An Introduction to SEMINAR in CS&IT

Prof DP Sharma http://dpsharma.info

Outlines
• Introduction
• What is Seminar
• Difference with other related events
• Why Seminar?
• How to organize Seminar?
• References

Seminar
Introduction
• A seminar is a meeting on a specific subject or a meeting of university or college students for study
Presentation or discussion with an academic supervisor.
• A class at a college or university in which a topic is discussed by a teacher and a small group of students
Definition
• “Seminar is a lecture /presentation on a specific topic and then discussion”

• “A seminar can also mean a New or Advanced or specialized educational class.”

 • “A seminar is when you listen & learn from a Professor/ Teacher with innovative and advanced ideas.”

Definition
• Definition: “A seminar is a lecture or presentation delivered to an audience on a particular topic or set of
topics that are educational /academic in nature.”
 What is the Point of Seminars?

• What is a seminar?
• A seminar is generally understood to be a small group meeting in which students and a tutor discuss
information on a chosen topic. They may be called something else such as "tutorial groups". Seminars provide
an opportunity to explore topics by discussion, and to identify and sort out any problems. Some tutors may use
the opportunity to introduce new related topics. Most seminars last for an hour. Seminars need not necessarily
be face-to-face contact, they can also occur in online environments.

• Who does what?

• Often a seminar is led by a student who prepares and presents the topic and kicks off the discussion. So that
the seminar is of benefit to everyone, it is the responsibility of the other students to contribute their ideas,
opinions and questions. For this to work well these contributions should have been researched and prepared in
advance. The tutor's role is as a facilitator. Their aim is not to 'give a mini lecture' but to try to encourage
contributions from all those present by asking questions that stimulate further discussion. At the end of the
seminar they may sum up and draw some conclusions.

Source: Brunel University, West London

Why have seminars?

Seminars create opportunities to:

1. Explore topics in more depth;

2. Share ideas in a way that will advance your thinking;
3. Learn from other people's experiences and background knowledge;
4. Gain perspectives and points of view that you might not have otherwise
considered;
5. Identify and sort out any misunderstandings.
 Source: Brunel University, West London

General Perspective

• The idea behind the seminar system is to familiarize students more extensively with the basic idea or
methodology of their chosen subject
• To give them better Professional learning pace and platform
• Allow them to interact with examples of the live problems that always occur during research work.
• It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be
facilitated.
• It is relatively informal, at least compared to the lecture system of academic instruction.

What is Workshop?
• Introduction
A workshop is quite different.

“In Computer Science or IT; It is a group working together, on a creative

project, discussing a topic, or studying a subject.”
 Definition

• In other words “Workshop means some learning experiences, hands on practices”

• ”A workshop is a hands-on learning experience, where you do as well as listen/learn.”
• Workshops tend to be smaller and more intense (penetrating) than seminars.
• This format often involves students practicing their new skills during the event under the watchful eye of
the instructor.

What is Symposium?

• Symposium originally referred to a drinking party (the Greek verb sympotein means "to drink together")
• A Symposium is typically a more formal or academic gathering, featuring multiple experts delivering
short presentations on a particular topic. [Example Same Theme/Topic;
Different Presentations]
 Definition

• Symposium as a Social Activity in Antiquity-

1. The Greek symposium was a key Hellenic
Social Institution.
2. It was a forum for men to debate, plot, boast, or simply to party with others.
What is Conference?
• Conferences often features keynote presentations delivered to all
attendees, as well as multiple break-out sessions.
• Conference1. Collaborate,
2. Communicate,
3. Create and
4. Celebrate
• Attendees often expect to receive information about New Industry trends and developments.
• In Christianity it is the area organization of churches, like a regional or national body to which a number
of local churches belong;
• “Some sort of many delegates from different places tackling a common technical issue” called
THEME

• In academics keynote presentations delivered to all attendees by high end world renowned/famous
professors or scientists or experts, as well as multiple break-out sessions for new research paradigms.
A conference is a meeting of people that
"confer" about a topic/title.
• Academic conference, in science and academia, a formal event
where researchers present results, new ideas, and other
research related activities.
• Business conference, organized to discuss business-
related matters best affected there.
What is Summit?

• A Summit is a gathering of the highest level of leaders and

experts.

• UN Summit
• LDC Summit
• World Bank Summit
• IMF Summit
• African Union Summit
• African continent country Summit
Indo Africa Summit India 2015
 What is Congress?

• “Congress is same as Conference in that they wanted to propose something out of their meeting “
• But in ESPECIFICALLY Political Terms

What is Webinars or Webconferences?

• Webinars or Webconferences are presentations that involve an Audio, Video component and modern
Communication systems like Internet, Intranet.
• The audio portion Webinars or
Webconferences of the event is delivered via phone or over the Internet, so that participants can listen
via their computer speakers.
What is Teleseminars?
• Teleseminars are seminars that are delivered via a conference call over the telephone and/or over the
Internet.

• The instructor moderates the call, while the attendees listen. To engage listeners, many instructors
provide outlines, notes sheets or copies of PowerPoint slides to follow when listening to the presentation.
What is conference proceedings?

• Proceedings = a collection of papers from a particular conference.

• The papers presented in the conference are then usually published in a volume called a conference
proceeding.
• It may be months before such information is published as a journal article, or it may never be published.
References
• Presenter of this Seminar express his gratitude to all the Authors/ Content Designers or Researchers
whose contribution has been used directly or indirectly in preparing this
Presentation.
• Presenter believes that Copy Right law must be respected at all level of documentation and presentation
• If required ; Presenter is ready to provide the full source information regarding the contents used in this
PPT
PLAN FORA GOOD SEMINAR / PRESENTATION
• Think about the presentation beforehand
[title]. It is short-changing the organizers of the event and your audience if you only think about what you're
going to say the day before or while travelling to the event. If necessary, clarify with the organizers exactly
what is required of you and what facilities you will require.
 Contd…
• Do use PowerPoint if the facilities are available. Although some speakers seem to have taken an aversion
to PowerPoint, it is so convenient and ensures that your presentation has a clear structure and something for
your listeners to take away.
• Face your audience at all times even though the screen to which you are speaking is behind you. So that
you know what your audience is viewing at any given time in the presentation, either have a computer
screen on a desk in front of you showing the presentation or print off the slides and use the paper copies as a
speaking aid.
• Be very clear about how much time you have [time quantification & management]- and stick to that
time in preparing and delivering your presentation. It's very difficult to 'cut' a PowerPoint presentation at the
event itself, so it's a great mistake to run out of time. Most presenters prepare too much material; but nobody
ever complains that a presentation was too short (it always allows more time for questions).
• Be very clear about your key message/conclusion - and ensure that everything in your presentation is both
consistent with, and supportive of, that key message. You should be able to articulate the message in a
phrase or a sentence and indeed you might want to use that phrase or sentence in one of your first slides, or
one of your last, or even both.
• E-mail your presentation to the event organizers - Ask them to load it onto a laptop, run it through, check
that it looks fine, and confirm that with you. Then you don't have to worry about the technology when you
arrive at the venue; you can concentrate on the delivery of your material. Also it enables the event's
organizers to run off copies of your slides, so that they are available to them in good time.
• Make copies of your slides available. It is a matter of preference whether you do this at the beginning of
your presentation or at the end. If your listeners have copies at the beginning, they can take notes simply
by annotating the slides, instead of having to note down all the information on the slides. On the other
hand, you might feel that, if they can see in advance the slides you are going to use, you lose the element of
control or surprise. It might depend on the content of the presentation: if you are going to show detailed
tables or graphs with lots of figures, your audience will probably find it easier to have a copy on their lap.
• Ensure that the slides look good with proper fonts, size, color and Left/Right justification. This does
not necessarily mean that they look flashy - although suitable pictures or illustrations are very effective - but
it does mean using a consistent format and typeface and readable colors plus giving each slide the logo of
the organization you are representing and a chronological number.
• The first slide should announce the title of your presentation, the event and date, and your name and
position, email, website ( if any). This may seem terribly obvious, but many speakers miss off some of this
basic information and then weeks later listeners (or their colleagues back at the organization) are not clear
who made the presentation or when. You should try to make the title catchy, so that you immediately have
the interest of your audience. A challenging question works well - for instance, a presentation on the global
economic crisis might ask: "Is this the end of capitalism as we've known it?" Or a play on words works too -
for example, a presentation on next generation broadband could be titled "The Slow Arrival Of Fast
Broadband".
• The second slide should seize the attention of your audience for your presentation. It could be the
central proposition of your presentation or a conventional wisdom that you wish to challenge or a relevant
or witty quote from a leader in your field. If it is amusing or controversial or both, so much the better.
 Contd…
• The third slide should set out the structure/Outlines of your presentation. The default structure should
consist of three themes that you intend to examine. For a very short presentation, there might only be time
for two; if you want to look at more than five areas, write a book instead.
• Each theme should be the subject of a small number of slides. Again, a good working assumption is that
three slides for each theme is about right. Less than two and it isn't substantial enough to be a separate
theme; more than five and it should probably be broken up into two themes.
 Contd…

• Each slide should have a clear heading. A question is often a good way of winning attention - but, in that
case, make sure you answer the question in the body of the slide.
• Each slide should contain limited words, unless it is a quote (when you might use more) or contains an
illustration (when you will probably use less). Too many words and your audience will have trouble reading
the material; too few words and you're likely to be flashing through the slides and spending too much time
clicking the mouse.
• Each bullet point should consist of an intelligible phrase, rather than merely a word or two that is
meaningless on its own or conversely a complete sentence that is better delivered orally. So, for instance, do
use "Focus on profitable and growing markets" rather than simply "Focus" or "Markets" or "It is necessary
to focus on those markets which are profitable and growing rather than those which are loss-making and
declining". Consider this test: your slides should make sense and be useful to someone who was not present
at your presentation.
• Make appropriate use of pictures. It's a good idea to break up text with illustrations and it is true that a
picture is worth a thousand words.
• You may show Video Clip (if any)
• Give references/ acknowledgements to those whose study material has been used by you
• The before last slide should set out all appropriate contact details (optional): certainly e-mail address
and possibly snail mail address, the web site of your organization, and any personal website or weblog if
you have one.
• Last slide “Thanks and Q&A”
 What is plagiarism?

• Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or borrowing someone else's original ideas.
• But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offense:

• Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries – • The "wrongful appropriation (misuse)," or

• The "close imitation (reproduction)," or
• The "purloining (steal) and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or
expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work but the notion remains
problematic with nebulous boundaries.
• According to U.S. law->
• The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just
like original inventions
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
• turning in someone else's work as your own
• copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
• failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
• Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
• changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
• copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give
credit or not.
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources.
Online plagiarism Tools

• http://www.duplichecker.com/onlineplagiarism-checker.asp
• http://plagiarism-detect.com/
• http://www.scanmyessay.com/
• http://turnitin.com/en_us/products/originalityc heck
Conference: Structure
Outlines
• Introduction to Conference
• Types of Conferences
• How to organize Conferences
• References
What is Conference?
• Conferences often features keynote presentations delivered to all attendees, as well as multiple break-out
sessions.
• Conference- Collaborate, Communicate, Create and Celebrate
• Attendees often expect to receive information about industry trends and developments.
• Conference facilitates to learn about product enhancements, as well as new and advanced strategies for
using the product to achieve business goals and solve problems.

Definition

Firstly, conference has a far broader spectrum of meaning than the other three:

• It can refer to the meeting of representatives of an organization or many organizations;

• In politics the meeting of two legislative committees;
• In Christianity it is the area organization of churches, like a regional or national body to which a number of
local churches belong;

• And in sport an association or league of sports teams that compete with each other. So you can see that none of
the others have those specific meanings.
• “Some sort of many delegates from different places tackling a common topic” called THEME

• “A conference is when a group of people get together to discuss a common factor/subject but in diverse
dimensions.”

• In academics keynote presentations delivered to all attendees, as well as multiple break-out sessions for
new research paradigms.
A conference is a meeting of people that "confer" about a topic/title.
• Academic conference, in science and academia, a formal event where researchers present results, new
ideas, and other research related activities.
• Business conference, organized to discuss business-related matters best affected there.
• News conference:- an announcement to the press (print, radio, television) with the expectation of
questions, about the announced matter.
• Settlement conference, a meeting between the plaintiff and the respondent in lawsuit, wherein they try to
settle their dispute without proceeding to trial
 • Conference (sports), a grouping of geographically-related teams
• Parent-teacher conference, a meeting with a child's teacher to discuss grades and school performance.
What is conference proceedings?
• Paper = an individual research documentation / well designed summary document of your research
outcome presented at a conference
• Proceedings = a well organized collection & publication ( print/digital) of papers presented in conference.
• Defining conference proceedings?
• Conferences are a major source of cutting edge research, particularly in science and engineering.
• At conferences, researchers present papers on the research they are doing and obtain feedback from the
audience.
• The papers presented in the conference are then usually published in a volume called a conference
proceeding. It may be months before such information is published as a journal article, or it may never be
published.
Challenges to Readers

• While conferences are an excellent means of sharing information, they have an inherent shortcoming:
they are not attended by the entire scientific community to which they are relevant.

• Therefore, following the conference, conference proceedings are published to inform a wider audience
of the material presented at the conference.
Contd…
• Granted, there are some shortcomings of conference proceedings:
• There is less quality control of conference proceedings than of books or journals, since conference
presentations cannot be screened for quality to the same extent as written materials.
• Conference proceedings are not as well organized and indexed as books or journals.
Steps to organize conference

• Decide the Conference Theme/title/Name

• Write down your goals and agenda, broad spectrums.
• Develop your budget.
• Choose your conference venue.
• Development of a website
• Formation of Committees, Appoint Teams
• Positions-
• Key Note Speakers
1. Conference Chair,
2. Co-Chairs,
3. Programme Chair,
4. Editorial Board,
5. Advisory Board
Committees-
• Media committee,
• Advertisement committee,
• Registration Committee,
• Accommodation committee,
• Refreshment Committee, • Publication committee,
Conference material-
Certificate distribution committee
Programme / Schedule Committee
• Collaboration Committee
• Sponsorship
References
• Presenter of this Seminar express his/her gratitude to all the Authors/ Content Designers or Researchers whose
study material is used in preparing this Presentation PPT.
• Presenter believes that Copy Right law must be respected
• If required ; Presenter is ready to provide the full sources/information regarding the Definitions and the
contents considered in this PPT

Communication???
Chapter 2 and 6
 Prof DP Sharma http://dpsharma.info

Outlines
• Communication: An Introduction
• Communication Models
• Importance of Communication in Seminar
• Types of Communication in Seminars
• Technologies in Communications
• Summary

Communication in Seminar
• “Communication is the soul of Seminar”
• What is Communication?
 • Communication (from Latin "communis", meaning to share)
• Communication is an activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or
information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior.
• Definition - “Any act by which one person gives to or receives from person information about that person’s
needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or effective states. “
Factors

• Communication:
1. Intentional or
2. Unintentional;
• Communication may involve –
1. Conventional or
2. Unconventional signals,
• Communication may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other
modes.
Definitional factors
• “Communication is the exchange of ideas, opinions and information through written or spoken words,
symbols or actions.”
• Communication is a dialogue, not a monologue. [ Not one sided]
• In fact, communication is more concerned with a dual listening process.
• For effective communication- the message must mean the same thing to both the sender and the receiver.
 Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Communication major dimensions scheme

Communication code scheme

Linear Communication Model

 Interactional Model of Communication

Contd…
• Communication Completion:- The communication process is complete once the receiver has
understood the message of the sender.
• (A) Verbal: Oral and written. Communication through listening and reading/writing
• (B) Face-to Face
• (C) Non-verbal: Body Language, Facial expressions, gestures, silence, signs and signals, graphs, charts,
snaps and colors
• (C1) Object communication: Object communication Clothing, Hairstyle, Architecture Symbols, Info
graphics
• Paralanguage: Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage. These include voice
lesson quality, emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and
stress.
• Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words
and the use of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.
• Sub-division:
• (a) Verbal – 1) Oral
2) Written

• (b) Non-Verbal –
1)Kinesics Communication (Visual) 2)Meta Communication
(Aural).

• Welcome “The same way a hearing person would applaud another”.

Just because they can’t here the clapping noise doesn’t mean they
don’t know what’s going on.
Verbal –
Non-Verbal
 Contd…
• Words alone have no meaning. Only people can put meaning into words.
• Development of speaking: As meaning is assigned to words, language develops
• Over 3,000 languages and major dialects are spoken in the world today.
• Speaking can be looked at in two major areas:
1. interpersonal and
2. public speaking
TECHNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION

• Telecommunications
• Intranet
• E-mail
• SMS
• Internet
• Videoconferencing
• Chat Rooms
• Newsgroups and Listserves
• Hangouts
• ……………..
Life force of an Organization???
• Communication is the lifeblood of an organization.

It is needed for:
• Exchanging information
• Exchanging options/REPORTS
• Making plans and proposals
• Reaching agreement
• Executing decisions
• Sending and fulfilling orders
• Conducting business
• MANY…….
Types of Business Communication in
Technology based Organizations

There are two types of business communication in an organization:

A) Internal Communication
B) External Communication
 Contd…
• Under Internal Business Communication types there come;
A1) Upward Communication (Vertical)

A2) Downward Communication (Vertical)

 A3) Literal communication (Horizontal)

Formal and Informal Communication

1. Formal communication in seminars is business oriented.
• It can be written (memo, report, policy) or oral (speech, meeting).
• Most organizations keep written records of formal oral communication – copies of speeches, minutes of
meetings.
2. Informal communication in Seminar is off the record gossips/talks/dialogs
And the flow of information defines its types-
• Vertical-upward and downward
• Horizontal-sideways (across)
• Diagonal-Spiral
 (B)External Communication
• The exchange of information and messages between an organization and other organizations, groups,
or individuals outside its formal structure.

• The goals of external communication are to facilitate cooperation with groups such as suppliers, investors,
and stockholders, and to present a favorable image of an organization and its products or services to
potential and actual customers and to society at large.
• A variety of channels may be used for external communication, including face-to-face meetings, print or
broadcast media, and electronic communication technologies such as the Internet. External
communication includes the fields of PR, media relations, advertising, and marketing management.
Words to be used
• I am going to reinvent the ways, the methods, the processes, the ideas rather than re-
search…………………………
• Do extraordinary, amazing but cool- Steve job
• Incredible, unbelievable, amazing, awesome, extraordinary technologies like
Nano…………….
• Obama…..
Summary
“Title“
 Your Name
Designation
University/Organization Name
A Picture (if any) to represent your title
“A new paradigm of E/M Governance”
( Especially in Ethiopian Perspective)

E Governance M Governance

Dr. Durga P Sharma

Professor CS&IT
AMU
 [email protected] www.dpsharma.info

Outline

Broad Outlines
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Definition
• Broad areas to be covered
• Technical aspects
• Applications with statistics/secondary data
• Challenges
• Research scope
• Conclusion
• References
• Thanks Note
Headings/Subheading, Contd…

Virtualization of E-Governance Text part

Demonstration/Movie /Video
(if any)
 Chapter 3
How to write Research Report/Report
 Outline
• Report witting :
1. Presenting NEW insights and findings;
2. Written Reports & Oral concluding
 Report witting

1. Presenting insights and findings;

2. Written and oral reports
 Meaning of Research Report:

• Research report writing is the oral or written presentation of the evidence and the findings in such detail
and form as to be readily understood and accessed by the reader and as to enable him to verify the validity
of the conclusions..
Structure of Research Report

• Generally, a research report, whether it is called dissertation or thesis or simple study report, it is
designed in following parts-
Part-1) The Preliminary i.e. preface pages
Part-2) The text of the report / Main body of the report
Part-3) The Reference material.
Part-1 PRELIMINARY SECTION

Title page
Certification
Candidate Declaration
Preface including Acknowledgements
Table of Content
List of Tables
 List of figures
List of Abbreviation
Part2-INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction or Background of the study

1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Purpose [ General Objective] and Specific objectives of the study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Definition of Terms
1.6 Scope & Significance of the study
1.7 Summary
Contd….LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Body of the literature
2.1.1 General area of research
2.1.2 Underlying area/theory
2.1.3 Variables used from previous literature
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Hypotheses
2.4 Summary
 Part2 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction to Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design
3.2 Variable and Measurement
3.3 Questionnaire design
3.4 Population and Sample
3.5 Scope of the study
3.6 Data analysis method
3.6.1 Goodness of data
3.6.2 Inferential analysis
3.7 Summary
Contd… DATA COLLECTION, DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Goodness of Measure
4.2.1 Representativeness of data 4.2.2 Validity test 4.2.3 Reliability test

4.3 Inferential analysis

4.3.1 Descriptive analysis
4.3.2 Test of difference
4.3.3 Test of relationship
4.4 Summary
Contd….DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Recapitulation of Major findings

5.2 Discussion
5.3 Implication
5.3.1 Theoretical Implication 5.3.2 Practical Implication
5.4 Limitations
5.5 Recommendation for future research
5.6 Conclusion
Part3-REFERENCE MATERIAL

The reference material is generally divided as fallows

1. Bibliography (IEEE, APA Style or ..)
2. Appendices (SPSS output & Data Stream)
3. Glossary of terms (if any)
4. Index (if any)
 Big Data

Prof DP Sharma http://dpsharma.info

 Big Data Technology

Outline
• Over view of Big Data
• Salient Features
• Current technologies in handling big data
• Research areas and topics on big data
 Defining Big Data V3
• Volume：Gigabyte(109), Terabyte(1012),
Petabyte(1015), Exabyte(1018), Zettabyte(1021)
• Variety: Structured, semi-structured, unstructured; Text, image, audio, video, record

datasets• Velocitywhose (sizeDynamic, sometimes timeis beyond the ability of typical-varying)database software tools
to capture, store, manage and analyze
McKinsey Global Institute

Overview to Big Data

• Definition-
• Big data is a collection of data sets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process using on-hand
database management tools.
• The challenges:
• How to capture, store,search, share, analyze, and visualize.
• Big data describes the voluminous amount of unstructured and semi-structured–
– Data that would take too much time and too much money to load into a relational database for
analysis.
– Although Big data doesn't refer to any specific quantity, the term is often used when speaking about
petabytes and Exabyte's of data but its contemporary.
Now Big data spans 3+ Dimensions:
• Volume: Turn 12 terabytes of Tweets created each day into improved product sentiment analysis
(survey),
Convert 350 billion annual meter readings to better predict power consumption
• Velocity: Sometimes 2 minutes is too late. For time-sensitive processes such as catching fraud, big data must
be used as it streams into your enterprise in order to maximize its value.
• Scrutinize 5 million trade events created each day to identify potential fraud,
• Analyze 500 million daily call detail records in real-time to predict customer churn faster
• Variety: Big data is any type of data - structured and unstructured data such as text, sensor data, audio, video,
click streams, log files and more.
• New insights are found when analyzing these data types together.
• Every day, we create 2.5 quintillion bytes of data
• For digital information. The unit symbol for the exabyte is EB.
• 1 EB =1000000000000000000B=1018bytes=1000 Petabytes

• This data comes from everywhere: sensors used to gather climate information, posts to social media sites,
digital pictures and videos, purchase transaction records, and cell phone GPS signals to name a few. This
data is big data.
 Significant Size in Science & Business
• In total, the four main detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produced 13 petabytes of data in 2010
(13,000 terabytes).
• Walmart more than 1 million customer transactions every hour, which is imported into databases estimated
to contain more than 2.5 petabytes of data - the equivalent of 167 times the information contained in all the
books in the US Library of Congress.
• FICO Falcon Credit Card Fraud Detection System protects 2.1 billion active accounts world-wide.
• The volume of business data worldwide, across all companies, doubles every 1.2 years, according to
estimates.
Market pace & Alerts?
• "Big data" has increased the demand of information management specialists in that Oracle Corporation,
IBM, Microsoft, SAP, and HP have spent more than $15 billion on software firms only specializing in data
management and analytics.
• There are 4.6 billion mobile-phone subscriptions worldwide and there are between 1 billion and 2 billion
people accessing the internet
• The world's effective capacity to exchange information through telecommunication networks was• 281
petabytes in 1986,
• 471 petabytes in 1993,
• 2.2 exabytes in 2000,
• 65 exabytes in 2007 and
Big Data Technology announcements..

• On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter
 Planet.
• On October 26, 2011, SAS announced HighPerformance Analytics to handle terabytes of data in near real-
time.
• In May 2012, the U.S. state of Massachusetts announced its Big Data Initiative, which includes a grant
program and collaboration between academia and industry.
 Where Do We See Big Data?

SOCIAL

Data warehouses Social Networks Scientific Devices

Everywhere
 Big Data in Action
for US
DECIDE ACQUIRE

Make
Better
Decisions
Using
Big Data

ANALYZE ORGANIZE
 Cont…
• Big Variety of Big Data

– Large number of diverse data sources to integrate:

– Three broad categories of data, which further illustrate the varieties present within ‘big’ data:
1. Structured data: This type describes data which is grouped into a relational scheme (e.g. rows and
columns within a standard database)
2. Semi-structured data: Refers to data which may have some relational structure, but which is
incomplete or irregular
3. Unstructured data: Captures data of all formats which cannot easily be indexed into relational
tables for analysis or querying.
Examples include text and web pages, social network content and blog posts, images, audio and
video.
• Big velocity
– The velocity means the frequency of its generation and delivery.
Example- Data generated by –

1. (ATMs) Automated production or transaction processes,

2. Internet browsers,
3. Smart Phones -Audio and video capturing
4. Sensors.
Numbe
– 800 Terabytes, 2000

– 160 Exabytes, 2006

rs – 500 Exabytes(Internet), 2009

– 2.7 Zettabytes, 2012

– 35 Zettabytes by 2020

• How much data will be

Generated in ONE day?

Big data: The next frontier for
competition,
innovation, and McKinsey – 7 TB, Twitter
Institute
productivity Global
2011 – 10 TB, Facebook

Key Challenges of Big Data Technology

1. Understanding and Utilizing Big Data
 2. New, Complex, and Continuously Emerging Technologies

3. Privacy, Security, and Regulatory Considerations

4. Cloud Based Solutions

5. Archiving and Disposal of Big Data

6. The Need for IT, Data Analyst, and Management Resources

Possible Applications of Big Data

• Anti Terrorism
• Multimedia Visual Analytics
• Surveillance & Awareness in Investigative Analysis
• Disease Visual Analytics for Disease outbreak Prediction
• Financial Visual Analytics
• Cyber security Visual Analytics
• Business Analytics
Basis for
 Data Analytics Data Analysis Comparison

Form Data analytics is ‘general’ used in Data analysis is a specialized form used in businesses to make decisions from
data businesses to analyze data and take some which are data-driven. insights of it.

Data analytics consist of data collection Data analysis consisted of defining, and inspect in general
and it has one or investigation, cleaning, transforming the data
Structure more users. to give a meaningful outcome.

There are many analytics tools in a For analyzing the data OpenRefine, KNIME, market but mainly
R, Tableau Public, RapidMiner, Google Fusion Tables, Tableau
Tools
Python, SAS, Apache Spark, Excel are Public, NodeXL, WolframAlpha, Weka tools used. are
used. Data analytics life cycle consist of Business Case Evaluation, Data The
sequence followed in data analysis are
Identification, Data Acquisition & data gathering, data scrubbing, analysis of Filtering, Data
Extraction, Data data and interpret the data precisely so that
Validation & Cleansing, Data you can understand what your data want to
Aggregation & Representation, Data say.
Analysis, Data Visualization, Utilization of Analysis
Results.

Data Analytics, in general, can be

Data analysis can be used in various
used to find masked patterns, ways like one
can perform analysis like
 anonymous correlations, customer descriptive analysis, exploratory

Ten Trendy Big Data Technologies

• Big Data is presently synonymous with technologies like Hadoop, and the “NoSQL” class of databases -

❖MapReduce: programming model by Google for the purpose of processing large amounts of data.

❖NoSQL: a broad set of database technologies that break from the traditional model
-quickly storing and reading massive amounts of data

Big Data tech.

• APACHE’S HADOOP:-
MapReduce framework managed and distributed by the Apache
❖A framework for distributing MapReduce work across a cluster of many servers.
❖Individual servers can be added or removed from a
Hadoop cluster with little effort
❖The popular data analytics software Tableau actually can integrate with a dataset stored in a
Hadoop NoSQL cluster.

❖NoSQL database called a ‘document store’.

❖Much like a Hadoop cluster you can create a mongo cluster and add or remove servers very easily

❖Unlike hadoop, mongo is primarily a data storage system meant for the storage and quick retrieval of large
quantities of data

❖fairly mature technology and has many features -

• GOOGLE’S BIGQUERY:

❖New service provided by Google for the storage and querying of big unstructured data.

❖To build a database that can store vast amounts of data and very quickly return results for ad-hoc
queries

❖Primarily a tool for analysis

❖You can access your data with SQL through a browser based interface or a REST based API.

❖Developers.google.com/bigquery/ to get service

Possible Research areas and topics on big data
 Cont…

Time line of Big Data as topic of research

• Early papers (i.e. until 2000) are led by engineering especially in the areas of computer engineering.
• From 2000 onwards, the field is led by computer science followed by engineering and mathematics (convergence
research)

• Big data in terms of different papers

• Conference papers & Articles growth over time.
Subject areas researching on big data
Budgets for researches on big data
• In March 2012, The White House announced a national "Big Data Initiative" that consisted of six Federal
departments and agencies committing more than $200 million to Big Data research projects.
• University

• University of California, Berkeley

• This budget will show us how much researches conducted on big data are
Research motivation & Topics
• To provide an effective services more than that of relational data bases
• Sharing and vertical scaling
• High availability and disaster recovery
• Flexibility of the schema
• When the data doesn’t comfortably fit on one machine – either from size
or logistical perspectives
• One can classify the research focus of big data in to two
1. researches related to scaling hardware
2. researches related to software and enhancements on
DBMS
3. Cloud Emergence, Shift, Convergence, Ontology

Sample research topics on big data

important and hot

• Hardware improvements:
• Improvements in DB languages/platforms:
• Improvements in data visualization:
• Cross-collaboration between unrelated industries
• Improved role specific DB solutions:
• Awareness creation researches
• Basic core researches
• Quantum computing for the end of big data
 Cont…
• Scalable, Distributed and Parallel Algorithms
• New Programming Model for Large Data beyond Hadoop/MapReduce, STORM, streaming languages
• Mining Algorithms of Data in non-traditional formats (unstructured, semi-structured)
• Applications: social media, Internet of Things,
Smart Grid, Smart Transportation
Systems
• Heterogeneous Sources and Format Mining
• Systems Issues related to large datasets: clouds, streaming system, architecture, and issues beyond cloud
and streams.
• Interfaces to database systems and analytics.
• Evaluation Technologies
• Visualization for Big Data
• Applications: Large scale recommendation systems, social media systems, social network systems,
scientific data mining, environmental, urban and other large data mining applications.
• Data processing at scale
• Data protection, privacy and policy
• New technologies, algorithms and strategies
• Communicating analytic insights: visualization, interface and design
• Practical artificial intelligence
 Cont…
• Big data in practice, from research to product
• Field reports of big data in specific domains, e.g.
health, robotics, agriculture
Inforviz Reference Model to Visual Analytics
 Tree Visualization(1)

Node-Link Diagrams

sunburst Dendrogram
 Network Visualization

Force- Directed Layout

Matrix Views
Arc Diagrams
Stacked Graphs
Flow Maps
Appendix-1
 Seminar on Advancements in Converging Technologies

Prof. DP Sharma (Dr)

www.dpsharma.info [email protected]
➢Brief Idea and Evolution of Change
➢Computing and Convergence in two dimensions change and research

➢Thrust of Computing and ConvergenceOutline…..? in different disciplines

➢Status of Computing and Convergence
➢Conclusion

Prof DP Sharma
Contd…
“There is nothing permanent except change.” Heraclitus of Ephesus (ca. 525-475 B.C.)
 Prof. DP Sharma
Brief History of Change
Generations Ago

100,000 Speech

750 Agriculture

500 Writing

400 Libraries

40 Universities

24 Printing

16 Accurate Clocks

5 Telephone

4 Radio

3 Television

2 Computer

1 Internet/e-Mail
 0 ?

Prof. DP Sharma
Contd..

• Common Laws of Nature

• Change

Prof DP Sharma
Contd..
• Common Laws of Nature

• Change
• Inertia

Prof. DP Sharma
Contd…

Inertia is a tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion.

Isaac Newton defined inertia as his first law in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,
Prof DP Sharma
 Common Laws of Nature

• Change
• Inertia
• Equilibrium
Contd…

I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.

-IBM Chairman Thomas Watson, 1943

Prof DP Sharma
Prof DP Sharma
Contd…

-640K Memory ought to be enough for anybody.

-Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates, 1981

***Pend drives, Credit Cards, Tablets**** *** BG***

WHY THIS CHANGE?

Theories of Determinism
• Mechanical theories technology impacts on
Technological determinism
society or society impacts on technology.
The linear model and the reverse linear
model.
• These theories are called, respectively,
TECHNOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM and Sociological
determinism
SOCIOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
 Common Laws of Nature

• Change
• Inertia
• Equilibrium
• Convergence
Why Convergence?

Disciplines join hands for mutual benefits & Betterment E.g.

• Theory
• Experiments

Prof DP Sharma

Prof DP Sharma
 Contd…
Contd…
• Computing
• Any type of process, algorithm
or measurement;.
• This includes human thinking to
calculations with a more
narrow meaning.
• Computing is a process
following a well-defined model
that is understood and can be
expressed in an algorithm,
protocol etc.

• Convergence

Prof DP Sharma
• Computing
• Convergence
Prof DP Sharma

Prof DP Sharma
 Converging Research
• Antithesis
This presents argument challenge
previous thesis.

an to
a

• Thesis
This presents the original statement of an
idea. Very few research
contributions can claim total

⚫originalitySynthesis: . This seeks to form a new argument from existing sources. Typically, a
synthesis might resolve the apparent contradiction between a thesis and an antithesis. Prof DP Sharma
Contd…

Prof DP Sharma
Examples
Prof DP Sharma
Ashok K Nagawat
Types of Convergences
 Contd…

Prof DP Sharma
 Contd…

Prof DP Sharma
 Contd…

Prof DP Sharma
Trend of Telecom Convergence
Contd…
 172
Trend of Telecom Convergence
- Convergence in delivering network technologies

Convergence of new technologies offers opportunities and risks for communication / content players.
 Contd…
TV
Wireless WLAN operator
VoIP
GSM @Home
Fixed Line operator
Voice Voice
Mobile

Fixed
Convegence
r

Data Data

Mobile operator

Broadcast
broadcast, Cable
channels, Radio broadcast 173
Prof DP Sharma
Contd…
Contd…
 Contd…
Prof DP Sharma
 Contd…

Prof DP Sharma
Contd…
 Are we there yet ?

Ashok K Nagawat
 Why Convergence??
New Mantra, New Key

Prof DP Sharma
 IP = Everything

Computer PC and Household

Networks
Linux
Mainframe
Appliances

Convergence
Internet
Protocols

Communication
Networks Radio Telephony Television
Different perspectives and definitions of "Convergence"?
• In a computing context, convergence might be taken to mean the near-ubiquitous adoption of a
particular technology or product.
• In a peripheral context, convergence might be associated with the development of multifunction
devices (e.g., printer/scanner/fax/digital senders).

Prof DP Sharma
 • In the network context, convergence is often taken to mean the consolidation of separate networks into
a single Internet Protocol (IP)-based network.
• In the Disciplines context, convergence is often taken to mean the joining hands of different
disciplines for mutual betterment of research.
Computing and Convergence…
• “Convergence” is a coming together
• “Convergence is, “the coming together of like and disparate knowledge bases, skill sets and
disciplines;
• The purpose of which is to solve scientific, business equations with the intended results of
creating new paradigms and achievements that would be unachievable through traditional
processes”.
• Convergence is a powerful and dynamic enabler!

Prof DP Sharma
 The Traditional Approach to Delivering
Voice, Video, and Data…

• Voice goes over the copper phone infrastructure (or via dedicated cellular infrastructure)
• Video goes over a dedicated coaxial or fiber cable TV infrastructure, dedicated ISDN lines, satellite, or
broadcast TV, and
• Data goes over a dedicated data network.
• All three redundant networks often run side-by-side at low levels of utilization and at
considerable (potentially avoidable) expense.
• Combining all three of those onto one converged network is often called a "triple play" strategy or
running a "packet-based multiservice network."

184
Advantages of convergence
• Why do we do convergence…???
• To solve the boundary less problems
• To gain the boundary less knowledge
• To develop the domain with boundary less innovations
• Further…… To save money->
• Simplify your infrastructure and eliminate redundant and save money.
• Reduce dedicated specialized staff requirements and ongoing operational expenses; save money.
• Simplify local provisioning; save money.
 • Increase your service footprint; save money.
Contd… Final Note…

• It is capable of expanding and crossing existing barriers and establishing new frontiers!
Convergence is creating new paradigms!
Conclusion
• Convergence is inevitable
• Convergence is master enabler of new scientific research and domains
• Convergence facilitates new scope of cross boundary researches
• Convergence facilitate true need of research
• Convergence endears true essence of globalization of researches acrossthe
disciplinary boundary for the best way of mutual betterment.
• Let’s make Computer Science and IT as Master discipline and Master Facilitator

Prof DP Sharma
 ASSIGNMENTS
• Ass-2 Seminar On Research Oriented Advancements on Selected Topic (Self written/Review) by
scholars (Individual) OR
• [REVIEW A RESEARCH PAPER THEN PROPOSE NEW ADVANCEMENTS USING
TECHNOLOGIES
COVERED]
[15 Marks]
• Ass-3 Webinar/ Seminar on Research Proposal OR Website Development for International Conference
OR Website development for
Online Research Forum/Club/ Association
(Individual)
[20 Marks]
 THANK YOU

Prof DP Sharma
Green & Efficient Resource Management over
Cloud Computing Environments
 Prof. DP Sharma, PhD

Professor & International IT Consultant http://dpsharma.info

Outline
 Introduction
 Concepts
 Motivation
 Objectives of Green Computing Strategies
 Approaches to Green Computing
 Pathways- Green use, Green disposal, Green design, Green manufacturing
 Green IT: saving energy with cloud computing
 Regulations and industry initiatives
 Software and deployment optimization
 Algorithmic efficiency
 Related Works
 Cases
 Green Cloud Framework
 Future scope
 Conclusion & Future Scope
 191
IT Buzz Words & Paradigm Shifts
Digital Computing
Parallel Computing
Personal Computing
Distributed Computing
Grid Computing
Cloud Computing
Green Computing
(Thermal Computing)
(Wearable Computing)
………………………
“On the top of everything our Focus - Speed, Size, Capacity, portability, Retire ….
Cloud Computing?
“
• Computing may someday be dynamically scalable, managed computing power,
organized as a public utility just as the storage, platforms, and services are delivered on
telephone system is a public utility... demand to external customers over the Internet.”
The computer utility could become the
basis of a new and important industry.” – Ian Foster, 2008
– John McCarthy, 1961
“
• Cloud computing is a large-scale
distributed computing paradigm that is
driven by economies of scale, in which
a pool of abstracted, virtualized,
193
Green Computing?
Classical Vs. Green
According to San Murugesan green computing is
"the study and practice of – 1) designing,
2) manufacturing,
3) using, and
4) disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems — such as monitors, printers, storage
devices, and networking and communications systems — efficiently and effectively with minimal or no
impact on the environment.“
“Green Computing, Green ICT as per IFG International Federation of Green ICT and IFG Standard,
green IT, or ICT sustainability, is the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT.
 Evolution of ‘Green’ Concept
• Energy Star: In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star,
• Its a voluntary labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in
monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies.
• This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics.
• Swedish organization TCO Development: Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development
launched the TCO Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from CRT-based
computer displays;
• This program was later expanded to include criteria on 1)energy consumption, 2)ergonomics, and the
3)use of hazardous materials in construction.
Why Green Computing and ICT?

A case study- In 2006, Greenpeace released a study:

In this researchers performed X-ray examinations of hazardous materials inside five leading brands
of laptops. The findings says popular computers are not only harmful to the environment, but also
potentially harmful to humans. [Source: Greenpeace
Research Laboratories].
For example, Having chemical to cause cancer, nerve damage and immune reactions in humans.
  Computers are made of poisonous Materials like Lead, Chromium, Cadmium and Mercury. If
computers are buried in landfill, they can leach harmful chemicals into Waterways and the
environment and if burned release toxic contaminants into the air we breathe.
 Computers can also be harmful to your health because toxic chemicals evaporate in a computer
room, are absorbed by your body through your lungs.
 The radiation that is emitted from computer monitors can pose a serious health risk especially to those
with long hours of exposure.
Objectives of Green Computing

• To Reduce the use of hazardous materials,

• To Maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime to ensure minimization of energy
consumption
• To Promote the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste.
• To promote ergonomics by having green computing initiatives.
• To Minimize travel requirement by system evolution
• To Reduce the use of items; Papers, printers, tonners
• To Minimize disposal
• To save environment & Humane
Core principles of Green Computing

• REDUCE,
• REUSE, AND
• RECYCLE;
Approaches to Green Computing

Virtualization

An abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems
on one set of physical hardware.
 The concept originated with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the 1960s, in the 1990s.
 With virtualization, thereby unplugging the original hardware and reducing power and cooling
consumption.

Terminal Servers

Terminal Services for Windows and the Aqua Connect Terminal Server for Mac, both deliver operating
systems to end users. Using this method, users terminal in to a central server.
All of the computing is done at the server level but the end user experiences the operating system. Thin clients
use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation.
Using thin clients with a terminal server delivers the Windows or Mac operating system to end users while also
decreasing energy costs and consumption.
Virtualization
• Virtual Machine (VM) is a software artifact that executes other software as if it was running on a physical
resource directly.
• Typically uses a Hypervisor or VMM which abstracts the hardware from an
Operating System

200
Contd.
Power Management
 ACPI is a successor to an Intel-Microsoft standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a
computer's BIOS to control power management functions.
 The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating
system to directly control the power saving aspects of its underlying hardware.
 In addition, a system may hibernate, where most components (including the CPU and the system RAM) are
turned off.
 Manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU, This process is called undervolting. Some CPUs can
automatically undervolt the processor depending on the workload; this technology is called "SpeedStep" on
Intel processors, “
Power Supply
 Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) are generally 70–75% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy
as heat.
 An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these models
are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form factor.
 As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient.
 Contd…
Storage

Smaller hard disk drives often consume less power per gigabyte than physically larger drives.
 With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low capacity flash based devices.
 As hard drive prices have fallen, increase in capacity to make more data available online.
 The increase in online storage has increased power consumption.

Video Card
 A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer.
 Energy efficient display options include:
 No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software if display required.
 Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low power.
 Reuse an older video card that uses little power; many do not require heat sinks or fans.
 Contd…
Display - LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display.
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the
display.

Operating System Issues- Microsoft has been heavily criticized for producing operating systems that, out of the
box, are not energy efficient.
 Due to Microsoft's dominance of the huge desktop operating system market this omission may have
resulted in more energy waste than any other initiative by other vendors.
 Microsoft claim to have improved this in Vista. This problem has been compounded because Windows versions
before Vista did not allow power management
 Microsoft Windows Vista has improved this by adding basic central power management configuration. But
system administrators cant change policy to meet changing user requirements or schedules.
Contd…

Materials Recycling

Computer systems that have outdated can be repurposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit
organizations.
Parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal
or private recycling centers.
Recycling can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and chromium out of landfills,
So often computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped to developing countries where
environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe.
The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the postconsumer e-waste collected for
recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China, India, and Pakistan

206
 How can you go Green as Consumer

 Turn off your computer and peripherals when you aren't using them.
 When you're not using your monitor, put it to sleep or turn it off instead of using a screensaver.
 If you're using a CRT monitor, choose dark backgrounds.
 If you're using an LCD monitor, the opposite is true.
 Activate the power management feature on your computer system.
 IST–DOCS has provided the following instructions and recommendations for power management settings:
 Windows 7: Go to the Start menu, select Control Panel, and choose Power Options. In the subsequent
screen, select "Balanced" under "Preferred Plans". Set the "Turn off the display" setting to 10 minutes. Set
the "Put the computer to sleep" option to 30 minutes. Click the "Save changes" button.
 Windows 2000/XP: Select Start, Settings, Control Panel, and Display. Select the Screen Saver tab. In the
"Energy saving features of monitor" section, click the "Settings" or "Power" button to reach the power
management settings. Set the "Turn off monitor" to 10 minutes. Set the "Turn off hard disks" to 15 minutes.
Click OK or Apply.
 Windows Vista: Select Start, Settings, Control Panel, Power Options. Select the "My Custom Plan" button,
and select "Change Plan Settings". Choose "Turn off the display" and select 10 minutes. Choose "Put the
computer to sleep" and select 15 minutes.
 Macintosh OS X: Select System Preferences from the Dock. Select Energy Saver. Under the Sleep tab, use
the sliders to enable your display and computer to go to sleep mode after 10 minutes of inactivity for the
display, and 15 minutes for the computer. For the hard drive, check the "Put the hard disk to sleep when
possible" box.
 Green Computing
• Performance/Watt is not following Moore’s law.
• Advanced scheduling schemas to reduce energy consumption.
– Power aware
– Thermal aware
• Data center designs to reduce Power Usage Effectiveness.
– Cooling systems
– Rack design
Green software
❑Because of The increase usability of information, communication, application developments and the highly
complicated computations there is a need to reduce energy consumption of computation, storage and
communication.
❑Since software is playing an increasing role in supporting our society its energy efficiency and environmental impact
become more important.
❑Software developers should consider, CPU time, Display mode and size, Memory type, Color and size of fonts
in order to develop green software.
Cont.…
❑Software developers think about requirements and developing systems that ignore “green”.
❑They differentiate between functional requirements (that describe what the system to be developed is supposed to
do) and

142
 ❑Non-functional requirements that describe qualitative aspects of the system like in software engineering include
security, serviceability, and expandability.
❑Initial stage Non functional requirement specification is desirable like Green Bz at later stage, it is easier to add
functions than to fulfill non-functional requirements
Cont.…
If the task is to successfully develop “green” software products, then two problems must be solved:
1. Defining non-functional requirements that specify what “green,” “energy efficient”, “resource conserving,” or more
generally “sustainable” mean in terms of qualitative characteristics of a software product.
2. Developers taking these requirements into account across the entire process of software development.
Energy Saving Software Techniques

Computational efficiency

❑The faster we can complete the workload and get the computer back to idle, the more energy we can save.

❑To achieve computational efficiency, use software techniques that achieve better performance such as efficient
algorithms and multi-threading.

143
 Cont.…
Data Efficiency

❑Data efficiency reduces energy costs by minimizing data movement. data efficiency can be achieved by designing:

✓ software algorithms that minimize data movement

✓ memory hierarchies that keep data close to processing elements

✓ application software that efficiently uses cache memories

Context Awareness
❑Humans naturally use context to understand our world, makes decisions, and adapt to the environment.
❑Context awareness in computers means that they can sense the environment in which they are operating and
software can be designed to react to changes in the environment.
❑For the physical environment this requires sensors and the ability to generate events or state changes to which the
applications can react.
Some examples of context aware behavior

❑when a notebook PC responds to a change from AC to DC power by automatically dimming the display

144
 Cont.…
❑ when a notebook PC quickly parks the hard drive heads when sensors detect that the device is falling – to avoid a
head crash.

❑ Microsoft Windows provides built-in power policies – “High performance”, “Balanced”, and “Power saver”. They
give the system user the option to choose between better performance and better battery life.

145
 Cont.

❑ Developers may want to consider the status of other components on the platform and use that information for intelligent
application behavior and energy savings.

❑It might be useful to know information about the status of components such as network cards,
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB devices, monitors, etc.
Green Software Development Model
❑Shenoy and Eeratta present in their paper “Green Software Development Model. An Approach towards Sustainable
Software” (2011)
❑a set of suggestions that should be considered in software development life cycle processes to take environmentally sound
decisions for the software product itself but also for the applied software development process
❑The suggestions are classified into the general phases of traditional software development life cycles
The suggestions have the objective to
❑reduce power consumption,
❑use of paper,
❑emissions from avoidable business trips, or e-waste due to early software induced hardware obsolescence.
Cont.…
highlights of the suggestions are given, just to give an impression:
❑ Requirements - develop software that runs also on legacy hardware to prolong its life time and to avoid disposal
and e-waste
146
 – avoid throw-away prototyping, which causes development efforts and thus energy consumption
❑ Design- prefer simpler designs over complex ones, because complex designs more likely lead to redesign, higher
documentation efforts, and training periods and thus energy consumption.
– reuse code and componentsto avoid energy intensive reimplementation and code duplication.
❑ Testing- apply performance testing and resource profiling especially to ensure compatibility with minimum
hardware requirements to avoid early hardware disposal
❑ Maintenance- avoid software migration, e.g. by preferring platform independent technologies because it likely
leads to legacy hardware and ewaste

221
Energy Monitoring software

148
Contd….

149
 Research Opportunities

• There are a number of areas to explore in order to conserve energy within a Cloud environment.
– Schedule VMs to conserve energy.
– Management of both VMs and underlying infrastructure.
– Minimize operating inefficiencies for non-essential tasks.
– Optimize data center design.
Cloud Computing
• Features of Clouds
– Scalable
– Enhanced Quality of Service (QoS)
– Specialized and Customized
– Cost Effective
– Simplified User Interface
– Availability
– Low Maintenance
– High Uptime
– Easy Provisioning
Cloud Computing

 Distributed Systems encompasses a wide variety of technologies

150
  Grid computing spans most areas and
is becoming more mature.
 Clouds are an emerging technology,
providing many of the same features as
Grids without many of the potential
pitfalls.

From “Cloud Computing and Grid Computing

360-Degree
Compared”
Data Center Power Consumption

Currently it is estimated that

servers consume 0.5% of the
world’s total electricity usage.
Closer to 1.2% when data center systems are factored into the equation.
Server energy demand doubles every 4-6 years.
This results in large amounts of CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels.
What if we could reduce the energy used with minimal performance impact?

151
 Green IT: Saving energy with Cloud Computing

Using Cloud Computing

 Overcome the problem of Under utilized HW/SW and other IT infrastructure
 Under utilized resources disposal can be minimized
 No need of Server cooling at every organization
 No need to purchase redundant HW/SW and other devices
 Virtualization minimize the consumption of power
 Offsite servers, software and platforms minimize the energy consumption
 Under configuration HW resources can be used for long time which minimize energy consumption
 A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine.
They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon. The most common representative is
dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12 or Freon-12). Freon dispersion can be minimized by offsite servers
Motivation for Green Data Centers
• Environmental
• Economic – 70% of the U.S. energy sources are
– New data centers run on the Megawatt scale, fossil fuels.
requiring millions of dollars to operate. – 2.8 billion tons of CO emitted each
2
– Recently institutions are looking for new year from U.S. power plants.
ways to reduce costs, no more “blank – Sustainable energy sources are not
checks.” ready.
– Many facilities are at their peak operating
envelope, and cannot expand without a new – Need to reduce energy dependence
power source. until a more sustainable energy
source is deployed.
 Framework

Green Cloud
Framework

Virtual
Data Center
Machine
Design
Controls

Server &
Rack Air Cond. &
Scheduling Management
Recirculation
Design

Power Thermal VM Image Dynamic

Migration
Aware Aware Design Shutdown

153
 VM scheduling on Multi-core Systems
180

170

• There is a nonlinear relationship between the 160

number of processes used and power
consumption 150
• We can schedule VMs to take advantage of
this relationship in order to conserve power 140

Wats
Power consumption curve on an Intel
Core i7 920 Server 130

120

110

100

90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of Processing Cores

(4 cores, 8 virtual cores with Hyperthreading)

154
Scheduling
 Regulations and Industry Initiatives
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has published a survey of over 90
government and industry initiatives on "Green ICTs“, i.e. ICTs, the environment and climate change.
 The report concludes that initiatives tend to concentrate on the greening ICTs
 In general, only 20% of initiatives have measurable targets
 Government Regulations
 Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to include stricter efficiency requirements for
computer equipment.
 By 2008, 26 US states established state-wide recycling programs for obsolete computers and consumer
electronics equipment.
 2010, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was signed into legislation by President
Obama. The bill allocated over $90 billion to be invested in green initiatives (renewable energy, smart
grids, energy efficiency, etc.)
Contd… Industry Initiatives
 Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is an effort to reduce the electric power consumption of
PCs in active and inactive states.
 World Wildlife Fund's Climate Savers program, which was launched in 1999. The WWF is also a member
of the Computing Initiative.
 The Green Electronics Council offers the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT)
to assist in the purchase of "greener" computing systems.
 The Green Grid is a global consortium dedicated to advancing energy efficiency in data centers and business
computing ecosystems. It was founded in February 2007 by– AMD, APC, Dell, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft,
Rackable Systems, SprayCool (purchased in 2010 by Parker), Sun Microsystems and VMware.
 SPEC power is the first industry standard benchmark that measures power consumption. Other
benchmarks which measure energy efficiency include SPECweb, SPECvirt and VMmark.
  Data center design and Power Management
 Data center facilities are heavy consumers of energy, accounting for between 1.1% and 1.5% of the world’s
total energy use in 2010.
1. Information technology (IT) systems
2. Environmental conditions, Air management, Cooling systems, Electrical systems
 Energy efficient data center design should help to better utilize a data center’s space, and increase
performance and efficiency.
 Software and deployment optimization
 Algorithmic efficiency
 Many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. Algorithm changes, such as switching from a slow (e.g.
linear) search algorithm to a fast (e.g. hashed or indexed) search algorithm can reduce resource usage for
a given task from substantial to close to zero.
Contd..
A study by a physicist at Harvard, estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon
dioxide (CO₂).
However, Google disputes this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produces only 0.2 grams of CO₂.
How to go Green in Data Centers?
Use Non heat Conductors
Compact Spacing in Server Rooms
Use of High Star energy consuming ACs
Use Automatic Cooling control system
Use light weight desktops inside data centers
Data center site must be at height from sea level i.e. choose cool place
The carbon footprint
 0.3g CO2e: A spam email
4g CO2e: A proper email
50g CO2e: An email with long and tiresome attachment
 Of course, sending and receiving electronic message is never going to constitute the largest part of our carbon
footprints. But the energy required to support our increasingly heaving and numerous inboxes does add up.
 and storage space used means energy consumed.
 moving from paper to digital storage is leading to major increases in energy consumption, and Google itself
acknowledges it is "as much of an energy glutton as heavy industry“
 The Footprint of Gmail: How Much Energy Would Deleting Email Save?
 Calculating the carbon footprint of e-mail storage
 Research about the carbon footprint of e-mail storage . emailfootprint.org estimated that it would take 1
kilowatt hour to store 1 Gigabyte of data for a year, but they didn’t explain how they came up with that
number, You can see google cache
 TreeHugger referenced a report that said that it would take 1 lb of coal to store 20 megabytes of data for a
year, according to the US Department of Energy.
 Conclusion

Cloud computing is an emerging topic in Distributed Systems.

Need to conserve energy wherever possible!
Green Cloud Framework:
Power-aware scheduling of VMs.
Advanced VM & infrastructure management.
Specialized VM Image.
Small energy savings result in a large impact.
Combining a number of different methods together can have a larger impact then when implemented
separately.
240
Internet of Things
IoTs

244
What’s next Industrial evolution?

Industrial Revolutions-
• 1700s-Ist- Power Generation
• 1800s-IInd - Mass Production
• 1900s-IIIrd - Computing & Electric
Automation [IoT- Kevin Ashton 1999]
• 2000s-IVth – Data Driven Production
• 2020s- ?????? (Threats Cyber security & IoT)
245
 IoTs For?

• 1969-1995- Boffins (British Slang means engineer, scientists)

• 1995-2000- Geeks ( Slang word, ecentric/experts, enthusiasts)
• 2000-2007- Masses/Public
• 2007-2011- Mobile/Everywhere
• 2012-………- IoTs
IOT
• IOT- A proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network
connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.
• Challenge
• "if one thing can prevent the Internet of things from transforming the way we live and work, it will be a
breakdown in security"
 Intranet of Things
• The term intranet of things was coined by Carlos Nizam of
Airbus.

• An intranet of things is, depending on your viewpoint, either an element of the all-encompassing
Internet of Things (IoT) or an alternative model;

• In either case, it uses similar systems and technologies but limits the accessibility of connected things
to the corporate network
Assignment Blog:
Role of Internet & Intranet of Things towards Incredible developments and change in computing and
communication systems
 IIOT
• The concept is similar to that of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) proposed by General
Electric.
IIoT incorporates-
• 1)Machine learning,
• 2)Big data technology,
• 3)Sensor data,
• 4)M2M communication and automation technologies that have existed in industrial settings for years.
IOT & Threats

•Human Aspects
•Environmental Aspects
•Privacy Aspects
•Security Aspects
IoT , Human & Adversities

• Money …Productivity
• Human capabilities,
• Decision support & “human intelligence” • Cars /Machines with intelligence systems
• What things We had?
• Medical Report/data points?
• Turning point of threats and replacement.
• Income Tax. Refund. “business rule engine “
•
Contd….

• Scalability, … Man vs. Machine …..

• Evaluation sheets.
• Instinct
• Human skills are not increasing
• Dependence on tools avoid Natural Memory
• Garbage in mind & Mind tired
• Purusharth
Contd….
• Growth retarded.
• News & Human feelings
• Digitalization
• Google driver & surrender
• Machines honest- 100 % honest, Man 99%??

185
• Machine life.
• Training & Maintenance
Contd….

• IIOT assembly line.

• Our vulnerability
• Human skills are always imperfect
• Vulnerability vs. Creativity.
• Perfection – Painting Contd…

• Manual vs. automatic car & Speed

• Men at 120 speed ?

• China company Scenarios

Privacy & Security Concerns

186
Mobile Ecosystem Forum (MEF) Survey
187
 Privacy Threats

• Who cares?
• Facebook 98 parameter
• Everything vulnerable
Where are we going??

188
• Toxic Material
• Toxic Radiations
• Toxic Waste
• Toxic Air
• Toxic Water
• Toxic Food
• Toxic Everything……But my
Concern is only Computing,
Communication & Collaboration
Systems around us from
• Purchase…. To………Disposal

• Ask for - Size, Capacity, ……G…………

189
 Conclusion:
What We have to do? Decide

• Thoughts, Words, Action, Habits

• Self Inspection & Rejuvenation
• Demon or Divine Technology
• Winner or Looser
• Lovely or Lively Technology
• Problem s are part of Life &
• Solutions are Art of Life
276
Thanks
 The Do's and Don'ts of
Giving a Killer Presentation
Prof DP Sharma http://dpsharma.info
Contd…..
• Mastering public speaking and presentation etiquette Do’s
• Practice out loud
• Start with the focused problem
• Know your audience thoroughly to deliver an extempore
• Minimize word count
• Relate to the audience(Use personal stories)
• Stay within the time allotted
• Understand your message clearly
• Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse ( Minimizer nervous and Warm up) [dry run ]
• Practice-practice-practice, may like to memorize introduction and concluding remarks
• Follow up, stand out ( Connect Tea Break)
• Be genuinely sincere and professional
• Spend more time on the speech opening and closing.
Contd…
• Don’t
• Try to be funny if you’re not (humor)
• Don’t Read your slides
• Don’t Waste the time
• Avoid using specialized technical jargon
• Explain the terms if you feel the audience may not know.
• Don’t Forget to prepare for questions.
• Avoid mannerisms: Speak confidently but not aggressively
• Be clever but not in a cheap and sensational fashion
• Don’t forget to Provide Appropriate Acknowledgments
• Edit yourself (Not to bore)
“Title”

Your Name, Designation Name of

University/Organization

A Picture (if any) Representing theme of your Project title

E Governance Project for Passport

E Governance M Governance

Name ID
gos RMIT/)8/2008
AMIT, AMU dp.shiv08@

Presentation Journey/Outline

Broad Outlines
• Abstract
• Introduction
• ------------• -------------
• -------------
Demonstration/Movie /Video
• Deliverable /Conclusion (if any)
• Acknowledgement
Quick Overview
• References
Q&A
• Thanks
Thanks Note
Headings/Subheading, Contd…

Virtualization of E-Governance Text part

E- Governance Project Model for Ethiopia