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QN: What Is Difference Between Symbolic AI and ML? Ans

The document summarizes the key differences between symbolic AI and machine learning, and provides details on what is needed for machine learning and what constitutes deep learning. Regarding symbolic AI vs machine learning: In symbolic AI, humans provide rules and data is processed according to those rules, while in machine learning humans provide data and expected outputs and the machine learns the rules. The document then explains that machine learning requires input data, examples of expected outputs, and a way to measure algorithm performance. Deep learning is described as a subfield of machine learning that learns successive layers of representations from data in a hierarchical manner, with modern approaches involving tens to hundreds of layers learned automatically from training data.

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Rajesh Ranjan
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95 views2 pages

QN: What Is Difference Between Symbolic AI and ML? Ans

The document summarizes the key differences between symbolic AI and machine learning, and provides details on what is needed for machine learning and what constitutes deep learning. Regarding symbolic AI vs machine learning: In symbolic AI, humans provide rules and data is processed according to those rules, while in machine learning humans provide data and expected outputs and the machine learns the rules. The document then explains that machine learning requires input data, examples of expected outputs, and a way to measure algorithm performance. Deep learning is described as a subfield of machine learning that learns successive layers of representations from data in a hierarchical manner, with modern approaches involving tens to hundreds of layers learned automatically from training data.

Uploaded by

Rajesh Ranjan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Qn: What is difference between symbolic AI and ML?

Ans:
In classical programming, the paradigm of symbolic AI, humans input rules (a program) and data to
be processed according to these rules, and outcome answers (see figure 1.2). With
machine learning, humans input data as well as the answers expected from the data,
and outcome the rules. These rules can then be applied to new data to produce original answers.

Qn-2. What is needed for ML?

Ans: So, to do machine learning, we need three things:


 Input data points—For instance, if the task is speech recognition, these data
points could be sound files of people speaking. If the task is image tagging,
they could be pictures.
 Examples of the expected output—In a speech-recognition task, these could be
human-generated transcripts of sound files. In an image task, expected outputs
could be tags such as “dog,” “cat,” and so on.
 A way to measure whether the algorithm is doing a good job—This is necessary in
order to determine the distance between the algorithm’s current output and
its expected output. The measurement is used as a feedback signal to adjust
the way the algorithm works. This adjustment step is what we call learning.

A machine-learning model transforms its input data into meaningful outputs, a process that is “learned” from
exposure to known examples of inputs and outputs. Therefore, the central problem in machine learning and deep
learning is to meaningfully transform data: in other words, to learn useful representations of the input data at
hand—representations that get us closer to the expected output.

Machine-learning models are all about finding appropriate representations for their input data—transformations
of the data that make it more amenable to the task at hand, such as a classification task.

So that’s what machine learning is, technically: searching for useful representations of some input data, within a
predefined space of possibilities, using guidance
from a feedback signal. This simple idea allows for solving a remarkably broad range
of intellectual tasks, from speech recognition to autonomous car driving.

Qn-3. What is deep learning?

Ans:

Deep learning is a specific subfield of machine learning: a new take on learning representations from data that
puts an emphasis on learning successive layers of increasingly meaningful representations.
The deep in deep learning isn’t a reference to any kind of deeper understanding achieved by the approach; rather,
it stands for this idea of successive layers of representations.
How many layers contribute to a model of the data is called the depth of the model.
Other appropriate names for the field could have been layered representations learning and hierarchical
representations learning.
Modern deep learning often involves tens or even hundreds of successive layers of representations—
and they’re all learned automatically from exposure to training data.
Meanwhile, other approaches to machine learning tend to focus on learning only one or two layers of
representations of the data; hence, they’re sometimes called shallow learning.

You can think of a deep network as a multistage information-distillation operation, where information goes
through successive filters and comes out increasingly purified (that is, useful with regard to some task).

Learning means finding a set of values for the weights of all layers in a network, such that the network will
correctly map example inputs to their associated targets.

To control the output of a neural network, you need to be able to measure how far this output is from what you
expected. This is the job of the loss function of the network, also called the objective function. The loss function
takes the predictions of the network and the true target (what you wanted the network to output) and computes a
distance score, capturing how well the network has done on this specific example

The fundamental trick in deep learning is to use this score as a feedback signal to adjust the value of the weights
a little, in a direction that will lower the loss score for the current example. This adjustment is the job of the
optimizer, which implements what’s called the Backpropagation algorithm: the central algorithm in deep
learning.

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