21

CHAPTER- III

MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE

CONSTRUSTION OF HOUSE AND DEVALAYA
BASED ON THE BASIC VASTU TEXTS IN KERALA

3.1 PREAMBLE

India had made a very large contribution in the fields of mathematics

and architecture. There are different rules and regulations, which are

essential in the construction of houses. These rules and regulations help

buildings to be friendly with the surrounding enviornment. Vastuvidya

includes various classes of constructions among which grhavastu is the

most important because house is an unavoidable thing for human beings.

There is a close relation between Vastuvidya and modern mathematics.

Our geometry was formulated with the purpose of construction of altars and

calculations of these and which later on was extended to the construction

of buildings. The purpose of this chapter is to find out the mathematical

arrangements and standardization in the construction of houses and

devalaya.

Similarity of triangles is just the geometric version of a simple

proportion. This idea seems to have been suggested by the analogy with

the arrangement of the rafters and purlin rods breaking through them in the

pyramidal roof. Grid system and vithi vinyasa are good mathematical

arrangements and sadvarga system is a very good mathematical

standardisation. For devalaya, some calculations were used for finding

 22

width, radius and perimeter. For different types of pmsadas like

Vritaprasada, Caturasra prasada and Hastiprasta prasada the approximate

value of 7t, that is the ratio of the circumstance of a circle to its diameter

was used in these calculations. Also geometrical calculations were used in

the roof construction and diknimaya. India had made a very large

contribution in the field of Mathematics and architecture. This should be

evaluated comparing it with modern science.

3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSES BASED ON THE NUMBER OF

SALAS

Sala in general means houses. The word sala is derived from the
f

word "sakha'^^ because in the beginning branches of trees were used to

make houses. Vayupurana^^ (chapter 8) also indicates that the first houses

on earth had the tree as their model. For civilized people, a comfortable

residence is inevitable. The tree as a model of a house is further supported

by the classification of the pillars and other different parts of a house having

its basis in the different parts of a tree. Later it developed from humble

cottages of leaves to temples and palaces.

/_
Sala buildings are described in works like Manasara, Mayamata,

Kamikagama and so on. According to Manasara, salas imply both temples

' D.N. Shukia, Vaslusastra, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi,Vol. 1,(1995),
pp. 310-311.

" IhiJ.,
 23

and residential houses. A hall or room inside a building also indicates a

sala.

The shapes of buildings in general are square or rectangle. The

buildings should be oriented towards cardinal directions. For houses

rectangles were used in common. The main houses are oriented towards

the cardinal directions facing the Brahmanabhi, taken as the focus. The

front yard is on that side of the house where the Brahmanabhi is located. If

there is only one house, it is called ekasSIa, if there are two, it is called
1^ f If
dvisala, if there are 3 or 4 they are called trisala and catussSIa respectively.
•f /_

In the case of ekasala, the first preference is for the southern sala facing

north. The western sa/a also can be built as an ekasala. Two, three, or four

ek^s'aSas built around a central courtyard, with or without the corner houses

are called dvisala, trisWa and catussala respectively. The cutussSia can be

combined to form complex forms having 2,3 or 4 internal courtyards.

3.2.1 YONI

The position of Vastu with respect to the focal point decides its yoni.

The position and orientation reflects on its measurement also. A method of

classification of Vastu according to these characteristics, that is fixing their

position and orientation according to their measurement is called Vastu -

yoni nimayam. Yon\ is calculated based on the perimeter of Vastu. Inner

perimeter is used for rooms and outer perimeter is used for houses. Yoni is

defined as the remainder when the perimeter in pada is divided by eight.^®

-" M.C. 3-23.

 24

Therefore there are eight yonis represented by eight directions starting

from the east in a clockwise direction with respect to the Brahmanabh'i. The

names of yonis from 1 to 8 are Dhvaja (kethu), Dhuma, Simha, kukkura,

Vrsabha, Khara, Gaja and vayasa respectively.^

The location of houses, their own yoni, and the other acceptable

yonis are given below.^

Location of House Name of SSIa Own Yoni Other

w.r.t the focal pt Acceptable
Von/es
1,
Facing towards west East sala 1 -

Facing towards north South sala 3 1

1
Facing towards east West sala 5 1,3,7

Facing towards south North k/a 7 1,3

/
31
3.2.2 NOMENCLATURE OF TRISALAS

Trisala wittiout Name Effect

Eastean Sala Suksetra Prosperity

1 ^
Southern Sala Sula Loss of wealth

Western Sala Paksaknam Loss of Children

Enemity
Northern Sala Hiranyanabhi Wealth

Preference will be given for suksetra type. Hiranyanabhi is good for kings.

M.C, 3 - 2 4 .
\f.C, 3-29.
V.V. 7-5.
 25

3.2.3 NOMENCLATURE OF DWISALAS

Dwisalas with Name Effect

Southern and Northern Kaca Quarrel and fear

Western and Eastern Siddhartha Acquisition of Wealth

Western and Southern Yamasurpa Death

Northern and Western Danda Fear, Misery

3.3 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATION IN THE SELECTION OF

SITE

The term Vastu refers to the place where mortals and imortals

inhabit. This Vastu for convenience is divided into 'Bhoomi', 'Harmyam',

'Yanam' and 'Sayanam'. In Harmyam the varied classes of construction

are incorporated. Among these, the important one is the Vastuvidya of

houses (Grhavastu) because, house is an unavoidable thing for human

beings. Therefore it is very important to select good places for houses.

This process of accepting the site is called Bhooparigraha.

There are different steps to select the site for houses. They are

Niriksanam, Preeksanam, Samikaranam, Diknirnaya, Khandavibhajana,

• • • • « • •
Vithivinyasa and Pada vinyasa.

Vithivinyasa is possible only for Brhatksetras. The mandala is

divided into nine concentric rectangles to form enveloping paths called vithi.

The innermost rectangle is called brahma vithi. The expanding envelopes

are called 2. Ganesa vithi, 3. Agni vithi, 4. Jala vithi 5. Naga vithi

6. Yama vithi 7. Kubera vithi 8. Deva vithi 9. Pisaca vithi respectively.

 26

^JfCRiECeNDARySTnuCrURES

vvTJiVSFon MAW s r n u c n ; ' ; - s

'. an.

I ' ?a^2c.£?,4 3.DSVA 9.fvs;:c,4

MANDALA ANALYSED AS 9 VITHIS

Out of these, Kubera vithi and Deva vithi are good. Pisaca vlihi,

Vama vithi, Naga vithi and Agni vithi are bad. Brahma vithi and Gopesa

vithi axe also auspicious for houses. (The next two vithis jala and agni also

can be used). The areas of these auspicious vithis under the isana and

nirrti only are to be selected as V^tumandala. The KuberavTthi and

Devavithi can be used for cowshed and Pisaca vithi should be omitted. If

the width of vithi is greater than the length of the houses, then the entire

building can be placed in one vithi.

Another method for locating the houses is Padavinyasa. Here the

selected quadrant is divided into cells by orthogonal lines. Rajavallabha

(Ref. 4.08) says that of all divisions of vastu 9 x 9 is the most well known.

In this grid, the innermost 9 cells are known as brahmapada. The

following figure shows the navavarga Padavinyasa in to 45 locations and

there is a god in each location. Also there will be 8 God outside the
 27

mandala. Brahmapada should be taken as ankana and salas should be

constructed In the two envelopes aryanka, vivaswan, mitraka and BhUpati.

If wfA?/width is VA times ankana length, the 9 x 9 grids will be possible.

PADiCr^-MAS m OUTER CELLS

• h'.'.A ••' ^•~Nl " "-jiRRT! ; ; • ''u
•>. PA':j.i.\YA 10. POSA 18. DWARAPALi 2f. 'iAaA
;, ,.',-^i'4vra n Vir/jrH/l 1?, ^UORIVA 2~ ''UKHYA
1. :f^OHA 12.OHHAhSATA 20. PUSPAOArjTA :irn.,LLATA
5. JD/rv/i i,rra/i!4 2t.Mfl(;,\'4 :? 50\f4
,- 54'-'--j.S,\ :•• JAi-iDHArilA 22. '^SIJPA iO. ,'.-!'.:A
• BHS^SA 15.OH.7wG4 23.SOSA li.ADITI
'-.A' .••'. '•^KiA\'- '-.•iRC.A •ii.P.OGA il.V-'i:
f-'..?4.Er.v:- i'/ft.^icR CELLS
••i.^.PA !•:. ? ' i y ; r . i "i^, :^••r•~•^ :•; -..?:^.; if .7r.,-.M"i/i
34. 4 . ' . a M r . 5 4 37. S 4 V / r H AQ. INURA.JiT -;,• ^ j'0.9/\.,','r

OiVA-A- :'• THE •..:•! c " RECIOH^,

-:5. S - ; f ? « S K 4 . ' , T > ; 4". 4,'7V'A,M/. .;?,. .JRMPHiK.^ 4a. P/L,'?/f.xV.K>»
^0. P/rMR4r:,y1.S7 5'.CJf!4,K7 -.P I ' / M ^ / 53 p f T A m f f J

NAVAVARGA (9 x9) PADAVINYASA SHOWING BUILDABLE AREA AND PADADEVATAS

For small sites (ie if the width is less than 32H) then we can't divide

it into four quadrants because the resulting quadrant, will be small. In this
 28

case it is important that Brahmanabhi does not concide with gifianabhi. The

grfianabhi is shifted to the north-east or south - west side of Brahmanabhi.

3.4 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATIONS IN MANUSYALAYACADRIKA

3.4.1 Orientation and sutravinyasa

The energy from solar radiation could be received to the maximum

only on facing the east. Therefore fixing the direction is an important fact in

Vastuvidya. Energy bound in a Vastu is a part of the geophysical setup of

the Universe. Therefore the direction east west (due to rotation) and north

south (due to magnetic filed) have an imortant role in forming the energy

fields.

3.4.1.1 Diknirnaya

The process of fixing the direction using the gnomon is described

from slokas 1 to 5 of chapter 2. Draw a circle with a gnomon as the centre

and by tying a chord of length twice the length of the gnomon at the top

end. Let Wi be the point of intersection of the circle with the shadow of the

top of the gnomon in the forenoon. Similarly E be the point of intersection

of the circle with the shadow of the top of the gnomon in the afternoon. Let

W2 be the point of intersection on the west in the next morning. Let W be a

point on the arc W1W2 at a distance 1/3 of the length of this arc from Wi.

Join E - W. This is the east west direction. Mark two points O1 and O2 at

equal distance from the centre of this line. Draw two intersecting arcs with

O1, O2 as centres. Joining the point of intersection of the arcs we get the

north south direction. We choose the point W between Wi and W2 due to

 29

the declination of the sun (Uttarayana and Daksinayana), the shadows of

the top of the gnomon do not fall on the same points next day. The shift of

the point W by 1/3^^^ of the arc W1W2 corresponds to the 120° movement

of the sun. (The length of chord is twice the height of the gnomon.

Therefore the declined angles in the forenoon and afternoon are 30°. The

error due to 360° movement of the sun is W1W2. Therefore the error due

to 120° movement is 1/3 X W1W2

SUN'S
P GNOMON
-.2 A\Gl.'J./< HEIGHT

CIRCLE 24 4NGUL4 RADIUS

MORNING SHADOW
OF FIRST DAY,
\ EVEriING SHADOW
MORNING SHADOW
OF SECOND DAY \ , / \» \ Oi riMSTDAV

W1 '

FIXING CARDINAL DIRECTIONS BY SUN SHADOW METHOD

 30

3.4.1.2 Khandavibhajana

Two sutras are drawn through the center, of the Vastumandala one

from south to north called yamasutram and the other from east to west

called Brahma sutram. These sutras divide the land into four Khandas.

north-east is called Isana, north-west is called vayu, south-west is called

Nirrti, south-east is called agni. Among these nirrti and Isana are good for

houses. If the land is very large, then each khanda is again divided into

four. The isana of nirrti and nirrti of Isana are auspicious for houses. Sutras

from cone to cone are called karna sutra and Mrityu sutra. It is very

dangerous to cross these Mahasutras and Rajjus on the central lines of the

house or cattle house.

KarnasTitra • Brahmasutra

Yamasutra p. Mrityusutra

3.4.1.3 Danda for Vithivinyasa and Marmas

In Manusyalaya the height of the person constructing the house is

accepted as one danda.

One Danda = 8 talam, 9 talam or 10 talam. The width of the vithi is

taken as one of these dandas. When the site is divided into 18x18 grid we

get 9 enveloping paths, surrounding the central point. From the outer path
/,
they are Pisaca vithi, Deva vithi, Kubera vithi, Yama vithi, Naga vithi, Jala
J^
vithi, Agni vithi, Ganesa vithi and Brahma, vithi. Pisaca, Agni, Naga and
 31

Yama are not auspicious for houses. The width of vithi is equal to r/2 times

width of Ankana. There are 5 diagonal lines called rajjtus in the north-east

and south-east directions of grhamandala. The orthogonal lines are called

nadis. The intersecting points of rajjus and nadis are called Marmas. No

constructions are allowed over the important Marmas.

NAOI

•+ NADfSAfJPHI J8 X RAJJUSANOHI 9
^^ MARMANTA 4 K" RAJJUMARMASANDHI 8

v^ MARMA 36 ^ MAHAMARMA -1
TOTAL - 109

MARMAS OF (9 X 9) GRID
 32

3.4.2 Mananirnayam

3.4.2.1 Basic units and scales

The smallest measurement is paramanu.

8 paramanu1 1 trasarenu

8 trasarenu - 1 liksa or romagra

•
8 liksa - 1 yXika

8 yuka - 1 tila

Stila - 1 yava

8 yava - 1 ahgula

12 aiigula - 1 vithasti

2 vithasti - 1 liasta, (kisku)

4 hasta - 1 danda
•
8 danda
•• - 1 raji/u

There are 9 types of angulas.

3.4.2.2 Types of Angulas

One Arigulam = 8 yava Utama

7 Yava Madhyama

6 Yava Adhama

One Angulam = 8 Navara

1
4 Navara J - Utama
7 Navara
\ -
31/2 Navara ^ - Madhyama

6 Navara

3 Navara J - Adhama
 33

3.4.2.3 Types of Hastas

There are 8 types of Hastas.

24 Angula Kishku

25 Angula Prajapatyam

26 Angula Dhanunvusty

27 Angula Dhanurgraham

28 Angula Prachyam

29 Angula Vydeham

30 Angula Vypulyam

31 Angula Prakeemam.

Kishku can be used by all in all situations. Since there are many

types of Angulas, we have 72 types of Hastas, Kisku can be used by all

people.

3.4.3 Characteristics of Settlements

Settlements are divided into grama, pura, nagara and pattana.

Depending on the measurements, they are characterized as uttama,

madhyama and adhama. In devalaya, danda from outside the wall is

considered as uttama, outside width of the Jagati is madhyama and outside

width of paduka is adhama.

3.4.4 Ayadivargas

For measuring vessels, wells, courtyards and Garbhagriha, yoni is

computed inside. In all other situations, it is to be outside. If the perimeter is

p, then
 34

Yoni= Reminder when p x 3 is divided by 8

Vyayam = Reminder when p x 3 is divided by 14 or

Reminder when p x 9 is divided by 10.

Ayam = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 12. Or

Reminder when 8p/3 is divided by 8.

Naksatram = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 27

Vayas (Age) = quotient when p x 8 is divided by 27.

Tithi = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 30.

Vara (week) = Reminder when p x 8 is divided by 7.

The concept of Yoni is used to fix the dimensions of Vastu from its

orientation with respect to the focal point. The names Yonies and their

locations are given t)elow.

Yoni Name Facing towards Quality

Direction
1 Dhwaja Yoni East

3 Simha Yoni South Auspecious

5 Vrsabha Yoni West

Gaja Yoni North

2 Dhooma Yoni ES

4 Kui^kura Yoni SW Not Auspecious

6 Khara Yoni WN

8 Kaka Yoni NE
 35

Dhwaja yoni is good for Brahmanas, Simhayoni for ksatriyas, GajayoniioT

vaisas and Vrsabha yoni for sudras.

The desirable yoni for different types of Vastu are

Vastu Yoni

Vehicles (yana) Dhvaja yoni

Cots Gaja yoni

Seats and chairs Simha yoni

( Pitas and asanas)

Bones, wells, lakes Vrishabha or Dhvaja Yoni

Vedika Dhvaja Yoni.

East Sala Dhvaja Yoni.

South Sala Dhvaja Yoni, Simha yoni

North Sala Gaja Yoni, Dhvaja yoni, Simha yoni

West Sala Vrishabha Yoni, Gaja yoni, Dhvaja yoni,

Simha yoni

Yoni, aya, vyaya, vayas and naksatra are made auspicious for the

perimeters of the respective houses and ahkanas. There should be ahkana

and four salas in the four cardinal directions and konalayas on the four

corner direction, and they are separated by eight antaralas.

3.4.5 Perimeter from Istadirgha, Gunamsa Vidhi

If the Istadirgha = L (in Hasta), Then

Perimeter = (8L + Yoni) divided by 3

Istadirgha = (3p -Yoni) divided by 8

 36

When the Istadirgha is subtracted from the half of the perimeter, we

get breadth. If the length and breadth of a grha are equal, then it is called

'samatatam', if the length is equal to 5/4'^ of the breadth, it is called

padadhikam, if the length is equal to 3/2 of the breadth, it is called

Ardhadika and if it is equal to 7/4 of the breadth, it is called Padona.

According to the acharyas Garga and Daksa it is not auspicious to be

greater in breadth than the length.

Gunamsa literally means fraction of a multiple. The Gunamsa

vistara of the building is obtained by dividing the semiperimeter by the

integers from 8 to 32 and taking 4 parts of the division as width and the

balance as length. The divisions by 11, 15, 19, 23, 27 and 31 are avoided

as they will give padona ratios of length to width.

Chapter V describes Upapita, Jasmin platform adhisthana, vertical

elements of a house and ahkana. The central square of ahkana should be

taken by leaving half of the elongation on the north and half on the south.

This part should be divided into 64 padas. In this south pada of apan or the

north pada of Apavalsa can be taken for Jasmin platform. The desirable

yoni for this is ketuyoni. The offset from the outer vertical edge of the wall

plate is called patramana. It may be 8, 16 or 24 ahgulas. The portion

outside the padukapura of all houses is called ahkana. The central lines of

inner courtyard and the houses should not coincide. Therefore shift shall

be done for salas. This process is called gamana. Slokas 12 to 33 describe

antarala, p^damana, adhistana stambha and pothika. To separate the main

 37

houses and corner houses, there are eight corridors. The height between

the shoe and uttara is called padamana. Padamana may be equal to the

width of the house or 1!4 times of it. The height of adhistana is given in 14

ways. Slokas 16 to 20, describe elements of basement, that is Paduka

Jagathi, Padi and galam. Slokas 21 to 29 describe the pillars, oma and

pothika. Slokas 31 to 40 describe uttara.

3.4.6 Elements of Roof

3.4.6.1 Arudhottara

For small houses bahyottara (outer wall plate) is sufficient. But for

larger houses ^rudtiottara is also necessary. These two are of the same

yoni. The horizontal distance between these two is the same as the height

of arudhottara.

3.4.6.2 Eave Projection

The vertical distance between the lower level of uttara and the upper

level of rafters may be 2/5 or 4/9 or 3/8 or 3/1 or 1/3 or 1/6 of the pillar

height.

Equal and straight rafters are called mancas. Unequal and slanting

rafters are called kotis and upoko^is {alasi rafters). The ends of all slanting

rafters joined on the kuta. The ends of all straight rafters on the two sides

fixed on the vamsa

 38

3.4.6.3 Vamsa

The width and breadth of vamsa should be equal to V*^*" of width and

breadth of uttara and should be square.

3.4.6.4 Kuta

The slanting rafters should be fixed on the kuta by iron nails. It may

have 8 or 16 corners or may be circular or with rounded shape below its

middle.

3.4.6.5 Eave Reaper

The width of the eave reaper is 6/10 or 7/10 or 8/10 or 9/10 or 10/10

or 3/4 or 3/7 of the width of uttara. Its thickness should be 1/3 or 2/7 of the

width of Uttara.

3.4.6.6 Collar Pin

The thickness should be 14 yava or 16 yava or 18 yava or 20 yava

or 22 yava or 24 yava.

3.4.6.7 Reaper

The width of the Reaper should be 17 yava and thickness should be

9 yava.

3.4.7 Ancillary Structures

3.4.7.1 Door

Door should be placed between the central lines of ahkana and

grha. Perimeter should be computed in angulas such that yoni, age, and

naksatra are auspicious for that direction. The width of the door post is

equal to the width of the 'uttara' and its thickness should be equal to or YA^

or Va'*^ or V2 of the width of Uttara. The top end of the posts should reach

upto the uttara. The door should face the ahkana and should be on one
 39

side of the central axes. The yoni of the house and the Inside perimeter of

the frame should be the same. Generally the door has two shutters. The

thickness of the shutter is equal to 2!4 or 334 or 4 angulas. The width of the

shutter is equal to the sum of thickness and half of the width of the hole.

The door posts, shutter and pac//should be made of only one kind of wood.

Otherwise it is said that the ladies of that house will be of a bad character.

3.4.7.2 Gate House

This should be placed in the pada of Indra in the east and in the

pada of Grhaksata in the south and in the pada of puspadanta in the west

and in the pada of Phallata in the north. Subgate ways are allowed on two

sides of the gate house and in the pada of Parjjanya, Bringa, Pushavu,

Dvarapala, Soma Naga and Adithi.

3.4.7.3 Vedika

The Vedika should be made above the basement. Its height may be

equal to the bottom width of the pillar or 1/6 or 1/7 or 1/8 of the height of the

pillar.

3.4.7.4 Location of Farmhouse, Cow Shed, Well

The farm house should be constructed in the south, the building for

storing grains should be in the south or south west of the building. The

cowshed is to be constructed in the cells of \ndra, Varuna, Vitathu,

Parjanya, Jayanta, Pusa, Pushpa danta, Dvarapala Bhringa or Soma. The

well is auspicious in the north-east (Meenarasi), Mesa, Kumbha, Makara.

Vhshabha and in the padas of Apa, Apavatsa, Indrajlth and Varuna.

 40

The owner should perform vastupuja and the silpis should be made

satisfied by offering cows, lands, gold, cloths etc. By taking the permission

of acarya, the owner should live happily in the house.

3.5 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATION IN "VASTUVIDYA"

In the first three slokas the author invokes the blessings of Ganesa

Saraswaty and Visvakarma. Measurements are described in 4 to 10 slokas.

Paramanu is visible only for saints.

3.5.1 Measurements

8 paramanu - one trasarenu

8 trasarenu - one liksa

8 liksa - one yuka

8 yuka - one yava

8 yava - one arigula

There are three types of Angulas

6 yava - one angula (Adhama)

7 yava - one angula (Madhyama)

8 yava-One angula (Uttama)

12 angula - one vitasti

24 angula - one hasta

There are different types of Hasta

24 angula - one hasta (Kisku)

25 angula - one Ajasfa {Prajapathyam)

 41

26 angula - one hasta {Dhanurmusty)

27 angula - one hasta {Dhanurgraham)

28 angula - one hasta (Prachyam)

29 angula - one hasta {Vydeham)

30 angula - one hasta {Vypulyam)

31 angula - one hasta {Prakimam)

Vehicles and coats are measured using kisku, devalaya by prajapatya,

house and land by dhanumiusty, and grama and desa are measured by

dhanurgraham. Desirable hastas of each category are described in this

chapter. On devalaya, danda is measured from outside of uttara or outside

of paduka. In Manusyalaya, there are three types of dandas.

1. One danda - 4 hasta

2. One danda - 41^ hasta

3. One danda - 5 hasta

3.5.2 Desirable width of the plot for different categories of people

Slokas 1 o 5 describes the desirable width of the plot for different

categories of people. They are given below:

Category Width

Uttamam Madhyama Adhama

Brahmana 33 danda 32 danda 30 danda

Vysya 22 danda 20 danda 19 danda

Sudra 25 danda 20 danda 15 danda

Ksatriya 50 danda 40 danda 30 danda

 42

3.5.3 Diknirnaya, Chaturasreekarana and Pada vibhajana

Slokas 6 to 11 of chapter III descrit)e the method of fixing direction

using gnomon. After making the plot square in shape, the plot is divided

into 81 grids using 10 lines on the east - west direction and 10 lines on the

south - north direction, to form 81 grids. Slokas 12 to 24 describe the

positions of padadevatas on the grids. The central 9 grid {pada) is

positioned by Brahma. 44 pada devatas are positioned on the surrounding

44 padas and 8 gods out side in 8 directions.

3.5.4 Position of house, vithi vinyasa, positions of trees and Gate

house

Slokas 1 to 6 of chapter IV describe the positions of the house. After

making the site into a square, it is divided into four equal khandas. Among

this manusya khanda and deva khanda, and manusya khanda in manusya

khanda and deva khanda in devakhanda are auspicious. There is a slight

difference in this concept with Manusyalayacandrika. This khanda should

be divided into 64 padas. The vithi containing inner 4 padas is Brahma vhhi

and outer 12 padas is DevavHhi. The surrounding vithi containing 20

padas is Manusyavithi and the outer v]thi containing 28 padas is called

pisaca vithi. Brahma vithi and Pisaca vithi are not auspicious for houses.

Similarly we can divide it into 81 or 100 padas. Slokas 7 to 13 describe the

boundary and desirable positions of trees. Slokas 14 to 16 describe the

gatehouse.
 43

3.5.5 Arikana, Gamana, and Mannas

Ankana should be of ekayoni. north - south length should be greater

than the east - west length. The points of intersections of the central lines

of ahgana and the central lines of grfia should not coincide. Therefore

gamana should be given for 4 salas. Gamana of east sSIa should be 11

arigula, south sala should be 9 aiigula, west sala should be 7 ahgula and

north sala should be 5 angula. The intersections of nadis and ra^us are

called mannas. Constructions should not be made above manvas. That is

the mannas should be left free. If the manna defect occurs, the persons

performing vastupuja should place pancasiras (gold icons of heads of

bison, lion, elephant, tortoise and boar) at the manna point.

3.5.6 Ayadi vargas

Slokas 15 to 21 describe the sadvargas yoni, vayassu, "ayam, vyayam tithi

. ,•: • and vara. If the perimeter is P, then

yoni = Remainder when P x 3 is divided by 8.

vyayam = Remainder when P x 3 is divided by 14.

ayam = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 12.

tithi = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 15.

weak = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 7

vayas = Quotient when P x 8 is divided by 27.

star = Remainder when P x 8 is divided by 27.

If the vayas is balyam or vardhakyam, it is not good. Death should

be avoided.
 44

3.5.7 Roof elements

In Chapter 9 Slokas 1 to 9 describe adhistanas. It is of different

types.

1. Mancakam - 2/9 of its height is Paduka and 7/9 of it is Jagati.

2. Pratimancakam - 2/12 of its height is paduka and 7/12 of it is jagati

and 3/12 of it is pad/.

3. Golamancakam - 1/5 of its height is paduka 2/5 of it is jagati and 2/5

of it is galam.

4. Padabandham - 3/11 of its height is padukam, 6/11 jagati, 2/11

galam.

Slokas 11 to 13 describe Kumudam and Vedika.

In Chapter 10 slokas 1 to 8 describe rafters. Its width is of 7 types. 1)

equal to the width of uttara. 2) less by 1/8*^ part of it. 3) greater by 1/8*^ part

of it from it 4) 5/4*" of it 5)11/8*'^ of it 6) 2/3"^ of it. 7) Less by 1/4*" part

from it. Here it is described kbti rafters and slanting rafters. Slokas 9 to 13

describe Collar pins and holes. Collar pin should be at a distance 2/5 of the

length of the rafter below uttara from the lower end. The width of the collar

pin may be 14 thora.

In Chapter 11 Slokas 1 to 11 describe the position of rafters using

trigonometry. The next slokas describe the process of fitting rafters, collar

pins etc.

Chapter 12 speaks about vamada. The width of vamada, 8/10*" of

width of uttara is uttama TYz /10 of the width of uttara is madhyama, 7/10 of
 45

the width of uttara is adhama. The thickness of vamada is 1/3"^ of the width

of vamada. 3/8 of the width is mitheppattam. 4/8* of the width is ida slokas

12 to 18 describe reaper, vamsa and kuta. The width of the Reaper is 18

tora and thickness is 9 thora. The width of varfisa Yz or VA^ of the width of

uttara. The perimeter of kuta should be equal to the sum of the thickness of

slanting rafters. The number of pattam depends on the number of slanting

rafters. The length of kuta should be equal to 3/2"^ or 7/4*^ or twice of the

width.

In Chapter 13 Slokas 1 and 2 describe the mactiine which is used

for sameekarana. Slokas 3 to 6 describe upapita. Upapka should be just

below adhistana. The height of upapita should be equal to or twice or 3/4'^

or V2 or 2/5'*^ or 5/4'^ or 7/4*^ of the height of adhistana. Slokas 7 and 8

describe jasmine platform. Leaving equal parts in south and north,

kuztiiahkana (central courtyard) should be made as a square, and divide

this square into 64 equal grids. Position of the Jasmine platform is the 4*^

pada from the north of the 3^ row from the east. Its width should be equal

to or 3/4'^ of the width of one pada and should be square in shape. Houses

should have holes in all directions. The width of the door post should be

equal to the width of uttara. Yonis of holes are the same as the yonis of the

corresponding houses. There should be upper and lower connecting pieces

called head and sill. The height of the hole is 7/8'*^ of the height of the wall,

the width of the hole is 5/9 of the height of the wall, head is 5/72* and sill is

4/72 * portion of the height of the wall.

 46

Chapter 15 describes the construction of the wall. Generally it is

made of sila, bricks or mud. The thickness of the wall should be equal to

the thickness of the uttara. The thickness of the upper end of the wall

should be less by 1/100**' of the thickness of the lower part. The perimeters

of the outer uttara are 2 hasta - 16 angula, or 8 hasta - 8 angula or 8

hasta. The width of valabanda is 3 times the width of vala and thickness

should be 1/4^^ of the same. Stapati covered the avasanam by a new cfoth

and fixed it at the top. The owner gives gifts to all workers after construction

and vastubali.

3.6 MATHEMATICAL STANDARDISATION IN DEVALAYAVIDHI

In early times, human beings were afraid of wind, water and fire.

From this they started worshipping Nature and the cause of creation, which

is God. God is the supreme power behind creation. Main deities in the

vedas who are closely connected with the natural forces are Indra, Varuna,

Vayu and Agni. In early times they kept the memory of a buried person

alive by planting a tree in the buried place. This place is called 'Pitn/anam'.

Normaly this is in the south-west direction. After some time they used

stones for identification. Thus worshipping the stone started. That is

worshipping God by fixing a stone as a representation of God. Even as

early as 300 BC Iconography started in India thanks to the Greek

influence. In 300 BC, Asoka invited Greek silpis to make the icons of

Buddha. But the 'Tantric style' commonly started in the 8* century. After

this to protect the statue they built a simple house 'Garbha', and it was

developed into a temple complex to assemble the devotees.

 47

For devalaya, the measurements of all the portions are

proportionate, and which depend on danda.^^ The mathematical

calculations like length, breadth and height are accurate. For making Icons,

thalamana^^ vyavasta is used. In this also all the figures are proportionate

and similar to that of human beings. The main difference between devalaya

and manusyalaya is that in manusyalaya, Brahma nabhi is kept vacant but

in devalaya, bimbom (icon) is placed on the Brahma nabhi. There are

accurate measurements and positions for panchaprakaras also. This

enables us to avoid the marmavedha. In anyway, the construction of

devalaya using these rules is perfect. There is a common rule for the

construction of prasadas. Since all measurements are proportionate, the

calculation of measurements are very easy.

This chapter involves a lot of mathematical applications in their

calculations of dimensions and geometrical constructions. This reveals the

development of mathematical techniques in the construction of devalaya.

Firstly Indian temples are square in shape and simple in structure.

Then different shapes were formed as technology developed.

3.6.1 Sadadhara Pratista

First excavate the site which is selected for temple until rock or

water have been seen. Fill VA of this pit by soil and purify this part and then

make a vedi for vastupuja. Adharasila should be rectangular and of area

'^ V.V,ChapterI, Sloka 10.

" Kanippayyoor Damodaran Namboodiripad, Tantrasamucayam Silpahhagaom, Published by

Pancangom Pustakasala, Kunnamkulam, 1979, Chapter 5, Sloka 5.
 48

half the area of the sripita or it should be rectangular and equal to

patmapita, and the width should be half of it. First place the adharasila on

the pit. Then place dhanyapita which is made of dhanyas on the central
«

excavated portion of adharasila. This was filled by gold, diamonds etc.

Above this place a lotus, which is made of sila, and then place tortoise

made of sila facing infront of the temple. And above this place a yoganali,

made of copper.

^ ^4 .- /
There are six parts for this Sadadharam. ^) adharasila
«

2) nidhikumbham 3) a lotus made of sila 4) tortoise made of sila 5) yoganaf\

made of copper 6) and above this bimbapitam.

The following are the measurements of these parts. Assume that

the height of the wall.

''' Kanippayyoor Damodaran Nambootiripad, Tantrasamuccayam Silpahhagom, Pancangom

Pustakasala, Kunnamkulam, 1-24.
 49

(that is the height above the floor and below the varothara) is H, then

1) The width of nidhikumbha = H/6

2) The height of nidhikumbha=H/6+H/6 x 8 = 3H/16

3) The height of lotus = H/8

4) The diameter of lotus = H/8 - H/8 x 1/9 = H/9

5) Number of leaves = 8

6) The length of tortoise = H/1 2

7) The breadth of the tortoise = H/12 - (H/1 2 )x 1/8 = 7H/96

8) The height of the tortoise = H/24

9) The breadth of the lower end of the yoganali = 2 ahgulas

10)The breadth of the upper end of the yoganali = one angula

Measurement of Bricks

Length of the brick = L angulas (L may be 8, 1 0 or 12)

Breadth of the brick = L/2

Width of the brick = L/4

Or bricks should be of length - 12 ahgulas, breadth 8 ahgulas and of width

4 ahgulas. Bricks should be made of soil and should be baked and red in

colour or should be made of sila.

3.6.1.1 Istakanyasam

This should be below the right of the outer hole and should be on the

inner part of paduka. This part should be divided into 4 square grids having

garbhanyasa sthanam in the middle. Bricks should be placed east-west on

the grids of agnicone and vayucone and should be placed north-south on

the grids of isana cone and nirrti cone. According to the perimeter of the

temple, four, eight or twelve bricks are required.

 50

4 BRICKS
1 i
J ! ;
I 1 '
-' 1 ' '
^--.i . 1
I -
-
• — " " "

1 __
j

i i 1

8 BRICKS 12 BRICKS

For every deity, Garbhapatra should be placed in the space obtained

by omitting 4/8'^ of the wall width outside and 3/4*^ of the wail width inside.

3.6.2 Yoni

If the perimeter is p then

1. The yoni is the remainder when px3 is divided by 8.

2. Vyayam is the remainder when p x 3 is divided by 14 or the

remainder when p x 9 is divided by 10.

3. Ayam is the remainder when p x 8 is divided by 12.

4. Vayassu (age) is the quotient when p x 8 is divided by 27.

 51

Yoni Name Quality

1. Dhvaja yoni
2. Simha yoni Auspicious
>
3. Vrstiabtia yoni
4. Gaja yoni ^
5. Dhoomra yoni
6. Kukkura yoni Not auspicious
7. Khara yoni
8. Vayasa yoni

Dhvaja yoni is faced to the west and vrsabha Yoni is faced to the east. It is
common to use these two yonies for devalaya.

Vayassu Name
1. Balyam
2. Koumaram
3. Youvanam
4. Vardhakyam
5. Maranam (Death)
«

First four are good and the last is bad. Ayam should be greater than
vyayam

3.6.3 Measurements of Different Parts of the Temple

3.6.3.1 Height of Thazhikakkudam
If the Breadth of the temple is B, then the height upto the end point
of stupika
= B+12/28 B or B + 14/28 B or B + 21/28 B or 2B
= I0/7B or 3/2 B or 7/4 B or 2B

3.6.3.2 Height of the Wall

If the breadth of the devalaya is 2-18, (Two hasta, eight angulas) or

3-2 or 3-10, (3 hasta pahsha), then the height of the wall should be 2 hasta.
 52

If the breadth is 3-18 or 4-2 or 4-10 (4 hasta parisha) then the height of the

wall is 2 hasta 4 ahgulas. For 5 hasta parisha. Prasadas, the height should

be 2 hasta 8 angulas. For each parishas the height should be increased to

four angulas.

3.6.3.3 The breadth of Stambha

If the height of the wall is H, then the breadth of the lower end

(B1) = H/8 or H/9 of H/10. The breadth of the upper end

(B2) = B1 - 81/8 or 81 - 81 /9 or 81 - 81/1 0 = 7/8 81 or 8/9 81 or 9/10 8 1 .

If the stambha is made by wood, then, there should be decorations

like oma and pothika. Then breadth for this stambha is 2 times or 3/2 times

or 4/3 times of the breadth of the above.

3.6.3.4 Upapitham

If the height of the adhisthana is h,

then the height of the upapita = h/3 or 2h/5 or h/2 or 3h/4 or h or 5h/4 or

3/2h or 7/4 h or 2h

width of the upapita - h/IO or 2h/IO or 3h/IO or 4h/I0 or 5h/I0 or 1 danda or 2

danda or 3 danda.

There may be padmam in the place of upapitham.

The height of padmam =h/4 or h/5 or h/7 or h/8 or h/9.

The height of padukam = h/8

The height oijagati= h/3

The height of kumudam = 7h/24

The height of galam = 3h/40

 53

The height of kampam = h/20

The height of pad/ = h/20

The yonis of Jagitipura and prasada should be the same.

3.6.3.5 Measurements of Garbhagrha

The breadth of Garbhagriha depends on the breadth of prasada. If

the breadth for prasada is B,

then the breadth of garbhagriha (b) =2B/3 or 3B/5 or 4B/7 or 5B/9 or 6B/11

or 7B/13 or 8B/15 or 5B/8 or B/2

The breadth of Prasada bhitti = B/8

The breadth of Garbhagirha bhitti = B/8

The height of Garbagriha bhitti = 5/4 or 6/5 or 7/6 or 8/7 of Prasada bhitti

In addition for small prasidas the space between these two walls is

called ar)tharalam. For alpa-prasadas, the breadth of prasada is divided

into five, the middle space is for pita, the surrounding one line for

Garbhagrha. The walls of the Garbhagrha and prasada should be

combined. The outer line is for this wall.

For mahaprasadas, the breadth and length of prasada should be

divided into nine, the middle space is for pita, the surrounding columns for

Garbhagrha, its surrounding columns for the wail of Grabhagrha, its

surrounding columns for antharalam and the outer columns for the wall of

prasada.
 54

3.6.3.6 Ovu (Nalika)

Ovu should be placed in the level of pati or galam; and it should be

faced to the north. It should be placed at a distance 1/8 or 1/9 or 1 / I 0 of

the difference between Isacone to the middle fi^om middle to east.

The length of ovu from the wall (d) = h or 3h/4 or 3h/2.

where h is the height of adhistanam. The length of the ovu inside the wall

= d/2. The breadth of lower end (b) = d/3 or d/5. The breadth of other end

= b/3 or b/5. The measurement of the path of the flowing water is 1/3 of the

breadth of the ovu.

3.6.3.7 Pillars

Generally prasadas have a total of twelve pillars, one for each corner

direction and 2 for each cardinal direction. The distance between every

pair of consecutive pillars should be the same.

The height of oma =1/4 danda, where danda is the width of the upper end

of the pillar.

The breadth of oma = 2 danda

The breadth oikumbham = 2 danda

The height of kumbham = 5/4, 6/4 or 7/4 danda

The breadth of mandippalaka = 4 danda

The width of mandippalaka = 3/4 danda

The length of pothika = 3 or 4 or 5 danda

The breadth of pothika = The breadth of the lower end of the pillar.

potika should be placed below the uttaram, and below this virakandam and

below this
 55

Mandippalaka and below this kumbham, and atiast oma.

3.6.3.8 Door

The doorframe should be placed in such a way that the central line

is at a distance 5/12"^ of the width of the wall from the outer side. The

central points of Prasada and the hole should not coincide. There should

be khanadwaras on the remaining three sides.

If it is of linga pratistha, then

hi = height of Garbhadwara = 2b/3 or 3b/5 or 5b/9 or b/2, where 'b' is the

breadth of Garbhagrha.

bi = breadth of Gardhadwara = hi/2 or 8hi/18 or 5hi/11 or 3hi/7.

If the height of the wall is H, then

hi = height of Gabhadwara= 6H/7 or 7H/8 or 8H/9.

bi = breadth of Gabhadwara= hi/2.

The breadth of doorframe = The breadth of stambha or 5/4 of the

breadth of stambha or 3/2 of the breadth of stambha.

Width = 1/2x the breadth of the door frame. There should be chettupati on

the lower part and ummarappati on the Upper part.

Khanadwaram

This should be made of the same materials which are used for making

walls.

The breadth of khanadvaram = 5/8 x the breadth of hole.

 56

The height of khanadvaram = 2 x 5/8 x the breadth of hole or

2.5 X 8/5 X the breadth of hole= 5/4 x the breadth of hole or 25/16 x the

breadth of hole.

3.6.3.9 Uttaram
There are three types of uttaram

Name Measurement Quality

1) Khandottaram The breadth and auspicious

width are equal to
the breadth and
width of stambha
respectively
2) Pathrottaram Breadth is equal to good
the breadth of stamba
and width is equal to
the % of the breadth
of stambha.
3) Rupottaram Breadth is as above bad
and width is equal to
half of the breadth.
3.6.3.10 Measurements of vamada and vala

The breadth of vamada = 7/8 x the breadth of uttaram

The width of vamada = 7/24 x the breadth of uttaram.

Vala should be square in shape and of width 2 or 3 angulas.

3.6.3.il Kutam

The shape of kutam is the same as that of Prasada and the

measurement is 1/8'*^ of the measurements of Prasada. There should be a

nasika at the center of it.

 57

3.6.3.12 Mukhamandapam

If the breadth of the temple is B then

1) The breadth of mukhamandapam (ba) = B/2 or 3B/5 or 4B/7 or 5B/10

or 5B/12.
2) The length of mukhamandapam = 3b2/4 or b2/2 or b2

3.6.3.13 Danda

There are three types of danda

1) Uttarapuram

In this one danda is the breadth of Uttarapuram.

2) Jagatipuram

Here one danda means the breadth of jagatipuram.

3) Padukapuram

Here one danda means the breadth of padukapuram.

3.6.4 Different types of prasadas based on shapes (Ref. Silpiratnam)

There are different types of prasadas based on shape

1) Vrtta prasadam

Here the shape of prasada is circle. If the perimeter is P, then given that

Radius= 113p/710. We can deduce the value of TC from this.

P = 2n X 113p/710 therefore n = 3.14159

2) Caturasra prasadam

Here, the temple is quadrilateral in shape if the perimeter is P, then

1) Breadth= 4p/20
 58

2) Length= 6p/20

3) Hasti prasta prasadam

If the perimeter is p, then length of the sides = 63/64 x 4p/18 = 7p/32.

The breadth of the sides = 63/64 x 4p/18= 7p/32.

Radius r = 63/64 x 2p/18= 7p/64.

The perimeter of the prstabhagom = 63/64 x 25p/(18x4) = 25 x 7p/(64x8)

By computation

If the perimeter is P.

Then p = 3 x 7p/32 + TT x 7p/64 (Since the shape is a combination of a

square and a semi circle)

Therefore 71 = 3.14285

b= p/(3 + 71/2)

Radius r = b/2

The perimeter of the pristabhagom = Tir

n X 7p/64 = 25 X 7p/(64 x 8)

Therefor 71 = 3.125

4) Vritayata prasadam [ Ref. Silpiratnam ][ kukkudandam]

If the perimeter is p, then width w = px 84/384

Radius r = px 42/384 = w/2 = 7p/64

Breadth in between these two circular shapes = px 80/384 = 20p/64

 59

5) Sadcone prasadam
If the perimeter is p then the length of the diagonal d = 30p/90
A= length of the side= px 15/90
Width w = px 26/90

Computation

A AOC and ABOC are equal right angled A's.

Since AABO is an equilateral A

AO =AB = p/6

FromAAOC, AO/Sin90 = OC/Sin60

W/2 =0C = p/6 Sin60

Width = p/3 Sin60 = (0.2886)p

The error is small.

Diagonal AD =QR +2AQ = a +2AQ

 60

F r o m M B Q <A=60°, <B = 30°

AB/ Sin90 = AQ/Sin30

AQ = AB/2 = a/2

D = a + 2(a/2) = 2a = P/3

Which is accurate.

6) Astacon prasadam
(n this the eight sides are equal. If the peremetre is p,
then width =36p/120 = 0.3p
SideLength=15p/120. A ^

Computation

Total angle = (n-2) %

Each angle = 37i/4

AABC is an isoceless rightangled triangle.

Therefore AB^ + BC^ = AC^

i.e. 2AB^=AC^ OR AB = AC/V2 = a/V2, where a is the side length of the

astacon.

Therefore width w=a+a/V2 + a/V2= (1+ V2) x a = (1+ V2) x p/8 = 0.3017p

The error is very small.

3.6.5 The positions of Pancapraltaram (five compound walls)

Balivattom of the innerside should be at a distance V2 danda from

the outerside of the prasada. Nalambalam should be at a distance 1 or 11/2

danda, VHakkumadam should be at a distance 2 danda, Bahyahara should

be at a distance 7 danda from the outer side of the prasada.

 61

3.6.6 Natyamandapam

If P is the perimeter of Natyamandapam, then the quotient when p is

divided by 32 is called pada.

Then the length of Natyamandapam = p/4 + (2 pada)

The breadth of Natyamandapa = p/4 - (2x pada)

There should be three thazhikakutam, each of which should be of height

one pada. The height of the wall should be two padas and the height of the

floor should be one pada. There should be a total of sixteen.

The yonies of koottiambalam and rangam should be the same. It is

square in shape and has four pillars. The place of Mrdanga should be on

the back of rangam. On the back of this, there will be an aniyara. Rangam

should be on the back of koothambalam. There wiil be a Thazhikakutam for

rangam also. Koothambalam should be on the right and on the front of the

deity.

H - Height of the wall of Prasada

h - Height of adhistana

hi - Height of garbhagrhadvara

B - Breadth of temple

b - Breadth of garbhgrha

bi - Breadth of garbhagrhadvara

ba - Breadth of mukhamandapa
 62

3.6.7 BIMBAVIDHI

3.6.7.1 Measurements (Ref: Tantrasamuccayam Silpabhagom, Bimba

laksana)

The height of Bimba = hi or 3hi/4 or 2hi/3 or 7/8 x 2hi/3 or 8/9 x 2hi/3

where hi is the height of garbhagrha dwaram.

OR

The height of bimba = 2b/3 or 3b/5 or b/2 where b is the breath of

garbhagrfia.

3.6.7.2 Name or talas and their application of representation

If this height is divided into 10, it is called dasa - talam, if it is divided

into 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1, it is called nava - talam, asta- talam, sapta -

talam, sat - talam, panca - ialam, catu - talam, tri - talam, dvi - t'alam and

eka - talam respectively. Bimbas of sHa metal or daru are made as per the

rules of tala- mana. All figures are proportionate. The height of sila or daru

should be two times the height of the bimba, breadth should be V^ times the

height of the bimba, and the width should be half of it.

 Oi

Names of talas and their applications of representations are given below^^

Name of Tala No. of angulas Application of Representation

Eka 12 Tortoise mcarna^on of Visnu

•
Fish incamation, Swan, Spirits of
Dvi 24
Kusmande etc.
Elephant, celestial musician and
Tri 36
Kinnaras
Catu 48 Dwarfs among human beings

Panca 60 Ganapati, Vamana, Pig, Bull etc.

Sat 72 Varaha, Ganesa, Preta etc.

Sapta 84 Vetalas-evil spirits drinking blood

Asia 96 Sages, human males and females

108 Indra, Asura, Raksasa, Yaksa, Naga,

Nava
Siddha etc.

116 (inferior) Astadikplilas, twelve solar spirits.

Dasa 120 (middle) Goddess Lakshmi, Bhu, Parvati and

Sarasvati

124 (superior)
Brahma, Visnu and Siva

" Dr. P. V. Ouseph, Ciirahhasa, Published by Divine Research Centre, Muringoor, May 1998,
pp. 64, 65.
 64

Uttama dasatala
Parts of Body Length of Arigula Length in Yava
Head Portion
From the crown of head to the
upper limit of (Usnisa) (Murdhanta) 1 3
head
From the upper limit of head to the
3 0
hair line (Murdhanta) (Kesanta)
From the hair line to the corner of
4 3
eye (Kesanta) end of Aksisutra)
From the corner of the eye to the
tip of the nose (end of aksisutra) 4 3
(nasanta)
From the tip of the nose to the chin 4 3
From the chin to the larynx (gala) 0 4
From the larynx to the end of the
3 7
throat (kanthocca)
Heart Portion
From the throat to the heart 13 3
From the heart to the navel (nabhi) 13 3
From the navel to the base of the
13 3
penis (Medhramula)
From the tip of the penis to the
27 0
knee (janu)
The knee height 4 0
From the knee to the ankle
27 0
(gulpha)
From the ankle to the sole of the
4 0
foot (padatala)
120 32