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Biology Form III

Pre-TEST: MOVEMENT
Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer in the BOX and circle the answer under the question.

1. Two different kinds of movement in animals and plants are:

a. Running and swimming
b. Flying and walking
c. Locomotion and growth curvature
d. Crawling and swinging
2. Locomotion is
a. movement that is coordinated between nervous, muscular and skeletal systems of an animal.
b. the first car of a train
c. the movement of plants towards sunlight.
d. the movement of roots towards gravity.
3.The function of the human skeleton is
a. To provide mechanical support for the body.
b. To provide protection for internal soft organs (i.e. brain, heart, lungs)
c. To provide a framework for anchoring muscles.
d. To allow movement in an organism together with muscles.
e. ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT
4. The structure of muscles is .
a. Square shaped cells that have cell walls to provide strength and support.
b. Round shaped cells that move like balls to allow movement.
c. Elongated shaped cells called muscle fibres which move in a way that shortens and lengthens the muscle called contract
and relax
d. Jelly like substance that slides over the bones of the skeleton.
5. Positive geotropism in plants is
a. Growth curvature movement away from gravity by the roots. .
b. Growth curvature movement towards gravity by the roots.
c. Growth curvature movement towards gravity by the leaf and stem shoots.
d. Growth curvature movement away from gravity by the leaf and stem shoots.
6. Adaptations of birds to locomotion through air include:
a. Lungs and a four chambered heart for enough oxygen for long flights
b. Skeleton that is very light made of hollow bones that contain air sacs for extra oxygen.
c. body covered with scales that point backwards to reduce resistance in the air.
d. Both “a” and “b” are correct.
MATCHING
JOINT TYPE JOINT EXAMPLE IN HUMANS
i Pivot or Peg and socket joint a lumbar vertebrae, carpel of the hand and tarsal of the foot
ii Ball and socket joint b Skull bones
iii Hinge joint c cervical vertebrae
iv Sliding joint d Elbow, knee, finger
v. immovable e hips and shoulders

SHORT ANSWER
1) Describe the function of the following in the mammalian skeleton:
a. Cartilage
b. Ligaments
c. Synovial fluid

2) Describe how the energy required by a muscle to contract is obtained.

3) Explain what is meant by antagonistic muscle action.

MOVEMENT
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Form III Biology
Copy the notes and questions. Write the answers in your Biology Counter Book. Remember to include this
topic (MOVEMENT) in your Table of Contents and the pages that your work can be found.

The Concept of Movement

Two types of movement:
 Animals, protoctista, and some bacteria use locomotion to move their whole body from place
to place.
 Plants use growth curvature to respond to stimuli such as light, gravity and important
chemicals needed for growth and survival.

LOCOMOTION
Animals, protoctista, and some bacteria move to serve different needs including:
MOVEMENT OF THE HUMAN BODY
 Finding habitat THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Finding food and water
Functionof theFinding shelter and moving away from predators
skeleton:
1) Toprovide
Findingmechanical
a mate forsupport for the body.
reproduction
2)Vertebrate
To provide protection
organisms usefortheir
internal softsystem
skeletal organs together
(i.e. brain, heart,
with lungs)and nervous system for body
muscular
3)movement.
To provide a framework for anchoring muscles.
Invertebrate organismsinuse
4) To allow movement an their hydrostatic
organism system
together for their movement that depends on the
with muscles.
incompressible
Structure nature of water and other fluids.
of the skeleton:
Types of
The skeleton is Locomotion
made-up of separate bones linked together. Bones are made of living cells embedded in a hard
 Amoeboid
substance made of mainly calcium salts. Bones are classified as long, short, irregular, flat, and sesamoid. There
are 209 bonesProtozoans
in the human such as Amoeba move in a certain direction by cytoplasm flowing creating an
body.
projection of the single cell organism called a pseudopodium. Continuing this kind of flow
The points where two bones moves
and projection meet are thecalled joints.
protozoa fromBones are attached
one place at joints by tough flexible fibres called
to another.
ligaments. There are
Ciliary about 70 movable joints in the human skeleton.
Types of joints include: such as Paramecium and larvae of aquatic animals use small hair-like cilia that
Protozoans
 Immovablemove in effective and recovery strokes to move the organism forwards, backwards, and to
bones fused by collagen such as skull bones.
turn.
 Pivot or Peg and socket
 Flagellar
found between the cervical vertebrae which allows the head to be turned side to side.
Protoctista such as Euglena, Chlamydomonas, Trypanosoma and some bacteria use whip-like
 Ball and socket
Foundflagella thatand
at the hips causes the water
shoulders. Thetoround
swirl and
headtheof organism’s
one bone fits body
intotothe
rotate at the
cavity same time
or socket of themove
forward.
matching bone. The ball of the humerus (upper arm bone) fits into the socket of the scapula (shoulder

blade)Muscular
and the round head of the femur (thigh bone) fits into the socket of the pelvic girdle. This allows
Vertebrates
the rotation suchforwards,
of a limb as humans use muscle
backwards andtissue
side towhich
side.can contract and transfer the contraction
 Hingemovement to rigid tissues such as cartilage, bone or both which act as levers. Most animals
Foundhave
at the elbow and
cartilage andknee.
bone This allowsinto
organized movement
a skeleton like a hinge
that of aanchoring
provides door, or hinge offor
points a lid, up and
muscles.
down Muscles
but not side to side.
are attached to bones across joints of the skeleton creating different kinds of
 Sliding movement.
Found between most vertebrae in the spinal column, the carpals of the palm and the tarsal of the foot.
This allows the bones to move over each other, giving flexibility.

ADAPTATION OF JOINTS TO MOVEMENT

Where two bones meet and move there is friction, compression and possible chance for dislocation. Protection
of the bone surface is provided by:
Cartilage reduces friction and cushions to absorb compression forces.
Synovial fluids lubricate joints to reduce friction.
Ligaments hold bones together to prevent dislocation
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MUSCLES AND MOVEMENT

Role of Muscles
Muscles are attached to bones, across joints, by strong, inelastic tendons. The result is the movement of the
skeleton in different ways to move the body.
For Example: Two different muscles in the bodywork antagonistically (against each other) to move the
lower arm. When we bend and straighten an arm, the two muscle sets involved are called biceps and
triceps. These two sets are located above and below the humerus bone, attached at the shoulder and the
radius and ulna bones (across the shoulder and elbow joints). Biceps are above and triceps are below.
When the biceps contract (shorten) and the triceps relax (lengthen) the lower arm is raised, hinged at the
elbow. To lower the upper arm, the biceps MOVEMENT IN PLANTS
relax and the triceps contract. The bicep is called a flexor
muscle and the triceps is called an extensor GROWTH
muscle. CURVATURE
Most plants are fixed to the ground and do not move from place to place. However, they are sensitive
Structure
to theirofenvironment
Muscles and respond to different stimuli such as growing towards the light for
Muscles are made ofand
photosynthesis elongated
towardsshaped
or awaycells
from called muscle
gravity fibres
for their which move
direction in a way
of growth. Thisthat shortensisand
movement
lengthens
called the muscle
growth tissue called contraction and relaxation of the muscle.
curvature.

Growth
Types curvature is the movement of a part of a plant growing away from or towards a stimulus.
of Muscles
Muscles
Growthare classified
curvaturebymovements
location and arestructure.
the result of tropic responses.
1) Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle
Tropism is a growth response to a stimulus because
in aitplant’s
is consciously controlled by the brain.)
environment.
ONLYStriated muscleTISSUE
NEW PLANT tissue of
AT the
THEskeleton. The muscle
TIPS OF GROWTH fibres
MOVE IN contain
RESPONSEprotein filamentsOLD,
TO STIMULI. thatEXISTING
slide past
PLANT TISSUE STAYS WHERE IT IS.
each other to shorten and lengthen the muscle.
2) Cardiac muscle (involuntary muscle because it contracts and relaxes without conscious control.)
Phototropism is when a plant shoot tip grows and bends towards a light source.
Striated muscle tissue of the heart chambers. It can contract indefinitely without fatigue, enabling
Geotropism is when the plant shoot tip grows up and away from the force of gravity (negatively
the heart to beat for the lifetime of the animal.
geotropic) or when a plant root tip grows down and towards the force of gravity (positively
3) Smooth muscle (involuntary muscle because it contracts and relaxes without conscious control.)
geotropic).
Non-striated muscle tissue, made of simple elongated cells found in the digestive system, bladder,
Tropisms in plants are influenced by hormones such as cytokinin, auxins, gibberellins, and
uterus, sperm ducts, blood vessels, and the iris of the eye.
abscisis acid.
Muscle Cramps
NASTIC RESPONSE
Muscle cramps are a sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscle or group of muscles. Cramps in the
Nasticmuscles
intestinal responseis is whencolic,
called plants
andmove in muscles
in leg responseoften
to other stimuli,
occurs no matter
at night called from
night what direction.
cramps.
Examples: Mimosa pudica plants fold their leaves when touched, some flowers close and open in
Causes of muscle
response cramps
to light are unknown
intensity but can occur
and temperature, after prolonged
and Sundew exercise plants
and Carnivorous and may be caused
move by a lack
to capture
of salt in thewhen
insects bodyinsects
due to land
salt loss through
on the plant. sweating or diarrhea. Treatment is stretching, warming the
affected muscle and drinking water with salt added. See a doctor if cramps continues to be a problem.
Importance OF
ADAPTATION of Tropic and Nastic
MUSCLES Responses
TO THEIR ROLES
 Muscles process muscle fibres which can(geotropism)
Response of a plant root tips towards water contract andhelps
relax to
toobtain water deep in the soil.
allow movement.
Phototropism
Muscles can helps plant
store shootwhich
oxygen tips absorb
can bemore sunlightvigorous
used during energy. exercise
Flowers nastic
Muscles response
possess to light
abundant and temperature
mitochondria whichcan obtain
store the best
energy conditions
as ATP forthe
providing growth and
energy other
needed
for contraction
activities of muscles.
such as attracting insects for pollination.
Mimosa pudica fold their leaves as a nastic protective response. Sundew capture insects for more
nutrition where soil nutrients are lacking (bogs).
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Part I Vocabulary:
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Write the definition for the following terms.
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1 locomotion 8 joint 15 triceps

2 growth curvature 9 flagella 16 antagonistic
3 pseudopodium 10 ligaments 17 tropism
4 cilia 11 tendons 18 phototropism
5 flagella 12 contraction 19 negatively geotropic
6 skeleton 13 relaxation 20 positively geotropic
7 muscle 14 biceps

Part II Observations and Drawing

1) Draw and label the diagrams for amoeba movement, cilia movement and flagellar movement on
page 62-63 Biology Book II.

2) Draw and label the human skeleton on page 64, Biology Book II

3) Draw and label the following joints on pages 65 – 67, Biology Book II

a. Peg and socket (pivot)

b. Ball and socket
c. Hinge’
d. Sliding

4) Draw and label a synovial joint and thigh (femur) bone on page 68, Biology Book II

5) Draw the contraction and relaxation of the biceps and triceps on page 70, Biology Book II.

6) Draw the flight of Birds on page 74.

Part III SHORT ANSWER

7) List NINE Adaptations of Birds for efficient flying.

8) List FIVE Adaptations of Fish for efficient moving through water.