Hawthorne Effect
Hawthorne Effect
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H a w t h o r n e Eff e c t
Related The Hawthorne effect — an increase in worker productivity
Resources produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and
made to feel important.
Individual behaviors may be altered by the study
itself, rather than the effects the study is researching
was demonstrated in a research project (1927
1932) of the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric
Instructional
Design Toolkit Company in Cicero, Illinois. This series of research,
first led by Harvard Business School professor Elton
Mayo along with associates F. J. Roethlisberger and
William J. Dickson started out by examining the
physical and environmental influences of the
workplace (e.g. brightness of lights, humidity) and
ISD Concept Map later, moved into the psychological aspects (e.g.
breaks, group pressure, working hours, managerial
leadership). The ideas that this team developed
about the social dynamics of groups in the work
setting had lasting influence — the collection of data,
labormanagement relations, and informal interaction
among factory employees.
The major finding of the study was that almost
regardless of the experimental manipulation
employed, the production of the workers seemed to
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improve. One reasonable conclusion is that the
workers were pleased to receive attention from the
researchers who expressed an interest in them. The
study was only expected to last one year, but
because the researchers were set back each time
they tried to relate the manipulated physical
conditions to the worker's efficiency, the project
extended out to five years.
Four general conclusions were drawn from the
Hawthorne studies:
The apĕtudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of
job performance. Although they give some indica뛕 on of
the physical and mental poten뛕 al of the individual, the
amount produced is strongly influenced by social factors.
Informal organizaĕon affects producĕvity. The
Hawthorne researchers discovered a group life among
the workers. The studies also showed that the rela뛕 ons
that supervisors develop with workers tend to influence
the manner in which the workers carry out direc뛕 ves.
Work‐group norms affect producĕvity. The Hawthorne
researchers were not the first to recognize that work
groups tend to arrive at norms of what is a fair day's work;
however, they provided the best systema뛕 c descrip뛕 on
and interpreta뛕 on of this phenomenon.
The workplace is a social system. The Hawthorne
researchers came to view the workplace as a social system
made up of interdependent parts.
For decades, the Hawthorne studies provided the
rationale for human relations within the organization.
Then two researchers (Franke, Kaul, 1978) used a
new procedure called timeseries analyses. Using the
original variables and including in the Great
Depression and the instance of a managerial
discipline in which two insubordinate and mediocre
workers were replaced by two different productive
workers, with one who took the role of straw boss
(see note below); they discovered that production
was most affected by the replacement of the two
workers due to their greater productivity and the
affect of the disciplinary action on the other workers.
The occurrence of the Depression also encouraged
job productivity, perhaps through the increased
importance of jobs and the fear of losing them. Rest
periods and a group incentive plan also had a
somewhat positive smaller effect on productivity.
These variables accounted for almost all the variation
in productivity during the experimental period. Early
social sciences may have readily to embrace the
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original Hawthorne interpretations since it was
looking for theories or work motivation that were
more humane and democratic.
Along with Frederick Taylor's work, this study gave rise to the
field known as “Industrial Psychology” as social group
influences and interpersonal factors must also be considered
when performing efficiency research such as time and motion
studies.
Note
Hay is dried grass, sometimes with a little alfalfa
thrown in, used as feed for horses and cattle. Straw,
on the other hand, is the stalks of wheat or other
grains left over after harvesting the good parts, and
is used primarily for livestock bedding. Since straw is
a byproduct of the real business of a farm, “straw
boss” is not the main boss of any job, but rather an
assistant or subordinate boss, usually on the level of
the foreman of a work crew. It is now a metaphor for
any lowlevel supervisor. And since straw bosses
rarely wield any real power aside from the ability to
make those under them miserable, straw boss today
is often a synonym for a petty and vindictive superior.
Reference
Franke, R. H. & Kaul, J. D. (1978). The Hawthorne
experiments: First statistical interpretation. American
Sociological Review, 1978, 43, 623643.
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