READING AND WRITING REVIEWER General terms

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT - commonly used to denote groups ex.

furniture
I. Narration
- something to do with a story, event and skill Specific terms
- tells or explain a story or focus on a set of
related events - refer to an individual component of the
- describes how, when and where an event or group
occurrence, actually happened ex. cabinets, desks, chairs
- a basic strategy used by writers in
presenting action
Concrete: “He was shivering violently from the cold.”
Fiction – unrealistic ex. fables
Abstract: “The joy in the air was palpable”
Non-fiction – realistic ex. accident reports, history
General: “He gave her a piece of jewelry.”
books
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in its facets.”
2 TYPES OF NON-FICTION
III. Description – the pattern of development
1. Objective Narration – present facts to create
which goes in to details about a specific object,
an accurate timeline of events
person, or location in order to firmly set its
2. Subjective Narration – conveys the
appearance
impressions, feelings insights, or point of view;
 What does it look like?
an essay
 What are its characteristics?
COMPONENTS OF NARRATIVE TEXT
Object description
Logical Actions – are considered the very
- looks into factual and scientific
movements within the plot or the narrative that drive
characteristics of what described as
the characters forward, be it during the dialogue or
objectively as possible
within a scene
- the writer stays away from emotional
impression or responses and instead,
II. Definition describes the scene as it is
- is used in explaining unfamiliar terms;
Subjective description
explains not just what something means ot
is, but also what something is used for, what - a sort of description that the author would
something looks like, etc. normally use to “paint a picture” of how he
sees a character, or how he wants the
Scientific Definition- defines concepts in the most
reader to see a character
factual way, which is often used in scientific proper
- also used in literary discourse when there is
Objective Definition- defines the objects in a more stereotyped image that can be attributed to
personal way a person, place or an event

SIGNAL WORDS FOR DEFINITION IV. Classification and Exemplification

is defined as means to define Classification

as defined refers to to illustrate
- divides things into groups, classes or
categories
Concrete terms - organizes ideas into divisions based on
certain criteria or standards
- are words that identify things, places and - involves combining object s or items into
events that can be measured and observed categories based on distinct characteristics
- terms that have physical manifestation in
our world ex. spoon, dog, house Exemplification

Abstract terms - refer to ideas or concepts that are - provides examples and illustrations in order
intangible ex. freedom, feminism to further clarify or explain the concept or
subject matter
 - presents the general statement an then SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE
provides specific and concrete examples to
expand on the main idea as for seeing that since
because (of for the in as much in view of
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CLASSIFICATION the fact) reason that as (the fact)
being that in that one reason
another classified one kind the last due to (the Owing to
as group fact that) (the fact)
another final type the first the next
kind category part
SIGNAL WORDS FOR EFFECT

SIGNAL WORDS FOR EXEMPLIFICATION accordingly consequentl hence so that

y
after all for namely that is as a for this in therefor
instance consequenc reason consequenc e
e e
as an example in other to put to be
words another specific as a result so much so thus
way (of this) (so) that
consider the in specifically to clarify because (of
following particular this)
for example in short stated to illustrate
differently
VII. Problem-Solution – focuses on either a
problem in a particular area of a solution
V. Comparison and Contrast
SIGNAL WORDS FOR PROBLEM-SOLUTION
SIGNAL WORDS FOR COMPARING
but the problem one solution is
also equally in the same similarly first, second the solution one way is
way nonetheless one reason for
as in a similar like to compare the
fashion
both in comparison likewise
VIII. Persuation – convinces readers to agree to
an argumentation claim about a particular topic

SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRASTING SIGNAL WORDS FOR EMPHASIZING A POINT

although despite instead otherwise again in that to emphasize to repeat

case
and yet even so however still for this indeed in fact truly
reason
as opposing even nevertheless the fact with this in
to though remains mind
but in contrast nonetheless unlike

conversely in spite of on the whereas SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONCLUDING AND

contrary SUMMARIZING
counter to in the on the other yet
meantime hand accordingly consequentl in brief inevitably
y
all in all due to in on the
VI. Cause and Effect conclusion whole
as a result finally in short since
- explains why something happens or what
as I have in any event in summary in essence
results a particular event produces said
- states or explains reasons why things in a therefore thus to sum up
happen or explains the results of a certain nutshell
phenomena
a. Paragraph emphasizing cause
b. Paragraph emphasizing effect