dydx → difficult to solve


Example:


0 x

X=0

y=x
 X=0

y=x
 x 0 a
y 0 a

Y=0 Y=0

Changing the order we get

∞ y ∞

[ ]
∞ ∞ ∞
e−y e− y y −y −y
I=∫∫ dxdy=∫ [ x ] 0 dy=∫ e [ y ] dy =∫ e−y dy= e =1
0 0 y 0 y 0 y 0 −1 0
1 2− x

∫ ∫ f ( x , y )dxdy
0 x2
13. Change the order of integration in I =
1 2− x 1 2−x

∫ ∫ f ( x , y )dxdy=∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dydx (Correct form )

0 x2 0 x2
Ans: Given I =
The region of integration is bounded by x=0 , x=1, y=x2 and y=2-x
Here x varies from x=0 to x=1
y varies from y=x2 to y=2-x

x 0 1 2 x -1 0 1
y=2-x 2 1 0 y=x2 1 0 1

Y=2

Y=2-x Y=x2

X=0 Y=1

X=1

Y=0

Y=2

Y=2-x Y=x2
X=0 Y=1

X=1

Y=0

1 2− x 1 1 1 2− y
∴∫ ∫ f ( x , y )dydx=∫∫ f (x , y )dxdy +∫ ∫ f (x , y )dxdy
0 x2 0 x2 0 1

14. Write down the double integral to find the area between the circles r=2 sin θ and r=4 sin θ .
Ans : r=2 sin θ is the circle with diameter 2.
r=4 sin θ is the circle with diameter 4.
Initial line is the diameter and pole lies on circle.
 

∴ The required integral is,

π /2 4sin θ π /2 4 sin θ π /2 π /2 π /2
I=2 ∫ ∫
0 2sin θ
r dr dθ=2 ∫
0
[]
r2
2 2 sin θ
dθ=
2
2
∫ [ 16 sin θ−4 sin θ ] dθ= ∫ [ 12 sin θ ] dθ=12 ∫ sin 2θ dθ ==12⋅12 ⋅π2 =3 π
0
2 2

0
2

0
2 2
x y
+ =1 2 2
15. Find the area of the ellipse a2 b2 . x y
Ans: Area of the ellipse = 4 (area of the quadrant) . + =1
a2 b2
x2 y2
=1− 2
a2 b
y2
2 2
x =a 1− 2
b ( )
x=±a

x=±
a
√
√( ) y2
1− 2
b
( b2 − y 2 )
b

Y 0 b -b
a
x=± √ ( b2 − y 2 ) ±a 0 0
b
 y=b

x2 y2
x=0 2
 2 1
a b
y=0
x=-a x=a

y=-b

b
x varies from x=0 to x= ( √ b2 −a2 )
a
y varies from y= 0 to y= b.
a
b b
√ b 2−y2
4∫ ∫ dxdy
∴ The required area = 0 0
b a b b
√ b2 − y2
[ ]
2
a
=4∫ [ x ]
b
0 dy=4 ∫
b
√ b − y dy =4b a b2 sin−1 by + 2y
2 2
( ) √b − y
2 2

0 0 0

=
4a
b ([ b2
2
sin−1
b
+
b 2
y
( ) √b 2−b2 −0 ] )
4 a b2 π
= × × =π ab
b 2 2
∴ Area =π ab sq . u .
16. Find the area of a circle of radius ‘a’ by double integration in polar co-ordinates.
Ans :
π /2 a π/2 a π /2 π /2
The are of the circle =4 ∫ ∫ r dr d θ=4 ∫
0 0 0
[]
r2
2 0
4
2 0 0
π /2 π
dθ= ∫ ( a2 −0 ) dθ=2 a2 ∫ dθ=2 a2 [ θ ] 0 =2 a2⋅ =πa2
2


 
2

x=a
x=0

Y=0
 0

∫ ( x 2 dy + y 2 dx )
17. Evaluvate c where c is the path y=x from (0,0) to (1,1).
 Given ∫ ( x 2 dy+ y 2 dx )
Ans: c
1 1
Here y=x i. e . ,dy=dx ⇒∫ x dx +x dx=2∫ x dx=2
c 0
x32
=
3 0 3
2 2 2
[ ]
∫∫ xy dx dy 2 2 2
18. Evaluate over the positive quadrant of the circle x + y =a
Ans: Given x + y =a ⇒ x =a − y ⇒ x=±√ a − y
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

y=a y 0 a -a
x ±a 0 0

x=a
x=0

Y=0

Here y varies from 0 to

a & x varies from 0 to + √ a2 − y 2 .

[ ]
√ a 2− y 2 2
x y √a − y
a a 2 2 a a

[ ] ( √ a2 −y 2 ) y
2
1
∴∬ xy dx dy=∫ ∫ xy dx dy =∫ dy =∫ −0 dy = ∫ ( a − y ) ydy
2 2

R 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 20
a a
1 a2 y 2 y 4 1 a4 a4 1 a 4 a4
1
2 0
2 3
= ∫ ( a y− y ) ydy=
2 2
− = (
− =
4 0 2 2 4 2 4 8
= ) ( ) ()
a a

∫∫ f ( x , y ) dxdy
19. Transform into polar co-ordinate the integral 0 y .the region of integration is bounded by y=0,
y=a, x=y & x=a.
Ans : Let us transform this integral in polar co-ordinates by taking x=r cos θ ,y=r sin θ , dx dy=r dr d θ
π
θ= π /4 a secθ
2 ∴ I= ∫ ∫ f ( rcos θ ,r sin θ ) r dr d θ
0 0
y=aa

x=0
y=x x=a


   0
4
y=0
 1 x √ x+ y
Evaluvate ∫∫ ∫ z dz dy dx
20. 0 0 0
1 x √x+ y
Ans : Let I=∫ ∫ ∫ z dz dy dx
0 0 0
1 x √x+ y 1 x 1 x 1 x
¿∫ ∫
0 0
[] z2
2 0
1
2 0 0
1
20 0
1
20 [ ]
dy dx= ∫ ∫ [ ( √ x + y ) −0 ] dy dx= ∫ ∫ ( x + y ) dy dx= ∫ xy +
2 y2
2 0
dx
1 1
¿
1
2
∫[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] []
x2
2
2
x + −0 dx=
1 x3 x3
+ =
1 1 1 1 2+1 1 3 3
+ =
2 3 6 0 2 3 6 2 6
= =
2 6 12
0
2 2 2
21. Express the region x≥0, y≥0, z≥0, x + y +z ≤1 by the triple integration.
2 2 2
Ans: The region of integration is given by x≥0, y≥0, z≥0, x + y +z ≤1 in the positive octant of the
2 2 2
sphere x + y + z =1 .
x varies from x = 0 to x = 1

y varies from y = 0 to y = √ 1−x2

z varies from z = 0 to z = √ 1−x 2− y 2
√ √
1 1−x 2 1− x −y
2 2

∴I=∫ ∫ ∫ dzdydx
0 0 0
 PART –B
Simple problems on double integral
1 √ 1+ x2
dydx
∫∫ 1+x 2 + y 2 .
1. Evaluate 0 0
a √ a2 −x2
∫ ∫ √ a2−x 2− y 2 dxdy
2. Evaluate 0 0 .
3.
Change of order of integration
∞ ∞ −y
∫∫ ey dydx
1. Evaluate 0 x by changing the order of integration.
∞ ∞ y2
−
x
∫∫ ye dydx
2. Evaluate 0 x by changing the order of integration.
√2
a a −y
2

∫∫ y dxdy
3. Evaluate 0 a− y by changing the order of integration.
1 2− x

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0 x2
4. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate.
a 2a− x

∫∫ xy dxdy
0 x 2

5. Change the order of integration in the interval a and hence evaluate.

1 2−y

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
6. Change the order of integration 0 y and hence evaluate.
6
3 x

∫ ∫ x 2 dydx
7. Change the order of integration 1 y=0 and hence evaluate.
√2
a a+ a −y
2

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0
8. Evaluate a− √a 2−y 2 by changing the order of integration.
b (√ a2 −x2 )
a a

∫ ∫ x 2 dydx
9. Change the order of integration 0 y=0 and hence evaluate.
4a 2 √ ax

∫ ∫ xy dydx
0 x2
10. Change the order of integration in the interval 4a and hence evaluate.
a 2 √ax

∫∫ x 2 dydx
11. Change the order of integration in the interval 0 0 and hence evaluate.
4 2√x

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0 x2
12. Change the order of integration in the interval 4 and hence evaluate.
1 √ 2− x2
x
∫∫ dxdy
13. Change the order of integration in the interval 0 0 √ x 2+ y2 and hence evaluate.
 2
√
2 4−y

∫∫ xydydx
14. Change the order of integration in the interval 0 0 and hence evaluate.
a (b−y)
b b

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
15. Change the order of integration 0 0 and hence evaluate.
Change into Polar Coordinates
2 √ 2 x− x2
x
1. Transform into polar coordinates and evaluate ∫ ∫ x + y2
2
dy dx .
0 0
x
√ 2 x−x 2

2. Transform into polar coordinates and evaluate

∫ (¿ ¿ 2+ y 2 )dy dx .
0
2

∫¿
0
∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 2

3. Transform into polar coordinates and evaluate ∫∫ e−( x + y ) dy dx . hence deduce the value of ∫ e−x dx .
0 0 0
a a
x2
∫∫ 3
dxdy
0 y
4. Express ( x 2+ y ) 2 2
in polar coordinates and then evaluate it.
a a
x
∫∫ 22
dxdy
5. Express 0 y ( x + y ) in polar coordinates and then evaluate it.
x2 y2
∬ (x 2+ y 2) dxdy
6. By transforming into polar coordinates and evaluate over annular region between the
2 2 2 2
circles x + y =16 and x + y =4 .
x2 y2
∬ (x 2+ y 2) dxdy
7. By transforming into polar coordinates and evaluate over annular region between the
2 2 2 2 2 2
circles x + y =a and x + y =b , b>a .
a √ a2− x2
dxdy
∫ ∫
8. Transform the double integral
0
√ ax −x2 √ a −x 2− y 2 into polar coordinates and evaluate it.
2

a √ a2 −x2
∫ ∫ √ x 2+ y 2 dydx .
9. Transform the integral into polar coordinates and hence evaluate 0 0
xy
∬ dxdy
10. By transforming into polar coordinates and evaluate √( x + y )
2 2
over the positive quadrant of the

2 2 2
circle x + y =a .
Area as a Double Integral
1. Find, by double integration, the area enclosed by the curve y 2=4 ax and x 2=4 ay .
2. Find the area common to y 2=4 x and x 2=4 y using double integration.
3. Find, by double integration, the area between the two parabolas 3 y 2=25 x and 5 x2 =9 y .
2 2
4. Find the area bounded bt the parabolas y =4−x and y =x using double integration.
5. Evaluate ∫∫ xy dx dy over the positive quadrant of the circle x 2 + y 2=a2 .
6. Evaluate ∫∫ (x− y)dx dy over the region between the line y = x and the parabola y=x 2 .
 7. Find the smaller areas bounded by the ellipse 4 x 2 +9 y 2=36 and the straight line 2 x +3 y=6.
8. Find the area enclosed by the curve y 2=4 ax and the lines x+ y=3 a , y=0.
9. Find the area enclosed by the curve y ¿ x 2 and x+ y−2=0 .
10. Find, using double integration, the area of the cardioids r=a ( 1+ cos θ ) .
11. Find the area inside the circle r=3 a cos θ but lying outside the cardioids r=a ( 1+ cos θ ) .
12. Evaluate ∬ r 3 drdθ over the area bounded by the circles r=2 sin θ∧r=4 sin θ .
13. Find the area inside the circle r=a sinθ but lying outside the cardioids r=a ( 1−cos θ ) .
Triple integral
a b c

∫∫∫( x 2+ y 2 +z2 )dxdydz .

1. Evaluate 0 0 0
log 2 x x+ y

∫ ∫ ∫ e x+ y+z dxdydz.
2. Evaluate 0 0 0
a √ a2− x2 √a 2−x 2− y2
1
∫∫ ∫ dzdydx .
3. Evaluate 0 0 0 √ a −x − y 2−z2
2 2

1 √ 1−x 2 √ 1− x2− y 2
1
∫∫ ∫ dxdydz.
4. Evaluate 0 0 0 √1−x − y −z
2 2 2

2 2 2 2
5. Using triple integration, find the volume of the sphere x + y + z =a .
2 2 2
x y z
6. Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + =1 by triple integration.
a2 b2 c 2
x y z
7. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinates planes + + =1 and the plane
a b c
x=0, y=0, z=0.
8. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x+ y+ z=1 and the coordinates plane
x=0, y=0, z=0.
9. Evaluate ∭ x 2 yz dxdydz taken over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x=0, y=0, z = 0 and

x y z
+ + =1 .
a b c
1
10. Change to spherical polar coordinates and hence evaluate ∭ ❑ dxdydz where V is the volume of the

2 2 2 2
sphere x + y + z =a .
2 2 2 2
11. Find the value of ∭ xyzdxdydz through the positive spherical octant for which x + y + z ≤a .
dzdydx
∭ ( x+ y+ z)3 x=0, y=0, z=0, x+ y+ z=1.
12. Evaluate v where V is the region bounded by
∭( x+ y+z)dzdydx x+ y+ z=a ,( a>0)
13. Evaluate v where V is the region bounded by
x=0, y=0, z=0.
2 2
14. Find the volume of the portion of the cylinder x + y =1 intercepted between the plane x = 0 and the
paraboloid x 2+ y 2 =4−z .
 UNIT V
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PART A

1. Solve ( D2−6 D+13 ) y=0

2
Ans: Given ( D −6 D+13 ) y=0
2
The Auxiliary Equations is m −6 m+13=0

6± √36−52 6± √−16 6± √ 16 i 2 6±4 i

m= = = = =3±2i
2 2 2 2
The roots are imaginary.
3x
Hence the solution is y=e ( A cos 2 x +B sin2 x )

2. Solve ( D3 + D 2 +4 D+ 4 ) y=0
3 2
Ans: Given: ( D + D +4 D+ 4 ) y=0
3 2
The Auxillary equation is m +m + 4 m+4=0

⇒m2 ( m+1 ) +4 ( m+1 )=0

⇒ ( m2 +4 ) ( m+1 ) =0
⇒m2 =−4 and m=-1
⇒m=±2 i and m=-1
∴ y=Ae-x +e 0 x [ B cos2 x +C sin 2 x ]
¿Ae -x +B cos 2 x +C sin 2 x
2 '
3. Solve ( D +1 ) y =0 given y(0)=0, { y (0 )=1 ¿
Ans: Given ( D2 +1 ) y =0
2
The Auxiliary Equations is m +1=0
m2=−1
2 2
m =i
m=±i
The roots are imaginary.
0x
Hence the solution is y=e ( A cos x+ B sin x )= A cos x +B sin x
∴ y =A cos x+B sin x
'
Given y (0)=0, { y (0 )=1¿

∴ 0= A cos 0+ B sin 0 ⇒ A (1)+B (0)=0 ⇒ A=0

y= A cos x +B sin x
y ' =−A sin x +B cos x
1=−A sin 0+B cos0
B=1
∴ y =(0 )cos x+(1)sin x=sin x
4. Solve ( D4 +1 ) y=0
4
Ans: Given ( D +1 ) y=0
2
The Auxillary equation is m + 4=0
 ⇒m4 =1
Put t=m2 and t2 =1
t=±1
∴m2 =1,m2=−1
m=±1,m=±i
i. e. , y= Ae x +Be−x +e 0 x [ C cos x+ Dsin x ]
¿ Ae x +Be−x +C cos x+D sin x

5. The roots of the auxillary equation of a constant coefficient differential equation are 1 ± i, 1 ± i write its
complementary function.
Ans: Given: m = 1 ± I, m = 1 ± I
e αx ( C1 +C2 x ) cos βx + ( C 3 +C 4 x ) sin βx
[ ]
The complementary function =
Hereα=1, β=1 .
∴Complementary function =e x [ ( C1 + C2 x ) cos x + ( C 3 +C 4 x ) sin x ]

6. Find the particular integral of ( D+1 )2 y=e− x cos x

Ans: Given: ( D+1 )2 y=e− x cos x

1
The particular integral = 2
e−x cos x
( D +1 )
1 1
¿ e−x 2
cos x [ Re place D by D-1 ] = e−x 2 cos x
( D-1+1 ) D
1
¿ e−x cos x [ Replace D 2 by -1 2 ] =−e−x cos x
−1
2 x
7. Find the particular integral of ( D −4 D+4 ) y =2
2 x
: Given ( D −4 D+4 ) y =2
Ans

x
i. e . , ( D 2 −4 D+4 ) y =e log 2
i. e . , ( D 2 −4 D+4 ) y =e x (log 2 )
1 ( log 2 ) x 1 (log 2 ) x
∴The particular integral = 2 e = 2
e
D −4 D+4 ( log2 ) −4 ( log 2 ) +4
x
2
=
( log 2 )2 −4 ( log 2 ) +4
8. Find the P.I of
2
( D +1 ) y =sin x .
2
Ans: Given ( D +1 ) y =sin x

The P.I 
1
D 1
2
sin x 
1
11

sin x Replace D 2 by - 12  x
1
2D
sin x 
x 1
2D
sin x 
 x cos x
2

9. Find the Particular Integral of ( D2 −2 D+2 ) y =e x cos x

Ans:
 1 1 1
P. I = 2
e x cos x=e x 2
cos x=e x 2 cos x
D −2 D+ 2 ( D+1) −2( D+1)+2 D +2 D+1−2 D−2+ 2
1 1 xe x xe x 1 xe x xe x sin x
¿ e x 2 cos x=e x 2 cos x= cos x = cos x= sin x=
D +1 −1 +1 2D 2 D 2 2
2
10. Find the particular integral of ( D +2 D+1 ) y=e cos x
−x

Ans: Given ( D2 +2 D+1 ) y=e−x cos x

1 −x 1
∴ The P. I= e−x
cos x=e cos x
D2 +2 D+1 ( D−1 )2 +2 ( D−1 )+1
1
¿ e−x cos x
D2 +1−2 D+2 D−4+1
−x 1 −x 1 −x 1 e−x cos x
¿e cos x=e cos x=e cos x =−
D2 −2 −1−2 −3 3
11. Find the Particular Integral of ( D−1 )2 y =e x sin x
Ans: Given ( D−1 )2 y =e x sin x
2 x
( D −2 D+1 ) y =e sin x

1 1 1 1
P. I= 2
e x sin x=e x 2
sin x=e x 2 sin x=e x 2 sin x
D −2 D+1 ( D+1 ) −2( D+ 1)+1 D +2 D+1−2 D−2+1 D
x
1 e sin x
¿ e x 2 sin x=
−1 −1
x
P. I=−e sin x
12. Find the particular integral of ( D2−4 D+ 4 ) y =x 2 e2 x .
2 2 2x
Ans: Given ( D −4 D+4 ) y =x e
1 2 2x 2x1
∴The P . I =2
x e =e 2
x2
D −4 D+4 ( D+2 ) −4 ( D+ 2 )+ 4
1 1
¿ e2 x 2 x 2 =e 2 x 2 x2
D +4 + 4 D−4 D−8+ 4 D + 4+ 4 D−4 D−8+4
3
e2 x x 4 e 2 x x 4

2 2
1
D
1
¿ e 2 x 2 x 2=e2 x 2 x 2=e2 x
D [ ]
1 x
D 3
=
3 4
= ( ) ( )
12
.

13. Solve ( x D + xD+1 ) y=0

2 2
Ans: Given ( x D + xD+1 ) y=0
z ' 2 2 ' '
Put x=e , z=logx xD=D x D =D ( D −1
2
2
( x 2 D 2 + xD + 1 ) y = 0 ⇒ ( D ¿ D ' + D ' + 1 ) y =0 ⇒ ( D ¿ 1 ) y =0

The Auxiliary Equations is m2 +1=0⇒ m 2=−1 ⇒m 2 =i 2 ⇒ m=±i

0x
The complementary function is y=e ( A cos z+B sin z )= A cos z+ B sin z
∴ y =A cos ( log x )+B sin ( log x )
2 '' '
16 . ⁡Transform⁡x y +x y =x⁡⁡into⁡linear⁡differential⁡equations⁡with⁡constant⁡co⁡efficients .
2 '' '
Ans: Given x y +x y =x
( x 2 D 2 +xD) y=x (1 )
z ' 2 2 ' '
x=e , z=logx xD=D x D =D ( D −1 )
Put
 ' ' ' z
( D ( D −1 )+ D ) y=e
2
( D ¿ D ' + D ' ) y =e z
2
D =e z
¿

2 2
17 . ⁡⁡Reduce⁡⁡( x D + xD+1) y=logx⁡⁡into⁡linear⁡differential⁡equations⁡with⁡constant⁡co⁡efficients .
2 2
: Given ( x D +xD+1) y=log x (1)
Ans
z ' 2 2 ' '
x=e , z=logx xD=D x D =D ( D −1 )
Put
' ' '
( D ( D −1 )+ D + 1) y=z
2
¿ ' '
( D D + D +1 ) y=z
2
¿
( D 1) y=z
1
18 . Transform (x 2 D2 +4 xD+ 2) y=x+ into linear differential equations with constant
x
co efficients .
1
( x 2 D 2 +4 xD+2) y=x + ( 1)
: Given x
Ans
z ' 2 2 ' '
x=e , z=logx xD=D x D =D ( D −1 )
Put
( D ' ( D ' −1 )+4 D ' +2 ) y =e z + e−z
2
' '
( D D + 4 D +2) y=e z + e−z
¿

2
( D ¿ 3 D ' +2 ) y =e z +e−z
2 '' '
19. Solve x y −x y + y=0
2 '' '
: Given x y −x y + y=0
Ans
( x 2 D 2−xD+1 ) y =0 (1)
z
x=e , z=logx xD=D' x 2 D2=D' ( D' −1 )
Put
( D ' ( D ' −1 )−D ' +1) y=0
2
( D ¿ D ' −D' + 1) y=0
2
( D ¿ 2 D ' +1) y=0
2
The Auxiliary Equations is m −2m+1=0⇒(m−1 )(m−1)=0⇒ m=1,1
z
The complementary function is y=( Az +B )e
∴ y =( A log x +B ) x
'' '
20 . Transform ( 2 x+3 )2 y −2 ( 2 x+3 ) y −12 y=6 x into linear differential equations with constant
co efficients .
2 '' '
: Given ( 2 x +3 ) y −2 ( 2 x +3 ) y −12 y=6 x
Ans
( ( 2 x +3 )2 D 2 −2 ( 2 x+3 ) D−12 ) y =6 x (1)
z
( 2 x +3 )=e ,2 x=e −3 z
( 2 x +3 ) D=2 D' ( 2 x +3 )2 D2 =22 D' ( D' −1)=4 D' ( D' −1)
Put
 ' ' '
( 4 D ( D −1 )−2( 2 D ) −12 ) y=3 ( 2 x )
2
' '
( 4 D 4 D − 4 D −12) y=3 ( e z −3 )
¿

2
¿ ' z
4( D 2 D −3 ) y =3( e −3 )
2

¿ ' 3( e z −3)
( D 2 D −3) y=
4
dx dy
22 . ⁡⁡⁡ Eliminating⁡y⁡from⁡the⁡system⁡ + 2y=−sint, −2x=cost
dt dt
dx dy
Ans:⁡ Given : + 2 y =−sin t , −2 x=cos t
dt dt
Dx+2 y=−sin t (1), Dy-2x=cost (2 )
2
(1)×D ⇒ D x+2 Dy=−D(sin t ) i. e. , D2 x+2 Dy=−cost (3)
(2)×2⇒2Dy-4x=2cost i . e. , -4x+2Dy=2cost (4)
2
(3)−(4 )⇒ ( D +4 ) x=−3 cost .
If we eliminate y we get ( D2 +4 ) x=−3 cost .
dy dx
23. ⁡⁡⁡Eliminating⁡x⁡from⁡the⁡differential⁡equation⁡ + 2x=0, −2y =0
dt dt
Ans: Given : Dy +2 x =0 (1)
Dx−2 y=0 (2)
2
(1)×D ⇒ D y+2 Dx=0 (3 )
(2)×2⇒2Dx-4y=0 (4)
2
(3)−(4)⇒ ( D +4 ) y=0 .
 PART B
TYPE I – VI

1. Solve the equation ( D3 +2 D2 +D ) y =cos2 x+e−2 x

2 2
2. Solve the equation ( D +4 ) y=x cos 2 x
2 x
3. Solve the equation ( D −3D+2) y=2cos(2 x+3)+2e
2 3
4. Solve the equation ( D +16 ) y=cos x
2 2
5. Solve the equation ( D −4 D+3 ) y=cos2 x+2 x
2 2
6. Solve the equation ( D +3 D+2) y=sin x+x
2 −x
7. Solve the equation ( D +5 D+4 ) y=e sin 2 x
2 −x
8. Solve the equation ( D +4 D+3) y=e sin x
2 −x
9. Solve the equation ( D −4 D+3 ) y=e cos2 x
2 3x
10. Solve the equation ( D −3 D+2 ) y =xe +sin2 x
2 −2 x
11. Solve the equation ( D +4 D+3) y=6 e sin x sin 2 x
2 −x 2
12. Solve the equation ( D +2 D+5) y=e x
2 −x
13. Solve the equation ( D +4 D+3) y=e cos xsin 2 x
2 −x
14. Solve the equation ( D +2 D+1) y=xe cos x
4 3 2 2
15. Solve the equation ( D +4 D +D ) y=cos x+5 x
2
16. Solve the equation ( D +11 D+28 ) y=13 cosh2 x

METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

2
17. Solve ( D +4 ) y=cot 2x by using Method of Variation of Parameters
2
18. Solve ( D +1) y=x sin x by using Method of Variation of Parameters
2
d y
+ 4 y=sec 2 x 2 2
19. Solve dx 2 (OR) Solve ( D +a ) y=secax by using Method of Variation of
Parameters
2 2
20. Solve ( D +a ) y=tan ax by using Method of Variation of Parameters
2
d y
+ y =cos ecx
21. Solve dx 2 by using Method of Variation of Parameters
2
d y
+ y =cos ecx cot x
22. Solve dx 2 by using Method of Variation of Parameters
2 −x
23. Using Method of Variation of Parameters Solve (2D −D−3) y=25e
x
24. Using Method of Variation of Parameters solve y ''−2 y'+ y=e log x
2 −x
25. Using Method of Variation of Parameters Solve ( D +2 D+5) y=e tan x

CAUCHY AND LEGENDRE EQUATIONS

2 2
26. Solve the equation ( x D +3 xD+5) y=x cos(log x )
27. Solve the equation ( x 2 D 2−3 xD+5 ) y=x 2 cos( log x )
 2 2 2
28. Solve the equation ( x D −2 xD−4 ) y=x +2log x
2 2 2
29. Solve the equation ( x D −xD+4) y=x sin(log x)
2 2
30. Solve ((1+x ) D +(1+x )D+1) y=4 cos( log(1+x ))

31. Solve ((1+ x)2 D2 +(1+x )D+1 ) y=2sin (log(1+x))

d2 y dy
x2 2
−3 x +4 y=x 2 ln x
32. Solve dx dx
2 2 2
33. Solve the equation ((3 x+2) D +3 (3x+2)D−36) y=3 x +4 x+1
2 2
34. Solve the equation ((2 x+7 ) D −6(2 x+7) D+8 ) y=8 x
2 2 2
35. Solve the equation ( x D −xD−2) y=x log x
2
2d y dy 1
x 2
+4 x +2 y=x 2 + 2
36. Solve dx dx x

2
log x
37. Solve the equation
2 2
( x D −xD+1) y=
x ( )
METHOD OF UNDERMINED CO-EFFICIENTS
2 x
38. Solve ( D −2 D ) y =5 e cos x

SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

39. Solve Dx+ y=sin2 t and Dy-x=cos2t

dx dy
+2 x−3 y=t and −3 x +2 y=e2 t
40. Solve dt dt
dx dy dx dy
− y=t and +x=t 2 − y=t and +x=t 2
41. Solve dt dt or Solve dt dt given x(0)=y(0)=1
42. Solve Dx+ y=sint and x+Dy=cost given that x = 2 , y = 0 at t=0.
dx dy
+2 y=sin 2 t and −2 x=cos2 t
43. Solve dt dt
44. Solve Dx+2 y=−sin t and Dy-2x=cost given that x = 1 , y = 0 at t=0
dx dy
+2 x+3 y =2 e2 t and +3 x+2 y =0
45. Solve dt dt
dx dy
+2 x+3 y =0 and +3 x +2 y=2 e 2t
46. Solve dt dt
dx dy
+2 x−3 y=t and −3 x +2 y=e2 t
47. Solve dt dt
dx dy
+4 x+3 y =t and +2 x +5 y=e2 t
48. Solve dt dt
dx dy
+ y=et and −x=t
49. Solve dt dt
dx dy dx
+ +3 x=sin t and −x+ y=cos t
50. Solve dt dt dt
UNIT I
ASSIGNMENT 1
1. For what value of the constant "c" is the function " f " continuous on (−∞,∞ )
2
cx + 2 x x <2
3
x − cx x ≤2
¿
f ( x )= ¿ { ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
n n
x −a
im =na n−1
2. For any rational number n , prove that x → a x−a
4 4
3. Find y '' if x + y =16
dy
2
4. Find dx if y=( 2 x+1 ) ( 4 x −3 )
dy
5. √
Find dx when y= sin x+ sin x+ √ sin x...∞√
( 1−x ) ( √ x2 +2 )
dy y=
6. Find dx when ( x+3 ) ( √ x−1 )
dy 1+tan x
y=
7. Find dx if 1−tan x
3 3
8. Find the tangent line to the equation x + y =6 xy at the point 3,3 and at what point the tangent line
horizontal in the first quadrant.
4
9. Find the local maximum and minimum values of f (x )=√ x−√ x using both the first
and second derivative tests.
10. Find two numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum.

UNIT II
ASSIGNMENT II
x2 + y2
1. If u=sin−1 ( x+ y )
, prove that
∂u ∂u
(i) x +y =tanu
∂x ∂y
2 2 2
( ii ) x2 ∂ u2 + 2 xy ∂ u + y 2 ∂ u2 =tan 2 u
∂x ∂x ∂ y ∂y
1 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
2. If u= (¿) If prove that 2 + 2 + 2 =0
√ ( x 2+ y 2+ z 2 ) ∂x ∂ y ∂z
 2 2 2 2 2 2
3. If g( x, y )=ψ (u , v) where u=x − y , v=2xy prove that
2
∂ g ∂ g
2
+ 2 =4(x 2 + y 2)
∂x ∂ y
2 2
∂
2
∂u ∂v
∂
+ 2 ( )
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂u 2
4. If u = f(x, y), where x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ prove that
∂x
+
∂y ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
∂r
+ 2
r ∂θ
.

y−x z −x
5. If
u= ( xy
,
xz ) prove that
x2
∂2 u 2 ∂2 u 2 ∂2 u
∂ x2
+y
∂ y2
+z
∂ z2
=0

∂( x, y ,z)
6. If x+ y+ z=u , y+ z =uv , z=uvw prove that =u2 v
∂ (u , v , w)
2
7. Expand x y +3 y−2 in power of (x-1) and (y+2) upto terms of third degree using Taylor’s series.
π
8. Expand sinxy in power of (x-1) and (y - 2 ) upto terms of second degree using Taylor’s series
2 2 2
9. Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1, 2, -1) to the sphere x + y + z =24 Lagrange’s
method of constrained maxima and minima.
2 2
10. A fllat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point u( x , y )=x +2 y −x . Find the coldest
point on the plate.

UNIT III
ASSIGNMENT III
1

1. Evaluate the integral

∫0 ( x 2−2x)dx by using Riemann sum method and verify the answer by fundamental
theorem of calculus
2

2. Evaluate the integral by interpreting each in terms of areas

∫−1|x|dx.
π

3. Evaluate ∫2
0
log( tan x )dx
 tan x
∫ sec x+cos x dx
4. Evaluate

5. Evaluate ∫ eax cos bxdx

π

6. Evaluate ∫ 2
0
cos 5 x dx
π

7. Evaluate ∫ 2
0
sin6 x dx

8. Evaluate
∫ secn x dx
5x
∫ ( x 2+4 )(x +1 ) dx
9. Evaluate
x+1
∫ dx
10. Evaluate √ x 2−x+1
11. Determine whether the integrals are convergent or divergent .Evaluate if the integral is convergent
3 dx
∫0 √ x
(i)
∞ log x
∫1 x
dx
(ii)

UNIT IV
ASSIGNMENT IV

1 2− x

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0 x2
1. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate.
 √2
a a+ a −y
2

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0
2. Evaluate a−√a −y
2 2
by changing the order of integration
6
3 x

∫ ∫ x 2 dydx
3. Change the order of integration 1 y=0 and hence evaluate.
4 a 2 √ ax

∫ ∫ xy dydx
0 x2
4. Change the order of integration in the interval 4a and hence evaluate
2 √ 2 x− x2
x
5. Transform into polar coordinates and evaluate ∫ ∫ x + y2
2
dy dx .
0 0
∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 2
−( x + y )
6. Transform into polar coordinates and evaluate ∫∫ e dy dx . hence deduce the value of ∫ e−x dx .
0 0 0
2 2
∬ (xx2+yy 2) dxdy
7. By transforming into polar coordinates and evaluate over annular region between the
2 2 2 2 2 2
circles x + y =a and x + y =b , b>a .
2 2
8. Find, by double integration, the area between the two parabolas 3 y =25 x and 5 x =9 y .
x y z
9. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinates planes + + =1 and the plane
a b c
x=0, y=0, z=0.
1 √ 1−x 2 √ 1− x2− y 2
1
∫∫ ∫ dxdydz.
10. Evaluate 0 0 0 √1−x 2− y 2−z2

UNIT V
ASSINMENT V
3 2 −2 x
1. Solve the equation ( D +2 D +D ) y =cos2 x+e
2 −x
2. Solve the equation ( D +5 D+4 ) y=e sin 2 x
 2 2
3. Solve the equation ( D +4 ) y=x cos 2 x
2
4. Solve the equation ( D +11 D+28 ) y=13 cosh2 x
2 2
5. Solve ( D +a ) y=tan ax by using Method of Variation of Parameters
2 2 2
6. Solve the equation ( x D −3 xD+5 ) y=x cos( log x )
2 2 2
7. Solve the equation ((3 x+2) D +3 (3x+2)D−36) y=3 x +4 x+1
2
log x
8. Solve the equation
( )
( x 2 D 2−xD+1) y =
x

9. Solve Dx+ y=sin2 t and Dy-x=cos2t

2 x
10. Solve ( D −2 D ) y =5 e cos x
dx dy
+4 x+3 y =t and +2 x +5 y=e2 t
11. Solve dt dt
dx dy dx
+ +3 x=sin t and −x+ y=cost
12. Solve dt dt dt
 CYCLE TEST I
1. For what value of the constant "c" is the function " f " continuous on (−∞, ∞ )
2
cx +2 x x <2
x 3− cx x ≤2
¿
f ( x )= ¿ { ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
n n
x −a
im =na n−1
2. For any rational number n , prove that x → a x−a
n
3. Find the derivative of X , where n is a rational number, using first principle rule.
dy 1+tan x
y=
4. Find dx if 1−tan x
dy
5. Find dx when y=√ sin x+ √ sin x+√ sin x...∞
 CYCLE TEST II

1. Find the tangent line to the equation x 3 + y 3 =6 xy at the point 3,3 and at what point the tangent
line horizontal in the first quadrant.
4 4
2. Find y '' if x + y =16
4 3 2
3. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x )=x −3 x +3 x −x
4
4. Find the local maximum and minimum values of f (x )=√ x−√ x using both the first
and second derivative tests.
5. Find two numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum.
 CYCLE TEST III
2 2
∂u ∂u
1. If u=sin−1 ( xx ++ yy ) , prove that x
∂x
+y
∂y
=tanu

1 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
2. If u= (¿) If prove that + + =0
√ ( x 2+ y 2+ z 2 ) ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z2
2 2 2 2
u=x 2− y 2 , v=2xy
3. If g( x, y )=ψ (u , v) where prove that
2
∂ g ∂ g
2
∂x ∂ y
2 2
(
+ 2 =4( x 2 + y 2)
∂
2
∂u ∂v
∂
+ 2 )
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂u 2
4. If u = f(x, y), where x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ prove that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∂x
+
∂y
=
∂r
+ 2
r ∂θ
.

5. If
u= ( y−x
xy
,
z−x
xz ) prove that
x2
∂2 u 2 ∂2 u 2 ∂2 u
∂ x2
+y
∂ y2
+z
∂ z2
=0
 CYCLE TEST IV
∂( x, y ,z)
1. IF x+ y+ z=u , y+ z =uv , z=uvw prove that =u2 v
∂ (u , v , w)
2
2. Expand x y +3 y−2 in power of (x-1) and (y+2) upto terms of third degree using Taylor’s series.
π
3. Expand sinxy in power of (x-1) and (y - 2 ) upto terms of second degree using Taylor’s series
2 2 2
4. Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1, 2, -1) to the sphere x + y + z =24
Lagrange’s method of constrained maxima and minima.
2 2
5. A fllat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point u( x , y )=x +2 y −x . Find the
coldest point on the plate.
 CYCLE TEST V
2

1. Evaluate the integral

∫0 (2 x−x3 )dx by using Riemann sum method and verify the answer by fundamental
theorem of calculus
tan x
∫ sec x+cos x dx
2. Evaluate

3. Evaluate ∫ sin 3 xcos 2xdx

π

4. Evaluate ∫ 2
0
log( tan x )dx

5. Evaluate the integral by interpreting each in terms of areas

∫−1|x|dx.
 CYCLE TEST VI

1. Evaluate ∫ e ax cos bxdx

2. Evaluate ∫ e ax sin bxdx
3. Evaluate
∫ cosn x dx
5x
∫ ( x 2+4 )(x +1 ) dx
4. Evaluate

5. Evaluate ∫ (3 x−2 ) √ x 2+x+1dx

6. Determine whether the integrals are convergent or divergent .Evaluate if the integral is convergent
3 dx
∫0 √ x
(iii)
∞ log x
∫1 x
dx
(iv)
 CYCLE TEST VII

1 2− x

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0 x2
1. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate.
√
a a+ a −y
2 2

∫ ∫ xy dxdy
0
2. Evaluate a− √a −y
2 2
by changing the order of integration
6
3 x

∫ ∫ x 2 dydx
3. Change the order of integration 1 y=0 and hence evaluate.
2 √ 2 x− x2
x
4. Transform into polar coordinates and evaluate ∫ ∫ x + y2
2
dy dx .
0 0
 CYCLE TEST VIII
∞ ∞
2 2

1. Transform into polar coordinates and evaluate ∫∫ e−( x + y ) dy dx . hence deduce the value of
0 0

∞
2

∫ e−x dx .
0
2. Find, by double integration, the area between the two parabolas 3 y 2=25 x and 5 x2 =9 y .
3. Find the volume of the sphere.
1 √ 1−x 2 √ 1− x2− y 2
1
∫∫ ∫ dxdydz.
4. Evaluate 0 0 0 √1−x 2− y 2−z2
 CYCLE TEST IX
3 2 −2 x
1. Solve the equation ( D +2 D +D ) y =cos2 x+e
2 −x
2. Solve the equation ( D +5 D+4 ) y=e sin 2 x
2 2
3. Solve the equation ( D +4 ) y=x cos 2 x
2
4. Solve the equation ( D +11 D+28 ) y=13 cosh2 x
 CYCLE TEST X
2 2
1. Solve ( D +a ) y=tan ax by using Method of Variation of Parameters
2 2 2
2. Solve the equation ( x D −3 xD+5 ) y=x cos( log x )
2 2 2
3. Solve the equation ((3 x+2) D +3 (3x+2)D−36) y=3 x +4 x+1
4. Solve Dx+ y=sin2 t and Dy-x=cos2t