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International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture

Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved

ISSN 2277-7729
Original Article
Development of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Production Technique as an Alternate
Fish Feed
K. M. Shakil Rana1, M. A. Salam1, Shaharior Hashem1* and Md. Ariful Islam2
1Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
2 Scientific officer, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Shrimp Research Station, Bagerhat-9300
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Received 20 January 2015; accepted 26 March 2015
Abstract
Aquaculture provides more than 60% animal protein for human consumption in Bangladesh. However, adulterated and low
quality fish feed creates environmental hazards and reduces profitability of fish farming. An attempt made to overcome
these problems through protein, fat and minerals containing non pest insect, Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) rearing
technique to minimize feed cost, boost up fish production and tackle environmental hazards. The wild BSF attracted with
rotten kitchen wastes, mustard oil cake and wheat to lay eggs which then hatched and larvae emerged. The average BSFL
production was highest in rotten wheat followed by rotten vegetables and mustard oil cake, which were 185.98±57.41,
133.69±24.76 and 48.38±14.04 g/kg wastes, respectively. Newly hatched larvae consumed voraciously the putrescent
wastes. Tilapia fry rearing trial commenced with formulated feed where fish meal replaced 0, 25, 50 and 100% with
dehydrated BSFL in hapa as T 1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments where T1 used as control. Data interpretation showed that BSFL
production fluctuated with the varying temperature and stopped at 15 0C or less. The proximate composition of live BSFL
found 62% moisture, 7% lipid, 16% protein, 3% ash, 3.2% crude fiber and 9% carbohydrate on live weight basis. Among
the four treatments T3 performed the best followed by T 2, T1 and T4 respectively. The survival rate of tilapia fry was alike
in all the treatments but fish productions were 28.16±0.27, 25.12±0.28, 21.52±0.32 and 21.25±0.20 tons/ha/90 days in T 3,
T2, T1 and T4 correspondingly. The feed conversion ratio was the least (1.70) with T 3 and the highest (2.26) with T 4.
Further research need to be carried out to develop captive breeding of BSF for sustainable supply of BSFL for fish feed.
© 2015 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Key words: Aquaculture, alternative feed, tilapia, high protein, hapa.

1 INTRODUCTION Aquaculturists relentlessly tried to replace fish

Like other parts of the world, aquaculture is the fastest meal and fish oil with conventional plant and animal based
growing industry in Bangladesh. To support the industry protein sources with varying success. They tested bean
huge amount of fish feed required. However, adulterated meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, waste products of
and low quality fish feed is the main barrier of sustainable slaughter house, agricultural by-products, aquatic weed
aqua-farming. Cultured fishes are typically fed with wild- Azolla, BSF pre-pupae and bacterial colony grown on
caught fishes as raw or fish meal as a source of animal various media (Audu et al., 2010; Goda et al., 2007; Booth
protein (Pauly and Christensen, 1995). According to FAO and Sheppard, 1984). However, the carnivorous fish did not
(2012), 70% of the world aquaculture production depends respond well with vegetable based feed as they are lack of
on feed (Tacon and Metian, 2008). They mentioned that essential amino acids and carbohydrates (Naylor et al.,
world aquaculture feed industry used 3,724,000 tons of fish 2000).
meal and 825,000 tons of fish oil in 2007 which was equal Among the rising techniques, one of the most
to 16.6 million tons wet weight of small pelagic forage potential is the culture of BSF larvae as fish feed, a
fishes. This massive catch of fish declined the wild stock technique that offers the additional benefit of organic
and influenced forage fisheries (Merino et al., 2010). wastes utilization (Diener et al., 2009) and provides a
Hence, fish meal based supplemental feeding practices in potential solution for safe manure management, both
aquaculture is a threat to conservation of wild fish human and animal (Yu and Chen, 2009). BSF larvae eat
population. slaughter house by products, metropolitan organic wastes,

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41
and domestic animals’ manure (Myers et al., 2008) as well garbage, in the garden and even on the rooftop of four
as the kitchen wastes. The BSF larvae are nutritionally very storied building. Six cemented bins with round lids
rich. On dry-matter basis BSF larvae contained 40-45% prepared and placed in those sites. Each lid has several
protein, 30-35% fat, 11-15% ash, 4.8-5.1% calcium, and holes to allow BSF to get into the bin. A bunch of
0.6% phosphorous, as well as a range of amino acids and corrugated sheets of 2-3 inches long tied together and hang
minerals (Yu and Chen, 2009). Several authors have over the wastes inside the bin supported by bamboo splits
successfully fed BSF larvae to different fish like rainbow for laying eggs as BSF do not lay eggs on the wastes. One
trout, catfish and tilapia and domestic animals like swine third of each bin filled with rotten vegetables; wheat and
and poultry (St-Hilaire et al., 2007a, Bondari and Sheppard, mustard oil cake to attract BSF from the nature for laying
1987 and Yu and Chen, 2009). eggs. A ladder like structure created inside the bin to
BSF larvae can contain high level of omega-3 facilitate self-harvest the pre-pupae. A pre-pupae collection
fatty acids if they fed with fish offal and slaughter-house pot placed with some saw dust outside the bin. Being
leftovers (St-Hilaire et al., 2007b) which can enhance fish attracted with the putrid odor from the rotting wastes, the
health as well as production. The BSF larvae could be female BSF enter into the bin and lay eggs in the
fattened with special feedstuff to attain the specific corrugated sheets hanging over the wastes. The light cream
nutritional requirements of the target animals. Raising BSF colored larvae hatched out from the eggs within 4-5 days in
larvae on manure and other wastes is a value-added optimum temperature (26-300 C) and started feeding
management system, which creates usable and salable voraciously on the rotten wastes. After 21-28 days the
animal feed which once was only wastes (Sheppard et al., larvae turned into pre-pupae and started to leave the bin by
1994) while at the same time reducing harmful pathogens crawling through the ladder and self-harvested. A small
in poultry and swine manure (Zheng et al., 2013) and house of 158 x 57 x 123 cm3 made with wood for captive
controlling housefly (Musca domestica) in livestock breeding of BSF. The lower part of the house fenced with
facilities (Bradley and Sheppard, 1984). hard board and upper part with wire mesh net and the roof
The BSF larvae can easily be cultivated on waste with wire mesh net and plastic sheet to prevent the house
products such as home based food wastes and animal fly and rain water to get in. At the center of the house
manure, thereby reprocessing the wastes into a useful insect gradual slopes created to hold the rotten wastes for feeding
protein (Sheppard et al., 1994). The larvae are an eco- newly emerged larvae. Initially harvested pre-pupae from
friendly wastes management scheme preventing organic the cemented bins kept in the house to become adult BSF,
wastes to become pollutant (Warburton and Hallman, mating and laying eggs.
2002). Once processed, the original waste product becomes 2.2 Fish rearing with BSF larvae containing feed
insect biomass and insect frass; the larvae are value added Mono sex tilapia fry reared with BSF larvae containing
product and the frass is much easier to manage than the feed, only dehydrated BSF larvae and feed with no BSF
original wastes (Diener et al., 2011). Furthermore, BSFL larvae as control. Three different types of feed prepared
culture is not labour intensive. BSF larvae migrate from the with 0, 25 and 50% replacement of fish meal with boiled
wastes pit into the collection chamber before become and sun dried BSF larvae. The control feed prepared with
pupae. BSF adults do not have active mouth parts hence do fish meal, wheat bran, rice bran, soybean meal, mustard
not come into contact to human and are not a vector of oilcake, molasses and vitamin-mineral premix but no
diseases (Sheppard, 1983). BSF larvae are therefore, BSFL. Pearson’s technique followed to prepare BSF larvae
environmental friendly and sustainable to culture and based fish feed (Table 1). Dry pellets prepared mixing the
harvest, thereby meeting the criteria of an alternative fish ingredients using an extruded pellet machine and sun dried.
feed. The pellet feed and sun dried BSF larvae stored in
To further characterizing the feasibility of BSF refrigerator at 40c in air tight polythene bags prior to
larvae as an aqua feed, a feeding trial carried out to feeding the fish. The proximate composition of formulated
measure the growth of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis feed shows in Table 2.
niloticus) fed on three different diets of BSF larvae with a 2.3 Hapa setting and stocking fish fry
control excluding BSF larvae. The monocsex tilapia has The fish nursing trial conducted in three replications in
been chosen for this study because the fish is hardy, easy to hapas. Twelve hapa of 0.76 x 0.61 x 1.07 m3 prepared with
rear, relatively fast growth, readily accept BSF larvae, nylon net. The hapa set in two different rows tied with
available locally, and has a market demand. The study bamboo poles in an experimental pond at the south-west
designed to provide preliminary data on the growth of corner of FoF, BAU and allocated randomly for T 1, T2, T3
tilapia fry using unprocessed dehydrated BSF larvae, feed and T4 treatments. Before setting the hapa, pond prepared
prepared with varying range of BSF larvae to support following the standard procedure and filled with
dietary requirement of tilapia. underground water a week before prior to start the
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS experiment (Wahab et al., 2002). The pond water depth
2.1 Experimental site maintained around 1.22 m throughout the experimental
The experiment conducted near the Faculty of Fisheries period so that the hapas could be submerged 0.91 m under
(FoF) and residential area of Bangladesh Agricultural and 0.15 m above the surface of water all the time. Tilapia
University, Mymensingh. Considering the biological fry collected in oxygenated plastic bags from local hatchery
behavior of BSF a calm and quiet area selected to avoid the called Sharnalata Agro Fisheries Ltd, Fulbaria, Mymen
disturbance and setup the larvae collection device near the singh. The fry acclimatized with the pond water before

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42
Table 1: The name of the ingredients and their amount in percentage used in the formulated feed
T1 T2 T3
Name of Ingredients (Control; 0% fish meal (25% fish meal replaced (50% fish meal replaced
replaced with BSFL) with BSFL) with BSFL)
Fishmeal (%) 15 11.25 7.5
BSF larvae (%) 0 3.75 7.5
Wheat bran (%) 10 10 5
Rice bran (%) 13 11 12
Soybean meal (%) 30 32 36
Mustard oil cake (%) 30 30 30
Molasses (%) 1 1 1
Vit.-mineral premix (%) 1 1 1
Total (%) 100 100 100

Table 2: Proximate composition of formulated fish feed (% moisture basis)

Moisture Lipid Crude Crude fiber Carbohydrate
Name of the treatments Ash (%)
(%) (%) Protein (%) (%) (%)
T1 (0% fish meal 8.98 5.60 17.80 17.93 7.20 42.49
replaced with BSFL) (±0.43) (±0.37) (±0.39) (±0.48) (±0.43) (±0.42)
T2 (25% fish meal 9.76 6.40 18.50 18.60 6.80 39.94
replaced with BSFL) (±0.57) (±0.49) (±0.42) (±0.51) (±0.45) (±0.44)
T3 (50% fish meal 6.60 18.50 18.92 6.86 40.31
8.81 (±0.47)
replaced with BSFL) (±0.39) (±0.37) (±0.40) (±0.35) (±0.48)
T4 (only dehydrated 32.23 11.40 37.02 5.08 2.45 11.82
BSF larvae) (±0.73) (±0.67) (±0.62) (±0.55) (±0.69) (±0.58)
62.00 7.00 16.00 3.00 3.20 9.00
Live BSF larvae
(±0.81) (±0.79) (±0.74) (±0.77) (±0.83) (±0.77)
*presumed fish meal protein percentage to be 56% but originally found 30%, hence, outcome was less than the required protein level

releasing in the hapa and then fifty fry released in each the residual mean square in the analysis of variance. All
hapa with initial length of 3.89±0.3 cm and weight of statistical analyses carried out by MS EXCEL 2000 version
0.91±0.2 g. At first the fry fed with 10% of their body 7.0 and M-stat and outcome are presented in tabular and
weight for first 2 weeks and then reduced to 8% for next graphical forms.
two weeks. After four weeks, the feed reduced to 5% of 3 RESULTS
their body weight and continued till harvesting. The 3.1 BSF Production
feeding adjusted in accordance with the standing biomass The BSF larvae respond well to the rotten wheat than the
after each sampling. rotten vegetables and mustard oilcake. The highest amount
2.4 Fish Sampling and water quality measurement BSF larvae obtained from the rotten wheat (185.98±57.41
Both the fish and water sampling carried out biweekly. g/kg waste) which was nearly 4 times higher than the BSF
Total length and weight of individual fish recorded using a larvae collected from the rotten mustard oilcake
wooden scale and an electronic compact balance and (48.38±14.04 g/kg waste). On the other hand, a moderate
amount of feed adjusted according to the fish biomass in amount of BSF larvae collected from the rotten vegetables
each hapa. Pond water quality such as temperature, (133.69±24.76 g/kg waste). The variation in larvae
dissolved oxygen and pH measured by using a hand held production in various waste materials might be due to the
EZ-DO meter and Hanna pH checker. Pond sediment differences in putrescent odor and nutritional quality of the
collected in three different depth and zones and dried in lab waste materials. Individual length and width of the larvae
condition and analyzed in the Humboldt laboratory of soil- grown on different wastes were 1.83±0.13 and 0.44±0.05
science Department, BAU. cm, 1.80±0.11 and 0.43±0.05 cm and 1.74±0.11 and
2.5 Data analysis 0.41±0.06 cm for rotten wheat, vegetables and mustard oil
Collected data loaded in the computer for statistical cake respectively. By contrast, the individual weight of
analysis. ANOVA performed with the collected data. BSF larvae collected from the rotten wheat, vegetables and
Comparison between treatment means carried out by mustard oilcake were 0.180±0.02, 0.178±0.013, and
Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955) to test 0.168±0.013 g respectively. Around 2.66 kg of BSF larvae
the significance of variation between the treatment means. collected all together from different waste materials and
Standard error (SE) of the treatment means calculated from points within 3 months (Fig. 1).
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43
 Fig.1. Amount of BSF larvae collected from different waste materials

3.2 Water and soil quality parameters was statistically similar in all the treatments except T3 in
The range and average temperature, dissolved oxygen and case of length (Table 3 and Fig. 3). At the time of harvest
pH of the pond water were 26.5-31.0 and 29.63(±1.71)0C, significantly highest final average length and weight
3.66-4.01 and 3.82 (±0.11) ppm and 7.9-8.7 and 8.26 observed (11.77±0.24 cm and 30.71±1.06 g) in T 3 which
(±0.23) respectively during the study period. The highest was statistically dissimilar with T 1, T2 and T4. The
temperature was found on 17 August, whereas the lowest lowest final average length and weight (9.92±0.20 cm and
on 12 October 2013. On the other hand, the highest
dissolved oxygen was found in September and the lowest in
October. By contrast, lowest pH was found in September
and highest in August (Fig. 2). Although the dissolved
oxygen in the pond was little bit lower than the optimum
level but temperature and pH were within the suitable range
for tilapia culture.
Soil texture classification is determined by the percentage
of sand, silt, and clay. From the percentage, soils are then
classified by type according to the soil triangle. In the
present study, the sand, silt and clay percentage found in
the laboratory analysis were 17, 70 and 13% respectively, Figure 3: Length and weight increment of tilapia fry in
which denoted that the pond soil was silt- loam that means different treatments
mineral soil but low in organic matter (Wudtisin, 2006). 21.69±0.30 g) found in T 4 after 90 days of rearing the fish
in hapa which was statistically similar to the control T 1
(Table 3). On the other hand, final average length and
weight, mean length gain, mean weight gain, % weight
gain, FCR, FCE, fish production and survival rate of
treatment T3 were significantly (P < 0-05) higher than the
other two treatments as well as control, that means up to
50% fish meal can be replaced with BSFL without
affecting the fish production. On the whole, there were no
significant differences between initial length and SGR in all
the four treatments in 90 days study periods (Table 3).
Weight of tilapia fry steadily increased in all the treatments,
inversely related to the decrease of fishmeal in the
formulated diets (Fig. 4).
Figure 2: Illustrated the fluctuations of pond water quality
The mean weight gain was significantly highest
parameters where the hapa was set
(29.72±0.95 g) in T 3, that was statistically dissimilar to the
3.3 Growth performance of tilapia fry lowest value (20.25±0.49 g) in T4. However, the effect of
The performance of formulated diets on the growth of treatments T1 and T4 was statistically similar. The SGR
tilapia fry was significantly higher when compared with the values were not significant among the treatments. The FCR
control diet. Initial average length and weight of tilapia fry value (1.7±0.2) was significantly lowest in T3 which was
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Table 3. Growth response and feed utilization of tilapia fry fed prepared feed containing graded level of BSF larvae.
Treatment (Mean±Stdv)
T1 (0% fish meal T2 (25% fish meal T3 (50% fish T4 (only
Parameters Level of CV
replaced with replaced with meal replaced dehydrated LSD
Significance (%)
BSFL) BSFL) with BSFL) BSFL)
Initial length (cm) 3.76±0.07b 3.89±0.06b 4.04±0.08a 3.88±0.10b ** 0.15 2.04
Initial wt (g) 0.87±0.02a 0.88±0.02a 0.99±0.17a 0.88±0.10a ns 0.19 10.92
Final length (cm) 9.93±0.10c 10.32±0.09b 11.77±0.24a 9.92±0.20c ** 0.32 1.61
Final wt. (g) 21.21±0.18c 25.52±0.44b 30.71±1.06a 21.69±0.30 c ** 1.13 2.42
Mean length gain (cm) 6.173±0.05bc 6.43±0.14b 7.73±0.25a 6.02±0.07c ** 0.28 2.27
% length gain 164.2±2.88b 165.6±5.93b 188.7±6.07a 155.1±1.75c ** 8.60 2.71
Mean wt. gain (g) 20.34±0.16c 24.64±0.45b 29.72±0.95a 20.25±0.49c ** 1.11 2.47
% wt. gain 2333.22± 39.74b 2802.80±118.15ab 3064.13±517.70a 2306±56.22b * 504.1 10.19
SGR1 (%/day) 3.587±0.02a 3.787±0.05a 3.743±0.35a 3.557±0.04a ns 0.3368 4.85
FCR2 2.25±0.1a 1.91±0.1b 1.7±0.2a 2.26±0.2a ** 0.02 6.52
FCE 0.4450±0.03c 0.52±0.02b 0.59±0.05a 0.44±0.04c ** 0.02 7.35
Production (tons/ha) 21.52±0.32c 25.12±0.28b 28.16±0.27a 21.25±20c ** 0.51 1.13
Survival (%) 94.67 94.00 93.33 92.00 - -
Values in a row having similar letter (s) or without letters do not differ significantly whereas values bearing the dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per DMRT. * and **
significant at 5% and 1% level of probability. ns- not significant.
1
Specific growth rate = (logeW2 - logeW1 × 100)/T2 - T1, where W2 = weight of fish at time T2 in days, W1 = weight of fish at time T1 in days, and loge = natural log to base e
2
Feed conversion ratio = wt dry feed fed (g)/live wt gain of fish (g)
outbreak of disease throughout the experiment. All the diets
accepted by tilapia fry as there was no left over feed after
half an hour of feeding. Guo et al. (2007) observed similar
result with a mixture of animal feed ingredients for rearing
Cuneate drum (Nibea miichthoides) and poultry by-product
meal was an acceptable ingredient for partial substitute of
fishmeal in diets for Clarias gariepinus (Goda, et al.,
2007).
Significant difference observed in growth
performances in T1, T2 and T3, while T1 and T4 gave
statistically similar results, indicating that fishmeal and
BSF larvae mixture was well utilized for optimal growth of
tilapia fry might be due to the increased palatability,
availability of essential amino acids and minerals to support
Figure 4: Variation in mean weight (g) of tilapia fry in the growth of fish. Comparatively poor digestibility of the
various treatments chitinous body covering of BSF larvae may be a reason of
poor growth of tilapia fry when fed only dehydrated BSF
statistically dissimilar to the highest FCR value (2.26±0.2) larvae. Hence, fishmeal can be replaced up to 50% with
observed in T4. Moreover, significantly highest production BSF larvae in the diets for tilapia fry. Similar result noticed
(28.16±0.27 t/ha) obtained in T3 than the rest of the by Adewolu, et al. (2010) when 50% fishmeal replaced by
treatments. The survival rate was more than 90% in all the the mixture of hydrolyzed feather meal, chicken offal meal,
treatments, however, steadily decreased with the increase and maggot meal in the diets of C. gariepinus fingerlings.
of BSF larvae in diet but the difference was not statistically Steffens (1994) and Yang et al. (2004) noted similar result
significant among the treatments. in their study where they substituted 50% fishmeal by
4 DISCUSSION poultry by-product meal and fed to the rainbow trout and
BSFL were used as a substitute of fishmeal in fish feed prawns respectively without compromising the growth. In a
formulation. BSF larvae were grown on different organic similar study, Millamena (2002) replaced 80% fishmeal
wastes namely rotten wheat, vegetables and mustard oil with animal by-product and meat and blood meal at 4:1
cake. The average production of BSF larvae from rotten ratio without affecting the growth and survival of juvenile
wheat, vegetables and mustard oil cake were 185.98±57.41, grouper. All the study signifies the result of the present
133.69±24.76 and 48.38±14.04 g/kg waste, respectively. outcome.
This suggests that 18.6, 13.37 and 4.84 % of the rotten A combination of two or more animal protein
wheat, vegetables and mustard oil cake, respectively were sources in fish diet can improve the growth performances
converted into larval biomass. Burtle et. al.(2012) reported of fish compared to single protein source
that the feed conversion rates in BSF larvae production (Phonekhampheng, 2008). This is perhaps due to the
could be up to 25% (dry matter basis). The variation in balance of essential amino acids from various sources. This
larvae production from various wastes might be due to the has been proved in the present study where only dehydrated
differences in putrescent odor and nutritional quality of the BSF larvae and without BSF larvae meal as control gave
waste materials. statistically similar results, whereas, progressive
The growth of tilapia fry was satisfactory and hapa replacement of fishmeal with dehydrated BSF larvae in
management was moderate, therefore, there was no tilapia fry diets gave better results. Among the four

International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture 2015; 5(1): 41-47

45
treatments 50% replacement (T 3) diet gave the best 8. Diener S, Solano SN, Floria RG, Christian Z
performance. and Klement, T. 2011: Biological Treatment of
5 CONCLUSION Municipal Organic Waste using Black Soldier Fly
This study clearly demonstrated the potential of BSF larvae Larvae. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2(4):
to supplement fish feed in rural Bangladesh. In this study, 357-363.
larval production was initiated with BSF that are available 9. Duncan DB 1955: Multiple range and multiple F tests.
in the nature and rearing was initiated in natural Biometrics 11:1-42.
environment as well as in the laboratory. Household wastes 10. FAO 2012: Food and Agricultural Organization of the
were used for BSF larvae production, suggesting that BSF United Nations, The State of World Fisheries and
larvae can easily be cultured in the backyard under natural Aquaculture FAO, Rome, Italy.
condition and fed to the fish and poultry so that feed cost 11. Goda A M, El-Haroun E R and Kabir Chowdhury M A
can substantially be reduced and profit margin increased. 2007: Effect of totally or partially replacing fish
This can be a probable solution to the problem concerned meal by alternative protein sources on growth of
with adulterated and expensive commercial feed. Apart African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell,
from this financial benefit, kitchen wastes and animal 1822) reared in concrete tanks. Aquaculture
manure which would otherwise be a nuisance to the Research, 38(3):279-287
environment can now be recycled into a potential source of 12. Guo J, Wang Y and Bureau DP 2007: Inclusion of
protein for cultured fish. rendered animal ingredients as fish meal
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS substitutes in practical diets for cuneate drum,
The authors are grateful to IDRS-BFRI Project, Shrimp Nibea miichthioides. Aquaculture Nutrition,
Research Station, Bagerhat, Bangladesh for financial 13:18-87.
support of this work. 13. Merino G, Barange M and Mullon C 2010: Climate
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared

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