S.K.P.

Engineering College,, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

SKP Engineering College

Tiruvannamalai – 606611

A Course Material
on
Structural Analysis 1

By

A.SARAVANAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
SKP Engineering College
Tiruvannamalai -606611

Civil Engineering Department 1 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Quality Certificate

This is to Certify that the Electronic Study Material

Subject Code: CE 6501

Subject Name: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1

Year/Sem: III / V

Being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the University

curriculum.

Signature of the Author

Name: A.Saravanan

Designation: Assistant Professor

This is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mr.A.Saravanan is of the
adequate quality. He has referred more than five books and one among them is from
abroad author.

Signature of HD Signature of the Principal

Name: A.Saravanan Name: Dr.V.Subramania Bharathi

Seal: Seal:

Civil Engineering Department 2 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

CE 6501 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVES: The student should be made to:
• Learn Java Programming.
• Understand different Internet Technologies.
• Be exposed to java specific web services architecture.

UNIT 1 INDERMINATE FRAMES

Degree Of Statics And Kinematics Indeterminacies For Plane Frames - Analysis Of

Indeterminate Pin-Jointed Frames - Rigid Frames (Of Degree Statical Indeterminacy
Up To Two) – Energy And Consistent Deformation Methods.

UNIT 2 MOVING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINES

Influence Lines For Reactions In Statically Determinate Structures – Influence Lines

For Forces In Pin – Jointed Frames – Influence Lines For Shear Force And Moment In
Beam Sections – Calculation Of Critical Stress Resultants Due To Concentrated And
Distributed Moving Loads.Muller Breslau”S Principle – Influence Lines For Continuous
Beams And Single Storey Rigid Frames – Indirect Model Analysis For Influence Lines
Of Indeterminate Structures - Beggs Deformeter.

UNIT 3 ARCHES

Arches As Structural Forms – Examples Of Arch Structures – Types Of Arches –

Analysis Of Three Hinged, Two Hinged And Fixed Arches, Parabolic And Circular
Arches – Settlement And Temperature Effects.

UNIT 4 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

Continuous Beams And Rigid Frames (With And Without Sway) – Symmetry And
Antisymmetry – Simplification For Hinged End – Support Displacements.

UNIT 5 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

Distribution And Carryover Of Moments – Stiffness And Carry Over Factors – Analysis
Of Continuous Beams – Plane Rigid Frames With And Without Sway –Neylor”S
Simplification.

Civil Engineering Department 3 Structural Analysis I

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CONTENTS

S.No Particulars Page

1 Unit – I 5

2 Unit – II 22

3 Unit – III 51

4 Unit – IV 74

5 Unit – V 94

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UNIT – I

INDERMINATE FRAMES

PART A

1.Define Necessary to compute deflections in structures?(Co1-L1-

Auc May/June-2013)

Computation of deflection of structures is necessary for the following

reasons:
*If the deflection of a structure is more than the permissible, the
structure will not look aesthetic and will cause psychological upsetting of
the occupants.
*Excessive deflection may cause cracking in the materials attached to
the structure. For example, if the deflection of a floor beam is excessive,
the floor finishes and partition walls supported on the beam may get
cracked and unserviceable.

2.Define Cambering technique, in structures?

Cambering is a technique applied on site, in which a slight
upward curve is made in the structure / beams during construction, so
that it will straighten out and attain the straight shape during loading.
This will considerably reduce the downward deflection that may occur at
later stages.

3. What are the Four methods used for the computation of deflections in
structures? (Co1-L1-Auc May/June-2013)
Virtual work method – Dummy unit load method
* Strain energy method
*Willot Mohr diagram method
*Method of elastic weights

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4.Difference between strain energy method and unit load method in the
determination of deflection of structures?

In strain energy method, an imaginary load P is applied at the

point where the deflection is desired to be determined. P is equated to
Zero in the final step and the deflection is obtained.
In unit load method, an unit load (instead of P) is applied at the
point where the deflection is desired.

5. Define Assumptions made in the unit load method?

Assumptions made in unit load method are
* 33The external and internal forces are in equilibrium

6. Define Principle of Virtual work?(Co1-L1-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

It states that the work done on a structure by external loads
is equal to the internal energy stored in a structure (Ue = Ui)

Work of external loads = work of internal loads

7. Define Virtual work? (Co1-L1-Auc May/June-2013)

The term virtual work means the work done by a real force acting
through a virtual displacement or a virtual force acting through a
real displacement. The virtual work is not a real quantity but an
imaginary one.
8. Define Procedure involved in the deflection of pin jointed plane frames?
Virtual forces k: Remove all the real loads from the truss.
Place a unit load on the truss at the joint and in the direction of the
desired displacement. Use the method of joints or the method of
sections and calculate the internal forces k in each member of the
truss.
Real forces F: These forces arre caused only by the real loads
acting on the truss. Use the method of sections or the method of joints
to determine the forces F in each member.Virtual work equation.

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PART-B

1) Determine horizontal deflection of Joint C as shown in figure. E=200KN/ ,

and A=600 for all the members.

SOL:

Virtual force:

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S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

To find the distance:

Sinθ=BB’/AB

Sin45°= BB’/AB

AB=4.2m

AB=BD=BC=4.2m

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S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

To find the reaction:

∑ =0

( *6)+(1*6)=0

= -1KN

∑H=0

= -1KN

Total load =1-1

+ =0
=1

Joint A:

∑v=0

-1+ Sin45°=0
=1.414(Tensile)

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∑H=0

-1+ cos45°+ =0

=0

Joint B:’

∑v=0

Sin45° - Sin45°- Sin45°=0

Sin45°- Sin45°=1

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∑H=0

cos45° - cos45°- cos45°=0

cos45°+ Sin45°=1

=1.414KN(Tensile)

=0

2) Using the method of virtual work, determine the vertical displacement of point
B of the beam as shown in figure. Take E=2* MPa, I=825* . [Co1-H3-Auc

May /June 2013]

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SOL:

Vertical moment:[m]

m1= -1X [0 to 10m]

Real moment:[M]

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M1=-20x

= [0 to 10m]

Virtual Work Equation:

!
( ) = "

! # (#%" & )
"
=

! %" '
"
=

% %" ( 10
) 0
= [ ]

% %"(%")(
∗%", ∗- .∗%"/0 )
= [ ]

=0.015m

=15mm

Hence the vertical displacement of point B=15mm

3) Determine the vertical displacement of joint A of the steel truss shown in Fig.
The member BE is subjected to an increase in temperature of 70°C. Take the Co-

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1
efficient of linear expansion as 0.0012 per °C and E=2* . The cross
sectional area of each member is 1250

[Co1-H3-Auc May/June-2013]

To Find:

AB=BD Distance:

tan 5 =

6
θ=tan#% 6

θ=45°

AB=√3 + 3

= 4.243 m

SOL:

Vertical Forces[k]:

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Joint A:

∑;<

sin 45°-1=0

= 1.414 (Tensile)

∑B<

- - cos 45°=0

= −(1.414 cos 45°)

=1

Civil Engineering Department 15 Structural Analysis I

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Joint E:

∑;<

=0

∑B<

− =0

-1=

=1KN (comp)

Joint B:

∑;<

− sin 45° − sin 45° − =0

Civil Engineering Department 16 Structural Analysis I

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− sin 45° − (1.414 sin 45°) − 0 = 0

−1
= −1.414
<
sin 45°

< 1.414 (Comp)

∑B<

cos 45° − cos 45° − =0

− + (1.414 cos 45°) + (1.414 cos 45°) = 0

− +2 =0

=2 (GHIJKLH)

Real Forces: [f]

Only external load is 40KN applied at A.

Civil Engineering Department 17 Structural Analysis I

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Joint A:

∑;<

M sin 45° − 40 = 0

M = 56.56 (GHIJKLH)

∑O<"

−M cos 45° −M =0

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M = 40 (PQRS)

Joint E:

∑;<

M =0

∑B<

M −M =0

M = 40 (GHIJKLH)

Joint B:

∑;<

−M sin 45° − M sin 45° − M =0

−M sin 45° − (56.56 sin 45°) = 0

M = 56.56 (PTUV)

Civil Engineering Department 19 Structural Analysis I

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∑B<

M cos 45° − M cos 45° − M =0

(56.56 cos 45°) − (56.56 cos 45°) − M =0

M = 80 (GHIJKLH)

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Virtual Work Equation:

MY
∆ =∑
Z[
1398.68
=
Z[
A=1250UU ------>1250*10#] U
^ _^
E=2∗ 10. &
.------>2*10. ∗ 10] ∗ 10#6 &
.

_^
=2*∗ 10- &
.

1398.68
∆ =
(1250 ∗ 10#] ∗ 2 ∗ 10- )

∆ = 5.59 ∗ 10#6 m

Vertical Displacement ∆ = 5.59 ∗ 10#6mm

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UNIT 2

MOVING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINES

PART A

1. What is Begg’sdeformeter? (Co2-L1-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

Begg’sdeformeter is a device to carry out indirect model analysis on structures. It

has the facility to apply displacement corresponding to moment shear [or] thrust
at any desire point in the consequent displacements all over the model.
2. Briefly explain muller Breslau principle?
*Muller Breslau principle states that, if we want to sketch the influence line for any
force quantity [shear, reaction, moment in a structure,
* We remove from the structure the resistant to that force quantity and
*We apply on the remaining structure a unit displacement corresponding to that
force quantity.
*The resulting displacement in the structure are the influence line ordinates sought.

3. What is meant by influence lines?

An influence line is a graph showing,for any given frame or truss, the variation of
any force or displacement quantity (such as shear force ,bending moment ,tention ,
deflection ) all position of a moving unit load as it crosses the structure from one
end to the other.

4.What are the uses of influence line diagrams? (Co2-L2-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)
i)Influence lines are very useful in the quick determination of reaction, shear force
,bending moment (or) similer functions at a given section under any given system of
moving loads and
ii)influence lines are useful in determining the load position to cause maximum value of
a given function in a given function in a structure on which load positions can vary.

5. What is meant by absolute maximum bending moment?

When a given load system moves from one end to the other end of a cantilever
beam, depending upon the position of the load, there will be maximum bending
moment for every section. The maximum of these bending moments will usually
occur near or at the midspan. The maximum bending moments is called the
maximum bending moment

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6. Define the term reversal of stresses?

In certain trusses the web members can develop either tension (or) compression
depending upon the position of live loads. The tendency to change the nature of
stresses is called reversal of stresses.

7. State Maxwell – Bett’s theorem?

In a linearly elastic structure in static equilibrium acted upon by either of to systems
of external forces, the virtual work done by the first system of forces in undergoing
the displacement called by the second system of forces in undergoing the
displacement called by the first system of forces. Thus theorem helps as to draw
influence lines for structures.

8. State the principle on which indirect model analysis is based? (Co2-L1-Auc

NOV/DEC 2014)
The indirect model analysis on the Muller Breslau principle. Muller Breslau principle
has lead to a simple method of using models of structures to get the influence lines
for force quantities like bending moments, reactions, internal shears, thrusts, etc.

9. What are the three types of connections possible with the model used with
Begg’sdeformeter?
1. Hinged connections
2. Fixed connections
3. Floating connections

10. What is the use of a micrometer microscope in model analysis with

Begg’sdeformeter?
Micrometer microscope is an instrument used to measure the displacements of any
point in the x and y directions of a model during tests with Begg’sdeformeter.

Civil Engineering Department 23 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College,, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Part B

1.In the girder. Determine the maximum shear force and bending moment
diagram and calculate simply supported girder of span 16 m, carries a udl of 2
kN/m, 6 m long crosses a values at 5 m and 8 m from the left hand support.

Solution:

1.maximum
maximum positive shear force diagram:

The maximum positive and negative shear force diagrams are plotted exactly in the
same manner as udl shorter than the span.

For x=y i.e., upto 6 m:

` & a & &

! a%] %]
Fmax = = = kN

At x=0, F0=0
.
At x=5 m F5=%] kN

Civil Engineering Department 24 Structural Analysis I

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])
%]
At x=8 m F8= kN

For x >y i.e., x >6 m:

`b b a] ]
( − )=
! %]
Fmax = (x- )

6
)
= (x – 3)

b 6
At x= = 3 m, F3 = ) (x – 3) = 0

6 c
At x = y, x =6 m, F6 = ) (6 – 3) = ) kN

6 6c
F16= ) (16 – 3) =
)
At x = l, x =16 m, kN

(b)maximum negative shear force diagram

(i) for x between 0 to ( l – y); 0 to (16 – 6 =10 m);

`b b
Fmax = -RA = −
d
(l – x - )

a] ] #6
=−
%] )
(16 – x - ) = (13 – x)

#6c
)
At x = 0; F0 = kN

#6 #6 # )
) ) )
At x = 5; F5 = (13 – 5) = (8) = = - 6 kN

#6 #%.
) )
At x = 8; F8 = (13 – 8) = kN

#6 #c
) )
At x = (l – y) = 10 m; F10 = (13 – 10) = kN

(ii) for x between l-y to l i.e., 10 m to 16 m

#`
(l – x)2
d
Fmax = -RA =

Civil Engineering Department 25 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

# #%
(16 – x)2 = (16 – x)2
a%] %]
=

#% #6] #c
%]
(6)2 =
%] )
At x = 10; F10 = =

#%
%]
At x = 16 m; F16 = (0) = 0

(c) maximum bending moment:

#`b b
(l – x)e1 − f
! !
Mmax =

# a]a. ]
At x = 5 m, Mmax = %]
(16 – 5) e1 − a%]
f

M5 = (- 3.75)(11) (1 – 0.1875)

= - 3.75a11a0.8125

= - 33.51 kN-m
# a]a- ]
At x = 8 m, M8 = %]
(16 – 8) e1 − a%]
f

= - 48 a0.8125

Civil Engineering Department 26 Structural Analysis I

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= - 39 kN-m

2.Two point loads of 40 kN and 60 kN , spaced 6m apart crosses a grinder of 20 m

span, the 40kN load leading from left to right . determine the maximum shear
force and bending moment diagrams. (Co2-H2-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

Civil Engineering Department 27 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Solution: p1=40kN, p2=60kN, d=6m, l=20m.

Maximum positive shear force:

`g ! )"a "
`gh `&
= )"i]" = 8

d = 6<8
`g !
When d<`
gh `&
,the maximum +ve shear force at any section will occur under the leading
load of 40kN.

(i) For x upto 6 m (i.e., x=d);

`g )"
! "
Fmax = = = 2x kN

Shear force at 6m, F6= 2(6) =12kN

(ii) For x more than 6m:

`g i`& ( #j)
!
Fmax = RB =

(`g i`& ) #`& j

!
=

Civil Engineering Department 28 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

()"i]") #]"j
"
=

%"" #]"j
"
= = 5x – 3d = 5x – 18

At x = l = 20 m, Fmax = 5(20) – 18

= 100 – 18 = 72 kN

Maximum negative shear force

(i) For x=0 to x = (l-d) = (20-6) =14m. the maximum negative shear force will be when
the load(P2 =60kN) at section X.
`& (!# )i`g (!# #j)
Fmax = - RA = - e !
f

]"( "#")i)"( "#"#])

Fmax = - e f
"
At x=0,

]"( ")i)"(%))
=-e "
f

= - 88 kN
]"( "#%))i)"( "#%)#])
At x =14 m, Fmax = - e "
f

= -18 kN

(ii) For x= - (l - d) = 14 m to 20 m (l), P2 will be at X and P1 will be off the beam.

`& (!# )
Fmax = - RA = −
!

]"( "#%))
At x =14 m, Fmax = − e f = - 18 kN

At x =20 m, Fmax = 0

The maximum shear force diagram have been shown in figure

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S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Maximum bending moment:

Maximum bending moment at section may occur under any one of the following cases.

Case 1: maximum bending moment under P1 and P2 behind it (Mx1 ).

Case 2: maximum bending moment under P2 and P1 ahead of it (Mx2).

Case 3: maximum bending moment under P2 and P1 off the girder (Mx3) .

Now we will consider all the three possibilities .

Case 1: maximum bending moment under P1 (Mx1).

`g i`& ( #j)
Mx1=− k !
l(l-x)

)" i]"( #])

= −k "
l (20-x)

= - [2x + 3(x-6)] (20-x)

= - [2x + 3x – 18] (20-x)

= - (5x – 18) (20 – x)

When Mx1 = 0, x=3.6 m, and x= 20 m.

l – x = 16.4 m
%].)
maximum bending moment will occur at x = 3.6 + = 11.8 m

Mx1 at 11.8 m = -[5(11.8) – 18] (20 – 11.8)

= - (41) (8.2)

= - 336.2 kN-m

Case 2: maximum bending moment under P2 (Mx2)

`g (!# #j)i`& (!# )
Mx2 = − k l
!

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"
=- {40 (20 – x – 6) + 60 (20 – x)}

"
=- {40 (14 – x) + 60 (20 – x)}

= - x {2(14 – x) + 3 (20 – x)}

= - x {28 – 2x + 60 – 3x}

= - x {88 – 5x}

When Mx2 is zero, x = 0 and 88 – 5x = 0, x = 17.6 m

That is AE = 17.6 m

The maximum value of Mx2 will occur at .

x = 8.8 m

Mx2 = - 8.8{88- 5(8.8)} = - 387.2 kN-m

`& ! ]"a "
Since `
g i`&
= )"i]" = 12

For x<12, Mx2> Mx1

For x<12, Mx1> Mx2

At x = 12, Mx1 = -(5x-18) (20-x)

= -[(5(12)-18) (20-12)]

= -(42(8) ) = - 336 kN-m

Mx2 = - x {88-5x}

= -12 {88-60} = - 336 kN-m

When x=12 m, Mx1 = Mx2

Hence OK.

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Case 3: maximum bending moment under P2 with P1 off the girder (Mx3)
`&
Mx3 = −
!
(l – x)

When x=l-d to x=l. take is x=14 m to x=20 m

For this range, Mx3> Mx1

]"
−
"
(20-x) >-(5x-18) (20-x)

3x(20-x) > (5x-18) (20-x)

3x > 5x – 18

18 >2x (or) x< 9 m

But for Mx3, x is between 14m to 20m. therefore the above condition cannot be fulfilled.

Mx3< Mx1
!
And the maximum value occur at x = = 10 m.

Mx3= - 30(10) = -300kN-m

The maximum bending moment diagram has been drawn in figure

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3.A system of moving loads crosses a girder from left to right across simply
supported beam of span 40m, the 40kN load lending. Determine the maximum
bending moment and shear force at a section 15m from the left hand support.
(Co2-H3-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

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Solution:

(a) Maximum bending moment:

The loads are arranged heavier – lighter to lighter – heavier as shown in figure

The bending moment at C will occur when the central 100kN load is over the
section.

Giving small movement to the left,

`m ` ]"i]"i%"" %""i)"
- !#n = %.
– )"#%.

" %)"
%. .
= - = 14.7-56 = 9.1

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Giving small movement to the right,

`m ` ]"i]" %""i)"i%""
- !#n = %.
– .
= -1.6

`m `
Since - !#n Changes sign, the bending moment will decrease if the central 100kN
load is moved from C. Hence the arrangement of the load position shown in figure.
gives the maximum bending moment.

Now, ∑ R =0,

RBa40= [(60a9.5)+(60a12)+(100a18)+(100a15)+(40a20.5)]

RB =135.25 kN

Bending moment at C

= -(135.25a25)+(40a5.5)+(100a3)

= - 2861.25 kN-m

(b) Maximum shear force:

For maximum +ve shear force, let us try with the leading load 40kN at the section C as
shown in figure. give moment to right.

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Here P= total load = (60+60+100+100+40)

= 360kN
P1= 40kN, d=2.5m
`j
oF = - P1
d
6]"a ..
)"
= - 40 = 22.5 – 40 = -17.5 kN
Since it is negative, the S.F decreases. hence the maximum positive shear force occur
when the 40kN load is just to the left of the section C, as shown in figure.

RBa40 = [(604)+(606.5)+(1009.5)+(10012.5)+(4015)]
= 85.75 kN
Fc = RB = 85.75 kN
Similarly, for negative shear force at C, let us try with the last 60kN load at C, as shown
in figure. since the next 60kN load is at a distance d=2.5m let us move the loads to the
left by 2.5m.

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P =360 kN

P1 = 60 kN, d = 2.5 m
`j 6]"a ..
oF = d
- P1 = )"
– 60 = -37.5 kN

This shows that the negative shear force will be decrease. Hence the maximum
negative shear force occur. When the 60kN load is just to right of the section C as
shown in figure

RAa40 = [(40a14)+(100a16.5)+(100a19.5)+(60a22.5)+(60a25)]

RA= 175.25 kN

Fc = -RA = -175.25 kN

Maximum shear force = -175.25 kN

1. The following system of the moving loads crosses a girder of span 25 m

Moving load(km) 160 160 200 200 200

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Distance(m) 3 3 4 4

Find the maximum bending movement and shear force in the span.

(a)Maximum bending moment:

Location of resultant of loads (C.G of the system)
P = 200+200+200+160+160 = 920 kN
Taking moment about the last load 160 kN (leading load is 200 kN)
160 160 200 200 200

1 3 3 4 4
(%]"a6)i( ""a])i( ""a%")i( ""a%))
̅=
c "

̅ = 7.04 m

Let us try the third load, i.e., 200 kN load. The maximum bending moment under 200 kN
will occur when the mid span is equal distance from C.G of loads and the third load.

Distance of load no.3 and P = 7.04 – 6

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=1.04m

Distance of 200kn(third load)from %.")

q |=
center of span
=0.52m

i.e., 200kn(third load) is at a distance of 0.52m from the centre of the shown in fig.2.34

In this load position,

RB a25 =[(160 a 5.98) + (160 a 8.98) + (200 a 11.98) + (200 a 15.98) + (200 a 19.98)]

RB = 480 kN

Mmax= -RB(12.5+0.52)+ (200a 8) + (200 a 4)

=-480 (13.02)+1600+800

=3849.6 kN-m

(a) Maximum shear force

Maximum shear force value is either RA or RB. As the centre of gravity of the load
can approach nearer to B than to A,since RB>RA for limiting load position.
Keep the first load (i,e 200kN) just to the left of B.now give a movement of 4m,
since next load is at 4m distance.

P=920kN
P1=200 kN
d=4m

load leaving the span N2=200 kN

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}j c "a)
oF= - (p1+W 2) =
d %.
- (200+200)

= -155 kN

The negative sign shows that the shear force will decrease if the loads are moved.
Hence the arrangement of the load position for maximum shear force will be shown in
fig. 2.35.

∑ RA = 0

(160 a 11) + (160 a 4) + (200 a 17) +

RBa 25=~ (200 a 210) + (200 a 25) •

RB= 664 kN

Fmax =RB=664 kN

4.A simply supported girder of span 20m, is traversed by a moving load as

shown in figure. Determine the maximum bending moment at 7m from the left
hand support.

Solution:

Let us try with the second 4 KN load at the section as shown.

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Give slight movement to the left

S_Y/ − S_‚/(L − ) = −
4i4#4 4i(9a1)
= 0.714
7 13

Give slight movement to the right

S_L/ƒ -S_‚/(L − )=
4i4 4i4i9
7
-
13

8 17
= 7 - 13 =1.14 - 1.3

= - 0.167

Since S_Y/ - S_‚/(L − ) changes sign from +ve to –ve , the maximum will occur when
the loads are arranged as shown.

∑ =0

‚_Z a 20 = [(1a 9 a ) +(4a 11) + (4 a 13) + (4 a 15) + (4 a 17)]

9
2

‚_Z=13.28 kN

R_U… = - (13.23a 7) + (4 a 4) + (4 a 2)

= - 68.61 kN-m

R_U… = - 68.61 kN-m

2. Find the equivalent udl corresponding to

(i) Single moving load of 80 kN crossing a grider of 10 m span.
(ii) Uniform load of 20 kN, 5 m long crossing a grider of 25 m span.

Solution:

Case 1: single concentrated load

P = 80 kN; l = 10 m

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P’= 2S/Y =
2a80
= 16 kN/m
10

The equivalent uniformly distributed load = 16 kN/m

Case 2: UDL shorter than the span.

P = 20 kN/m; l = 25 m; y=5m

(l - †/2)
2Py
P’=
L2

( 25 - 2)
2a20a5 5
= 2
25

200
= 625 (22.5) = 7.2 kN/m

The equivalent udl = 7.2 kN/m

5.Two wheel loads of 12 kN and 6 kN at a fixed distance apart of 2 m, cross a

beam of 12 m span. Draw the influence line for bending moment and shear
force for a point 5 m from the left support, and also determine the maximum
bending moment and shear force at that point.

Solution:

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(a) maximum bending moment at X

The I.L for bending moment at ‘X’ at a distance 5 m from left end support.

The maximum ordinate under section X = ( (Y − ))/Y =

5a7
= 2.92 kN-m
12

The bending moment at X is maximum when Py is maximum.

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Ordinate under 12 kN load = 2.92 kN-m

a5 = 2.08 kN-m
2.92
Ordinate under 6 kN load = 5

Moment at X = (12a2.92) + (6a2.08) = 47.52 kN-m

(a) maximum shear force at X

The influence line for shear force at a section X,at a distance 5 m from A.

Ordinate under the section X = /Y = = 0.4

5
12

And −((L − )/ ) =−
12#5
5
= -1.4

Maximum shear force occurs, when the 12 kN load is just to the right of X, and the 6 kN
load is ahead of it.

Ordinate under 12 kN load = -1.4

#1.4
Ordinate under 6 kN load = 7
a5 = -1

Shear force at a section X = -[(12a1.4) + (6a1)] = 22.8 kN

6.Four wheel loads of 60, 40, 80 and 50 kN cross a girder of 20 m span, from left
to right followed by udl of 8 kN/m and 2 m long with the 60 kN load leading. The
spacing between the loads in the same order are 3 m, 3 m and 2 m. the head of
the udl is at 4 m from the last 50 kN load. Using influence lines, calculate the S.F
and B.M at a section 8 m from the left support when the 4 kN load is at centre of
the beam.

Solution:

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80a13
The ordinate under 80 kN load is =52 when the 40 kN load is at the centre of the
20
beam, the arrangement of the loads are as shown in Figure

a7 = 28
52
Ordinate under 60 kN load =
13

a10 = 40
52
Ordinate under 40 kN load =
13

Ordinate under 50 kN load = 7 a5 = 37.12

52

Ordinate under head of udl = 7 a4 = 29.71

52

Moment at ‘C’ = - ‡(60 a 28) + (40 a 40) + (80 a 52) + (50 a 37.12) + (2 a 29.71 a 4 a
1

8)ˆ

= - 9771.36 kN-m

Shear force

the ordinate of influence line for shear force at C are 20 =0.35 and - 20 = - 0.65
7 13

hence ordinate under 60 kN load = 13 a7 =0.35

0.65

a10 = 0.5
0.65
ordinate under 40 kN load =
13

a5 = 0.25
0.35
ordinate under 50 kN load =
7

a4 =0.2
0.35
ordinate under head of udl = 7

(a) Maximum (+ve) shear force

For maximum positive shear force consider the 80 kN load just to the left of C.

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Shear force at C = ‡(80 a 0.35) + (50 a 0.25) + (8 a 2 a 0.2 a 4)ˆ − ‰(40 a 0.5) + (60 a
1

0.35)Š

= 2.7 kN

(b)Maximum (-ve) shear force

For maximum negative shear force, consider the 80 kN load just to the right of C. then,

Shear force at C =−‰(60 a 0.35) + (40 a 0.5) + (80 a 0.65)Š − ‡(50 a 0.25) + (2 a 0.2 a
1

4 a 8)ˆ

= -77.3 kN

Hence the maximum shear force at C, under the given load position greater than of the
two, i.e., 77.3 kN.

(b) Construct influence line for RA , RB , FD and ME for the beam AB shown in
figure

Solution

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System 2 for RA (Note that there is no bending moment at D, i.e., MD= 0)

System 2 for RB;

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System for ME: (Note that only ME contributes to virtual work because even
through there is rotation at point D (‹DC +‹DE), MD=0.

The deflected shape in each system 2 provides the influence line for the corresponding
response function.

Indirect model analysis

Muller Breslau’s principle is invaluable when applied to experimental methods. The

constraints stated by Muller Breslau can be actually implemented in a model and known
displacements applied at predicted points. We have to measure the resulting
displacement and plot them to get the influence line.

Necessity of model analysis

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When the mathematical analysis of problem is virtually impossible,so complicated and

time consuming that the model analysis offers a shortcut. The importance of the
problem is such that verification of mathematical analysis by an actual test is essential.

Designing of the models

The model would normally be made of transparent plastic sheet about 0.8 m to 1.5 mm
thick. The model making materials can be Perspex, Plexiglas, acrylic, plywood, sheet
araldite Bakelite ,microconcrete, mortar, and plaster. It is better to avoid materials that
have internal stresses since highly stressed regions may go into yielding during the
application of displacements.

First we can choose the convenient scale for the centre line dimensions, perfect 1:1
correspondence is not necessary since this is an indirect model analysis. For the cross-
section, we have to use the same scale.

Actually we must choose another convenient scale for moment of inertia. when we
simulate an RC reaction, we can scale down the equivalent EI value.

Begg’sDeformeter

Begg’sDeformeter is a device to carry out indirect model analysis on structures. It has

the facility to apply displacement corresponding to moment, shear (or) thrust at any
desired point in the model and also it provides facility to measure accurately the
consequent displacements all over the model.

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UNIT -3

ARCHES

PART- A

1. Define arches? (Co3-L1-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

An arch is defined as a curved girder, having convexity

upwards and supported at its ends.
The supports must effectively arrest displacements in the
vertical and horizontal directions. Only then there will be arch action.
2. Define Linear arch?
If an arch is to take loads, say W1, W 2, and W 3 and a
vector diagram and funicular polygon are plotted as shown; the funicular
polygon is known as the linear arch or theoretical arch.

3. Define Eddy’s theorem?

Eddy’s theorem states that “The bending moment at any section of
an arch is proportional to the vertical intercept between the linear arch (or
theoretical arch) and the center line of the actual arch”.
BMx = ordinate O2 O3 * scale factor

4. Define Degree of static indeterminacy of a three hinged

parabolic arch?
For a three-hinged parabolic arch, the degree of static
indeterminacy is zero. It is statically determinate.

5. Difference between the basic action of an arch and a

suspension cable?
An arch is essentially a compression member, which can also take
bending moments and shears. Bending moment and shears will be
absent if the arch is parabolic and the loading uniformly distributed.
A cable can take only tension. A suspension bridge will therefore have a
cable and a stiffening girder. The girder will take the bending moment and
shears in the bridge and the cable, only tension.
Because of the thrust in cables and arches, the bending moments are

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considerably reduced.
If the load on the girder in uniform. The bridge will have only cable
tension and no bending moment on the girder.

6. What is Rib – shorting in the case of arches. (Co3-L2-Auc

NOV/DEC 2014)
In a 2-hinged arch, the normal thrust, which is a compressive
force along the axis of the arch, will shorten then rib of the
arch. This is turn will release part
Normally, this effect is not considered in the analysis (in the case of two
hinged arches). Depending upon the important of the work we can either
take into account or omit the effect of rib shortening. This will be done by
considering (or omitting) strain energy due to axial compression along with
the strain energy due to bending

7.Effect of yielding of support in the case of an arch.

Yielding of supports has no effect in the case of a 3 hinged arch which is
determinate. These displacements must be taken into account when we
analyse 2 hinged or fixed arches as under

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PART -B

1. A parabolic 3 hinged arch carries a UDL of 15 KN/m over the left half of the
span. The span of the arch is 18m and the control rise 2.8m. Determine the
resultant reaction at the supports. Find also the bending moment, normal thrust
and radial shear at a section 4.5m from the left support. [Co3-H2-Auc May/June
2013]

To find:-

Bending moment

Normal thrust

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Radial shear

Solution:-

(i) To find section at a support A&B

(a) Vertical Component:-

Taking moment at A

(VB * 18) + (15 * 92/2) = 0

VB = 33.75 KN

VA + VB = 15 * 9

VA = 135 - 33.75

VA = 101.25 KN

(b) Horizondal component:-

Take SMC = 0

(HB * 2.8) - (VB * 9) = 0

2.8 HB = 33.75 * 9

HB = 108.48 KN

(c) Resultant reaction at A&B

RA = (VA2 + HA2)1/2 = (101.252 + 108.482)1/2 = 148.38 KN

RB = (VB2 + HB2)1/2 = (33.752 + 108.482)1/2 = 113.6 KN

(ii) Bending moment at x = 4.5 m from A

For parabolic arch; y = 4rx * (l - x)/l2

y = 4 * 2.8 * 4.5 * (18 - 4.5)/182

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y = 2.1 m

Bending moment:-

MX = (VA * 4.5) - (HA * 2.1) - (15 * 4.52/2)

= (101 * 4.5) - (108 * 2.1) - (15 * 4.52/2)

MX = 75.8 KNm

(iii) Radial shear:-

RX = VX cosq - H sinq

VX = Net vertical S.F at x = 4.5 m from A

= VA - (15 * 4.5)

= 101 - 67.5

VX = 33.5 KN

q = tan-1 (4r * (l - (2x))/l2)

q = tan-1 (4 * 2.8 * (18 - (2 * 4.5))/182)

q = 17o16'

RX = 33.5 cos(17o16') - 108 sin(17o16')

RX = 0

(iv) Normal thrust:-

NX = VX sinq + H cosq

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= 33.5 sin (17o16') + 108 cos(17o16')

NX = 113 KN

2. A two hinged parabolic arch has a span of 32m and a central rise of 7m.
Calculate the max positive and negative bending moment at a section distance
10m from the left support, due to a single point load of 10KN rolling from left from
to right.[Co3-H3-Auc May/June 2014]

To find:-

Max +ve, -ve bending moment

Solution:-

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Vertical component,

Take, SMA = 0

-(VB * 32) + (10 * 10) = 0

VB = 3.125 KN

VA + VB = Total load

VA = 10 - 3.125

VA = 6.875 KN

(i) Horizontal component:-

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Nr1: Numerator 1

M1 = VAx = 6.87x

y = 4rx * (l - x)/l2

= 4 * 7x * (32 - x)/322

y = 0.0273x (32 - x)

y = 0.875x - 0.027x2

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= [(6.01x2 /3) - (0.1875 x4/4)]010

= [(6.01 * 103/3) - (0.1875 * 104/4)]

Nr1 = 1534.25 KN

Nr2: Numerator 2

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M2 = (VAx) - 10(x - 10)

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= 6.875x - 10x + 100

= -3.125x + 100

Denominator:-

H = (1534.25 + 4754.87)/ 845.9

= 7.434 KN

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(iii) Max (+ve) and (-ve) bending moment. Max (+ve) B.M occurse in left side

- 10 * (x - 10) + (VA * x) - (H * y) = 0

- 10x + 100 + 6.87x - (7.43 * [4rx * (l - x)/l2]) = 0

- 10x + 100 + 6.87x - (7.43 * [4 * 7x * (32 - x)/322]) = 0

- 3.13x + 100 - 7.43 (0.875x - 0.02734x2 = 0

- 3.13x + 100 - 6.501x + 0.2031x2 = 0

0.2031x2 - 9.631x + 100 = 0

x = 15m

Mx = (0.2031 * 152) - (9.631 * 15) + 100 = 0

BM+ve = 1.2325 KNm

Max (-ve) B.M occurse in right side,

- (VB * x) + (7.43 * y) = 0

(- 3.125x) + (7.43 * [4 * 7x * (32 - x)/322]) = 0

- 3.125x + 7.43 (0.875x - 0.02734x2) = 0

- 3.125x + 6.501x - 0.2031 x2 = 0

3.376x - 0.2031x2 = 0

(d/dx) 3.376x - 0.2031x2 = 0

3.376 - 0.4062x = 0

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x = 8m

BM-ve = 3.376x - 0.2031x2

= (3.376 *8) - (0.2031 * 82)

BM-ve = 12.28 KNm

3. A parabolic two hinged arch has a span of 30m and a rise of 3m. A
concentrated load of 12 KN acts at 7.5m from the left end supports the second
moment of area varies as the second of the inclination of the arch axis. Calculate
the horizontal thrust and reactions at the hinged. Also calculate the maximum
bending moment at the section and draw the bending moment diagram. [Co3-H2-
Auc May/June 2013]

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Refer que no.2

4. A two hinged parabolic arch has a span of 30m and a central rise of 5m.
Calculate the max +ve & -ve bending moment at a section 10m from the left
supprt, due to a single point load 10 KN rolling from left to right. [Nov/Dec 2013]

Refer que no.2

5.A three hinged parabolic arch of span 33m and rise 7m carries a UDL of 45 KN
per meter on the whole span and a point load of 250 KN at a distance of 7m from
the right end. Find the horizontal thrust, bending moment, normal thrust and
radial shear at a section 5m from the left end. [Co3-H3-Auc May/June 2014]

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solution:-

(i) To find reation at a supports A & B

(a) Vertical component

Take, SMA = 0

(- VB * 33) + (250 * 26) + (45 * 332/2) = 0

VB = 939.46 KN

VA + VB = 250 + (45 * 33)

VA = 1735 - 939.46

= 795.54 KN

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(b) Horizontal component:-

Take, SMc = 0

(VA * 16.5) - (HA * 7) - (45 * 16.52/2) = 0

-7 HA = 742.5 - (795.54 * 16.52)

HA = 1000.13 KN

(ii) Bending moment at x = 5m

y = 4rx * (l - x)/l2

y = 4 * 7 * 5 * (33 - 5)/332

= 3.5m

BM = (VA * 5) - (HA * 3.5) - (45 * 52/2)

= (795.5 * 5) - (1000.13 * 3.5) - (45 * 52/2)

= - 84.85 KNm

(iii) Normal thrust at x = 5m

NX = VX sinq + H cosq

VX = VA - (45 * 5)

= 795.5 - 225

= 570 KN

q = tan-1 (4r * (l - (2x))/l2)

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q = tan-1 (4 * 7 * (33 - (2 * 5))/332)

= 33o35'

Nx = 570 sin 30o35' + 1000.13 cos 30o35'

= 11.57 KN

(iii) Radial shear (Rx) at x = 5m

RX = VX cosq - H sinq

= (570 cos 30o35') - (1000.13 sin 30o35')

= - 17.627 KN

6. A two hinged parabolic arch of span 25m and rise 5m carries a UDL of 38 KN/m
covering a distance of 10m from left end. Find horizontal thrust, the reactions at
the hinged and the max

(- ve) moment. [Co3-H2-Auc Nov/Dec 2012]

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Refer que no.2

7. A parabolic arch hinged at the springing and crow has a span of 20m. The
central rise of the arch is 4m. It is loaded with UDL of indensity 4 KN/m on the left
4m length. Calculate,

(i) The direction and magnitude of reaction at the hinged.

(ii) The BM, Nx and Rx at 4m and 12m from the left end.

(iii) Max +ve & -ve bending moment. [Co3-H2-Auc Nov/Dec 2013]

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Refer que no.1 & 2

7. A symmentrical three hinged circular arch has a span of 13m and a rise to the
central hinge of 3m. It carries a vertical load of 15 KN at 3m from the left hand
end. Find,

(i) The reactions at the supports

(ii) Magnitude of the thrust at the springings

(iii) Bending moment at 5m from the left hand hinge and

(iv) The maximum +ve & -ve bending moment. [Co3-H2-Auc Nov/Dec 2012]

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(i) Refer que no.1

(ii) Magnitude of the thrust at the springings:-

qA = tan-1 (VA/HA) = tan-1(11.53/7.38)

qA = 57o1'

qB = tan-1 (VB/HB) = tan-1 (3.46/7.48)

qB = 24o49'

(iii) BM at 5m from the left hand side:-

To find 'y':-

(l/2)2 = ye (2R - yc)

(13/2)2 = 3 (2R - 3)

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R = 8.5 m

OD2 = DE2 + OE2

R2 = x2 + (OC - CE)2

R2 = x2 + [R - (yc -y)]2

8.52 = 1.52 + (8.5 - 3+y)2

y = 2.86m

q = tan-1 2/OE

= tan-1 2/(5.5+2.86)

= 13o27'

BM at 5m

(VA * 5) - (15 * 2) - (HA * y) = 0

(11.5 * 5) - 30 - (7.48 * 2.86) = 0

BM = 6.257KNm

(iv) Max +ve and -ve bending moment:

+ve bending moment occurse in left hand side:

(VA * x) -(H * y) - (15 * (x -3)) = 0

(11.53 * X) - (7.48y) - (15x - 45) = 0

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8. A circula (three hinged) arch of span 25m with a central rise of 5m is hinged at
the crow and the end supports. It carries a point load of 100Kn at 6m from the left
support. Calculate

(i)the reaction at the supports

(ii) moment at 5m from the left support. [Co3-H2-Auc May/June 2012] Refer que
no.7

9. A parabolic two hinged arch has a span of 40m and a rise of 5m. A
concentrated load 10 KN acts at 15m fr0m the supports. The second moment of
arch varies as the second of the inclination of the arch axis. Calculate the
horizontal thrust and reactions at the hinge. Also calculate max bending moment
at the section.[Co3-H3-Auc May/June 2013] Refer que no.2

10. A three hinged arch of span 40m and rise 10m carries concentrated loads 200
KN and 150 KN

at distances 8m and 16m from the left end and a UDL of 50KN/mm2 on right half of
the span. Find the horizontal thrust.[Co3-H3-Auc Nov/Dec 2011] Refer que no.7

11. A parabolic 3 hinged arch carries a UDL of 25 KN/m on the left of the span. It
has a span of 16m and a central rise of 3m. Determine the resultant reaction at
supports. Find also the BM normal thrust and radial shear at a section 4m from
left support. [Co3-H2-Auc Nov/Dec 2010]

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Refer que no 1

12. Derive the expression for horizontal thrust in a two hinged parabolic arch
carrying a point load p at distance one fourth spans from left support. Assume I =
Io secq .[Co3-H3-Auc Apl/May 2011]

13. A two hinged parabolic arch of span L and rise H carries a trianglar load
covering a distance A from left end. The intensity varying uniformly from zero to
w. Obtain an expression for horizontal thrust. [Co3-H2-Auc Nov/Dec 2011] {above
two question are same derivation refer book}

14. A 3 hinged parabolic arch has supported at diff level having span 20m and
carries a UDL of 30 KN/m over the left half of the span. The left support is 5m
below the crown, right support is 4m below the crown.Drae BMD also find the
normal thrust and radial shear at section 4m from the left support. [Co3-H2-Auc
Apl/May 2011]

15. A parabolic two hinged arch of span 60m and central rise of 6m is subjected
to a crown load of 40 KN. Allowing rib shortening and temperature rise of 20oc,
determine horizontal thrust (H). Ic = 6 * 105 cm4, AC = 1000cm2, E = 1 * 104 mpa. a =
11 * 10-6/oc, I =Ic secq. [Co3-H3-Auc Nov/Dec 2

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UNIT-4

SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

PART-A

1. what are the assumption made in slope-deflection method?

• The joint in structure may rotate or deflect as a whole,but the angles
between the member meeting at that joint remain the same.
• Between each pair of the supports the beam is constant
2. Mention any three reasons due to which sway may occur in portal frames.
Sway in portal frames may occur due to,
• Unsymmetry in geomentry of the frame.
• Unsymmetical loading on the portal frames.
• Settlement of the supports of the frame.

3. State the limitation of slope deflection method? (Co4-L1-Auc NOV/DEC

2014)
• It is not easy to account for varying member section.
• It becomes very cumbersome when the unknown displacements are large
in number.

4. Define degrees of freedom.

• In a structure, the number of independent joint displacements that the
structure can undergo are known as degrees of freedom.

5. What is the basis on which the sway equation is formed for a structure?
(Co4-L2-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)
• Sway is dealt with in slope-deflection method by considering the horizontal
equilibrium of the whole frame taking into account the shears at the base
level of columns and external horizon forces.
• The shear condition is MAB +MBA-PH+MCD+MDC+P=0.

6. Why is slope-deflection method called a ‘displacement method’?

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• In slope-deflection method, displacements (like slope and displacements)

are treated as knownsand hence the method is a ‘displacement method.’

7. Write down the general slope deflection equation and state what each term
represents?

• General slope-deflection equtions:

MAB=M’AB+2EI/L(2 A+ B+3∆/L)
MBA=M’BA+2EI/L(2 + A+3∆/L)
Where M’AB,M’BA=fixed end moment at AandB respectively due to the given
loding , = at AandB respectively,∆= sinking of support Awith
respect to B

8. What is the moment at a hinged end of a simple beam?

• The moment at a hinged end of a simple beam is zero.
9. What are quantities in term of which the unknown moments are expressed
in slope-deflection method?
• In slpoe deflection method,unknown moments are expressed in terms of
1.slopes( )and
2.deflection(∆)
10. How many slopes deflection equations are available for each span? (Co4-
L1-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)
• Two numbers of slope deflection equations are available for each
span,describing the moment at each end of the span.

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PART-B

1. Analyse the beam loaded as shown in figure by Slope Deflection method

and draw Bending moment diagram (BMD) and Shear force diagram (SFD).
(Co4-H2-Auc MAY/JUNE 13)

Solution:
From the given beam,
Since end A is fixed, ƟB=0

1.FIXED END MOMENTS :

SPAN AB:
R•ZŽ = −•L/8 = -(60*6)/8 = -45 KNm
R•ŽZ = −•L/8 = -(60*6)/8 = +45 KNm

2.SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATION:

RZŽ = MfAB +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟA +ƟB + 3Δ/l]}

= -45+ (2EI/6)*ƟB (1)

RŽZ = MfBA + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟB+ƟA+3Δ/l]}

= 45+ (2EI/6)*ƟB (2)

3.EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION:

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RZŽ + RŽP =0

45 + (2EI/3)*ƟB -160 =0

ƟB = 172.5/EI

4.FINAL MOMENT:

MAB = -45 + (EI/3)*(172.5/EI)

= 12.5 KNm
MBA =45 + (2EI/3)*(172.5/EI)
= 160 KNm
MBC = -160 KNm

5.TO FIND REACTIONS:

Consider Span AB;
-6 RB +(60*3) +160-12.5 =0
RB = 54.58 KN

RA +RB =60
RA+ 54.58 =60
RA = 5.417 KN
6.SHEAR FORCE CALCULATION:

SF at C = 80 KN

SF at B = 80- 54.58 = 25.42 KN

SF at 60 KN = 80-54.58 + 60 =85.42 KN

SF at A = 80-54.58+60-1.25 = 84.17 KN

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2. ABC is a continuous beam with constant EI throughout its length. The end
support A and C are fixed aand the beam is continuous over middle
support B .Span BC IS Uniformly Loaded with 15 KN/m while concentrated
vertical downward load of 125KN acts at midspan of AB. Calculate the
moments by Slope deflection method.

(Co4-H3-Auc NOV/DEC’13)

Solution:

Since A and C are fixed ends.

ƟA = ƟC = 0

Since B is supported end.

ƟB ≠ 0

1.FIXED END MOMENTS:

SPAN AB:

R•ZŽ = −•L/8 = - (125*12)/8 = -187. 5 KNm

R•ŽZ = −•L/8 = -(125*12)/8 = 187. 5 KNm

SPAN BC:

R•ZŽ = −•L²/12 = - (15*12²)/12 = -180 KNm

R•ŽZ = •L²/12 = (15*12²)/12 = 180 KNm

2.SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATION:

RZŽ = MfAB +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟA +ƟB + 3Δ/l]}

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= -187.5+ (2EI/12)*ƟB

RŽZ = MfBA + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟB+ƟA+3Δ/l]}

=187.5 + (2EI/12)*2ƟB

RŽP = MfBC +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟB +ƟC + 3Δ/l]}

= - 180+ (2EI/12)*2ƟB
RPŽ = MfCB + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟC+ƟB+3Δ/l]}

= 180 +(EIƟB/6)
3.EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION:

RŽZ + RŽP = 0
187. 5 + (EIƟB/3) – 180 + (EIƟB/3) = 0
7.5 + (2EIƟB/3) = 0
ƟB = -11.25/EI
4.FINAL MOMENT:

RZŽ = -187.5 + (-11.25/6)

= -189.375 KNm
RŽZ = 187.5 + (-11.25/3)
= 183.75 KNm
RŽP = -180 + (-11.25/3)
= -183.75 KN m
RPŽ = 180+(-11.25/6)
= 178.125 KNm
5.SHEAR FORCE CALCULATION:

SPAN AB:
-(RB1*12) + (125*6) – 189.375 +183.75 = 0

RB1 = 62.03 KN

Since,

RA + RB1 = 125

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RA = 62.96 KN

SPAN BC:

-(12*RC) + [(15*12)*(12/2)] + 178.125 -183.75 = 0

RC = 89.53 KN

Since,

RB2 + RC = (15*2)

RB2 = 90.47 KN

B = RB1 + RB2

152.5 KN

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3.Draw SFD and BMD for given beam? (Co4-H3-AucAPR/MAY’05)

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From given beam, ends A and D are fixed.

ƟA = ƟD = 0

Since B and C are supported.

ƟB = ƟC = 0

1.FIXED END MOMENTS:

SPAN AB:

R•ZŽ = −•L/8 = - (30*6)/8 = -22.5 KNm

R•ŽZ = −•L/8 = -(30*6)/8 = 22.5 KNm

SPAN BC:

R•ŽP = −•L²/12 = - (10*8²)/12 = -53.33 KNm

R•PŽ = •L²/12 = (10*8²)/12 = 53.33 KNm

SPAN CD:

R•P‘ = −•L²/20 = - (20*5²)/20 = -25 KNm

R•‘P = •L²/12 = (20*5²)/30 = 16.67 KNm

2.SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATION:

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SPAN AB:

RZŽ = MfAB +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟA +ƟB + 3Δ/l]}

= -22.5+ (4EI/3)*ƟB

RŽZ = MfBA + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟB+ƟA+3Δ/l]}

=22.5 + (8EI/3)*ƟB

SPAN BC:
RŽP = MfBC +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟB +ƟC + 3Δ/l]}

= -53.33 + (EIƟB) + (EIƟC/2)

RPŽ = MfCB + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟC+ƟB+3Δ/l]}

= 53.33 + (EIƟC) + (EIƟB/2)

SPAN CD:
RP‘ = MfCD +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟC +ƟD + 3Δ/l]}

= -25 + (8EIƟC/5)
R‘P = MfDC + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟD+ƟC+3Δ/l]

= 16.67 + (4EIƟC/5)
3.EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION:

RŽZ + RŽP = 0
22.5 + 2.667 EIƟB – 53.33 + EIƟB + 0.5EIƟC = 0

3.667EIƟB + 0.5EIƟC – 30.83 = 0

RPŽ + RP‘ = 0
53.33 + EIƟC + 0.5EIƟB -25 + 1.6EIƟC =0

0.5EIƟB + 2.6EIƟC – 28.33 = 0

Solving, we get,

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ƟB = 10.16/ EI

ƟC = -12.85/EI

4.FINAL MOMENT:

MAB = -8.953 KN
MBA = +49.595 KN
MBC = -49.595 KN
MCB = +45.56 KN
MCD = -45.56 KN
MDC = +6.39 KN

SF CALCULATION:

SPAN AB:
Taking moment about A,
-(RB1*6) + (30*3) -8.953+49.595 = 0
6RB1 = 130.642
RB1 = 21.77 KN
Since,
RA + RB1 = 30
RA = 8.23 KN
SPAN BC:
Taking moment about B,
-(RC1*8) + [(10*8)*(8/2)]- 49.595 +45.56 = 0
8RC1 = 315.965
RC1 = 39.496 KN
Since,
RB2 + RC1 = 80
RB2 = 40.504 KN
SPAN CD:
Taking moment about C,
-(5*RD) + 6.39 -45.56 + {(1/3)*5*[(1/2)*(20*5)]} = 0
5RD = 44.163 KN
RD = 8.837 KN
Since,
RC2 + RD = (1/2)*(20*5)

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RC2 = 41.163 KN

RB = 62.274 KN
RC = 80.659 KN

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4.Analyse the Portal frame loaded in the Fig. by Slope Deflection method & sketch
the BMD. (Co4-H2-Auc NOV/DEC’10)

From the given frame,

ƟA = ƟD = 0
Also,
ƟB = ƟC = 0

1.FIXED END MOMENTS:

SPAN AB:

R•ZŽ = R•ŽZ = 0
SPAN BC:

R•ŽP = −•L/8 = -(50*4)/8 = -25 KNm

R•PŽ = •L/8 = (50*4)/8 = 25 KNm

SPAN CD:

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R•P‘ = R•‘P = 0
2.SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATION:

SPAN AB:

RZŽ = MfAB +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟA +ƟB + 3Δ/l]}

= (EI/2)*ƟB

RŽZ = MfBA + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟB+ƟA+3Δ/l]}

= EI*ƟB

SPAN BC:
RŽP = MfBC +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟB +ƟC + 3Δ/l]}

= -25 + (EIƟB) + (EIƟC/2)

RPŽ = MfCB + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟC+ƟB+3Δ/l]}

= 25 + (EIƟC) + (EIƟB/2)
SPAN CD:
RP‘ = MfCD +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟC +ƟD + 3Δ/l]}

= EIƟC
R‘P = MfDC + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟD+ƟC+3Δ/l]

= EIƟC/2
3.EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION:

RŽZ + RŽP = 0
EIƟB –25 +EIƟB + (EIƟC/2) = 0

(2EIƟB) + (EIƟC/2) =25

RPŽ + RP‘ = 0
25 +EIƟC + (EIƟB/2) + EIƟC =0

(EIƟB/2) + (2EIƟC) = 0

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Solving , we get,

ƟB = 16.67/EI
ƟC = -16.67/EI
4.FINAL MOMENT:

MAB = 16.67/2
= 8.335 KNm
MBA = 16.67 KNm
MBC = -25 + 16.67 – (16.67/2)
= -16.67 KNm
MCB =25 – 16.67 + (16.67/2)
= 36 KNm
MCD = -16.67 KNm
MDC = -16.67/2
= -8.335 KNm

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5.Analyse the Portal frame by Slope deflection method and draw the BMD &
SFD . Take EI as constant. (Co4-H3-Auc MAY/JUNE’13)

From the given frame,

ƟA = ƟD = 0
Also,
ƟB = ƟC = 0

1.FIXED END MOMENTS:

SPAN AB:

R•ZŽ = R•ŽZ = 0
SPAN BC:

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R•ZŽ = −•L²/12 = - (15*6²)/12 = -45 KNm

R•ŽZ = •L²/12 = (15*6²)/12 = 45 KNm

SPAN CD:

R•P‘ = R•‘P = 0
2.SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATION:

SPAN AB:

RZŽ = MfAB +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟA +ƟB + 3Δ/l]}

= (2EI/3)*ƟB

RŽZ = MfBA + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟB+ƟA+3Δ/l]}

= (4EI/3)*ƟB

SPAN BC:
RŽP = MfBC +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟB +ƟC + 3Δ/l]}

= -45 + (2EIƟB/3) + (EIƟC/3)

RPŽ = MfCB + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟC+ƟB+3Δ/l]}

= 45 + (2EIƟC/3) + (EIƟB/3)
SPAN CD:
RP‘ = MfCD +{(2EI/l)* [2ƟC +ƟD + 3Δ/l]}

= (4EIƟC/3)
R‘P = MfDC + {(2EI/l)*[2ƟD+ƟC+3Δ/l]

= (2EIƟC/3)
3.EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION:

RŽZ + RŽP = 0
(4/3)*EIƟB –45 +(2EIƟB/3) + (EIƟC/3) = 0

(2EIƟB) + (EIƟC/3) =45

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RPŽ + RP‘ = 0
45 +(2EIƟC/3) + (EIƟB/3) + (4EIƟC/3) =0

(EIƟB/3) + (2EIƟC) = 0

Solving , we get,
ƟB = 27/EI
C = -27/EI

4.FINAL MOMENT:

MAB = (2*27)/3
= 18 KNm
MBA = (4*27)/3
= 36 KNm
MBC = -45 + [(2*27)/3] –(27/3)
= -36 KNm
MCB = 45 + [(2*-27)/3] +(27/3)
= 36 KNm
MCD = -(4*27)/3
= -36 KNm
MDC = -(2*27)/3
= -18 KNm
5.SHEAR FORCE CALCULATION:

SPAN AB:
-(3*RB1) + 36 + 18 = 0
RB1 = 18 KN
Since,
RA + RB1 = 0
RA = -18 KN
SPAN BC:
-(6*RC) + 36 – 36 + (15*6*(6/2)) = 0
RC1 = 45 KN
Since,
RB2 + RC1 = (15*6)
RB2 = 45 KN
SPAN CD:
-(3*RD) + 8 -36 = 0

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RD = 18 KN
Since,
RC2 + RD = 0
RC2 = -18 KN
RB = 63 KN
RC = 27 KN

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UNIT-5

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

PART-A

1. Define Continuous beam? (Co5-L1-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

A Continuous beam is one, which is supported on more than two supports. For
usual loading 0n the beam hogging (negative) moments causing convexity
upwards at the supports and sagging (positive) moments causing concavity
upwards occur at mid span.

2. What are the advantages of continuous beam over simply supported

beam?
The maximum bending moment in case of continuous beam is much
less than in case of simply supported beam of same span carrying
same loads.
In case of continuous beam, the average bending moment is lesser
and hence higher materials of construction can be used to resist the
bending moment.

3. Define moment distribution method.

It is widely used for the analysis of indeterminate structures. In this method, all
the members of the structure are first assumed to be fixed in position and fixed
end moments due to external loads are obtained.

4. Define stiffness factor.

It is the moment required to rotate the end while acting on it through a unit
rotation, without translation of the far end being
Simply supported is given by k= 3 EI / L
Fixed beam is given by k= 4EI / L

Where, E = Young’S modulus of the beam material.

I = Moment of inertia of the beam

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L = Beam’s span length

5. Define distribution factor? (Co5-L1-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

When several members meet at a joint and a moment is applied at the joint to
produce rotation without translation of the members, the moment is distributed
among all the members meeting at that joint proportionate to the stiffness.

6. Define carry over moment and carry over factor?

Carry over moment is defined as the moment induced at the fixed end of the
beam by the action of a moment applied at the other end, is hinged. Carry over
moment is the same nature of the applied moment.

Carry over factor (C.O): a moment applied at the end B “carries over” to the
fixedend A, a moment equal to half the moment and of the same rotational
sense. (C.O =0.5)

7. Define Flexural Rigidity of Beams?

The product of young`s modulus (E) and moment of inertia (I) is called Constant
strength beam.

8. Define: Constant strength beam?

If the flexural Rigidity (EI) is constant over the uniform section. It is called Constant
strength beam.

9. Define the term `sway ? (Co5-L1-Auc NOV/DEC 2014)

Sway is the lateral movement of joints in a portal frame due to the unsymmetry in
dimensions, loads, moments of inertia , end conditions , etc.

10. What are the situations where in sway will occur in portal terms?
Eccentric are unsymmetric loading
Unsymmetrical geometry
Different end condition of the column
Non-uniform section of the members

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PART -B

1. Analyse the continuous beam showing in figure by the method of moment

distribution method (Co5-H2-Auc
May/June 2013).

Sol.

1.FIXED END MOMENT:

Span AB:

MFAB = - (•L^2)/12 = -
20a62
12
= - 60 KNm

20a62
MFBA =(•L^2)/12 = = 60 KNm
12

Span BC,

MFAB = - (•…“^2)/L^2 = -
30a2a32
= -21.6 kNm
52

MFCB =(•“…^2)/L^2 =
30a3a22
= 14.4 kNm
52

2. Distribution factor :

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JOINT MEMBER RELATVE TOTAL D.F = RS/TS

STIFFNESS STIFFNESS

B BA 3/4×I/6=3I/24 3I/24+3I/20=11I/40 3I/24/11I/40=5/11

BC 3/4×I/5=3I/20 3I/24+3I/20=11I/40 3I/20/11I/40=6/11

3.Moment distribution factor:

Joint A B C

Member AB BA BC CB

DF - 5/11 6/11 -

FEM -60 30 -21.6 14.4

Release joint +60 30 -7.2 -14.4

A&C &CtoB

Initial moment 0 90 -28.8 0

Balance - -27.81 -33.38 -

Final moment 0 62.19 -62.18 0

Consider the free body diagram & find reactions,

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Span AB,

-RB + 20(6) (6 / 2) + 62.19 = 0

-6RB + 360 + 62.19 = 0

6RB = 422.19

RB =422.19 / 6

RB = 70.37KN

RA+RB =Total load

RA+RB = 20(6)

RA+ 70.37 = 120

RA = 120-70.37

RA = 49.63KN

Span BC,

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-RC (5) + 30(2) – 62.18 = 0

-RC (5) + 60 – 62.18 = 0

-RC (5) – 2.18 = 0

-RC (5) = 2.18

RC = -0.436 KN

RB + RC = Total load

RB = 30 + 0.43

RB = 30.436KN

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2.Analyse the continuous beam loaded as shown in figure by the method of

moment distribution method. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram.

Sol.

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1. FIXED END MOMENT:

Span AB,

40a2a42
MFAB = - 〖•…“〗^2/L^2 = - = 35.55 KNm
62

= 17.77 KNm
40a4a22
MFBA =〖•…“〗^2/L^2 =
62

Span BC,

20(6)2
MFBC = -〖•L〗^2/12 = - = - 60KNm
12

20(6)2
MFBC = 〖•L〗^2/12 = 12
= 60KNm

Span CD,

MFCD = - 〖•…“〗^2/L^2 = -36KNm

MFDC= 〖•…“〗^2/L^2 = 24KNm

2. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:

JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE TOTAL DF=RS/TS

STIFFNESS STIFFNESS

B BA I/6 I/3 (I/6)/(I/3)=1/2

BC I/6 (I/6)/(I/3)=1/2

C CB I/6 19I/60 I/6×19I/60=10/19

CD ¾(I/5)= 3I/20 3I/20×19I/60=9/19

3. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:

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Joint A B C D

Member AB BA BC CB CD DC

DF - ½ ½ 10/19 9/19 -

FEM -35.55 17.77 -60 60 -36 24

Release -12 -24

joint
D&co+oc

IM -35.55 17.77 -60 60 -48 0

Balancing 21.12 21.12 -6.316 -5.684

Carry 10.56 -3.158 10.56

over

Balancing 1.579 1.579 -5.559 -5.002

Carry 0.7895 -2.7795 0.7895

over

Balancing 1.389 1.389 -0.4155 -0.374

Carry 0.695 -0.2078 0.695

over

Balancing 0.104 0.104 -0.365 -0.177

Carry 0.052 -0.1825 0.052

over

Balancing 0.0913 0.0913 -0.0273 -0.0246

FM -23.454 42.053 -42.045 59.414 -59.262

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Consider free body diagram and find reactions,

Span AB,

-RB (4) + (80)(2) -23.454 +42.053 =0

-4RB +160-23.454+42.053 =0

-4RB +178.599 =0

RB = 44.65KN

RA +RB =Total load

RA+ RB =80

RA + RB = 80

RA =35.35KN

Span BC,

-6RC + (20)(6)(6/2) – 42.045 +59.414 = 0

-6RC+360-42.045 59.414 =0

-6RC +377.369 = 0

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RC = 377.369/6

RC = 62.89 KN

RB+ RC = Total load

RB + RC = 20 (6)

RB = 120-62.89

RB =57.11KN

Span CD,

-5RD +50(2) – 59.262 = 0

`-5RD + 100 – 59.262 =0

-5RD +40.738 = 0

RD = 40.738/5

RD=8.148KN

RC+RD=Total load

RC+RD = 50

RC = 50 -8.148

RC = 41.852KN

Civil Engineering Department 104 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Civil Engineering Department 105 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

3.A beam ABC, 16m long fixed at A and C and continuous over support B, carries
an UDL of 3KN/m over the span AB and a point load of 10KN at midspan of B.
Span AB= 8m and span BC =8m. EI is constant throlughout. Analyse the beam
using moment distribution method.

Sol.

1.FIXED END MOMENT:

Span AB,

3a82
MFAB = - 〖•L〗^2/12 = - 12
= - 16KNm

3a82
MFBA = 〖•L〗^2/12 = = 16KNm
12

Span BC,

MFBC = - •L/8 = -
10a8
8
= - 10KNm

MFCB = •L/8 =
10a8
8
= 10KN

Civil Engineering Department 106 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

2. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:

JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE TOTAL DF = RS/TS

STIFFNESS STIFFNESS

B BA I/8 I/4 I/8 / (I/4)= 1/2

BC I/8 I/8 /(I/4) = 1/2

3. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD:

JOINT A B C

MEMBER AB BA BC CB

DF - ½ 1/2 -

FEM -16 16 -10 10

Balancing -3 -3

Carry over -1.5 -1.5

FM -17.5 13 -13 8.5

Consider free body diagram and find reactions,

Civil Engineering Department 107 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Span AB,

-8RB +3(8) (8/2) + 13 -17.5 = 0

-8RB + 96 +13 -17.5 =0

-8RB + 91.5 =0

-8RB = -91.5

RB = 91.5 / 8

RB = 11.44KN

RA+ RB = Total load

RA+RB = 24

RA = 24 – 11.44

RA = 12.56KN

Span BC,

Civil Engineering Department 108 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

-8RC + 10 (4) -13+ 8.5 = 0

-8RC + 40 -13 + 8.5 = 0

-8RC + 35.5 = 0

RC = 35.5 / 8

RC = 4.44KN

RC + RB = Total load

RC + RB = 10

RB = 10 – 4.44

RB = 5.56KN

Civil Engineering Department 109 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Civil Engineering Department 110 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

3. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by moment distribution

method. Take E = 2 × 102Mpa and draw the bending moment diagram.

Sol.
1.FIXED END MOMENT:

Span AB,
MFAB = M FBA = 0

Span BC,
MFBC = - [〖•…“〗^2/L^2 + 〖•…“〗^2/L^2 ] = - k + l
10(1)(3)2 10(3)(1)2
42 42
= - 7.5 KNm

MFBC = [〖•“…〗^2/L^2 + 〖•“…〗^2/L^2 ] = k + l

10(3)(1)2 10(1)(3)2
42 42
= 7.5 KNm

Span CD,

Civil Engineering Department 111 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

MFCD + MFDC = 0

2. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:

JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE TOTAL DF = RS / TS

STIFFNESS STIFFNESS
B BA ¾(I/4)=3I/16 21I / 16 1/7
BC 4.5I/4 6/7
C CB 4.5I/4 21I / 16 6/7
CD ¾(I/4)=3I/16 1/7

3.MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF - 1/7 6/7 6/7 1/7 -
FEM 0 0 -7.5 7.5 0 0
Balancing 1.071 6.43 -6.43 -1.071
Carry -3.22 3.22
over
Balancing 0.46 2.76 -2.76 -0.46
Carry -1.38 1.38
over
Balancing 0.197 1.183 -1.183 -0.197
Carry -0.592 0.592
over
Balancing 0.085 0.507 -0.507 -0.085
Carry -0.254 0.254
over
Balancing 0.0363 0.2177 -0.2177 -0.0363
FM - 1.8493 -1.8513 1.8483 -1.8493 -

Civil Engineering Department 112 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Consider free body diagram & find reactions

Span AB,

Taking moment about A,

-4RB + 1.849 =0
-4 RB = -1.849
RB = 0.463KN

RA + RB = Total load

Civil Engineering Department 113 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

RA + RB = 0
RA = -0.463

Span BC,

Taking moment about B,

-4RC + 10 (3) + 10 (1) = 0
-4RC + 40 = 0
RC = 40/4
RC = 10KN

RB + RC = Total load
RB +RC = 20
RB = 20-10
RB = 10KN
Span CD,

Taking moment about D,

-4RD - 1.8493 = 0
-4RD = 1.8493
RD = 1.8493 / -4
RD = -0.463KN

RC + RD = Total load
RC + RD = 0
RC = 0.463KN

Civil Engineering Department 114 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Civil Engineering Department 115 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

4. Analyse the box frame as shown in figure by moment distribution method.

Sol.

1.FIXED END MOMENT:

Span AB,

20(2)2
MFAB = - 〖•L〗^2/20 = - = -4KNm
20

Civil Engineering Department 116 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

20(2)2
MFBA = 〖•L〗^2/20 = = 4KNm
20
Span BC,

MFBC = - •L/8 = -
30(4)
= - 15KNm
8

MFCB= •L/8 =
30(4)
8
=15KNm

Span CD,

20(2)2
MFCD = - 〖•L〗^2/30 = - 30
= -2.667KNm
20(2)2
MFDC = 〖•L〗^2/30 = = 2.667KNm
30

Span DA,

10(4)2
MFDA = - 〖•L〗^2/12 = - 12
= -13.33KNm
10(4)2
MFAD = 〖•L〗^2/12 = =13.33KNm
12

2. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:

JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE TOTAL DF = RS / TS

STIFFNESS STIFFNESS

A AB I/2 I 1/2

AD 2I / 4 = I / 2 ½

B BA I/2 I ½

BC 2I / 4 = I / 2 ½

C CB 2I / 4 = I / 2 I ½

Civil Engineering Department 117 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

CD I/2 ½

D DC I/2 I ½

DA 2I / 4 = I / 2 ½

3.MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTOR:

Joint A B C D
Member AD AB BA BC CB CD DC DA
DF 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
FEM 13.33 -4 2.667 -15 15 -2.67 4 -13.3
Balancing 13.33 -4 2.667 -15 15 -2.67 4 4.67
Carry 2.34 3.09 -2.34 -3.09 3.09 2.34 -3.09 -2.3
over
Balancing -2.71 -2.71 2.71 2.71 -2.71 -2.71 2.71 2.7
Carry 1.36 1.36 -1.36 -1.36 1.36 1.36 -1.36 -1.36
over
Balancing -1.36 -1.36 1.36 1.36 -1.36 -1.36 1.36 1.36
Carry 0.68 0.68 -0.68 -0.68 0.68 0.68 -0.68 -0.68
over
Balancing -0.68 -0.68 0.68 0.68 -0.68 -0.68 0.68 0.68
FM 8.29 -8.30 9.21 -9.20 9.20 -9.21 8.3 -8.29

Civil Engineering Department 118 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Consider free body diagram and find the reaction,

Span AB,

9.21 + ½ (2)(20) (1/3) (2) – RB (2) – 8.3 = 0

9.21 + 20(0.67) – 2RB -8.3 = 0

22.61 – 2RB – 8.3 =0

RB = 7.12KN

Civil Engineering Department 119 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

RA + RB = Total load

RA + RB = 20

RA = 20-7.12

RA= 12.88KN

Span BC,

Taking moment about B,

-4RC+30(2) – 9.20 + 9.20 = 0

-4RC = -60

RC = 15KN

RB +RC = Total load

RB = 30-15

RB =15KN

Span CD,

Loads & moments are similar to span AB,

Civil Engineering Department 120 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Therefore, RC = 7.12KN

RD= 12.88KN

Span AD,

Taking moment about A,

4RD – 10(4) (4 / 2) – 8.29 + 8.29 = 0

4RD = 80

RD = 20KN

RA +RD = Total load

RA +RD = 40

RA = 40-20

RA = 20KN

Civil Engineering Department 121 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Civil Engineering Department 122 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Civil Engineering Department 123 Structural Analysis I

S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai V SEM

Civil Engineering Department 124 Structural Analysis I