Formation Evaluation and

well logs
 Formation Evaluation
Formation Evaluation is a process of
using borehole information and
measurements to evaluate the
characteristics of subsurface formations
particularly of petroleum bearing.

It is the process of "recognizing a

commercial well when you drill one".
 Formation Evaluation Techniques
MUD LOGGING
DRILLING OPERATION LOGS (MWD/LWD)
CORE ANALYSIS
WIRE LINE WELL LOGS (CASED HOLE)
PRODUCTION TESTING/WELL TESTING
 MUD LOGGING
Mud logging, more precisely referred to as hydrocarbon mud logging,
is a process whereby the circulating mud and cuttings in a drilling well
are continuously monitored at the wellsite.

Number of sensors measure drilling parameters which portray

properties of formation, cuttings that arrive on surface is analyzed by
geologists, amount of formation gas is measured and further
chromatography is used to identify their types and amounts
MUD LOGGING
 Conventional Coring
Conventional Coring: Conventional
cores are cut using a special core bit
and retrieved in a long core barrel.
The recovered core sample may
undergo physical changes on its
journey from the core depth to the
surface, where it can be analyzed.
 SIDEWALL CORE

Side Wall Coring: rock samples are

required after the well has been drilled
and before it has been cased. These
methods require wire line tools that
cut core plugs from the sides of the
wellbore.

Fig.- Rotary sidewall coring tool (RSCT) (courtesy Halliburton).The hollow drill
cuts a small rock sample from the formation. Operation is controlled from the
surface.
IMPORTANCE OF CORE DATA
CORE PLUG AND END TRIMS
ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS
 SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS (SCAL)
Capillary Pressure
 centrifuge, porous plate
 Mercury injection capillary pressure
Relative Permeability-
 Steady-state and unsteady state
Wettability Determination
Reservoir Condition Core floods
Improved Oil Recovery (IOR, EOR)
studies
 Petrophysical Correlation
Measurements
 Archie Exponents - a, m, n
 MUD LOGGING
Mud logging, more precisely referred to as hydrocarbon mud logging,
is a process whereby the circulating mud and cuttings in a drilling well
are continuously monitored at the wellsite.

Number of sensors measure drilling parameters which portray

properties of formation, cuttings that arrive on surface is analyzed by
geologists, amount of formation gas is measured and further
chromatography is used to identify their types and amounts
 MUD LOGGING
Rate of Penetration

Figure- Drilling time curve. Note that units can be either in length per hour or in minutes
per length, yet the curves are essentially identical (adapted from Anadrill’s Delta Manual, 4–4)
 MUD LOGGING
Rate of Penetration

Figure-ROP curve terminology (adapted from Anadrill’s Delta Manual 4–7).

 MUD LOGGING
Rate of Penetration

Figure-Drilling responses of common rock types (adapted from Anadrill’s Delta

Manual, 9–3).
 BOOKS

1) Serra Oberto & Serra Lorenzo - Well Logging - Data Acquisition and Applications-
Editions Technip (2004)
2) Toby Darling - Well logging and formation evaluation -Elsevier
 Sample Collection and evaluation
Objectives of collecting drill cuttings and evaluation/mud logging
Describing the cuttings (type of minerals present)
Interpreting the described cuttings (lithology)
Estimating properties such as porosity and permeability of the drilled
formation
Maintaining and monitoring drilling-related and safety-related sensing
equipment
Collecting, monitoring, and evaluating hydrocarbons released from the
drilled formations
Assessing the producibility of hydrocarbon-bearing formations
 Sample Collection and evaluation
 Tools to detect oil and gas have been evolving for over a century
 The simplest and most direct tool is well cuttings examination
Formation evaluation tools
 Some older oilmen ground the cuttings between their teeth and tasted to see if
crude oil was present.
 Today, a wellsite geologist or mud-logger uses a low powered stereoscopic
microscope to determine
 the lithology of the formation being drilled
 and to estimate porosity and possible oil staining, analysis of rock properties
 Sample Collection and evaluation
Evaluation of the recovered samples includes
• the geologic analysis of rock types,
• microscopically examined report dry or wet state
 Show evaluation
 A show is the presence of hydrocarbons in a sample over and above
background levels
 Show evaluation is the complete analysis of the hydrocarbon-bearing
formation with respect to lithology and type of hydrocarbon present
 Two types of shows are recognized: gas and oil.
 A gas show is hard to identify, but the mud logger may see a significant
increase in gas levels.
 An oil show is an increase in heavier-than-methane gas levels as well as a
physical indication of oil
 Show evaluation
• A portable ultraviolet light chamber or "Spook Box" is used to examine the
cuttings for fluorescence. Fluorescence can be an indication of crude oil
staining, or of the presence of fluorescent minerals.
• They can be differentiated by placing the cuttings in a solvent filled
watchglass or dimple dish.
• The solvent is usually carbon tetrachlorethane.
• Crude oil dissolves and then redeposits as a fluorescent ring when the solvent
evaporates.
 Show evaluation
A portable ultraviolet light chamber or "Spook Box" is used to examine the
cuttings for fluorescence. Fluorescence can be an indication of crude oil
staining, or of the presence of fluorescent minerals.
 Gas Detection
Gases extracted from the mud system are usually first indication that
hydrocarbons are present downhole.
Source of gas during drilling-
1. Liberated gas: gas mechanically liberated by the bit as the formation is
drilled
2. Produced gas: gas produced from formation due to U/B pressure conditions
3. Recycled gas: gas contained in the mud
4. Contamination gas: gas artificially introduced into the mud from a source
other than the rock formation
 Gas Detection
Gas introduction into the drilling mud
 Connection gas: swab effect of raising the kelly when making connections
brings small amounts of gas into the borehole
 Trip gas: produced gas within one lag time after a trip is completed and
circulation has been resumed.
 Kelly air: air introduced into the drill pipe during unscrewing the kelly
 Gas Detection
The amount of flow from the formation into the borehole depends upon
 The pressure differential (the difference between the hydrostatic pressure and
the formation pressure),
 The porosity and permeability,
 The properties of the formation’s fluids,
 and the length of time this condition lasts
 Gas Detectors
The agitator is efficient for releasing methane from the mud, but it is not
dependable in releasing heavier components such as ethane and propane
 Gas Detectors
Gas can be detected in five main ways:
 Thermal catalytic combustion [TCC, or hot-wire detector (HWD)],
 Gas chromatography (GC),
 Thermal conductivity detector (TCD),
 Flame ionization detector (FID),
 Infrared analyzer (IRA)
 Gas Detectors
TCC instruments, more commonly known as hot-wire detectors, have been
around for a long time because they are simple and inexpensive and they
perform adequately.

Fig- Schematic Diagram of HWD/TCC

 Gas Detectors
 TCC instruments, more commonly known as hot-wire detectors, have been
around for a long time because they are simple and inexpensive and they
perform adequately.
 The instruments are unstable, so responses vary, and the method fails at gas
concentrations that exceed a few percent.
 The technique remains primary, especially when supplemented by other
procedures such as gas chromatography.
 Gas Detectors
 Gas chromatography results are more accurate and more quantitative than
hot-wire methods;
 However, they take minutes rather than seconds to complete.
 TCC is used to detect the presence of hydrocarbons in the mud returns, while
GC is used to analyze the composition of the gas stream on a regular but
intermittent basis—usually after a show is detected with TCC
 Gas Detectors
 Thermal conductivity detector is the least sensitive device used for
monitoring hydrocarbons.
 Under optimum conditions, the detection limit of hydrocarbon in air is about
1%.
 the TCD has good linearity (uniform response over a wide range of
measurements),
 easy to use, and
 durable and inexpensive
 Gas Detectors
 Flame ionization detectors are popular for gas analysis instrumentation used
outside of the mud logging industry.
 They are superior in many ways to other systems.
 The FID is expensive and difficult to operate, which limits its use
 Gas Detectors
The infrared analyzers,
 May be operated continuously but only for one compound at a time
 IRAs cost more than TCC devices and are sensitive to vibration and power
supply variations

Fig- Schematic Diagram IR analyzers

 Gas Detectors
The infrared analyzers,
 May be operated continuously but only for one compound at a time
 IRAs cost more than TCC devices and are sensitive to vibration and power
supply variations

A combination of two or more of these five methods helps mud loggers

detect the presence of gas and analyze its components
 Drilling Parameters
Parameters recorded by mud loggers are mainly of interest to the drilling
engineers
1. PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM and PRESSURE CHANGES
2. Mud properties:
 Density
 gel strength
 viscosity
 percent solid
 percent sand
 percent chloride
 alkalinity
 pH
 Drilling Parameters
3. WEIGHT ON BIT AND ROTARY TABLE SPEED
 The driller always has before him a dial showing the weight on the derrick
(weight on the hook).
 Subtracting the weight of the drillstring, this gives the weight on the bit which
is periodically recorded.
 The rotary table speed is recorded.
 These two parameters affect the drilling rate. The torque on the drill string is
also sometimes recorded.
Examples of mud log

Figure- Gas curve presentation. The ROP curve can

be used with other curves as a correlation curve.
The curves indicate (1) trip gas,
(2) drilling background gas,
(3) gas show, and
(4) connection gas
(adapted from Anadrill’s Delta Manual, 7–18
Examples of mud log
Examples of mud log
Examples of mud log
MUD LOGGING
 Conventional Coring
Conventional Coring: Conventional
cores are cut using a special core bit
and retrieved in a long core barrel.
The recovered core sample may
undergo physical changes on its
journey from the core depth to the
surface, where it can be analyzed.
 SIDEWALL CORE

Side Wall Coring: rock samples are

required after the well has been drilled
and before it has been cased. These
methods require wire line tools that
cut core plugs from the sides of the
wellbore.

Fig.- Rotary sidewall coring tool (RSCT) (courtesy Halliburton).The hollow drill
cuts a small rock sample from the formation. Operation is controlled from the
surface.
IMPORTANCE OF CORE DATA
CORE PLUG AND END TRIMS
ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS
 SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS (SCAL)
Capillary Pressure
 centrifuge, porous plate
 Mercury injection capillary pressure
Relative Permeability-
 Steady-state and unsteady state
Wettability Determination
Reservoir Condition Core floods
Improved Oil Recovery (IOR, EOR)
studies
 Petrophysical Correlation
Measurements
 Archie Exponents - a, m, n
Reservoir properties and
Geophysical Investigation

-Mahesh Patel
 Intellect Seeking for Information

You as a
Drilling Engineer
Geologist
Petrophysist
driller
Reservoir Engineer
etc.
 Fundamental Rock Properties
Fluids (oil, gas and water) are accumulated in the pore space of the
reservoir rock.
The fundamental reservoir rock properties are:
 Porosity: How much space is available in the rock?
 Fluid type: Is it oil, gas, or water?
 Saturation: Which volume fraction of the pore space is occupied by
oil, gas, and water?
 Permeability: At what rate fluid can be produced?
 Fundamental Rock Properties
Determination and derivation of the properties of interest-

Direct Method Indirect Method

 Fundamental Rock Properties
Determination and derivation of the properties of interest-
 Direct: Measurements on samples (cores) in core laboratories.
 The result refers to a limited volume (“point-information”)
 Indirect: Parameters derived from logs (well log measurements,
formation analysis).
 The result is continuous information presented as a curve, but not directly in
terms of reservoir properties (porosity, permeability etc.).
 A transformation (interpretation) into reservoir properties is necessary.
 Fundamental Rock Properties
Porosity can be determined:
 Directly at cores, plugs, or samples in the core-laboratory,
 Indirectly from logs –Nuclear, acoustic measurements or NMR
measurements.
Fluid saturation can be determined:
 From cores, plugs, or samples (direct determination by fluid
extraction, or capillary pressure measurements),
 Indirectly from logs (resistivity, dielectric, and neutron
measurements).
 Fundamental Rock Properties
Methods to determine permeability are:
a) Direct measurements at samples (cores, core plugs),
b) Direct tests: well and drillstem tests, wireline formation testers, pump
tests
c) Indirect methods- using grain size parameters and porosity
(particularly for unconsolidated sediments)
d) Indirect methods - using wireline logs and specific interpretation
(NMR, Stoneley wave, or combined techniques implementing
irreducible water saturation).
 Well Logging data
 Well logging takes measurements along the borehole in terms of
physical properties (log data)
 The log data present a continuous documentation of the whole
profile and give a physical characterization of the individual layers
and sections in terms of resistivity, nuclear radiation etc
 Sophisticated interpretation methods transform the measured data
into reservoir properties (porosity, saturation, permeability etc.) and
other properties of interest
 Well Logging data
 Transformation of (measured) parameters into reservoir properties-
1) empirically, using experiments,
2) theoretically, using models,
3) combination of theoretical and empirical results
 Disturbed or inhomogeneous environment
 Apparent Properties to true rock properties
 Algorithm for Geophysical Investigation
Process of borehole measurement includes-
1) Define the parameters of interest.
2) Design your logging program based on the sensitivity of the
individual methods/tools .
3) Measure the corresponding logs. The result is a dataset for each
method i.
For Example- With regard to resistivity measurement, this could be Microlog,
Laterolog-shallow, and Laterolog-deep.
 Algorithm for Geophysical Investigation
Process of borehole measurement includes-
4) Specific processing algorithms to derive the measured physical
property pi from these “apparent data” using physical models.

 Regarding resistivity measurements this results in the resistivity of the

invaded zone Rxo and the resistivity of the non-invaded (virgin) zone Rt .
 This step is called “processing” and has a strong reference to the tool
characteristics.
.
 Algorithm for Geophysical Investigation
Process of borehole measurement includes-
5) Interpretation methods transform measured data into reservoir
properties (porosity, saturation, permeability etc.) and other properties
of interest.
 Relationships between measured data and reservoir properties are an instrument of
this “interpretation” process.
 It is important to note that important inputs are necessary for this step (e.g.
information about lithology, fluid properties, empirical parameters like Archie’s m
and n).
Workflow of Geophysical Investigation
Logging Classification

-Mahesh Patel
Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
1) LWD
2) Wireline openhole logging
3) Wireline cased hole logging
4) Pipe-Conveyed Logging
 Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
1) LWD-
GR: Natural gamma ray emission from the formation
Density: Formation density as measured by gamma ray Compton scattering via a
radioactive source and gamma ray detectors.
Neutron porosity: formation porosity derived from the hydrogen index (HI) as
measured by the gamma rays emitted when injected thermal or epithermal neutrons
from a source in the string are captured in the formation
Sonic: the transit time of compressional sound waves in the formation which
typically a function of lithology and rock texture but particularly porosity.
Resistivity: The formation resistivity for multiple depths of investigation as
measured by an induction-type wave resistivity tool
Other types of tool that are currently in development for LWD mode include
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), formation pressure, and shear sonic.
Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
2)Wireline Openhole Logging-
Gamma ray:
 This tool measures the strength of the natural radioactivity present in the formation.
 It is particularly useful in distinguishing sands from shales in siliciclastic
environments.
Natural gamma ray spectroscopy:
 This tool works on the same principal as the gamma ray.
 It separates the gamma ray counts into three energy windows to determine the relative
contributions arising from (1) uranium, (2) potassium, and (3) thorium in the
formation.
 Data may be used to determine the relative proportions of certain minerals in the
formation.
 Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
2)Wireline Openhole Logging-
Spontaneous potential (SP):
 This tool measures the potential difference naturally occurring when mud filtrate of a
certain salinity invades the formation containing water of a different salinity.
 It may be used to estimate the extent of invasion and in some cases the formation water
salinity.
Density:
 The wireline version of this tool will typically have a much stronger source than its
LWD counterpart and also include a Pe curve, useful in complex lithology evaluation.
 Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
2)Wireline Openhole Logging-
Neutron porosity:
 The “standard” neutron most commonly run is a thermal neutron device.
 However, newer-generation devices often use epithermal neutrons (having the advantage
of less salinity dependence)
Full-waveform sonic:
 In addition to the basic compressional velocity (Vp) of the formation, advanced tools
may measure the shear velocity, Stonely velocity, and various other sound modes in the
borehole, borehole/formation interface, and formation.
 Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
2)Wireline Openhole Logging-
Resistivity:
These tools fall into two main categories: laterolog and induction type.
A. Laterolog tools-
A. Use low-frequency currents (hence requiring water-based mud [WBM]) to measure the potential
caused by a current source over an array of detectors.
B. Induction tools-
 Type tools use primary coils to induce eddy currents in the formation and then a secondary
array of coils to measure the magnetic fields caused by these currents.
 Since they operate at high frequencies, they can be used in oil-based mud (OBM) systems.
 Tools are designed to see a range of depths of investigation into the formation.
 The shallower readings have a better vertical resolution than the deep readings.
 Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
2)Wireline Openhole Logging-
Microresistivity:
 These tools are designed to measure the formation resistivity in the invaded zone close
to the borehole wall.
 They operate using low-frequency current, so are not suitable for OBM.
 They are used to estimate the invaded-zone saturation and to pick up bedding features
too small to be resolved by the deeper reading tools.
 Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
2)Wireline Openhole Logging-
Caliper:
 This tool measures the geometry of the hole using either two or four arms. It returns the
diameter seen by the tool over either the major or both the major and minor axes.
Imaging tools:
 These work either on an acoustic or a resistivity principle and are designed to provide an
image of the borehole wall that maybe used for establishing the stratigraphic or
sedimentary dip and/or presence of fractures/vugs.
Nuclear magnetic resonance-
 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging uses the NMR response of a formation to
give petrophysical properties providing a continuous record along the length of the
borehole.
 Logging Types (Depending on method of data
acquisition and well construction phase)
3) Wireline Cased Hole Logging-
 When a hole has been cased and a completion string run to produce the well,
certain additional types of logging tools may be used for monitoring purposes.
 Example-Thermal decay tool (TDT), Gamma ray spectroscopy tool (GST),
Production logging, Cement bond log, Casing collar locator (CCL) etc.
4) Pipe-Conveyed Logging-
 Where the borehole deviation or dogleg severity is such that it is not possible
to run tools using conventional wireline techniques, tools are typically run on
drillpipe.
 This is no different from conventional logging.
Logging tool types and
characteristics

-Mahesh Patel
 Logging Methods and type of tool
There are two fundamental types of tools:
1) Passive tools
 Measure properties or parameters delivered by the formation or by
interaction of the formation and the borehole-fluid without any source (e.g.
natural Gamma-measurement/Gammalog, Spontaneous Potential/Self
Potential)
2) Active tools
 Measure the “answer” to a signal, pulse, radiation, current, i.e. the result of
an interaction with the formation in the vicinity of the tool.
 Typically they have a source and one or more detectors (e.g. Gamma-
Gamma-Log, Acousticlog, Resistivitylogs)
 Logging Tool Types
1) Passive tools
Measure properties or parameters delivered by the formation or by interaction
of the formation and the borehole-fluid without any source (e.g. natural
Gamma-measurement/Gammalog, Spontaneous Potential/Self Potential)
 Logging Tool Types
2) Active tools
 Measure the “answer” to
a signal, pulse, radiation,
current, i.e. the result of
an interaction with the
formation in the vicinity
of the tool.
 Typically they have a
source and one or more
detectors
 (e.g. -Gamma-Gamma-
Log, Acoustic-log,
Resistivity-logs)
 Logging Tool Types
2) Active tools
 Measure the “answer” to
a signal, pulse, radiation,
current, i.e. the result of
an interaction with the
formation in the vicinity
of the tool.
 Typically they have a
source and one or more
detectors
 (e.g. -Gamma-Gamma-
Log, Acoustic-log,
Resistivity-logs)
 Tool Characteristics and Environment of
measurements
 Logging tools measure certain physical properties for example
resistivity tools measures the electrical resistivity of the formation.
 The measured magnitude is representative for a defined volume of
response in a radial distance from the tool axis.
 The response of a tool is controlled by the design of its elements (e.g.,
electrode array) which is expressed by tool characteristics.
 Tool Characteristics and Environment of
measurements
The tool
characteristics are
described by
 Response function
its
 Vertical resolution,
 and the radius
(depth) of
investigation
 Tool Characteristics and Environment of
measurements
 As cumulative presentation the integral response G(r) describes the
radial buildup of the total measured signal.
 The radius of G(r) = 0.5 (50%) is frequently used as “radius of
investigation 50%”.
 Radius of investigation 50% (r50) means that 50% of the total signal
response is originated in a radial distance below r50, and 50%
originates from the space outside this cylinder.
 Tools have a specific vertical resolution which describes the ability to
detect and separate thin layers individually
Tool Characteristics and Environment of
measurements
Tool Characteristics and Environment of
measurements
 Electrical and
Electromagnetic logs

Mahesh Patel
 Electrical and Electromagnetic logs
 Electrical (galvanic) and electromagnetic (inductive) logs measure the
electrical resistivity or conductivity of the formation as a function of
the depth.
 Measurements in open hole-
1. Galvanic resistivity measurements using electrodes are possible only
in conductive water-based mud,
2. Inductive conductivity measurements using coils are possible in
non-conductive oil-based mud or dry wells and also in water-based
mud
 Electrical and Electromagnetic logs
 Tools have different radial depth of investigation, are influenced by
invaded and non-invaded zone in different ways and indicate
permeable, invaded zones by log separation.
 Processing delivers resistivity of invaded and of non-invaded zone.
 Application:
1. Determination of water saturation (Archie equations),
2. Characterization of the invasion process.
 Electrical and Electromagnetic logs
 In a “clean porous rock” (for example sandstone without clay and/or
other conductive solid components), the formation water is the only
electrically conductive component.
 The specific resistivity of the formation water is a function of
salinity (concentration of dissolved salts) and temperature
 The temperature-dependence of NaCl-based water Arps’ equation
(Arps, 1953)

Where T1 and T2 are in degree Celsius

Nomogram showing
resistivity
dependence on NaCl
conc. and temp
(Schlumberger Log
Interpretation Charts
(2000 Edition)
 Electrical and Electromagnetic logs
Specific Resistivity of rock-fluid system
 For resistivity Ro for water-saturated porous rock (Sw = 1)

 The rock resistivity Rt at any (other than 1) water saturation Sw

 Electrical and Electromagnetic logs
Specific Resistivity of rock-fluid system
 The formation factor F expresses the magnification of the rock
resistivity (compared with water resistivity) as result of the non-
conductive solid minerals
 The resistivity index I expresses the magnification of the rock
resistivity (compared with water saturated rock resistivity) as result of
the non-conductive fluid components (oil, gas)
 Archie’s fundamental equation
 Electrical and Electromagnetic logs
Specific Resistivity of rock-fluid system
 The two Archie exponents m and n are empirical rock parameters
controlled by the geometry of the pore network and subject of special
core analysis
 Resistivity tools
1) Galvanic Tools
Tools with 4 electrodes (current
electrodes A and B, voltage electrodes
M and N) in different geometry
 Resistivity tools
1) Galvanic Tools
 Tools with 4 electrodes (current
electrodes A and B, voltage
electrodes M and N) in different
geometry
 Measured electrical parameters are
the current I(AB) and the Voltage
U(MN)
 Then the resistance is U(MN)/I(AB)
 Resistivity tools
The specific electrical resistivity of
the formation is connected with a
factor k characterizing the geometry
of the current distribution
 Resistivity tools
For the simple situation of the 4-electrode tool
in a homogeneous medium this factor is

If the electrode B of a potential sonde is

placed at a large distance from the other
electrodes, the equation gets

The distance AM is called the “spacing” L.

Resistivity tools
Resistivity tools
 Resistivity tools
With this technique three goals are attained:
a) Focused measuring current flow perpendicular to the tool,
b) Deep penetration of the focused current (into the uninvaded zone)
c) Sharp vertical resolution.
 Resistivity tools
For investigation of the invaded zone (and the determination of Rxo)
another tool type is applied – the family of micrologs.
 The electrode system is fixed on a pad and pressed against the borehole
wall.
 The electrodes have a very short distance (microlog 2.5 cm)
 Resistivity tools
Microlog tools are characterized by:
 Extreme vertical resolution, able to detect thin layers and fractures,
 Extremely small depth of investigation (Rmc, Rxo)

There are unfocussed systems (classic Microlog ML), as well as focussed

systems (for example Microlaterolog MLL, MicroSphericalFocusing Log
MFSL)
 Resistivity Measurement
Specific Resistivity of rock-fluid system
Resistivity Measurement
 Resistivity Measurement
The different types of classic resistivity logs cover preferentially the
following zones of a formation-
 The resistivity of the flushed zone controls dominantly
Microlog (ML),
Microlaterolog (MLL),
Microsperically Focused log (MSFL).
 Resistivity Measurement
The different types of classic resistivity logs cover preferentially the
following zones of a formation-
 The resistivity of the non-invaded zone controls dominantly
Laterolog deep (LLD)
Inductionlog deep (ILD)

 All “deep-reading tools” are also influenced by the flushed zone, because
current crosses this zone.
 Laterolog shallow (LLS) and Inductionlog medium (ILM) read a
somewhat mixed effect of the non-invaded zone and the invaded zone
 Resistivity Measurement
Objective of resistivity the measurements are
 Determination of Rt and Rxo of for saturation calculation Sw and Sxo
 For a “Quick-look” estimate of Rxo a microresistivity tool is used in
many cases and Rt is approximated by a “deep-reading” focused tool
(e.g. LLD)
 More exact technique (processing) is based on a graphic or numerical
solution of the problem to derive “true resistivities”
 Processing uses a set of measured “apparent resistivities” (for example
MSFL, LLS and LLD)
 Processing to find true resistivities and di
 Tornado charts are the result of a forward modelling of the response
answer of tools with different formation resistivity models
 The charts are plotted in logarithmic scale for resistivity ratios in general:
 The x-axis shows the ratio of the forward calculated ratio
R(LLD)/R(LLS) and the y-axis the forward calculated ratio
R(LLD)/R(xo)
 The parameter of the individual curves correspond to the model input
(ratio Rt/Rxo , ratio Rt/R(LLD), and depth/diameter of invasion di )
attributed to the calculated curves
 Processing to find true resistivities and di
 The application of Tornado chart includes the following steps-
1. Take the measured resistivities Rxo, R(LLS) and R(LLD)
2. Calculate the ratios R(LLD)/R(LLS) and R(LLD)/Rxo ,
3. Find the point with abscissa and ordinate
4. The intersection of the lines is the solution of the problem in terms of
Rt/R(LLD), Rt/Rxo and di.
5. Calculate the true resistivities Rt and Rxo .
 Processing to find true resistivities and di
Solve example-
We read from the log:
R(LLD)= 16 Ohmm
R(LLS)= 10 Ohmm
R(MSFL)= 4.5 Ohmm
Find true resistivity Rt, Rxo and diameter of invasion using tornado model
chart.
 Processing to find true resistivities and di
Solve example-
Calculate the ratios:
R(LLD)/R(MSFL)= 3.56
R(LLD)/R(LLS)= 1.60
At the intersection we read:
Rt/R(LLD)= 1.33
Rt/Rxo= 4.7
di= 36 inch
Therefore the result is: Rt= 21.3 Ohmm and Rxo= 4.53 Ohmm
 Interpretation
Solve example-
Calculate- Sw of non invaded zone and satuaration of moveable fluids.
Given-
 Surface Temp.- 25C
 Formation Temp.- 43C
 Resistivity of MF at surface-0.75
 Resistivity of formation water (at Given formation temperature) is
 0.40 Om.m
Calculation of Data
 Calculation of Data
Lateral Log
 In the lateral device a
constant current is
passed between A and
B.
 The potential difference
M and N is measured
 Calculation of Data
LateraloLog LL3
 Calculation of Data
Laterolog LL7
• The LL7 has 7 electrodes. A constant
current is emitted from the centre
electrode.
• A bucking current is emitted from the
two far electrodes.
• The two pairs of monitoring electrodes
are brought to the same potential
difference.
• This electrode arrangement produces a
thin disk of current that is confined
between the two set of measuring
electrodes.
Calculation of Data
 Calculation of Data
The Spherically Focused Log
• The SFL device measures the
conductivity of the formation
near the borehole.
• In this the current is focussed
quasi-spherically.
• It is useful as it is sensitive
only to the resistivity of the
invaded zone
 Calculation of Data
The Micro Log
• The microlog(ML) is a rubber pad
with three button electrodes placed in
a line.
• A known current is emitted from
electrode A.
• The potential differences between
electrodes M1and M2 and between
M2 and a surface electrode are
measured.
 Induction Tools
 Induction tools are developed for measurement of formation resistivity in
boreholes containing oil-based muds and in air-drilled boreholes.
 Electrode devices did not work in these non-conductive muds.
 Induction tools measure the formation conductivity (= 1/specific resistivity)
• An electromagnetic field with frequencies in the order of 20 kHz is transferred
into the formation and measured on the basis of an electromagnetic coupling
via antennas or coils
 Induction Tools
 A high-frequency alternating current of constant intensity is sent through the
transmitter coil and generates an alternating primary magnetic field
 This alternating primary magnetic field induces a circular alternating voltage
and a current flow in the formation (the loop is coaxial with the transmitter coil)
which is controlled by the conductivity of the formation
 The current causes an alternating secondary magnetic field which is sensed by
the receiver coils as an induced voltage
 The measured signal is controlled by the tool parameters and formation
conductivity
 Induction Tools
 Because the alternating current in
the transmitter coil is of constant
frequency and amplitude, the
ground loop currents are directly
proportional to the formation
conductivity
 The voltage induced in the receiver
coil is proportional to the ground
loop currents and thus also to the
conductivity of the formation
 Induction Tools
 Because the alternating current in
the transmitter coil is of constant
frequency and amplitude, the
ground loop currents are directly
proportional to the formation
conductivity
 The voltage induced in the receiver
coil is proportional to the ground
loop currents and thus also to the
conductivity of the formation
 Induction Tools
Conventional dual induction-SFL array to record resistivity data at three depths
of investigation:
 Spherically focused log: Shallow-reading device affected mainly by the
flushed (Rxo ) zone (radial distance about 30 cm).
 Medium induction (ILM): Depending on the invasion diameter and profile the
ILM may be influenced by the Rxo or Rt zones or both; (radial distance about
60…80 cm).
 Deep induction (ILD): Mostly affected by Rt, unless invasion is very deep.
 Induction Tools
Since both types – resistivity and induction tools – can be used in water-based
holes, some “rules of thumb” were formulated (Asquith and Krygowski, 2004;
Schlumberger, 1989) for detection of hydrocarbons in exploration wells:
 For Rmf <2Rw use Laterolog
 For Rmf > 2Rw use Inductionlog
 Factors affecting resistivity
 Salinity of water
 Porosity of the formation,
 Lithology of the formation
 Degree of cementation,
 Type and amount of clay in the rock.
 Resistivity log characteristics
 Log format and
scales
1)Hybrid Scales
2)Logarithmic
scales
 Depth of
investigation
 Bed resolution
Principal Uses
 Principal Uses

1) Quantitative Use-
The principal use of well logs is
to detect oil: the principal use of
the resistivity log is to quantify
hydrocarbon
2) Texture and facies-
The simplest relationship
between resistivity and texture is
demonstrated by an increase in
resistivity as porosity decrease.
 Principal Uses
3) Lithology
 Resistivity log can be
used for the lithology
identification purposes
 Tight limestone's shows
high resistivity
 Resistivity logs can best
recognize the shale and
sand sequences
 Sand shows relatively
less resistivity values as
compared to shale.
 Principal Uses

4) Correlations
Resistivity log can be
used for correlating the
subsurface data on the
basis of same resistivity
curve
 Principal Uses

4) Correlations
Resistivity log can be
used for correlating the
subsurface data on the
basis of same resistivity
curve
 Principal Uses

5) Permeability-
Resistivity logs can be used
to find out the permeability
of a rock unit in the
subsurface
 Principal Uses
6) Source-rock investigation-
 The resistivity log may be used both qualitatively and quantitatively to
investigate source rock.
 The effect of a source rock has on the resistivity log depends on the maturity of
the organic matter