October 2013

Process Industry Practices

Piping

PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection,
Development, and Application Guidelines
 PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major industrial
users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical requirements
into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering costs to both the
purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice is expected to
incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual applications may involve
requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over this Practice.
Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or application of the
Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be made solely on
information contained in these materials. The use of trade names from time to time should
not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the
trade. Other brands having the same specifications are equally correct and may be
substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with
applicable laws and regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these
Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations,
such laws or regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before
applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas
at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin, Texas 78759. PIP Member Companies
and Subscribers may copy this Practice for their internal use. Changes or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written authorization of
PIP. Authorized Users may attach addenda or overlays to clearly indicate modifications or
exceptions to specific sections of PIP Practices. Authorized Users may provide their clients,
suppliers and contractors with copies of the Practice solely for Authorized Users’ purposes.
These purposes include but are not limited to the procurement process (e.g., as attachments to
requests for quotation/ purchase orders or requests for proposals/contracts) and preparation
and issue of design engineering deliverables for use on a specific project by Authorized
User’s client. PIP’s copyright notices must be clearly indicated and unequivocally
incorporated in documents where an Authorized User desires to provide any third party with
copies of the Practice.

PRINTING HISTORY
October 2013 Issued

Not printed with State funds

 October 2013

Process Industry Practices

Piping

PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection,
Development, and Application Guidelines
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................... 2 10. PMS Application
1.1 Purpose ............................................... 2 Considerations .............................. 9
1.2 Scope .................................................. 2
11. PMS Naming Convention ........... 12
2. References .................................... 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices .................. 2 12. Component Requirements ......... 12
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ............ 4 12.1 Bolted Flange Joints .......................... 12
12.2 Steam Traps ...................................... 13
3. Definitions ..................................... 6 12.3 Valve Specifications .......................... 13

4. General .......................................... 6 13. Procurement ................................ 14

5. Design Considerations ................. 6 14. Fabrication and Installation ....... 14
14.1 Fabrication......................................... 14
6. Material Specifications ................. 7 14.2 Installation ......................................... 14
14.3 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) .. 15
7. Piping Material Specifications
(PMS).............................................. 7 15. Examination and Testing ........... 15

8. PMS Selection ............................... 7 16. Service Color Coding and

Marking ........................................ 15
9. PMS Information and
Development ................................. 9

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 15

PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides guidelines for the selection, development, and application of
piping material specifications and applicable standards for the design, fabrication,
installation, examination and testing of piping systems.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes guidelines for the selection, development, and application of
piping material specifications and applicable standards for the design, fabrication,
installation, examination and testing of piping systems for process facilities (e.g.,
refineries, chemical plants, terminals, and related facilities). This Practice applies to
piping designed in accordance with ASME B31.1 or ASME B31.3.

2. References
Applicable parts of the following PIP Practice and industry codes and standards should be
considered an integral part of this Guideline. The edition in effect on the date of contract award
should be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP PNC00001 - Pipe Support Criteria for ASME B31.3 Metallic Piping
– PIP PNC00005 - Design of ASME B31.3 Metallic Piping Systems
– PIP PNCM0001 - Piping Line Class Designator System
– PIP PNCM0004 - Valve Commodity Codes Designator System
– PIP PNDMV003 - Gate Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNDMV004 - Globe Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNDMV005 - Check Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNDMV006 - Ball Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNDMV007 - Butterfly Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNDMV008 - Plug Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNDMV09D - Diaphragm Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNDMV09N - Needle Valve Data Sheet and Standard Terms
– PIP PNE00003 - Process Unit and Offsite Layout Guide
– PIP PNE00004 - Steam Trap Guidelines
– PIP PNE00012 - Piping Examination and Leak Testing Guide
– PIP PNEM0001 - Piping Service Index
– PIP PNF0200 - Vents, Drains and Instrument Connection Details
– PIP PNFJ8000 - Jacketed Piping Fabrication & Installation Details
– PIP PNFS0001 - Pipe Support Details
– PIP PNSC0001 - ASME B31.3 Metallic Piping Fabrication and Examination
Specification

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

– PIP PNSC0011 - Installation of ASME B31.3 Metallic Piping

– PIP PNSC0021 - Leak Test of Piping Systems
– PIP PNSC0035 - Steam Tracing Specification
– PIP PNSC0036 - Installation of High Density Polyethylene (HPDE) Piping
– PIP PNSC0037 - Aboveground Reinforced Thermosetting Resin (RTR) Piping
System Requirements
– PIP PNSM0105 - Purchasing Requirements for Gaskets
– PIP PNSM0110 - Procurement of Valves
– PIP PNSM0115 - Purchasing Requirements for Pipe
– PIP PNSM0116 - Purchasing Requirements for Fittings and Flanges
– PIP PNSM0120 - Purchasing Requirements for Bolting
– PIP PNSMV003 - Carbon Steel Gate Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV004 - Carbon Steel Globe Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV005 - Carbon Steel Check Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV006 - Carbon Steel Ball Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV007 - Carbon Steel Butterfly Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV008 - Carbon Steel Plug Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV013 - Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel Gate Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV014 - Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel Globe Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV015 - Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel Check Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV023 - Stainless Steel Gate Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV024 - Stainless Steel Globe Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV025 - Stainless Steel Check Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV026 - Stainless Steel Ball Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV027 - Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV028 - Stainless Steel Plug Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV029 - Stainless Steel Other Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV033 - Bronze and Iron Gate Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV034 - Bronze and Iron Globe Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV035 - Bronze and Iron Check Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV036 - Bronze and Iron Ball Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV037 - Bronze and Iron Butterfly Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV045 - Plastic and Plastic-Lined Check Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV046 - Plastic and Plastic-Lined Ball Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV047 - Plastic and Plastic-Lined Butterfly Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV048 - Plastic and Plastic-Lined Plug Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV049 - Plastic and Plastic-Lined Other Valve Descriptions

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

– PIP PNSMV053 - Nickel and Nickel Alloy Gate Valve Descriptions

– PIP PNSMV054 - Nickel and Nickel Alloy Globe Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV055 - Nickel and Nickel Alloy Check Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV056 - Nickel and Nickel Alloy Ball Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV058 - Nickel and Nickel Alloy Plug Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV059 - Nickel and Nickel Alloy Other Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV065 - Miscellaneous Metals Check Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV066 - Miscellaneous Metals Ball Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV067 - Miscellaneous Metals Butterfly Valve Descriptions
– PIP PNSMV068 - Miscellaneous Metals Plug Valve Descriptions
– PIP VESPMI01 - Positive Material Identification Specification
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
• American Petroleum Institute (API)
– API 526 - Flanged Steel Pressure Relief Valves
– API 527 - Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves
– API 594 - Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer and Butt-Welding
– API 598 - Valve Inspection & Testing
– API 599 - Metal Plug Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends
– API 600 - Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries
– API 602 - Steel Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller for
the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
– API 603 - Corrosion-resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves Flanged and Butt-
Welding Ends
– API 607 - Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
– API 608 - Metal Ball Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
– API 609 - Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
– ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (B&PVC)
– ASME A13.1 - Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems
– ASME B16.10 - Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
– ASME B16.11 - Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
– ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges – Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound,
and Jacketed
– ASME B16.21 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
– ASME B16.34 - Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
– ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2 through NPS 24
– ASME B16.9 - Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

– ASME B31.1 - Power Piping

– ASME B31.3 - Process Piping
– ASME B36.10M - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
– ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe
– ASME PCC-1 - Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly
• American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)
– ASTM A193 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose
Applications
– ASTM A194 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for
High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
– ASTM A320 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
Materials for Low Temperature Service
– ASTM F704 - Standard Practice for Selecting Bolting Lengths for Piping System
Flanged Joints
• Manufacturer’s Standardization Society (MSS)
– MSS-SP-95 - Swage(d) Nipples and Bull Plugs
– MSS-SP-97 - Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings – Socket
Welding, Threaded, Buttwelding Ends
• Pipe Fabrication Institute (PFI)
– PFI-ES1 - Internal Machining and Solid Machined Backing Rings For
Circumferential Butt Welds
– PFI-ES2 - Method of Dimensioning Piping Assemblies
– PFI-ES3 - Fabricating Tolerances
– PFI-ES4 - Hydrostatic Testing of Fabricated Piping
– PFI-ES5 - Cleaning of Fabricated Piping
– PFI-ES7 - Minimum Length and Spacing for Welded Nozzles
– PFI-ES11 - Permanent Marking on Piping Materials
– PFI-ES16 - Access Holes, Bosses, and Plugs for Radiographic Inspection of Pipe
Welds
– PFI-ES20 - Wall Thickness Measurement by Ultrasonic Examination
– PFI-ES21 - Internal Machining and Fit-up of GTAW Root Pass Circumferential
Butt Welds
– PFI-ES22 - Recommended Practice for Color Coding of Piping Materials
– PFI-ES24 - Pipe Bending Methods, Tolerances, Process and Material
Requirements
– PFI-ES26 - Welded Load Bearing Attachments to Pressure Retaining Piping
Materials
– PFI-ES29 - Internal Abrasive Blast Cleaning of Ferritic Piping Materials
– PFI-ES31 - Standard for Protection of Ends of Fabricated Piping Assemblies

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

– PFI-ES32 - Tool Calibration

– PFI-ES34 - Temporary Painting/Coating of Fabricated Piping
– PFI-ES35 - Nonsymmetrical Bevels and Joint Configurations for Butt Welds
– PFI-ES37 - Standard for Loading and Shipping of Piping Assemblies
– PFI-ES39 - Fabricating Tolerances for Grooved Piping Systems
– PFI-ES40 - Method of Dimensioning Grooved Piping Assemblies
– PFI-ES41 - Standard for Material Control and Traceability of Piping Components
– PFI-ES43 - Standard for Protection of Austenitic Stainless Steel and Nickel Alloy
Materials
– PFI-ES45 - Recommended Practice for Local Post-Weld Heat Treatment
– PFI-ES47 - Welding of Internally Clad Piping
– PFI-ES49 - Guidelines for Installation of Integrally Reinforced Branch Connection
Outlet Fitting

3. Definitions
material specification: A document that describes specific physical or chemical properties or
manufacturing methods that a material is to be in accordance with in order to qualify for
designation under the specification
owner: The party who owns the facility wherein the piping system will be used
piping material specification (PMS): A document that defines compatible piping, valves, flanges,
fittings, gaskets, and bolting materials for a particular pressure-temperature rating class and set of
material specifications. Additional design related information is typically shown in a PMS as
pressure-temperature rating tables and branch reinforcing tables.

4. General
4.1 All materials should be in accordance with the material specifications shown in the
piping materials specifications (PMS) whether shown in a PIP Practice, or owner’s PMS
or addenda.
4.2 The documents listed in Section 2 provide the basis for acceptable design practice for
piping systems used in the conveyance of gas, liquid, and vapor process and utility
streams; and define the minimum requirements for the design, selection, specification,
procurement, and installation of piping materials for these systems.

5. Design Considerations
5.1 Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or application of
this Practice to a particular project or engineering situation should not be made solely on
information contained in this Practice. Because the suitability of any practice, guide or
standard to any particular project requires the exercise of professional judgment and is
dependent upon various conditions unique to each project, appropriate professionals
should be consulted before applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested
by this Practice or documents referenced herein.

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

5.2 Unless specifically designed for higher temperatures, steam-out design should be based on
the premise that process piping and equipment are not at any time subject to steam
pressures greater than 3.5 barg (50 psig) or metal temperatures greater than 149ºC (300°F).
5.3 Design for elevated temperatures for piping systems should include consideration of
temperature limitations for any components, elastomers, coatings, or other associated
systems that could be impacted.
5.4 Minimum ambient temperature at the facility location shall be considered when setting
the minimum design, because this can affect the selection of materials.
5.5 Flanges should be matched in both class rating and facing (e.g., flat face flanges should
not be used with raised face flanges or Class 150 flanges should not be used with Class
300 flanges).
5.6 Permanent records of all flexibility analyses should be maintained by owner as part of
process safety information or an engineering records library.

6. Material Specifications
6.1 Piping and component materials should be in accordance with published ASTM
standards as listed or referenced in ASME B31.1 or ASME B31.3, as appropriate.
6.2 The selection of a material grade for a piping system should be determined through the
use of process knowledge, operating experience, the appropriate metallurgical corrosion
data, or material compatibility charts.
6.3 Often, multiple material selections are suitable for a particular service or application with
some materials offering superior performance to others. It is the responsibility of the
engineering design team to determine the specific materials of construction considering
environmental/safety/health (EHS) risk, mechanical integrity, reliability, and cost.

7. Piping Material Specifications (PMS)

7.1 Piping material specifications define the material and rating class for listed components that
are compatible with each other for the service stated in owner’s PMS and/or PIP Practices.
7.2 PMS provides complimentary information necessary to execute the design process.
7.3 PMS do not represent a complete engineering solution and should not be used as a
substitute for an appropriate design process using the codes and standards referenced in
Section 2.
7.4 The selection or development of a PMS is part of the piping design process as shown in
the work flow diagram, Figure 1.

8. PMS Selection
8.1 Figure 2 shows the work flow process for determining a suitable PMS for use for a
particular service.
8.2 The work flow includes determining the metallurgy and elastomers, flange rating class,
end connections, and desired corrosion allowance using the references shown.

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

Start
From PMS Is there a Yes
Selection Process Suitable
(Figure 2) Owner’s
PMS

Specify the No
Process Stream
Go To PMS
and all Operating
Selection Process
Conditions and
Scenarios (Figure 2)
Is there a
Suitable Yes
PIP PMS

Process Flow
No
Diagrams &
Related Process
Data

Go To PMS
Development
Process
(Figure 3)

From PMS
Development
Process
(Figure 3)

Complete the
piping design
process –
pressure design,
routing, flexibility
& supports

Develop isometric Perform Perform Perform

drawings and Procurement Fabrication & Examination &
bills of material Installation Testing

Figure 1. Piping Design Process

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

8.3 To select the final PMS, a search of the PIP Practices or owner’s PMS index should be
performed. A PMS that matches the criteria should be selected or a closely matching
PMS may be selected and supplemented with addenda showing the variances.
8.4 The order of preference for PMS selection is PIP Practices and then owner’s PMS.
8.5 It is the responsibility of the engineering design team to ensure that all PMSs are suitable
for the service.
8.6 If suitable matches are not available for the PMS search criteria, the PMS information
can be developed using the work process provided in Section 9.

9. PMS Information and Development

9.1 If a suitable existing PMS is not available, the information for the completion of a piping
system design may be developed and, if this information is to be applied to other designs
or stored for future use, it may be documented in the format of a PMS.
9.2 A work process for developing PMS information is shown in Figure 3.
9.3 Figure 3 shows the sequence of steps and resource information required to develop the
information that is typically provided in a PIP or owner’s PMS. The work process
includes a sequence of steps to determine the following:
a. The process design which defines the process stream, operating conditions, and
valve types
b. Metallurgy, fluid service category, pressure rating class, flanges and bolts, the
fittings, nipples, wall thickness, gaskets, branch connections, and valve trim and
mechanical features
9.4 This work process does not require a pre-defined PMS.
9.5 This work process should provide a code compliant design that is in accordance with
Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practice (RAGAGEP).

10. PMS Application Considerations

10.1 PIP PNEM0001, Table 1 format should be used for the PMS index.
10.2 Caution should be used when applying a PMS to a piping system to ensure the following:
a. None of the components have a temperature or pressure rating that is less than
shown in the PMS rating table
b. The strength of the pipe or any component is not exceeded
10.3 Elastomers in valves and gasket materials can have temperature limits that are not
suitable for the full pressure temperature range listed. Elastomers should also be checked
for compatibility with the service media. Elastomers that fail by explosive
decomposition after be exposed pressurized gas should not be used.
10.4 If superimposed on the static internal pressure stress, external or hydrodynamic loads
may impose stresses that can result in exceeding the strength of the piping system.

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

Specify the Determine the Determine

Process Stream Required Design
From Piping & all Operating Service Life & Conditions
Design Process Conditions & Reliability
(Figure 1) Scenarios Objectives

NACE, ASM or
Process Flow Owner’s ASME B31.3 &
Diagrams & experience for Owner’s Internal
Related corrosion rate Guidance
Process Data data

Determine Determine the Determine the Determine the

Acceptable Required Acceptable Acceptable End
Metallurgy Corrosion Elastomers Connection
Alternatives Allowance Alternatives

NACE, ASM or
ASME B31.3, Owner’s Elastomeric
ASME B16.5, experience for Compatibility
ASTM & ASME corrosion rate Tables or
BPVC Materials data Charts
Properties Data

Yes
.
Determine the Select the PIP or
Required Rating Yes Owner’s PMS
Is there a No Is there a
Class for Use and Add
Suitable Suitable
Pipewall
PIP PMS Owner’s
PMS

No

ASME B31.3, Develop a

B16.5, B16.34, Variance “Cover
Can a PIP Yes
and ASME Sheet” based on Return to Piping
PMS be
BPVC Used with closest Design Process
a Variance matching PMS (Figure 1)

No

Figure 2. PMS Selection Diagram

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

Specify the Determine the Select the

Process Stream Fluid Service metallurgy,
From Piping and all Category per conforming to a
Design Process Operating ASME B31.3 listed ASTM in
(Figure 1) Conditions and ASME B31.3
Scenarios

Process Flow Refer to Owner’s NACE, ASM or

Diagrams & Preferences Owner’s
Operating experience for
Scenarios corrosion rate
date

Determine valve Determine the Determine the Determine

type (Style & rating class for fittings (type, gasket type and
flow the material rating class, material
characteristics group material group)

Refer to Owner’ ASME B16.5 ASME B16.9 & ASME B16.20 &
Preferences B16.11 B16.21

Determine the Determine Determine Determine valve Document the

pipe wall nipples branch trim & information in
thickness connection mechanical the format of
details design features PIP PMS

ASME B31.3 & MSS SP 95 ASME B31.3 & PIP, ASME

Owner’s MSS SP 97 B16.34 & API
Return to Piping
Preferences Standards Design Process
(Figure 1)

Figure 3. PMS Development Work Process

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

10.5 Some components (e.g., sight glasses, valves, fittings, expansion joints, or any other
interconnected items) may have pressure and temperature ratings less than shown in the
PMS table and should be verified before use.

11. PMS Naming Convention

11.1 A naming convention in accordance with PIP PNCM0001 should be used for all PMS
whether as addenda or standalone specifications.
11.2 The use of a PIP compliant naming convention should not preclude the use of a facility
specific alias as a secondary means to designate a PMS. If an alias is used, the facility
should maintain a cross reference listing to identify the relationship between the PIP
compliant PMS name and its associated alias.

12. Component Requirements

12.1 Bolted Flange Joints
12.1.1 Gaskets
12.1.1.1 Gasket materials should be in accordance with the requirements for the
corresponding process stream or as specified in the PMS for the piping
system.
12.1.1.2 Gaskets should be in accordance with ASME B16.20 or ASME B16.21
as applicable.
12.1.2 Bolts
12.1.2.1 Bolting should be in accordance with the following standards as
applicable:
a. Example: Carbon steel: ASTM A193, Grade B7 stud bolt with two
ASTM A194, Grade 2H heavy hex nuts
b. Example: Stainless steel: ASTM A193, Grade B8, Class 2 stud bolt
with two ASTM A194, Grade 8 heavy hex nuts
12.1.2.2 If exposure to specific external environmental conditions can lead to
accelerated deterioration of carbon steel (e.g., corrosion under insulation),
stainless steel bolts or coated carbon steel bolts should be used,
particularly for joints where early detection of bolt damage is unlikely.
12.1.2.3 If specifying stainless steel bolts and nuts, caution should be used to
ensure that an EHS risk analysis considers all the potential damage
mechanisms because some mechanisms may increase the overall risk of
failure sufficient to offset the potential mitigating effects gained by
using stainless steel.
12.1.2.4 Stainless steel bolts and nuts may not be suitable in operating
environments where the potential for environmental stress corrosion
cracking exists.
12.1.2.5 The galling potential of stainless steel bolted assemblies and the impact
this may have on proper assembly for initial torque and post startup re-
torque should be considered.

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

12.1.2.6 If external corrosion resistance is required, hot dipped galvanized

ASTM A193, Grade B7 stud bolts are not recommended as an alternative
to stainless steel bolts. Galvanized B7 bolts are not recommended,
because the galvanizing process generates hydrogen which collects at
root of the thread and this may cause hydrogen embrittlement. The
hydrogen embrittlement may cause failure in service. Teflon coated B7
bolts may be considered for providing sufficient protection from
external corrosion.
12.2 Steam Traps
12.2.1 Steam traps should be selected in accordance with PIP PNE00004.
12.2.2 Each steam trap should have a non-corrosive permanent tag marked with an
assigned unique identification number to facilitate maintenance.
12.3 Valve Specifications
12.3.1 Applicable Standards
12.3.1.1 Valves should be in accordance with the following documents or
equivalent standards as appropriate for the type and intended use:
ASME 16.10 ASME B16.34 API STD 526
API STD 527 API STD 594 API STD 598
API STD 599 API STD 600 API STD 602
API STD 603 API STD 608 API STD 609
PIP PNDMV003 PIP PNDMV004 PIP PNDMV005
PIP PNDMV006 PIP PNDMV007 PIP PNDMV008
PIP PNDMV09D PIP PNDMV09N PIP PNSMV003
PIP PNSMV004 PIP PNSMV005 PIP PNSMV006
PIP PNSMV007 PIP PNSMV008 PIP PNSMV013
PIP PNSMV014 PIP PNSMV015 PIP PNSMV023
PIP PNSMV024 PIP PNSMV025 PIP PNSMV026
PIP PNSMV027 PIP PNSMV028 PIP PNSMV029
PIP PNSMV033 PIP PNSMV034 PIP PNSMV035
PIP PNSMV036 PIP PNSMV037 PIP PNSMV045
PIP PNSMV046 PIP PNSMV047 PIP PNSMV048
PIP PNSMV049 PIP PNSMV053 PIP PNSMV054
PIP PNSMV055 PIP PNSMV056 PIP PNSMV058
PIP PNSMV059 PIP PNSMV065 PIP PNSMV066
PIP PNSMV067 PIP PNSMV068
12.3.1.2 The PIP Practices listed in Section 12.3.1.1 provide descriptions for a
wide variety of valves. If new valves are required, the PIP valve
description format should be used.
12.3.2 Valve Naming and Tagging
12.3.2.1 A naming convention in accordance with PIP PNCM0004 should be
used for all valve specifications whether as addenda or standalone
specification. This does not preclude the use of an alias as a secondary
means to designate the valve specification.

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Piping Material Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

12.3.2.2 The use of a PIP compliant naming convention should not preclude the
use of a facility specific alias as a secondary means to designate a valve
specification. If an alias is used, the facility should maintain a cross
reference listing to identify the relationship between the PIP compliant
valve specification name and its associated alias.
12.3.2.3 All valves should be tagged in accordance with PIP PNSM0110.
12.3.3 Valve Application Recommendations
12.3.3.1 Extended body gate valves may be used at vent, drain, and instrument
connections.
12.3.3.2 Full port valves should be used in suction lines to pumps and inlet/outlet
piping to/from relief devices.
12.3.3.3 If environmental fugitive emissions control is required, or process or
personnel safety hazards are of concern, gate and globe valves in sizes
less than or equal to NPS 2 may have welded bonnet construction to
eliminate a potential leak point.

13. Procurement
13.1 Procurement for piping and component systems should be in accordance with
PIP PNSM0105, PIP PNSM0110, PIP PNSM0115, PIP PNSM0116, and PIP PNSM120.
13.2 All procurement should be in accordance with terms and conditions of a valid contract or
owner’s requirements.

14. Fabrication and Installation

14.1 Fabrication
Fabrication of piping and component systems should be in accordance with the guidelines
provided in the following standards and PIP Practices:
ASME B31.3 PIP VESPMI01 PIP PNSC0001
PIP PNFJ8000 PFI-ES1 PFI-ES2
PFI-ES3 PFI-ES4 PFI-ES5
PFI-ES7 PFI-ES11 PFI-ES16
PFI-ES20 PFI-ES21 PFI-ES22
PFI-ES24 PFI-ES26 PFI-ES29
PFI-ES31 PFI-ES32 PFI-ES34
PFI-ES35 PFI-ES37 PFI-ES39
PFI-ES40 PFI-ES41 PFI-ES43
PFI-ES45 PFI-ES47 PFI-ES49
14.2 Installation
Installation of piping and component systems should be in accordance with
PIP PNSC0011, PIP PNSC0036, PIP PNFJ8000, and ASME PCC-1.

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PIP PNE00002
Piping Material Piping Material Specification Selection, Development, October 2013
and Application Guidelines

14.3 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)

14.3.1 Based on Material
14.3.1.1 Post weld heat treatment should be in accordance with ASME B31.3 or
ASME B31.1.
14.3.1.2 ASME B31.3, Paragraph 331.1.3 or ASME B31.1, Paragraph 132.4
should be consulted for additional guidelines on the thickness to be used
for applying PWHT.
14.3.1.3 Attachment welds to piping that require PWHT should be heat treated,
unless the weld size is restricted in accordance with the applicable code,
ASME B31.3, Paragraph 331.1.3 (b) (1) and (2), such that stress relief is
not required.
14.3.1.4 If PWHT is required for process or service conditions (e.g., amine,
caustic, cyclic load, etc.), attachment welds should be PWHT.
14.3.2 Post Weld Heat Treatment Based on Service
14.3.2.1 PWHT or hardness control should be performed for all carbon steel
piping in rich amine and lean amine services regardless of operating
temperature.
14.3.2.2 PWHT should be performed for all carbon steel piping exposed to
caustic water solutions or mixtures of such solutions with hydrocarbons.
If heat tracing (steam or electric) is provided for caustic piping and
equipment to keep the caustic in solution, the potential of overheating
should be considered.
14.3.2.3 Other services that require PWHT should be specified in the
engineering design.

15. Examination and Testing

Examination of piping and component systems should be in accordance with PIP PNE00012,
PIP PSNC0001, and PIP PNSC0021.

16. Service Color Coding and Marking

16.1 The paint or tape color coding standard for identification of piping systems by service
should be in accordance with ASME A13.1 or equivalent industry standard. Project
specific color coding should be avoided.
16.2 To prevent confusion and the potential for cross-connection errors arising from multiple
color coding standards for process piping, continued consistency within a facility location
should be maintained rather than changing to an industry standard.

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