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Hawthorne Effect

The Hawthorne effect refers to increases in worker productivity caused by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and feeling important rather than changes to the work environment itself. Researchers studying workers at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric found that productivity improved regardless of changes made, likely because workers felt special attention from researchers. Later analysis found social and replacement of unproductive workers had a greater impact on productivity than initially thought. The Hawthorne studies helped establish the field of industrial psychology by showing the importance of social and interpersonal factors in work settings.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
75 views3 pages

Hawthorne Effect

The Hawthorne effect refers to increases in worker productivity caused by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and feeling important rather than changes to the work environment itself. Researchers studying workers at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric found that productivity improved regardless of changes made, likely because workers felt special attention from researchers. Later analysis found social and replacement of unproductive workers had a greater impact on productivity than initially thought. The Hawthorne studies helped establish the field of industrial psychology by showing the importance of social and interpersonal factors in work settings.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7/24/2016 Hawthorne Effect

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H a w t h o r n e   Eff e c t
Related The Hawthorne effect — an increase in worker productivity
Resources produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and
made to feel important.

Individual behaviors may be altered by the study
itself, rather than the effects the study is researching
was demonstrated in a research project (1927 ­
1932) of the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric
Instructional
Design Toolkit Company in Cicero, Illinois. This series of research,
first led by Harvard Business School professor Elton
Mayo along with associates F. J. Roethlisberger and
William J. Dickson started out by examining the
physical and environmental influences of the
workplace (e.g. brightness of lights, humidity) and
ISD Concept Map later, moved into the psychological aspects (e.g.
breaks, group pressure, working hours, managerial
leadership). The ideas that this team developed
about the social dynamics of groups in the work
setting had lasting influence  —  the collection of data,
labor­management relations, and informal interaction
among factory employees.

The major finding of the study was that almost
regardless of the experimental manipulation
employed, the production of the workers seemed to
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7/24/2016 Hawthorne Effect

improve. One reasonable conclusion is that the
workers were pleased to receive attention from the
researchers who expressed an interest in them. The
study was only expected to last one year, but
because the researchers were set back each time
they tried to relate the manipulated physical
conditions to the worker's efficiency, the project
extended out to five years.

Four general conclusions were drawn from the
Hawthorne studies:

The apĕtudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of
job performance. Although they give some indica뛕on of
the physical and mental poten뛕al of the individual, the
amount produced is strongly influenced by social factors.
Informal organizaĕon affects producĕvity. The
Hawthorne researchers discovered a group life among
the workers. The studies also showed that the rela뛕ons
that supervisors develop with workers tend to influence
the manner in which the workers carry out direc뛕ves.
Work‐group norms affect producĕvity. The Hawthorne
researchers were not the first to recognize that work
groups tend to arrive at norms of what is a fair day's work;
however, they provided the best systema뛕c descrip뛕on
and interpreta뛕on of this phenomenon.
The workplace is a social system. The Hawthorne
researchers came to view the workplace as a social system
made up of interdependent parts.

For decades, the Hawthorne studies provided the
rationale for human relations within the organization.
Then two researchers (Franke, Kaul, 1978) used a
new procedure called time­series analyses. Using the
original variables and including in the Great
Depression and the instance of a managerial
discipline in which two insubordinate and mediocre
workers were replaced by two different productive
workers, with one who took the role of straw boss
(see note below); they discovered that production
was most affected by the replacement of the two
workers due to their greater productivity and the
affect of the disciplinary action on the other workers.
The occurrence of the Depression also encouraged
job productivity, perhaps through the increased
importance of jobs and the fear of losing them. Rest
periods and a group incentive plan also had a
somewhat positive smaller effect on productivity.
These variables accounted for almost all the variation
in productivity during the experimental period. Early
social sciences may have readily to embrace the
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7/24/2016 Hawthorne Effect

original Hawthorne interpretations since it was
looking for theories or work motivation that were
more humane and democratic.

Along with Frederick Taylor's work, this study gave rise to the
field known as “Industrial Psychology” as social group
influences and interpersonal factors must also be considered
when performing efficiency research such as time and motion
studies.

Note
Hay is dried grass, sometimes with a little alfalfa
thrown in, used as feed for horses and cattle. Straw,
on the other hand, is the stalks of wheat or other
grains left over after harvesting the good parts, and
is used primarily for livestock bedding. Since straw is
a by­product of the real business of a farm, “straw
boss” is not the main boss of any job, but rather an
assistant or subordinate boss, usually on the level of
the foreman of a work crew.  It is now a metaphor for
any low­level supervisor. And since straw bosses
rarely wield any real power aside from the ability to
make those under them miserable, straw boss today
is often a synonym for a petty and vindictive superior.

Reference
Franke, R. H. & Kaul, J. D. (1978). The Hawthorne
experiments: First statistical interpretation. American
Sociological Review, 1978, 43, 623­643.

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Fin d  o u t mo re  a b o u t me  (co p yrig h t, A PA  fo rma ttin g , e tc.) ~ E ma il me  a t d o n cla rk@n wlin k.co m ~ A  B ig  Do g , L ittle  Do g  a n d  K n o wle d g e  Ju mp

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