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STARLION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CIRCUIT THEORY –EE6201

UNIT I
PART A
1. What is meant by linear and nonlinear elements?
Linear element shows the linear characteristics of voltage Vs current. Nonlinear element the
current passing through it does not change linearity with the linear change in applied voltage
at a particular frequency.
2. What is meant by active and passive elements?
If a circuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a signal passing
through it is called an active element. Passive elements do not have any intrinsic means of
signal boosting.
3. What is meant by unilateral and bilateral elements?
If the magnitude of the current passing through an element is affected due to change in the
polarity of the applied voltage is called unilateral elements. If the current magnitude remains
the same even if the applied EMFs polarity is changed is called bilateral elements.
4. What is a dual network?
In an electrical circuit itself there are pairs of terms, which can be interchanged to get new
circuits. Such pair of dual terms is given below
 Current- Voltage
 Open- Short
 L-C
 R-G
 Series – Parallel
 Voltage source- Current source
 KCL-KVL
5. Define Ohms Law.
The potential difference across any two ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing between the two ends provided the temperature of the conductor remains
constant.
6. Mention the disadvantages of Ohm’s Law.
 It does not apply to all non metallic conductors
 It also does not apply to non linear devices such as zener diode, vacuum tubes etc.
 It is true for metal conductors at constant temperature. If the temperature changes the
 law is not applicable.
7. What is a node, a junction and a branch?
 A node of a network is an equipotential surface at which two or more circuit elements
are
 joined.
 A junction is that point in a network where three or more circuit elements are joined.
 A branch is that part of a network which lies between two junction points.
8. What is a super node?
The region surrounding a voltage source which connects the two nodes directly is called
super node.

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9. State voltage division rule.

Voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the total voltage across the series
elements multiplies by the value of that resistor divided by the total resistance of the series
elements.
10. State current division rule.
The current in any branch is equal to the ratio of the opposite parallel branch resistance t the
total resistance value, multiplies by the total current in the circuit.
12. Give the steps to draw a Dual Network
In each loop of a network place a node Draw the lines connecting adjacent nodes passing
through each element and also to the reference node.
13. What are the classifications of Circuit elements?
 Active element
 Passive element
 Lumped and distributed elements
 Bilateral and unilateral elements
 Linear and non linear elements.

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PART B (16 MARKS)

UNIT II

PART A
1. Sate superposition theorem.
It states that the response of a linear circuit with multiple sources is given by algebraic sum of
response due to individual sources acting alone.
2. State Thevenins theorem
It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source VTH, in
series with single impedance Zth

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3. State Norton’s theorem

It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source, IN in
parallel with single impedance Zth.
4. State maximum power transfer theorem.
Max power is transferred to load impedance if the load impedance is the complex conjugate
of the source impedance.
5. State the steps to solve the super position theorem.
 Take only one independent voltage or current source.
 Obtain the branch currents.
 Repeat the above for other sources.
 To determine the net branch current just add the current obtained above.
6. What is the limitation of superposition theorem?
 Superposition theorem is valid only for linear systems.
 This theorem can be applied for calculating the current through or voltage across in
particular element.
 But this superposition theorem is not applicable for calculation of the power.
7. State the steps to solve the Thevenin’s Theorem
 Remove the load resistance and find the open circuit voltage Voc
 Deactivate the consta t sources (fro voltage source remove it by internal resistance &
for current
 source delete the source by OC) and find the internal resistance (RTH) of the source
side looking
 through the open circuited load terminals
 Obtain the thevenin’s equivalent circuit by connecting VOC in series with RTh
Reconnect the load resistance across the load terminals.
8. List the applications of Thevinins theorem.
 It is applied to all linear circuits including electronic circuits represented by the
 controlled source.
 This theorem is useful when t is desired to know the effect of the response in network
 or varying part of the network
IL= VOC / (RTH+RL)
9. State the steps to solve the Norton’s theorem.
 Remove the load resistor and find the internal resistance of the source N/W by
 deactivating the constant source.
 Short the load terminals and find the short circuit current
 Norton’s equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping R TH in parallel with ISC
 IL= (ISC.RTH) / (RTH+RL)
10. Write some applications of maximum power transfer theorem.
 Power amplifiers
 Communication system
 Microwave transmission
11. What are the limitations of maximum power transfer theorem?
 The maximum efficiency can be obtained by using this theorem is only 50% . It is
because of 50% of the power is unnecessarily wasted in Rth.
 Therefore this theorem only applicable for communication circuits and not for
power.
 circuits where efficiency is greater importance rather than power delivered.
12. Define source transformation.

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The current and voltage sources may be inter changed without affecting the remainder of the
circuit, this technique is the source transformation. It is the tool for simplifying the circuit.
13. Explain the purpose of star delta transformation.
The transformation of a given set of resistances in star to delta or vice versa proves extremely
useful in circuit analysis and the apparent complexity of a given circuit can sometime by very
much reduce.

PART B (16 MARKS)

1. Find the value of R and the current flowing through it in the circuit shown when
the current in the branch OA is zero

2. Determine the Thevenin’s equivalent for the figure

3. Find the current in each resistor using superposition principle of figure.

4. Determine the equivalent resistance across AB of the circuit shown in the figure
below

5. Compute the current in 23 ohm resistor using super position theorem for the
circuit shown below

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UNIT III

PART A
1. What is meant by Resonance?
An A.C circuit is said to be resonance if it behaves as a purely resistive circuit. The total
current drawn by the circuit is then in phase with the applied voltage, and the power factor
will then unity. Thus at resonance the equivalent complex impedance of the circuit has no
component.
2. Write the expression for the resonant frequency of a RLC series circuit.
Resonant frequency fr=1/2π√LC
3. What is resonant frequency?
The frequency at which resonance occurs is called resonant frequency. At resonant frequency
XL=XC
4. Define series resonance.
A resonance occurs in RLC series circuit called series resonance. Under resonance condition,
the input current is in phase with applied voltage.
5. Define Quality factor.
The quality factor is defi ned as the ratio of maximum energy stored to the energy dissipated
in one period.
6. What are half power frequencies?
In RLC circuits the frequ ncies at which the power is half the max/min power are called half
power frequencies.
7. Write the characteristics of series resonance.
At resonance impedance in min and equal to resistance therefore current is max. Before
resonant frequency the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit and above resonant frequency the
circuit will behave as inductive circuit. At resonance the magnitude of voltage across the
inductance and capacitance will be Q times the supply voltage but they are in phase
opposition.
8. What is anti resonance?
In RLC parallel circuit the current is min at resonance whereas in series resonance the current
is max. Therefore the parallel resonance is called anti resonance.
9. Write the characteristics of parallel resonance.
At resonance admittance in min and equal to conductance therefore the current is min. Below
resonant frequency the circuits behave as inductive circuit and above resonant frequency the
circuit behaves as capacitive circuit. At resonance the magnitude of current through
inductance and capacitance will be q times the current supplied by the source but they are in
phase opposition.
10. What is Bandwidth and sel ctivity?
The frequency band within the limits of lower and upper half frequency is called bandwidth.
BW=f2-f1

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Selectivity is the ratio of fr to the bandwidth

Selectivity= fr / (f2-f1)
11. What are coupled circuits?
It refers to circuit involving elements with magnetic coupling. If the flux produced by an
element of a circuit links other elements of the same circuit then the elements are said to be
magnetic coupling.
12. What are coupled circuits?
When two or more coils are linked by magnetic flux, then the coils are called coupled
circuits.
13. State the properties of a series RLC circuit.
The applied voltage and the resulting current are in phase, when also means than the p.f of
RLC circuit is unity. The net reactance is zero at resonance and the impedance does not have
the resistive part only. The current in the circuit is max: and is V/R amperes At resonance the
circuit has got minimum impedance and max: current Frequency of resonance is given by
fr=1/(2π√LC)
14. Define self inductance.
When permeability is constant the self inductance of a coil is defined as the ratio of flux
linkage and current.
15. Define mutual inductance.
When permeability is constant the mutual inductance between two coupled coils is defined as
the ratio of flux linkage in one coil due to common flux and current through another coil.
16. Define coefficient of coupling.
In coupled coils the coefficient of coupling is defined as the raction of the total flux produced
by one coil linking another coil.
17. What is DOT convention?
The sign of mutual induced emf depends on the winding sense and the current through the
coil. The winding sense is decided by the manufacturer and to inform the user about the
winding sense a dot is placed at one end of each coil. When current enter at dotted end in one
coil then the mutual induced emf in the other coil is positive at dot end.
18. State dot rule for coupled c rcuit.
It states that in coupled coils current entering at the dotted terminal of one coil induce an emf
in second coil which is +ve at dotted terminal of second coil. Current entering at the un
dotted terminal of one coil induce an emf in second coil which is +ve at un dotted terminal of
second coil.
19. Define coefficient of coupling.
The amount of coupling between to inductively coupled coils is expressed in terms of
the coefficient of coupling.

PART B (16 MARKS)

1. Derive bandwidth for a series RLC circuit as a function of resonant frequency.

2. Discuss the characteristics of parallel resonance of a circuit having G,L and C.

3. (i) A Pure resistor, a pure capacitor and a pure inductor are connected in parallel across a
50Hz supply, find the impedance of the circuit as seen by the supply. Also find the resonant
frequency.

(ii) When connected to a 230V, 50Hz single phase supply, a coil takes 10kVA an 8kVAR.
For this coil calculate resistance, inductance of coil and power consumed.

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4. (i) In an RLC series circuit if ω1 and ω2 are two frequencies at which the magnitude of the
current is the same and if ωr is the resonant frequency, prove that ω2 r = ω1ω2.
(ii) A series RLC circuit has Q = 75 and a pass band (between half power frequencies) of
160Hz. Calculate the resonant frequency and the upper and lower frequencies .

5. (i) Explain and derive the relationships for bandwidth and half power frequencies of RLC
series circuit.
(ii) Determine the quality facto of a coil R = 10 ohm, L = 0.1H and C = 10Μf .
6. A series RLC circuit has R=20 ohm, L=0.005H and C = 0.2 x 10-6 F. It is fed from a 100V
variable frequency source. Find i) frequency at which current is maximum ii) impedance at
this frequency and iii) voltage across inductance at this frequency.

7. A series RLC circuit consists of R=100 ohm, L = 0.02 H and C = 0.02 microfarad.
Calculatevfrequency of resonance. A variable frequency sinusoidal voltage of constant RMS
value of 50Vvis applied to the circuit. Find the frequency at which voltage across L and C is
maximum. Also calculate voltage across L and C is maximum. Also calculate voltages across
L and C at frequency of resonance. Find maximum current in the circuit.
8. In the parallel RLC circuit, calculate resonant frequency, bandwidth, Q-factor and
powerdissipated at half power frequencies.

UNIT IV

PART A
1. What is transient state?
If a network contains energy storage elements, with change in excitation, the current and
voltage change from one state to other state the behavior of the voltage or current when it is
changed from one state to another state is called transient state.
2. What is transient time?
The time taken for the circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state is called
transient time.
3. What is transient response?
The storage elements deliver their energy to the resistances, hence the response changes with
time, get sturated after sometime, and are referred to the transient response.
4. Define time constant of RLC circuit.

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The time taken to reach 63.2% of final value in a RL circuit is called the time constant of RL
circuit.
Time constant=L/R
5. Define time constant of RC circuit.
The time to taken to reach 36.8% of initial current in an RC circuit is called the time constant
of RC circuit. Time constant= RC
6. What is meant by natural frequency?
If the damping is made zero then the response oscillates with natural frequency without any
opposition, such a frequency is called natural frequency of oscillations.
7. Define damping ratio.
It is the ratio orf actual resistance in the circuit to the critical resistance.
8. Write down the condition, for the response of RLC series circuit to be under
damped for step input.
The condition for the reponse of RLC series circuit to be under damped step input is
(R/2L)2>(1/LC)
9. Write down the condition fo the response of RLC sereis circuit to be over
damped for step input.
The condition for the response of RLC series circuit to be over damped for step input
is, (R/2L)2>(1/LC)
10. Write down the few applications of RL, RC, RLC circuits.
 Coupling circuits
 Phase shift circuits
 Filters
 Resonant circuits
 AC bridge circuits
 Transformers
11. Define transient response.
The transient response is defined as the response or output of a circuit from the instant of
switching to attainment of steady state.
12. Define apparent power.
The apparent power is defined as the product of magnitude of voltage and magnitude of
current.
13. What is power factor and reactive power?
The power factor is defined as the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and
current. Power factor= cosβ
The reactive power of the circuit is defined as the sine of the phase angle.
Reactive power= sinβ

PART B (16 MAKS)

1. In the circuit of the figure shown below, find the expression for the transient
current and the initial rate of growth of the transient current.

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2. In the circuit shown in figure, switch S is in position 1 for a long time and brought to
position 2 at time t=0. Determine the circuit current.

3. A resistance R and 2 microfarad capacitor are connected in series across a 200V

direct supply. Acoss the capacitor is a neon lamp that strikes at 120V. Calculate R to
make the lamp strike 5 sec after the switch has been closed. If R = 5Megohm, how long
will it take the lamp to strike?

4. A Series RLC circuits has R=50 ohm, L= 0.2H, and C = 50 microfarad. Constant
voltage of 100V is impressed upon the circuit at t=0. Find the expression for the
transient current assuming initially relaxed conditons.

5. A Series RLC circuits with R=300 ohm, L=1H and C=100x10-6 F has a constant
voltage of 50V applied to it at t= 0. Find the maximum value of current ( Assume zero
initial conditions).

6. A step voltage V(t) = 100 u(t) is applied to a series RLC circuit with L=10H, R=2ohm
and C= 5F. The initial current in the circuit is zero but there is an initial voltage of 50V
on the capacitor in a direction which opposes the applied source. Find the expression for
the current in the circuit.

7. Derive an expression for current response of RLC series circuit transient.

8. For a source free RLC series circuit, the initial voltage across C is 10V and the initial
current through L is zero. If L = 20mH, C=0.5 microfarad and R=100 ohm. Evaluate
i(t).

9. In the circuit shown in figure, the switch is closed at time t=0. Obtain i(t). Assume
zero current through inductor L and zero charge across C before closing the switch.

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UNIT V

PART A

1. Define line current and phase current.

The current flowing through the line is called line current.The current flowing through the
phase is called phase current
2. Define line and phase voltag
The voltage between two lines is called the line voltage .The voltage between any line and
the neutral point is called phase voltage.
3. Give the line and phase values in star connection
The relation between line and phase voltage in star connection is EL=√3Eph . The relation
between line current and phase current in a star connection is IL=Iph.
4. Give the line and phase values in delta connection
The relation between line voltage and phase voltage in a delta connection is EL=Eph .The
relation between line current and phase current in delta connection is IL=√3Iph.
5. Write few methods available for measuring in 3-phase load.
 One wattmeter method
 Two wattmeter method
 Three wattmeter method
6. List the methods used for power measurement with single wattmeter
 Potential lead shift method
 T- method
 Artificial neutral method
 Current transformer method
7. List the methods for unbalanced star connected load
 Equivalents delta method
 Mesh method
 Neutral voltage displacement method
8. Write the methods of conne ctions of 3 phase windings?
 Independent connection
 Star connection and
 Delta connection.

PART B

1. With a neat circuit and phasor diagram explain the three phase power measurement by two
wattmeter methods.

2. (i) A symmetrical three phase 400V system supplies a balanced delta connected load. The

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current in each branch circuit is 20A and phase angle 40° (lag) calculate the line current and
total power.
(ii) A three phase delta connected load has Zab = (100+j0) ohms, Zbc = (-j100) ohms and
Zca= (70.7 =j70.7) ohms is connected to a balanced 3 phase 400V supply. Determine the line
currents Ia , Ib and Ic. Assume the phase sequence abc.

3. (i) A balanced three phase star connected load with impedance 8+j6 ohm per phase is
connected across a symmetrical 400V three phase 50Hz supply. Determine the line current,
power factor of the load and total power.
(ii) An alternating current is expressed as i=14.14 sin 314t. Determine rms current, frequency
and instantaneous current hen t =0.02ms.

4. (i) A balanced star connected load of 4+j3 ohm per phase is connected to a 400V, 3 phase,
50Hz supply. Find the line current, power factor, power, reactive volt ampere and total volt
ampere.

(ii) A Voltage source 100V with resistance of 10 ohms and inductance 50 mH, a capacitor 50
microfarad are connected in series. Calculate the impedance when the frequency is (i) 50HZ
(ii)500Hz (iii) the power factor at 100Hz.

5. (i) Three impedances Z1 = 3∟45° ohm, Z2 = 10 √2∟45° ohm, Z3 = 5 ∟-90° ohm are
connected in series. Calculate applied voltage if voltage across Z1 = 27∟-10° V.

(ii) A delta connected load as shown in figure is connected across 3 phase 100 volt supply.
Determine all line currents. (8)

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