Examples of Control Deficiencies
Examples of Control Deficiencies
(Depending on severity could also be significant deficiencies
and material weaknesses)
Deficiencies in the Design of Controls:
· Inadequate design of internal control over the preparation of the financial statements
being audited.
· Inadequate design of internal control over a significant account or process.
· Inadequate documentation of the components of internal control.
· Insufficient control consciousness within the organization, for example, the tone at
the top and the control environment.
· Absent or inadequate segregation of duties within a significant account or process.
· Absent or inadequate controls over the safeguarding of assets (this applies to controls
that the auditor determines would be necessary for effective internal control over
financial reporting).
· Inadequate design of information technology (IT) general and application controls
that prevent the information system from providing complete and accurate
information consistent with financial reporting objectives and current needs.
· Employees or management who lack the qualifications and training to fulfill their
assigned functions. For example, in an entity that prepares financial statements in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the person responsible for
the accounting and reporting function lacks the skills and knowledge to apply
generally accepted accounting principles in recording the entity’s financial
transactions or preparing its financial statements.
· Inadequate design of monitoring controls used to assess the design and operating
effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over time.
· The absence of an internal process to report deficiencies in internal control to
management on a timely basis.
Failures in the Operation of Internal Control:
· Failure in the operation of effectively designed controls over a significant account or
process, for example, the failure of a control such as dual authorization for significant
disbursements within the purchasing process.
· Failure of the information and communication component of internal control to
provide complete and accurate output because of deficiencies in timeliness,
completeness, or accuracy, for example, the failure to obtain timely and accurate
consolidating information from remote locations that is needed to prepare the
financial statements.
· Failure of controls designed to safeguard assets from loss, damage, or
misappropriation. This circumstance may need careful consideration before it is
evaluated as a significant deficiency or material weakness. For example, assume that
a company uses security devices to safeguard its inventory (preventive controls) and
also performs periodic physical inventory counts (detective control) timely in relation
to its financial reporting. Although the physical inventory count does not safeguard
the inventory from theft or loss, it prevents a material misstatement of the financial
statements if performed effectively and timely. Therefore, given that the definitions
of material weakness and significant deficiency relate to likelihood of misstatement
of the financial statements, the failure of a preventive control such as inventory tags
will not result in a significant deficiency or material weakness if the detective control
(physical inventory) prevents a misstatement of the financial statements. Material
weaknesses relating to controls over the safeguarding of assets would only exist if the
company does not have effective controls (considering both safeguarding and other
controls) to prevent or detect a material misstatement of the financial statements.
· Failure to perform reconciliations of significant accounts. For example, accounts
receivable subsidiary ledgers are not reconciled to the general ledger account in a
timely or accurate manner.
· Undue bias or lack of objectivity by those responsible for accounting decisions, for
example, consistent understatement of expenses or overstatement of allowances at the
direction of management.
· Misrepresentation by client personnel to the auditor (an indicator of fraud).
· Management override of controls.
· Failure of an application control caused by a deficiency in the design or operation of
an IT general control.
Significant Deficiencies
Deficiencies in the following areas ordinarily are at least significant deficiencies in
internal control:
· Controls over the selection and application of accounting principles that are in
conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Having sufficient expertise
in selecting and applying accounting principles is an aspect of such controls.
· Antifraud programs and controls.
· Controls over nonroutine and nonsystematic transactions.
· Controls over the periodend financial reporting process, including controls over
procedures used to enter transaction totals into the general ledger; initiate, authorize,
record, and process journal entries into the general ledger; and record recurring and
nonrecurring adjustments to the financial statements.
Material Weaknesses
Each of the following is an indicator of a control deficiency that should be regarded as at
least a significant deficiency and a strong indicator of a material weakness in internal
control:
· Ineffective oversight of the entity’s financial reporting and internal control by those
charged with governance.
· Restatement of previously issued financial statements to reflect the correction of a
material misstatement. (The correction of a misstatement includes misstatements due
to error or fraud; it does not include restatements to reflect a change in accounting
principle to comply with a new accounting principle or a voluntary change from one
generally accepted accounting principle to another generally accepted accounting
principle.)
· Identification by the auditor of a material misstatement in the financial statements for
the period under audit that was not initially identified by the entity’s internal control.
This includes misstatements involving estimation and judgment for which the auditor
identifies likely material adjustments and corrections of the recorded amounts. (This
is a strong indicator of a material weakness even if management subsequently
corrects the misstatement.)
· An ineffective internal audit function or risk assessment function at an entity for
which such functions are important to the monitoring or risk assessment component
of internal control, such as for very large or highly complex entities.
· For complex entities in highly regulated industries, an ineffective regulatory
compliance function. This relates solely to those aspects of the ineffective regulatory
compliance function for which associated violations of laws and regulations could
have a material effect on the reliability of financial reporting.
· Identification of fraud of any magnitude on the part of senior management. (The
auditor has a responsibility to plan and perform procedures to obtain reasonable
assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement
caused by error or fraud. However, for the purposes of evaluating and communicating
deficiencies in internal control, the auditor should evaluate fraud of any magnitude—
including fraud resulting in immaterial misstatements—on the part of senior
management, of which he or she is aware.)
· Failure by management or those charged with governance to assess the effect of a
significant deficiency previously communicated to them and either correct it or
conclude that it will not be corrected.
· An ineffective control environment. Control deficiencies in various other components
of internal control could lead the auditor to conclude that a significant deficiency or
material weakness exists in the control environment.