 Subject and Verb

SENTENCE
6 STRUCTURE


Object
Appositive
 Participle

TOEFL sample problems:

1
A. Objects of Prepositions

TOEFL sample problem:

B. Appositives
An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from
the noun with commas.

2
TOEFL sample problems:

C. Present and Past Participles

Present Participle

TOEFL sample problem:

3
 2.

Past Participle

TOEFL sample problem:

4
TOEFL EXERCISE: Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

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6
  Coordinate
PARALLEL
7 STRUCTURE
Conjunction
 Pair Conjunctions
 Comparison
A. Coordinate Conjunctions

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 1

B. Pair Conjunctions

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 2

C. Comparison

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9
TOEFL EXERCISE

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  Connectors: and,
8 CLAUSE but, so, or, and yet
 Clause
 A sentence has at least one subject and one verb.
 A clause is part of a sentence.
 A clause is like a sentence. It has at least one subject and one verb.

A. Clause Connectors; and, but, so, or, and yet

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B. Adverbial Clauses
 A clause can function as subject/object (noun clause), adverb (adverbial clause), and
modifier/complement (Adjective Clause)
 Adverbial Clause is a clause that functions as adverb.
She ran away while I was sleeping.
S V (Connector) Adverb
 There are many types of adverbs such as adverbs of time, place, cause, reason, condition,
contrast, concession, and manner with different connectors (see the table below)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE CONNECTORS

CONNECTORS
Time:
after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as,
whenever, by the time,….
Place:
where, as far as, as near as, wherever, anywhere…
Cause and Effect:
MAIN because, as, since, so, in order that, now that, inasmuch as, ADVERBIAL
CLAUSE …… CLAUSE
Condition:
if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless, even if, …….
Contrast/Concession:
though, although, while, whereas, even though, in spite
that, …….
Manner:
as if, as though, as,……

 Adverbial clause can be put before or after the main clause. Put a comma when it comes
before. See the example below:

She is always drunk wherever I meet her.

Adverb

Wherever I meet her, she is always drunk.

Adverb

TOEFL sample problem:

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 2

TOEFL EXERCISE: Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

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14
 9 CLAUSE  Noun Clause
 Adjective Clause

A. Noun Clause
 A clause can function as subject/object (noun clause), adverb (adverbial clause),and
modifier/complement (Adjective Clause)
 A noun clause is a clause that functions as subject or object.
I know when he will arrive
S V O

When he will arrive is not important

S V C

TOEFL sample problem:

 The connector can function as the subject in the noun clause (if the clause has no subject).

I know when he will arrive

S V connector S V

I don’t know what is in the box.

S V S V
(connector)

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TOEFL sample problem:

B. Adjective Clause
 An adjective clause is a clause that modifies a noun.
 An adjective clause follows a noun that it describes.
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 A noun can be the subject or object.

S V O

S V O

TOEFL sample problem:

 The connectors can function as the subject in the adjective clause (if the clause has no
subject).

……….. that is on the table

S V
(connector)

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TOEFL sample problem:

TOEFL EXERCISE

18
 6

NOUN AND VERB Singular and Plural Noun

10 Countable
Uncountable Noun
Verb Agreement
and

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 Pronouns

A. Singular and Plural Nouns

B. Countable and Uncountable Nouns

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 Keywords for Countable and Uncountable Nouns
For countable nouns many, a number, few, several, a single, a/an, one, every, each,
…….……
For uncountable nouns much, amount, little, less, ……….
For both countable and some, a lot of, ………..
uncountable nouns
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C. Verb Agreement
In English, the quantity of a noun (singular or plural) as subject must have agreement with verb that
follows.
The boys goes to school.*
The boys go to school.

 Verbs After Prepositional Phrase

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 3

 Verbs after Expressions of Quantity

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 Verbs after Modals

D. Pronouns

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24
EXERCISE 6: Check the pronouns. Indicate if the sentence is correct or incorrect.

TOEFL EXERCISE

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11.

12.

 The Form and Function of

Adjectives and Adverbs
ADJECTIVE AND
11 ADVERB
 Adjectives after Linking
Verbs
 The Position of Adjectives
and Adverbs

A. The Form and Function of Adjectives and Adverbs

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 Recent - Recently
Public – Publicly
Evident – Evidently
Perfect – Perfectly
Serious – Seriously
However, some adjectives – adverbs are in iregular forms (not adding –ly):
Good – well
Fast – Fast
Hard – Hard
However, there are also many adjectives (not adverbs) ending –ly:

TOEFL sample problem:

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 1

B. Adjectives after Linking Verbs

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 2

C. The Position of Adjectives and Adverbs

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 3

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TOEFL EXERCISE: Identify the incorrect word or phrases

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